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Pelkonen O, Abass K, Parra Morte JM, Panzarea M, Testai E, Rudaz S, Louisse J, Gundert-Remy U, Wolterink G, Jean-Lou CM D, Coecke S, Bernasconi C. Metabolites in the regulatory risk assessment of pesticides in the EU. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1304885. [PMID: 38188093 PMCID: PMC10770266 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1304885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A large majority of chemicals is converted into metabolites through xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes. Metabolites may present a spectrum of characteristics varying from similar to vastly different compared with the parent compound in terms of both toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. In the pesticide arena, the role of metabolism and metabolites is increasingly recognised as a significant factor particularly for the design and interpretation of mammalian toxicological studies and in the toxicity assessment of pesticide/metabolite-associated issues for hazard characterization and risk assessment purposes, including the role of metabolites as parts in various residues in ecotoxicological adversities. This is of particular relevance to pesticide metabolites that are unique to humans in comparison with metabolites found in in vitro or in vivo animal studies, but also to disproportionate metabolites (quantitative differences) between humans and mammalian species. Presence of unique or disproportionate metabolites may underlie potential toxicological concerns. This review aims to present the current state-of-the-art of comparative metabolism and metabolites in pesticide research for hazard and risk assessment, including One Health perspectives, and future research needs based on the experiences gained at the European Food Safety Authority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olavi Pelkonen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Khaled Abass
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Emanuela Testai
- Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models Unit, Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jochem Louisse
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ursula Gundert-Remy
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerrit Wolterink
- Centre for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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2
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The impact of reference data selection for the prediction accuracy of intrinsic hepatic metabolic clearance. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2645-2649. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Hong YJ, Han HJ, Youn YC, Park KW, Yang DW, Kim S, Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Lee Y, Kwon M, Lee JH. Effects of Body Weight on the Safety of High-Dose Donepezil in Alzheimer's Disease: Post hoc Analysis of a Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel Design, Three-Arm Clinical Trial. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2021; 50:289-295. [PMID: 34518459 DOI: 10.1159/000518470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donepezil 23 mg is considered for Alzheimer's disease (AD) to optimize cognitive benefits; however, increased adverse events (AEs) can negatively influence drug adherence. We investigated whether body weight (BW) differs based on the presence of AEs, and which baseline factors were relevant to the safety of high-dose donepezil. METHODS This study was a post hoc analysis of a multicenter randomized trial between 2014 and 2016. We included patients with moderate to severe AD treated with 10 mg/day of donepezil, and the daily dose was escalated to 23 mg with/without dose titration. Dose titration indicates 15 mg/day of donepezil before escalation or 10 mg and 23 mg/day on alternate days before escalation during the first 4 weeks. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on occurrence of AEs of special interest (AESIs) to compare baseline characteristics. We also assessed relationships between BW and AESIs. RESULTS Among the 160 participants in the safety population, the baseline BWs differed between the AESI (+) (n = 67) and AESI (-) (n = 93) groups. Baseline BW was inversely correlated with the occurrence of AESIs (p = 0.020), and this relationship was prominent in the no-dose titration group (p = 0.009) but absent in the dose-titration groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS BW is the most important factor that correlated with cholinergic AEs. Hence, stepwise dose titration should be considered, particularly in patients with low BW, to minimize the inverse relationship between BW and the occurrence of AEs ("Clinicaltrials.gov" No. NCT02550665 registered on September 15, 2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jeong Hong
- Neurology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Han
- Neurology, Dementia and Neurocognitive Center, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Ilsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Neurology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Won Park
- Neurology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Won Yang
- Neurology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Jung Kim
- Preventive Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ji Kim
- Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoojin Lee
- Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Miseon Kwon
- Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Inatani S, Mizuno‐Yasuhira A, Kamiya M, Nishino I, Sabia HD, Endo H. Prediction of a clinically effective dose of THY1773, a novel V 1B receptor antagonist, based on preclinical data. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:204-217. [PMID: 33734452 PMCID: PMC8252455 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
THY1773 is a novel arginine vasopressin 1B (V1B ) receptor antagonist that is under development as an oral drug for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Here we report our strategy to predict a clinically effective dose of THY1773 for MDD in the preclinical stage, and discuss the important insights gained by retrospective analysis of prediction accuracy. To predict human pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, several extrapolation methods from animal or in vitro data to humans were investigated. The fu correction intercept method and two-species-based allometry were used to extrapolate clearance from rats and dogs to humans. The physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK)/receptor occupancy (RO) model was developed by linking free plasma concentration with pituitary V1B RO by the Emax model. As a result, the predicted clinically effective dose of THY1773 associated with 50% V1B RO was low enough (10 mg/day, or at maximum 110 mg/day) to warrant entering phase 1 clinical trials. In the phase 1 single ascending dose study, TS-121 capsule (active ingredient: THY1773) showed favorable PKs for THY1773 as expected, and in the separately conducted phase 1 RO study using positron emission tomography, the observed pituitary V1B RO was comparable to our prediction. Retrospective analysis of the prediction accuracy suggested that the prediction methods considering plasma protein binding, and avoiding having to apply unknown scaling factors obtained in animals to humans, would lead to better prediction. Selecting mechanism-based methods with reasonable assumptions would be critical for the successful prediction of a clinically effective dose in the preclinical stage of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Inatani
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsDrug Safety and Pharmacokinetics LaboratoriesResearch HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.SaitamaJapan
| | - Akiko Mizuno‐Yasuhira
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsDrug Safety and Pharmacokinetics LaboratoriesResearch HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.SaitamaJapan
| | - Makoto Kamiya
- Development HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.TokyoJapan
- Drug DevelopmentTaisho Pharmaceutical R&D Inc.NJUSA
| | - Izumi Nishino
- Development HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | | | - Hiromi Endo
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsDrug Safety and Pharmacokinetics LaboratoriesResearch HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.SaitamaJapan
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5
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Abstract
Accurate estimation of in vivo clearance in human is pivotal to determine the dose and dosing regimen for drug development. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) has been performed to predict drug clearance using empirical and physiological scalars. Multiple in vitro systems and mathematical modeling techniques have been employed to estimate in vivo clearance. The models for predicting clearance have significantly improved and have evolved to become more complex by integrating multiple processes such as drug metabolism and transport as well as passive diffusion. This chapter covers the use of conventional as well as recently developed methods to predict metabolic and transporter-mediated clearance along with the advantages and disadvantages of using these methods and the associated experimental considerations. The general approaches to improve IVIVE by use of appropriate scalars, incorporation of extrahepatic metabolism and transport and application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models with proteomics data are also discussed. The chapter also provides an overview of the advantages of using such dynamic mechanistic models over static models for clearance predictions to improve IVIVE.
