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Saffie Awad P, Teixeira-Dos-Santos D, Santos-Lobato BL, Camargos S, Cornejo-Olivas M, de Mello Rieder CR, Mata IF, Chaná-Cuevas P, Klein C, Schumacher Schuh AF. Frequency of Hereditary and GBA1-Related Parkinsonism in Latin America: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Mov Disord 2024; 39:6-16. [PMID: 37921246 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying hereditary parkinsonism is valuable for diagnosis, genetic counseling, patient prioritization in trials, and studying the disease for personalized therapies. However, most studies were conducted in Europeans, and limited data exist on admixed populations like those from Latin America. OBJECTIVES This study aims to assess the frequency and distribution of genetic parkinsonism in Latin America. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the frequency of parkinsonian syndromes associated with genetic pathogenic variants in Latin America. We defined hereditary parkinsonism as those caused by the genes outlined by the MDS Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders and heterozygous carriers of GBA1 pathogenic variants. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and LILACS in August 2022. Researchers reviewed titles and abstracts, and disagreements were resolved by a third researcher. After this screening, five researchers reanalyzed the selection criteria and extracted information based on the full paper. The frequency for each parkinsonism-related gene was determined by the presence of pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants among screened patients. Cochran's Q and I2 tests were used to quantify heterogeneity. Meta-regression, publication bias tests, and sensitivity analysis regarding study quality were also used for LRRK2-, PRKN-, and GBA1-related papers. RESULTS We included 73 studies involving 3014 screened studies from 16 countries. Among 7668 Latin American patients, pathogenic variants were found in 19 different genes. The frequency of the pathogenic variants in LRRK2 was 1.38% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52-2.57), PRKN was 1.16% (95% CI: 0.08-3.05), and GBA1 was 4.17% (95% CI: 2.57-6.08). For all meta-analysis, heterogeneity was high and publication bias tests were negative, except for PRKN, which was contradictory. Information on the number of pathogenic variants in the other genes is further presented in the text. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into hereditary and GBA1-related parkinsonism in Latin America. Lower GBA1 frequencies compared to European/North American cohorts may result from limited access to gene sequencing. Further research is vital for regional prevalence understanding, enabling personalized care and therapies. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Saffie Awad
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Trastornos del Movimiento (CETRAM), Santiago, Chile
- Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Bruno Lopes Santos-Lobato
- Hospital Ophir Loyola, Belém, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neuropatologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Sarah Camargos
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mario Cornejo-Olivas
- Neurogenetics Working Group, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Ignacio F Mata
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Pedro Chaná-Cuevas
- Centro de Trastornos del Movimiento (CETRAM), Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Artur F Schumacher Schuh
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Rhus Coriaria L. Extract: Antioxidant Effect and Modulation of Bioenergetic Capacity in Fibroblasts from Parkinson’s Disease Patients and THP-1 Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112774. [PMID: 36361562 PMCID: PMC9655332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sumac, Rhus coriaria L., is a Mediterranean plant showing several useful properties, such as antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Currently, there is no evidence about its possible neuroprotective action in Parkinson’s disease (PD). We hypothesized that sumac could modulate mitochondrial functionality in fibroblasts of familial early-onset PD patients showing PARK2 mutations. Sumac extract volatile profile, polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity have been previously characterized. We evaluated ROS and ATP levels on sumac-treated patients’ and healthy control fibroblasts. In PD fibroblasts, all treatments were effective in reducing H2O2 levels, while patients’ ATP content was modulated differently, probably due to the varying mutations in the PARK2 gene found in individual patients which are also involved in different mitochondrial phenotypes. We also investigated the effect of sumac extract on THP-1-differentiated macrophages, which show different embryogenic origin with respect to fibroblasts. In THP-1 macrophages, sumac treatment determined a reduction in H2O2 levels and an increase in the mitochondrial ATP content in M1, assuming that sumac could polarize the M1 to M2 phenotype, as demonstrated with other food-derived compounds rich in polyphenols. In conclusion, Rhus coriaria L. extracts could represent a potential nutraceutical approach to PD.