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6
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Beyoğlu D, Idle JR. Metabolomic insights into the mode of action of natural products in the treatment of liver disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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7
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Kosugi Y, Hosea N. Direct Comparison of Total Clearance Prediction: Computational Machine Learning Model versus Bottom-Up Approach Using In Vitro Assay. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2299-2309. [PMID: 32478525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) approach for predicting total plasma clearance (CLtot) has been widely used to rank order compounds early in discovery. More recently, a computational machine learning approach utilizing physicochemical descriptors and fingerprints calculated from chemical structure information has emerged, enabling virtual predictions even earlier in discovery. Previously, this approach focused more on in vitro intrinsic clearance (CLint) prediction. Herein, we directly compare these two approaches for predicting CLtot in rats. A structurally diverse set of 1114 compounds with known in vivo CLtot, in vitro CLint, and plasma protein binding was used as the basis for this evaluation. The machine learning models were assessed by validation approaches using the time- and cluster-split training and test sets, and five-fold cross validation. Assessed by five-fold validation, the random forest regression (RF) and radial basis function (RBF) models demonstrated better prediction performance in eight attempted machine learning models. The CLtot values predicted by the RF and RBF models were within two-fold of the observed values for 67.7 and 71.9% of cluster-split test set compounds, respectively, while the predictivity was worse in the time-split dataset. The predictivity of both models tended to be improved by incorporating in vitro parameters, unbound fraction in plasma (fu,p), and CLint. CLtot prediction utilizing in vitro CLint and the well-stirred model, correcting for the fraction unbound in blood, was substantially worse compared to machine learning approaches for the same cluster-split test set. The reason that CLtot is underestimated by IVIVE is not fully explained by considering the calculated microsomal unbound fraction (cfu,mic), extended clearance classification system (ECCS), and omitting high clearance compounds in excess of hepatic blood flow. The analysis suggests that in silico machine learning models may have the power to reduce reliance on or replace in vitro and in vivo studies for chemical structure optimization in early drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kosugi
- Global DMPK, Takeda California Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Natalie Hosea
- Global DMPK, Takeda California Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
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8
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Lucas AJ, Sproston JL, Barton P, Riley RJ. Estimating human ADME properties, pharmacokinetic parameters and likely clinical dose in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1313-1327. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1660642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Lucas
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Evotec, Abingdon, UK
| | | | - Patrick Barton
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Evotec, Abingdon, UK
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9
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Metabolic stability and its role in the discovery of new chemical entities. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2019; 69:345-361. [PMID: 31259741 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2019-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Determination of metabolic profiles of new chemical entities is a key step in the process of drug discovery, since it influences pharmacokinetic characteristics of therapeutic compounds. One of the main challenges of medicinal chemistry is not only to design compounds demonstrating beneficial activity, but also molecules exhibiting favourable pharmacokinetic parameters. Chemical compounds can be divided into those which are metabolized relatively fast and those which undergo slow biotransformation. Rapid biotransformation reduces exposure to the maternal compound and may lead to the generation of active, non-active or toxic metabolites. In contrast, high metabolic stability may promote interactions between drugs and lead to parent compound toxicity. In the present paper, issues of compound metabolic stability will be discussed, with special emphasis on its significance, in vitro metabolic stability testing, dilemmas regarding in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of the results and some aspects relating to different preclinical species used in in vitro metabolic stability assessment of compounds.
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10
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Chan TS, Yu H, Moore A, Khetani SR, Tweedie D. Meeting the Challenge of Predicting Hepatic Clearance of Compounds Slowly Metabolized by Cytochrome P450 Using a Novel Hepatocyte Model, HepatoPac. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 47:58-66. [PMID: 30552098 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053397fullarticlecorrection] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating accurate in vitro intrinsic clearance data is an important aspect of predicting in vivo human clearance. Primary hepatocytes in suspension are routinely used to predict in vivo clearance; however, incubation times have typically been limited to 4-6 hours, which is not long enough to accurately evaluate the metabolic stability of slowly metabolized compounds. HepatoPac is a micropatterened hepatocyte-fibroblast coculture system that can be used for continuous incubations of up to 7 days. This study evaluated the ability of human HepatoPac to predict the in vivo clearance (CL) of 17 commercially available compounds with low to intermediate clearance (<12 ml/min/kg). In vitro half-life for disappearance of each compound was converted to hepatic clearance using the well stirred model, with and without correction for plasma protein binding. Hepatic CL, using three individual donors, was accurately predicted for 11 of 17 compounds (59%; predicted clearance within 2-fold of observed human in vivo clearance values). The accuracy of prediction increased to 82% (14 of 17 compounds) with an acceptance criterion defined as within 3-fold. When considering only low clearance compounds (<5 ml/min per kg), which represented 10 of the 17 compounds, the accuracy of prediction was 70% within 2-fold and 100% within 3-fold. In addition, the turnover of three slowly metabolized compounds (alprazolam, meloxicam, and tolbutamide) in HepatoPac was directly compared with turnover in suspended hepatocytes. The turnover of alprazolam and tolbutamide was approximately 2-fold greater using HepatoPac compared with suspended hepatocytes, which was roughly in line with the extrapolated values (correcting for the longer incubation time and lower cell number with HepatoPac). HepatoPac, but not suspended hepatocytes, demonstrated significant turnover of meloxicam. These results demonstrate the utility of HepatoPac for prediction of in vivo hepatic clearance, particularly with low clearance compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom S Chan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut (T.S.C., H.Y., D.T.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (A.M.); and Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.)
| | - Hongbin Yu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut (T.S.C., H.Y., D.T.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (A.M.); and Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.)
| | - Amanda Moore
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut (T.S.C., H.Y., D.T.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (A.M.); and Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.)
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut (T.S.C., H.Y., D.T.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (A.M.); and Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.)
| | - Donald Tweedie
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut (T.S.C., H.Y., D.T.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (A.M.); and Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.)
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11
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Shaik M, Shaik S, Kilari EK. Population pharmacokinetics of gliclazide in normal and diabetic rabbits. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2018; 39:265-274. [PMID: 29679474 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gliclazide is a second-generation sulphonylurea drug widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, there is no single report to describe the population pharmacokinetics of gliclazide in animal models. This study was aimed to evaluate the population pharmacokinetics (PK) of gliclazide in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits using nonlinear mixed effects modeling. A total of 90 New Zealand white rabbits were administered with three doses (4.13, 8.27 and 16.53 mg/kg b.wt) of gliclazide by an oral route. Blood samples were collected up to 24 hr and the gliclazide concentrations in rabbit were determined using the HPLC method. The non-compartmental and classical compartmental PK analyses were performed using Phoenix WinNonlin. Population PK analysis of gliclazide was performed using nonlinear mixed-effects model software NONMEM and Phoenix NLME considering the weight, age, sex, health and dose as covariates. The final population values for clearance (CL), volume of distribution (V) and the absorption rate constant (ka ) were 5270 ml/hr, 55700 ml and 0.708 hr-1 , respectively. The inter-individual variability in gliclazide CL, V and ka was 16.3%, 14.9% and 26.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference between NONMEM and Phoenix NLME pharmacokinetic results. The visual predictive check and bootstrap analysis confirmed the predictive ability, model stability and precision of the parameter estimates from this model. This population PK model demonstrated that gliclazide pharmacokinetics is best described by one-compartment model with first-order absorption in rabbits. Body weight is a covariate that significantly influences gliclazide kinetic disposition in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mastan Shaik
- Troikaa Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Medical Services, Satyamarg, Bodakdev, Ahmedabad Gujarat, India
| | - Shabana Shaik
- Research Consultant, Venkata Reddy Nagar, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Eswar Kumar Kilari
- Andhra University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology Division, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
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12
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Bowman CM, Benet LZ. An examination of protein binding and protein-facilitated uptake relating to in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:502-514. [PMID: 30098391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As explained by the free drug theory, the unbound fraction of drug has long been thought to drive the efficacy of a molecule. Thus, the fraction unbound term, or fu, appears in equations for fundamental pharmacokinetic parameters such as clearance, and is used when attempting in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE). In recent years though, it has been noted that IVIVE does not always yield accurate predictions, and that some highly protein bound ligands have more efficient uptake than can be explained by their unbound fractions. This review explores the evolution of fu terms included when implementing IVIVE, the concept of protein-facilitated uptake, and the mechanisms that have been proposed to account for facilitated uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Bowman
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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13
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Sanoh S, Ohta S. [Contribution of chimeric mice with a humanized liver to the evaluation of pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics in drug discovery and development]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2018; 151:213-220. [PMID: 29760366 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.151.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To develop new drugs with high efficacy and safety, it is important to predict the pharmacological, toxicological, and pharmacokinetic profiles of drug candidates in humans. Chimeric mice with a humanized liver are mice in which human hepatocytes have been transplanted, such that mouse liver cells are replaced with human hepatocytes; these mice have been used as prediction models. Studies performed thus far indicate that chimeric mice with a humanized liver can be used for the prediction of human-specific metabolite formation and plasma concentration-time curves for several drugs. Furthermore, studies advocate the utility of chimeric mice with a humanized liver for modelling drug-induced hepatotoxicity and disease such as hepatitis virus infection in safety and pharmacological evaluations respectively. Taken together, these findings indicate that chimeric mice with a humanized liver can be used to evaluate the relationship between pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and efficacy; the contribution by active metabolites may also be assessed. In recent years, new and improved animal models have been developed to overcome the disadvantages of chimeric mice with a humanized liver. It is expected that their usefulness for optimization of drug candidates and translational research in drug discovery and development will further increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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14
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Hutzler JM, Ring BJ, Anderson SR. Low-Turnover Drug Molecules: A Current Challenge for Drug Metabolism Scientists. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1917-28. [PMID: 26363026 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro assays using liver subcellular fractions or suspended hepatocytes for characterizing the metabolism of drug candidates play an integral role in the optimization strategy employed by medicinal chemists. However, conventional in vitro assays have limitations in their ability to predict clearance and generate metabolites for low-turnover (slowly metabolized) drug molecules. Due to a rapid loss in the activity of the drug-metabolizing enzymes, in vitro incubations are typically performed for a maximum of 1 hour with liver microsomes to 4 hours with suspended hepatocytes. Such incubations are insufficient to generate a robust metabolic response for compounds that are slowly metabolized. Thus, the challenge of accurately estimating low human clearance with confidence has emerged to be among the top challenges that drug metabolism scientists are confronted with today. In response, investigators have evaluated novel methodologies to extend incubation times and more sufficiently measure metabolism of low-turnover drugs. These methods include plated human hepatocytes in monoculture, and a novel in vitro methodology using a relay of sequential incubations with suspended cryopreserved hepatocytes. In addition, more complex in vitro cellular models, such as HepatoPac (Hepregen, Medford, MA), a micropatterned hepatocyte-fibroblast coculture system, and the HµREL (Beverley Hills, CA) hepatic coculture system, have been developed and characterized that demonstrate prolonged enzyme activity. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of each of these in vitro methodologies as it relates to the prediction of clearance and metabolite identification will be described in an effort to provide drug metabolism scientists with the most up-to-date experimental options for dealing with the complex issue of low-turnover drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthew Hutzler
- Q Solutions, a Quintiles Quest Joint Venture, Bioanalytical and ADME Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Barbara J Ring
- Q Solutions, a Quintiles Quest Joint Venture, Bioanalytical and ADME Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shelby R Anderson
- Q Solutions, a Quintiles Quest Joint Venture, Bioanalytical and ADME Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
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15
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Sundqvist M, Lundahl A, Någård MB, Bredberg U, Gennemark P. Quantifying and Communicating Uncertainty in Preclinical Human Dose-Prediction. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26225248 PMCID: PMC4429578 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human dose-prediction is fundamental for ranking lead-optimization compounds in drug discovery and to inform design of early clinical trials. This tutorial describes how uncertainty in such predictions can be quantified and efficiently communicated to facilitate decision-making. Using three drug-discovery case studies, we show how several uncertain pieces of input information can be integrated into one single uncomplicated plot with key predictions, including their uncertainties, for many compounds or for many scenarios, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sundqvist
- CVMD iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D SE-431, 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - A Lundahl
- CVMD iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D SE-431, 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - M B Någård
- CVMD iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D SE-431, 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - U Bredberg
- CVMD iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D SE-431, 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - P Gennemark
- CVMD iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D SE-431, 83, Mölndal, Sweden
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16
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Laue H, Gfeller H, Jenner KJ, Nichols JW, Kern S, Natsch A. Predicting the bioconcentration of fragrance ingredients by rainbow trout using measured rates of in vitro intrinsic clearance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9486-9495. [PMID: 25058173 DOI: 10.1021/es500904h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation in aquatic species is a critical end point in the regulatory assessment of chemicals. Few measured fish bioconcentration factors (BCFs) are available for fragrance ingredients. Thus, predictive models are often used to estimate their BCFs. Because biotransformation can reduce chemical accumulation in fish, models using QSAR-estimated biotransformation rates have been developed. Alternatively, biotransformation can be measured by in vitro methods. In this study, biotransformation rates for nine fragrance ingredients were measured using trout liver S9 fractions and used as inputs to a recently refined in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) model. BCFs predicted by the model were then compared to (i) in vivo BCFs, (ii) BCFs predicted using QSAR-derived biotransformation rates, (iii) BCFs predicted without biotransformation, and (iv) BCFs predicted by a well-known regression model. For fragrance ingredients with relatively low (<4.7) log K(OW) values, all models predicted BCFs below a bioaccumulation threshold of 1000. For chemicals with higher (4.7-5.8) log K(OW) values, the model incorporating measured in vitro biotransformation rates and assuming no correction for potential binding effects on hepatic clearance provided the most accurate predictions of measured BCFs. This study demonstrates the value of integrating measured biotransformation rates for prediction of chemical bioaccumulation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Laue