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Santos-Lobato BL, Schumacher-Schuh A, Mata IF, Letro GH, Braga-Neto P, Brandão PRP, Godeiro-Junior CO, Coletta MVD, Camargos ST, Borges V, Rieder CRM, Tumas V. Genetics of Parkinson's disease in Brazil: a systematic review of monogenic forms. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2021; 79:612-623. [PMID: 34468500 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing numbers of mutations causing monogenic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been described, mostly among patients in Europe and North America. Since genetic architecture varies between different populations, studying the specific genetic profile of Brazilian patients is essential for improving genetic counseling and for selecting patients for clinical trials. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review to identify genetic studies on Brazilian patients and to set a background for future studies on monogenic forms of PD in Brazil. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science from inception to December 2019 using terms for "Parkinson's disease", "genetics" and "Brazil". Two independent reviewers extracted the data. For the genes LRRK2 and PRKN, the estimated prevalence was calculated for each study, and a meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS A total of 32 studies were included, comprising 94 Brazilian patients with PD with a causative mutation, identified from among 2,872 screened patients (3.2%). PRKN mutations were causative of PD in 48 patients out of 576 (8.3%). LRRK2 mutations were identified in 40 out of 1,556 patients (2.5%), and p.G2019S was the most common mutation (2.2%). CONCLUSIONS PRKN is the most common autosomal recessive cause of PD, and LRRK2 is the most common autosomal dominant form. We observed that there was a lack of robust epidemiological studies on PD genetics in Brazil and, especially, that the diversity of Brazil's population had not been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Santos-Lobato
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Neuropatologia Experimental, Belém PA, Brazil.,Hospital Ophir Loyola, Serviço de Neurologia, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Artur Schumacher-Schuh
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Neurologia, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Farmacologia, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - Ignacio F Mata
- Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Grace H Letro
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Centro de Ciências da Vida, Campinas SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Braga-Neto
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Serviço de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Fortaleza CE, Brazil
| | - Pedro R P Brandão
- Universidade de Brasília, Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento, Brasília DF, Brazil
| | - Clécio O Godeiro-Junior
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Medicina Integrada, Natal RN, Brazil
| | | | - Sarah T Camargos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Vanderci Borges
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Setor de Transtornos de Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos R M Rieder
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Neurologia, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - Vitor Tumas
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil
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Kasten M, Marras C, Klein C. Nonmotor Signs in Genetic Forms of Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 133:129-178. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang C, Ma H, Feng X, Xie S, Chan P. Parkin dosage mutations in patients with early-onset sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease in Chinese: An independent pathogenic role. Brain Res 2010; 1358:30-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mitsui J, Takahashi Y, Goto J, Tomiyama H, Ishikawa S, Yoshino H, Minami N, Smith DI, Lesage S, Aburatani H, Nishino I, Brice A, Hattori N, Tsuji S. Mechanisms of genomic instabilities underlying two common fragile-site-associated loci, PARK2 and DMD, in germ cell and cancer cell lines. Am J Hum Genet 2010; 87:75-89. [PMID: 20598272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Common fragile sites (CFSs) are specific chromosome regions that exhibit an increased frequency of breaks when cells are exposed to a DNA-replication inhibitor such as aphidicolin. PARK2 and DMD, the causative genes for autosomal-recessive juvenile Parkinsonism and Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, respectively, are two very large genes that are located within aphidicolin-induced CFSs. Gross rearrangements within these two genes are frequently observed as the causative mutations for these diseases, and similar alterations within the large fragile sites that surround these genes are frequently observed in cancer cells. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this fragility, we performed a custom-designed high-density comparative genomic hybridization analysis to determine the junction sequences of approximately 500 breakpoints in germ cell lines and cancer cell lines involving PARK2 or DMD. The sequence signatures where these breakpoints occur share some similar features both in germ cell lines and in cancer cell lines. Detailed analyses of these structures revealed that microhomologies are predominantly involved in rearrangement processes. Furthermore, breakpoint-clustering regions coincide with the latest-replicating region and with large nuclear-lamina-associated domains and are flanked by the highest-flexibility peaks and R/G band boundaries, suggesting that factors affecting replication timing collectively contribute to the vulnerability for rearrangement in both germ cell and somatic cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Nuytemans K, Theuns J, Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C. Genetic etiology of Parkinson disease associated with mutations in the SNCA, PARK2, PINK1, PARK7, and LRRK2 genes: a mutation update. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:763-80. [PMID: 20506312 PMCID: PMC3056147 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To date, molecular genetic analyses have identified over 500 distinct DNA variants in five disease genes associated with familial Parkinson disease; alpha-synuclein (SNCA), parkin (PARK2), PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), DJ-1 (PARK7), and Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). These genetic variants include approximately 82% simple mutations and approximately 18% copy number variations. Some mutation subtypes are likely underestimated because only few studies reported extensive mutation analyses of all five genes, by both exonic sequencing and dosage analyses. Here we present an update of all mutations published to date in the literature, systematically organized in a novel mutation database (http://www.molgen.ua.ac.be/PDmutDB). In addition, we address the biological relevance of putative pathogenic mutations. This review emphasizes the need for comprehensive genetic screening of Parkinson patients followed by an insightful study of the functional relevance of observed genetic variants. Moreover, while capturing existing data from the literature it became apparent that several of the five Parkinson genes were also contributing to the genetic etiology of other Lewy Body Diseases and Parkinson-plus syndromes, indicating that mutation screening is recommendable in these patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Nuytemans
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular GeneticsVIB, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jessie Theuns
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular GeneticsVIB, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
| | - Marc Cruts
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular GeneticsVIB, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular GeneticsVIB, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
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Zhang BR, Hu ZX, Yin XZ, Cai M, Zhao GH, Liu ZR, Luo W. Mutation analysis of parkin and PINK1 genes in early-onset Parkinson's disease in China. Neurosci Lett 2010; 477:19-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Basi molecolari del morbo di Parkinson. Neurologia 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(10)70497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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10
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Mendelian forms of Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:587-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Infante J, Berciano J, Sánchez-Juan P, García A, Di Fonzo A, Breedveld G, Oostra B, Bonifati V. Pseudo-orthostatic and resting leg tremor in a large Spanish family with homozygous truncating parkin mutation. Mov Disord 2009; 24:144-7. [PMID: 18951541 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Myhre R, Steinkjer S, Stormyr A, Nilsen GL, Abu Zayyad H, Horany K, Nusier MK, Klungland H. Significance of the parkin and PINK1 gene in Jordanian families with incidences of young-onset and juvenile parkinsonism. BMC Neurol 2008; 8:47. [PMID: 19087301 PMCID: PMC2635385 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-8-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, where most cases are sporadic with a late onset. In rare incidences familial forms of early-onset parkinsonism occur, and when recessively inherited, cases are often explained by mutations in either the parkin (PARK2) or PINK1 (PARK6) gene or on exceptional occasions the DJ-1 (PARK7) or ATP13A2 (PARK9) gene. Recessively inherited deletions/duplications and point mutations in the parkin gene are the most common cause of early-onset parkinsonism known so far, but in an increasing number of studies, genetic variations in the serine/threonine kinase domain of the PINK1 gene are found to explain early-onset parkinsonism. METHODS In this study all families were from a population with a high incidence of consanguinity. We investigated 11 consanguineous families comprising 17 affected with recessively inherited young-onset parkinsonism for mutations both in the parkin and PINK1 gene. Exons and flanking regions were sequenced, and segregation patterns of genetic variation were assessed in members of the respective families. An exon dosage analysis was performed for all exons in both genes. RESULTS In the parkin gene, a three generation family was identified with an exon 4 deletion segregating with disease. Both affected were homozygous for the deletion that segregated on a haplotype that spanned the gene in a haplotype segregation analysis that was performed using additional markers. Exon dosage analysis confirmed the recessive pattern of inheritance with heterozygous deletions segregating in healthy family members. In the PINK1 gene we identified two novel putative pathogenic substitutions, P416R and S419P, located in a conserved motif of the serine/threonine kinase domain. Both substitutions segregated with disease in agreement with a recessive pattern of inheritance within respective families and both were present as homozygous in two affected each. We also discuss common polymorphisms in the two genes found to be co-segregating within families. CONCLUSION Our results further extend on the involvement of PINK1 mutations in recessive early-onset parkinsonism with clinical features similar to carriers of parkin mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Myhre