- Givaudan Schweiz AG, Fragrances S & T, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Effect of erlotinib on CYP3A activity, evaluated in vitro and by dual probes in patients with cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2014; 25:832-40. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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T'jollyn H, Snoeys J, Colin P, Van Bocxlaer J, Annaert P, Cuyckens F, Vermeulen A, Van Peer A, Allegaert K, Mannens G, Boussery K. Physiology-based IVIVE predictions of tramadol from in vitro metabolism data. Pharm Res 2014; 32:260-74. [PMID: 25048637 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To predict the tramadol in vivo pharmacokinetics in adults by using in vitro metabolism data and an in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE)-linked physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation approach (Simcyp®). METHODS Tramadol metabolism data was gathered using metabolite formation in human liver microsomes (HLM) and recombinant enzyme systems (rCYP). Hepatic intrinsic clearance (CLintH) was (i) estimated from HLM corrected for specific CYP450 contributions from a chemical inhibition assay (model 1); (ii) obtained in rCYP and corrected for specific CYP450 contributions by study-specific intersystem extrapolation factor (ISEF) values (model 2); and (iii) scaled back from in vivo observed clearance values (model 3). The model-predicted clearances of these three models were evaluated against observed clearance values in terms of relative difference of their geometric means, the fold difference of their coefficients of variation, and relative CYP2D6 contribution. RESULTS Model 1 underpredicted, while model 2 overpredicted the total tramadol clearance by -27 and +22%, respectively. The CYP2D6 contribution was underestimated in both models 1 and 2. Also, the variability on the clearance of those models was slightly underpredicted. Additionally, blood-to-plasma ratio and hepatic uptake factor were identified as most influential factors in the prediction of the hepatic clearance using a sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSION IVIVE-PBPK proved to be a useful tool in combining tramadol's low turnover in vitro metabolism data with system-specific physiological information to come up with reliable PK predictions in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huybrecht T'jollyn
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
The chemical structure of any drug determines its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Detailed understanding of relationships between the drug chemical structure and individual disposition pathways (i.e., distribution and elimination) is required for efficient use of existing drugs and effective development of new drugs. Different approaches have been developed for this purpose, ranging from statistics-based quantitative structure-property (or structure-pharmacokinetic) relationships (QSPR) analysis to physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. This review critically analyzes currently available approaches for analysis and prediction of drug disposition on the basis of chemical structure. Models that can be used to predict different aspects of disposition are presented, including: (a) value of the individual pharmacokinetic parameter (e.g., clearance or volume of distribution), (b) efficiency of the specific disposition pathway (e.g., biliary drug excretion or cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolism), (c) accumulation in a specific organ or tissue (e.g., permeability of the placenta or accumulation in the brain), and (d) the whole-body disposition in the individual patients. Examples of presented pharmacological agents include "classical" low-molecular-weight compounds, biopharmaceuticals, and drugs encapsulated in specialized drug-delivery systems. The clinical efficiency of agents from all these groups can be suboptimal, because of inefficient permeability of the drug to the site of action and/or excessive accumulation in other organs and tissues. Therefore, robust and reliable approaches for chemical structure-based prediction of drug disposition are required to overcome these limitations. PBPK models are increasingly being used for prediction of drug disposition. These models can reflect the complex interplay of factors that determine drug disposition in a mechanistically correct fashion and can be combined with other approaches, for example QSPR-based prediction of drug permeability and metabolism, pharmacogenomic data and tools, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling approaches, etc. Moreover, the PBPK models enable detailed analysis of clinically relevant scenarios, for example the effect of the specific conditions on the time course of the analyzed drug in the individual organs and tissues, including the site of action. It is expected that further development of such combined approaches will increase their precision, enhance the effectiveness of drugs, and lead to individualized drug therapy for different patient populations (geriatric, pediatric, specific diseases, etc.).
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Upreti VV, Wang J, Barrett YC, Byon W, Boyd RA, Pursley J, LaCreta FP, Frost CE. Effect of extremes of body weight on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of apixaban in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 76:908-16. [PMID: 23488672 PMCID: PMC3845314 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Apixaban is an oral, direct, factor-Xa inhibitor approved for thromboprophylaxis in patients who have undergone elective hip or knee replacement surgery and for prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. This open label, parallel group study investigated effects of extremes of body weight on apixaban pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability. METHOD Fifty-four healthy subjects were enrolled [18 each into low (≤50 kg), reference (65-85 kg) and high (≥120 kg) body weight groups]. Following administration of a single oral dose of 10 mg apixaban, plasma and urine samples were collected for determination of apixaban pharmacokinetics and anti-factor Xa activity. Adverse events, vital signs and laboratory assessments were monitored. RESULTS Compared with the reference body weight group, low body weight had approximately 27% [90% confidence interval (CI): 8-51%] and 20% (90% CI: 11-42%) higher apixaban maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC(0,∞)), respectively, and high body weight had approximately 31% (90% CI: 18-41%) and 23% (90% CI: 9-35%) lower apixaban Cmax and AUC(0,∞) , respectively. Apixaban renal clearance was similar across the weight groups. Plasma anti-factor Xa activity showed a direct, linear relationship with apixaban plasma concentration, regardless of body weight group. Apixaban was well tolerated in this study. CONCLUSION The modest change in apixaban exposure is unlikely to require dose adjustment for apixaban based on body weight alone. However, caution is warranted in the presence of additional factors (such as severe renal impairment) that could increase apixaban exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay V Upreti
- Discovery Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Sanoh S, Ohta S. Chimeric mice transplanted with human hepatocytes as a model for prediction of human drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 35:71-86. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
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Heuberger J, Schmidt S, Derendorf H. When is Protein Binding Important?*. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3458-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Chan TS, Yu H, Moore A, Khetani SR, Kehtani SR, Tweedie D. Meeting the challenge of predicting hepatic clearance of compounds slowly metabolized by cytochrome P450 using a novel hepatocyte model, HepatoPac. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:2024-32. [PMID: 23959596 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Generating accurate in vitro intrinsic clearance data is an important aspect of predicting in vivo human clearance. Primary hepatocytes in suspension are routinely used to predict in vivo clearance; however, incubation times have typically been limited to 4-6 hours, which is not long enough to accurately evaluate the metabolic stability of slowly metabolized compounds. HepatoPac is a micropatterened hepatocyte-fibroblast coculture system that can be used for continuous incubations of up to 7 days. This study evaluated the ability of human HepatoPac to predict the in vivo clearance (CL) of 17 commercially available compounds with low to intermediate clearance (<12 ml/min per kg). In vitro half-life for disappearance of each compound was converted to hepatic clearance using the well stirred model, with and without correction for plasma protein binding. Hepatic CL, using three individual donors, was accurately predicted for 10 of 17 compounds (59%; predicted clearance within 2-fold of observed human in vivo clearance values). The accuracy of prediction increased to 76% (13 of 17 compounds) with an acceptance criterion defined as within 3-fold. When considering only low clearance compounds (<5 ml/min per kg), which represented 10 of the 17 compounds, the accuracy of prediction was 60% within 2-fold and 90% within 3-fold. In addition, the turnover of three slowly metabolized compounds (alprazolam, meloxicam, and tolbutamide) in HepatoPac was directly compared with turnover in suspended hepatocytes. The turnover of alprazolam and tolbutamide was approximately 2-fold greater using HepatoPac compared with suspended hepatocytes, which was roughly in line with the extrapolated values (correcting for the longer incubation time and lower cell number with HepatoPac). HepatoPac, but not suspended hepatocytes, demonstrated significant turnover of meloxicam. These results demonstrate the utility of HepatoPac for prediction of in vivo hepatic clearance, particularly with low clearance compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom S Chan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut (T.S.C., H.Y., D.T.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (A.M.); and Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.)
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1051] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Sanoh S, Horiguchi A, Sugihara K, Kotake Y, Tayama Y, Uramaru N, Ohshita H, Tateno C, Horie T, Kitamura S, Ohta S. Predictability of Metabolism of Ibuprofen and Naproxen Using Chimeric Mice with Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:2267-72. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.047555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Yoon M, Campbell JL, Andersen ME, Clewell HJ. Quantitativein vitrotoin vivoextrapolation of cell-based toxicity assay results. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:633-52. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.692115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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28
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Paixão P, Gouveia LF, Morais JA. Prediction of the human oral bioavailability by using in vitro and in silico drug related parameters in a physiologically based absorption model. Int J Pharm 2012; 429:84-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zou P, Yu Y, Zheng N, Yang Y, Paholak HJ, Yu LX, Sun D. Applications of human pharmacokinetic prediction in first-in-human dose estimation. AAPS JOURNAL 2012; 14:262-81. [PMID: 22407287 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative estimations of first-in-human (FIH) doses are critical for phase I clinical trials in drug development. Human pharmacokinetic (PK) prediction methods have been developed to project the human clearance (CL) and bioavailability with reasonable accuracy, which facilitates estimation of a safe yet efficacious FIH dose. However, the FIH dose estimation is still very challenging and complex. The aim of this article is to review the common approaches for FIH dose estimation with an emphasis on PK-guided estimation. We discuss 5 methods for FIH dose estimation, 17 approaches for the prediction of human CL, 6 methods for the prediction of bioavailability, and 3 tools for the prediction of PK profiles. This review may serve as a practical protocol for PK- or pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic-guided estimation of the FIH dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Bouzom F, Ball K, Perdaems N, Walther B. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling tools: how to fit with our needs? Biopharm Drug Dispos 2012; 33:55-71. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Bouzom
- Technologie Servier; 25/27 rue E. Vignat; 45000; Orleans; France
| | - Kathryn Ball
- Technologie Servier; 25/27 rue E. Vignat; 45000; Orleans; France
| | | | - Bernard Walther
- Technologie Servier; 25/27 rue E. Vignat; 45000; Orleans; France
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31
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Sanoh S, Horiguchi A, Sugihara K, Kotake Y, Tayama Y, Ohshita H, Tateno C, Horie T, Kitamura S, Ohta S. Prediction of In Vivo Hepatic Clearance and Half-Life of Drug Candidates in Human Using Chimeric Mice with Humanized Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 40:322-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Poulin P, Kenny JR, Hop CECA, Haddad S. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation of clearance: modeling hepatic metabolic clearance of highly bound drugs and comparative assessment with existing calculation methods. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:838-51. [PMID: 22009717 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) is an important method for estimating the hepatic metabolic clearance (CL) of drugs. This study highlights a problematic area observed when using microsomal data to predict in vivo CL of drugs that are highly bound to plasma proteins, and further explores mechanisms for human CL predictions by associating additional processes to IVIVE disconnect. Therefore, this study attempts to develop a novel IVIVE calculation method, which consists of adjusting the binding terms in a well-stirred liver model. A comparative assessment between the IVIVE method proposed here and previously published methods of Obach (1999. Drug Metab Dispos 27:1350-1359) and Berezhkovskiy (2010. J Pharm Sci 100:1167-1783) was also performed. The assessment was confined by the availability of measured in vitro and in vivo data in humans for 25 drugs highly bound to plasma proteins, for which it can be assumed that metabolism is the major route of elimination. Here, we argue that a difference in drug ionization and binding proteins such as albumin (AL) and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) in plasma and liver also needs to be considered in IVIVE based on mechanistic studies. Therefore, converting unbound fraction in plasma to liver essentially increased the predicted CL values, which resulted in much more accurate estimates of in vivo CL as compared with the other IVIVE methods tested. The impact on CL estimate was more apparent for drugs binding to AL than to AAG. This is a mechanistic rational for explaining a considerable proportion of the divergence between previously estimated and observed CL values. Human CL was predicted within 1.5-fold, twofold, and threefold of the observed CL for 84%, 96%, and 100% of the compounds, respectively. Overall, this study demonstrates a significant improvement in the mechanism-based prediction of metabolic CL for these 25 highly bound drugs from in vitro data determined with microsomes, which should facilitate the application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Poulin
- Consultant, 4009 Sylvia Daoust, Québec City, Québec G1X 0A6, Canada.
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33
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Harrison A, Gardner I, Hay T, Dickins M, Beaumont K, Phipps A, Purkins L, Allan G, Christian R, Duckworth J, Gurrell I, Kempshall S, Savage M, Seymour M, Simpson M, Taylor L, Turnpenny P. Case studies addressing human pharmacokinetic uncertainty using a combination of pharmacokinetic simulation and alternative first in human paradigms. Xenobiotica 2011; 42:57-74. [PMID: 21992032 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.622418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PF-184298 ((S)-2,3-dichloro-N-isobutyl-N-pyrrolidin-3-ylbenzamide) and PF-4776548 ((3-(4-fluoro-2-methoxy-benzyl)-7-hydroxy-8,9-dihydro-3H,7H-pyrrolo[2,3-c][1,7]naphthyridin-6-one)) are novel compounds which were selected to progress to human studies. Discordant human pharmacokinetic predictions arose from pre-clinical in vivo studies in rat and dog, and from human in vitro studies, resulting in a clearance prediction range of 3 to >20 mL min⁻¹ kg⁻¹ for PF-184298, and 5 to >20 mL min⁻¹ kg⁻¹ for PF-4776548. A package of work to investigate the discordance for PF-184298 is described. Although ultimately complementary to the human pharmacokinetic data in characterising the disposition of PF-184298 in humans, these data did not provide any further confidence in pharmacokinetic prediction. A fit for purpose human pharmacokinetic study was conducted for each compound, with an oral pharmacologically active dose for PF-184298, and an intravenous and oral microdose for PF-4776548. This provided a relatively low cost, clear decision making approach, resulting in the termination of PF-4776548 and further progression of PF-184298. A retrospective analysis of the data showed that, if the tools had been available at the time, the pharmacokinetics of PF-184298 in human could have been predicted from a population based simulation tool in combination with physicochemical properties and in vitro human intrinsic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Harrison
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Sandwich, Kent, UK.
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Abstract
'It is better to be useful than perfect'. This review attempts to critically cover and assess the currently available approaches and tools to answer the crucial question: Is it possible (and if it is, to what extent is it possible) to predict in vivo metabolites and their abundances on the basis of in vitro and preclinical animal studies? In preclinical drug development, it is possible to produce metabolite patterns from a candidate drug by virtual means (i.e., in silico models), but these are not yet validated. However, they may be useful to cover the potential range of metabolites. In vitro metabolite patterns and apparent relative abundances are produced by various in vitro systems employing tissue preparations (mainly liver) and in most cases using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analytical techniques for tentative identification. The pattern of the metabolites produced depends on the enzyme source; the most comprehensive source of drug-metabolizing enzymes is cultured human hepatocytes, followed by liver homogenate fortified with appropriate cofactors. For specific purposes, such as the identification of metabolizing enzyme(s), recombinant enzymes can be used. Metabolite data from animal in vitro and in vivo experiments, despite known species differences, may help pinpoint metabolites that are not apparently produced in in vitro human systems, or suggest alternative experimental approaches. The range of metabolites detected provides clues regarding the enzymes attacking the molecule under study. We also discuss established approaches to identify the major enzymes. The last question, regarding reliability and robustness of metabolite extrapolations from in vitro to in vivo, both qualitatively and quantitatively, cannot be easily answered. There are a number of examples in the literature suggesting that extrapolations are generally useful, but there are only a few systematic and comprehensive studies to validate in vitro-in vivo extrapolations. In conclusion, extrapolation from preclinical metabolite data to the in vivo situation is certainly useful, but it is not known to what extent.
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Ring BJ, Chien JY, Adkison KK, Jones HM, Rowland M, Jones RD, Yates JWT, Ku MS, Gibson CR, He H, Vuppugalla R, Marathe P, Fischer V, Dutta S, Sinha VK, Björnsson T, Lavé T, Poulin P. PhRMA CPCDC initiative on predictive models of human pharmacokinetics, part 3: comparative assessement of prediction methods of human clearance. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:4090-110. [PMID: 21541938 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of various allometric and in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) methodologies with and without plasma protein binding corrections for the prediction of human intravenous (i.v.) clearance (CL). The objective was also to evaluate the IVIVE prediction methods with animal data. Methodologies were selected from the literature. Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America member companies contributed blinded datasets from preclinical and clinical studies for 108 compounds, among which 19 drugs had i.v. clinical pharmacokinetics data and were used in the analysis. In vivo and in vitro preclinical data were used to predict CL by 29 different methods. For many compounds, in vivo data from only two species (generally rat and dog) were available and/or the required in vitro data were missing, which meant some methods could not be properly evaluated. In addition, 66 methods of predicting oral (p.o.) area under the curve (AUCp.o. ) were evaluated for 107 compounds using rational combinations of i.v. CL and bioavailability (F), and direct scaling of observed p.o. CL from preclinical species. Various statistical and outlier techniques were employed to assess the predictability of each method. Across methods, the maximum success rate in predicting human CL for the 19 drugs was 100%, 94%, and 78% of the compounds with predictions falling within 10-fold, threefold, and twofold error, respectively, of the observed CL. In general, in vivo methods performed slightly better than IVIVE methods (at least in terms of measures of correlation and global concordance), with the fu intercept method and two-species-based allometry (rat-dog) being the best performing methods. IVIVE methods using microsomes (incorporating both plasma and microsomal binding) and hepatocytes (not incorporating binding) resulted in 75% and 78%, respectively, of the predictions falling within twofold error. IVIVE methods using other combinations of binding assumptions were much less accurate. The results for prediction of AUCp.o. were consistent with i.v. CL. However, the greatest challenge to successful prediction of human p.o. CL is the estimate of F in human. Overall, the results of this initiative confirmed predictive performance of common methodologies used to predict human CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Ring
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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Poulin P, Jones HM, Jones RD, Yates JWT, Gibson CR, Chien JY, Ring BJ, Adkison KK, He H, Vuppugalla R, Marathe P, Fischer V, Dutta S, Sinha VK, Björnsson T, Lavé T, Ku MS. PhRMA CPCDC initiative on predictive models of human pharmacokinetics, part 1: goals, properties of the PhRMA dataset, and comparison with literature datasets. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:4050-73. [PMID: 21523782 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study is part of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) initiative on predictive models of efficacy, safety, and compound properties. The overall goal of this part was to assess the predictability of human pharmacokinetics (PK) from preclinical data and to provide comparisons of available prediction methods from the literature, as appropriate, using a representative blinded dataset of drug candidates. The key objectives were to (i) appropriately assemble and blind a diverse dataset of in vitro, preclinical in vivo, and clinical data for multiple drug candidates, (ii) evaluate the dataset with empirical and physiological methodologies from the literature used to predict human PK properties and plasma concentration-time profiles, (iii) compare the predicted properties with the observed clinical data to assess the prediction accuracy using routine statistical techniques and to evaluate prediction method(s) based on the degree of accuracy of each prediction method, and (iv) compile and summarize results for publication. Another objective was to provide a mechanistic understanding as to why one methodology provided better predictions than another, after analyzing the poor predictions. A total of 108 clinical lead compounds were collected from 12 PhRMA member companies. This dataset contains intravenous (n = 19) and oral pharmacokinetic data (n = 107) in humans as well as the corresponding preclinical in vitro, in vivo, and physicochemical data. All data were blinded to protect the anonymity of both the data and the company submitting the data. This manuscript, which is the first of a series of manuscripts, summarizes the PhRMA initiative and the 108 compound dataset. More details on the predictability of each method are reported in companion manuscripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Poulin
- Leader Consultant, 4009 Sylvia Daoust, Québec city, Québec, Canada, G1X 0A6.
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37
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Bonnefille P, Sezgin-Bayindir Z, Belkhelfa H, Arellano C, Gandia P, Woodley J, Houin G. The use of isolated enterocytes to study Phase I intestinal drug metabolism: validation with rat and pig intestine. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2010; 25:104-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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38
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Berezhkovskiy LM. A valid equation for the well-stirred perfusion limited physiologically based pharmacokinetic model that consistently accounts for the blood-tissue drug distribution in the organ and the corresponding valid equation for the steady state volume of distribution. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:475-85. [PMID: 19492340 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A consistent account of the assumptions of the well-stirred perfusion limited model leads to the equation for the organ tissue that does not coincide with that often presented in books and papers. The difference in pharmacokinetic profiles calculated by the valid and the commonly used equations could be quite significant, particularly due to contribution of the organs with relatively large perfusion volume, and especially for drugs with small tissue-plasma partition coefficient and high blood-plasma concentration ratio. Application of the valid equation may result in much faster initial drop of drug plasma concentration time curve and significantly longer terminal half-life, especially for low extraction ratio drugs. An equation for the steady state volume of distribution consistent with the well-stirred model described by the valid equation is provided.
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Sohlenius-Sternbeck AK, Afzelius L, Prusis P, Neelissen J, Hoogstraate J, Johansson J, Floby E, Bengtsson A, Gissberg O, Sternbeck J, Petersson C. Evaluation of the human prediction of clearance from hepatocyte and microsome intrinsic clearance for 52 drug compounds. Xenobiotica 2010; 40:637-49. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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40
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Heikkinen AT, Korjamo T, Lepikkö V, Mönkkönen J. Effects of experimental setup on the apparent concentration dependency of active efflux transport in in vitro cell permeation experiments. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:605-17. [PMID: 20163161 DOI: 10.1021/mp9003089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
P-Glycoprotein mediated efflux is one of the barriers limiting drug absorption from the intestine. Predictions of the intestinal P-glycoprotein function need to take into account the concentration dependency because high intestinal drug concentrations may saturate P-glycoprotein. However, the substrate binding site of P-glycoprotein lies inside the cells and the drug concentration at the binding site cannot be measured directly. Therefore, rigorous determination of concentration dependent P-glycoprotein kinetics is challenging. In this study, the effects of the aqueous boundary layers, extracellular pH and cellular retention on the apparent saturation kinetics of P-glycoprotein mediated transport of quinidine in an in vitro cell permeation setting were explored. The changes in the experimental conditions caused 1 order of magnitude variation in the apparent affinity to P-glycoprotein (K(m,app)) and a 5-fold difference in the maximum effective P-glycoprotein mediated transport rate of quinidine (V(max,app)). However, fitting the concentration data into a compartmental model which accounted for the aqueous boundary layers, cell membranes and cellular retention suggested that the P-glycoprotein function per se was not altered, it was the differences in the passive transfer of quinidine which changed the apparent transport kinetics. These results provide further insight into the dynamics of the P-glycoprotein mediated transport and on the roles of several confounding factors involved in in vitro experimental setting. Further, the results confirm the applicability of compartmental model based data analysis approach in the determination of active transporter kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki T Heikkinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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41
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42
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Gao H, Steyn SJ, Chang G, Lin J. Assessment ofin silicomodels for fraction of unbound drug in human liver microsomes. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:533-42. [DOI: 10.1517/17425251003671022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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43
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Prediction of the in vitro intrinsic clearance determined in suspensions of human hepatocytes by using artificial neural networks. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 39:310-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Intestinal mucosal cells operate with different metabolic and transport activity, and not all of them are involved in drug absorption and metabolism. The fraction of these cells involved is dependent on the absorption characteristics of compounds and is difficult to predict (it is probably small). The cells also appear comparably impermeable. This shows a limited applicability of microsome intrinsic clearance (CLint)-data for prediction of gut-wall metabolism, and the difficulty to predict the gut-wall CL (CLGW) and extraction ratio (EGW). The objectives of this review were to evaluate determinants and methods for prediction of first-pass and systemic EGW and CLGW in man, and if required and possible, develop new simple prediction methodology. Animal gut-wall metabolism data do not appear reliable for scaling to man. In general, the systemic CLGW is low compared with the hepatic CL. For a moderately extracted CYP3A4-substrate with high permeability, midazolam, the gut-wall/hepatic CL-ratio is only 1/35. This suggests (as a general rule) that systemic CLGW can be neglected when predicting the total CL. First-pass EGW could be of importance, especially for substrates of CYP3A4 and conjugating enzymes. For several reasons, including those presented above and that blood flow based models are not applicable in the absorptive direction, it seems poorly predicted with available methodology. Prediction errors are large (several-fold on average; maximum-15-fold). A new simple first-pass EGW-prediction method that compensates for regional and local differences in absorption and metabolic activity has been developed. It has been based on human cell in-vitro CLint and fractional absorption from the small intestine for reference (including verapamil) and test substances, and in-vivo first-pass EGW-data for reference substances. First-pass EGW-values for CYP3A4-substrates with various degrees of gastrointestinal uptake and CLint and a CYP2D6-substrate were well-predicted (negligible errors). More high quality in-vitro CLint- and in-vivo EGW-data are required for further validation of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Fagerholm
- Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, S-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden.
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45
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Fagerholm U. Prediction of human pharmacokinetics – evaluation of methods for prediction of volume of distribution. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:1181-90. [PMID: 17883888 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.9.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate and review methods for prediction of the steady-state volume of distribution (VD,ss) of xenobiotics in man. For allometry, ˜30–40% of predictions are classified as incorrect, humans and animals belong to different VD,ss categories for ˜30% of the compounds, maximum prediction errors are large (>10-fold), the b-exponent ranges between −0.2 and 2.2 (averaging ˜0.8–0.9), and >2-fold prediction errors are found for 35% of the substances. The performance is consistent with species differences of binding in and outside the vasculature. The largest errors could potentially lead to very poor prediction of exposure profile and failure in clinical studies. A re-evaluation of allometric scaling of unbound tissue volume of distribution demonstrates that this method is less accurate (27% of predictions >2-fold errors) than a previous evaluation demonstrated. By adding molecular descriptor information, predictions based on animal VD,ss data can be improved. Improved predictions (˜1/10 of allometric errors) can also be obtained by using the relationship between unbound fraction in plasma (fu,pl) and VD,ss for each substance (method suggested by the author). A physiologically-based 4-compartment model (plasma, red blood cells, interstitial fluid and cell volume) together with measured tissue-plasma partitioning coefficients in rats, fu,pl, interstitial-plasma concentration ratio of albumin, organ weight and blood flow data has been successfully applied. Prediction errors for one basic and one neutral drug are only 3–5%. The data obtained with this comparably laboratory-intensive method are limited to these two compounds. A similar approach where predicted tissue partitioning is used, and a computational model, give prediction errors similar to that of allometry. Advantages with these are the suitability for screening and avoidance of animal experiments. The evaluated methods do not account for potential active transport and slow dissociation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Fagerholm
- Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, S-15185 Södertälje, Sweden.
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46
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Fagerholm U. Prediction of human pharmacokinetics — renal metabolic and excretion clearance. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:1463-71. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.11.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The kidneys have the capability to both excrete and metabolise drugs. An understanding of mechanisms that determine these processes is required for the prediction of pharmacokinetics, exposures, doses and interactions of candidate drugs. This is particularly important for compounds predicted to have low or negligible non-renal clearance (CL). Clinically significant interactions in drug transport occur mostly in the kidneys. The main objective was to evaluate methods for prediction of excretion and metabolic renal CL (CLR) in humans. CLR is difficult to predict because of the involvement of bi-directional passive and active tubular transport, differences in uptake capacity, pH and residence time on luminal and blood sides of tubular cells, and limited knowledge about regional tubular residence time, permeability (Pe) and metabolic capacity. Allometry provides poor predictions of excretion CLR because of species differences in unbound fraction, urine pH and active transport. The correlation between fraction excreted unchanged in urine (fe) in humans and animals is also poor, except for compounds with high passive Pe (extensive/complete tubular reabsorption; zero/negligible fe) and/or high non-renal CL. Physiologically based in-vitro/in-vivo methods could potentially be useful for predicting CLR. Filtration could easily be predicted. Prediction of tubular secretion CL requires an in-vitro transport model and establishment of an in-vitro/in-vivo relationship, and does not appear to have been attempted. The relationship between passive Pe and tubular fraction reabsorbed (freabs) for compounds with and without apparent secretion has recently been established and useful equations and limits for prediction were developed. The suggestion that reabsorption has a lipophilicity cut-off does not seem to hold. Instead, compounds with passive Pe that is less than or equal to that of atenolol are expected to have negligible passive freabs. Compounds with passive Pe that is equal to or higher than that of carbamazepine are expected to have complete freabs. For compounds with intermediate Pe the relationship is irregular and freabs is difficult to predict. Tubular cells are comparably impermeable (for passive diffusion), and show regional differences in enzymatic and transporter activities. This limits the usefulness of microsome data and makes microsome-based predictions of metabolic CLR questionable. Renal concentrations and activities of CYP450s are comparably low, suggesting that CYP450 substrates have negligible metabolic CLR. The metabolic CLR of high-Pe UDP-glucuronyltransferase substrates could contribute to the total CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Fagerholm
- Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, S-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
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47
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Berezhkovskiy LM. Prediction of the possibility of the secondary peaks of iv bolus drug plasma concentration time curve by the model that directly takes into account the transit time through the organ. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:4376-90. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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48
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Hosea NA, Collard WT, Cole S, Maurer TS, Fang RX, Jones H, Kakar SM, Nakai Y, Smith BJ, Webster R, Beaumont K. Prediction of human pharmacokinetics from preclinical information: comparative accuracy of quantitative prediction approaches. J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 49:513-33. [PMID: 19299532 DOI: 10.1177/0091270009333209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative prediction of human pharmacokinetics is critical in assessing the viability of drug candidates and in determining first-in-human dosing. Numerous prediction methodologies, incorporating both in vitro and preclinical in vivo data, have been developed in recent years, each with advantages and disadvantages. However, the lack of a comprehensive data set, both preclinical and clinical, has limited efforts to evaluate the optimal strategy (or strategies) that results in quantitative predictions of human pharmacokinetics. To address this issue, the authors conducted a retrospective analysis using 50 proprietary compounds for which in vitro, preclinical pharmacokinetic data and oral single-dose human pharmacokinetic data were available. Five predictive strategies, involving either allometry or use of unbound intrinsic clearance from microsomes or hepatocytes, were then compared for their ability to predict human oral clearance, half-life through predictions of systemic clearance, volume of distribution, and bioavailability. Use of a single-species scaling approach with rat, dog, or monkey was as accurate as or more accurate than using multiple-species allometry. For those compounds cleared almost exclusively by P450-mediated pathways, scaling from human liver microsomes was as predictive as single-species scaling of clearance based on data from rat, dog, or monkey. These data suggest that use of predictive methods involving either single-species in vivo data or in vitro human liver microsomes can quantitatively predict human in vivo pharmacokinetics and suggest the possibility of streamlining the predictive methodology through use of a single species or use only of human in vitro microsomal preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natilie A Hosea
- Pfizer Inc, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Fagerholm U. Presentation of a modified dispersion model (MDM) for hepatic drug extraction and a new methodology for the prediction of the rate-limiting step in hepatic metabolic clearance. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:57-71. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250802562652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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50
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Fagerholm U. Prediction of human pharmacokinetics-biliary and intestinal clearance and enterohepatic circulation. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008; 60:535-42. [PMID: 18416932 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.5.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The main objective was to evaluate and propose methods for predicting biliary clearance (CL(bile)) and enterohepatic circulation (EHC) of intact drugs in man. Another aim was to evaluate to role of intestinal drug secretion and propose a method for prediction of intestinal secretion CL (CL(i)). Animal data poorly predict the CL and CL(bile) of biliary excreted drugs, and the suggested molecular weight threshold for bile excretion as the dominant elimination route does not seem to hold. Active transport, low metabolic intrinsic CL (CL(int)) and, as an approximation, permeability (P(e)) less than that of metoprolol is required for substantial CL(bile) to occur. The typical EHC plasma concentration vs time profile (multiple peaks) is demonstrated for many low metabolic CL(int)-compounds with efflux and moderate to high intestinal P(e) and fraction absorbed. Physiologically-based in-vitro to in-vivo (PB-IVIV) methodology with in-vitro intrinsic CL(bile)-data obtained with sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes has generated 2- and 5-fold underpredictions for two compounds with intermediate to high CL(bile). This is despite not considering the unbound fraction. Possible explanations include low transporter activity and diffusion limitations in the in-vitro experiments. Intestinal reabsorption and EHC were also neglected in these predictions and in-vivo CL(bile) estimations. The sandwich model and these reference data are still very useful. Consideration of an empirical scaling factor and a newly developed approach that accounts for intestinal reabsorption and EHC could potentially lead to improved PB-IVIV predictions of CL(bile). Apparently, no attempts have been made to predict CL(i). Elimination via the intestinal route does not appear to be of great importance for the few compounds with available data, but could be equally as important as bile excretion. Net secretion in-vitro P(e) and newly estimated in-vivo intrinsic CL(i) data for digoxin and rosuvastatin could be useful for approximation of CL(i) of other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Fagerholm
- Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, S-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden.
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