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Schneider SA, Talelli P, Cheeran BJ, Khan NL, Wood NW, Rothwell JC, Bhatia KP. Motor cortical physiology in patients and asymptomatic carriers of parkin gene mutations. Mov Disord 2008; 23:1812-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.22025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Moszczynska A, Saleh J, Zhang H, Vukusic B, Lee FJS, Liu F. Parkin Disrupts the α-Synuclein/Dopamine Transporter Interaction: Consequences Toward Dopamine-induced Toxicity. J Mol Neurosci 2007; 32:217-27. [PMID: 17873367 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-007-0037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by progressive neuronal degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Many factors are thought to contribute to the neuronal cell death that occurs in Parkinson's disease, including alpha-synuclein-mediated toxicity. Previously, we have reported that alpha-synuclein directly couples to the carboxyl tail of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and that the alpha-synuclein/DAT protein complex formation accelerates DAT-mediated cellular dopamine (DA) uptake and DA-induced cellular apoptosis. In the present study, we report that parkin, an E2-dependent E3 protein ubiquitin ligase associated with recessive early onset Parkinson's disease, exerts a protective effect against DA-induced alpha-synuclein-dependent cell toxicity. Parkin impairs the alpha-synuclein/DAT coupling by interacting with the carboxyl-terminus of the DAT and blocks the alpha-synuclein-induced enhancement in both DAT cell surface expression and DAT-mediated DA uptake. Moreover, we have found that parkin protects against DA-induced cell toxicity in dopaminergic SK-N-SH cells. These findings will help identify the role of these proteins in the etiology and/or maintenance of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Moszczynska
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Clarke Division, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
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Kay DM, Moran D, Moses L, Poorkaj P, Zabetian CP, Nutt J, Factor SA, Yu CE, Montimurro JS, Keefe RG, Schellenberg GD, Payami H. Heterozygous parkin point mutations are as common in control subjects as in Parkinson's patients. Ann Neurol 2007; 61:47-54. [PMID: 17187375 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Homozygous or compound heterozygous parkin mutations cause juvenile parkinsonism. Heterozygous parkin mutations are also found in patients with typical Parkinson's disease (PD), but it is unclear whether a single "mutation" in a patient is related to disease or is coincidental, because the mutation frequency in control subjects is unknown. We present a comprehensive sequence analysis of parkin in control subjects. METHODS A total of 302 patients and 301 control subjects were sequenced, and findings were replicated in 1,260 additional patients and 1,657 control subjects. RESULTS Thirty-four variants were detected, of which 21 were novel; 12 were polymorphisms and 22 were rare variants. Patients and control subjects did not differ in the frequency, type, or functional location of the variants. Even P437L, a common mutation thought to be pathogenic, was present in unaffected control subjects. INTERPRETATION parkin point mutations are not exclusive to PD. The mere presence of a single point mutation in a patient, in the absence of a second mutation, should not be taken as a cause of disease unless corroborated by family data and functional studies. This study does not support the notion that heterozygous parkin sequence variants (mutations or polymorphisms) are risk factors for PD. Whether heterozygous dosage anomalies are associated with PD remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Kay
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201-2002, USA
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Shadrina MI, Semenova EV, Slominsky PA, Bagyeva GH, Illarioshkin SN, Ivanova-Smolenskaia II, Limborska SA. Effective quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of the parkin gene (PARK2) exon 1-12 dosage. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2007; 8:6. [PMID: 17324265 PMCID: PMC1810516 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-8-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background One of the causes of Parkinson's disease is mutations in the PARK2 gene. Deletions and duplications of single exons or exon groups account for a large proportion of the gene mutations. Direct detection of these mutations can be used for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Methods To detect these mutations, we developed an effective technique based on the real-time TaqMan PCR system, which allows us to evaluate the copynumbers of the PARK2 gene exons by comparing the intensity of the amplification signals from some exon of this gene with that of the β-globin gene (the internal control). Results We analyzed rearrangements in exons 1–12 of the PARK2 gene in 64 patients from Russia with early-onset Parkinson's disease. The frequency of these mutations in our patients was 14%. Conclusion We have developed a simple, accurate, and reproducible method applicable to the rapid detection of exon rearrangements in the PARK2 gene. It is suitable for the analysis of large patient groups, and it may become the basis for a diagnostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Shadrina
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov sq., 123182, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V Semenova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov sq., 123182, Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr A Slominsky
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov sq., 123182, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gulbahar H Bagyeva
- Department of Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, 80 Volokolamskoye Highway, 123367, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei N Illarioshkin
- Department of Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, 80 Volokolamskoye Highway, 123367, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Svetlana A Limborska
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov sq., 123182, Moscow, Russia
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Henn IH, Bouman L, Schlehe JS, Schlierf A, Schramm JE, Wegener E, Nakaso K, Culmsee C, Berninger B, Krappmann D, Tatzelt J, Winklhofer KF. Parkin mediates neuroprotection through activation of IkappaB kinase/nuclear factor-kappaB signaling. J Neurosci 2007; 27:1868-78. [PMID: 17314283 PMCID: PMC6673568 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5537-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the parkin gene are a major cause of autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease. Here we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin activates signaling through the IkappaB kinase (IKK)/nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway. Our analysis revealed that activation of this signaling cascade is causally linked to the neuroprotective potential of parkin. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by an IkappaB super-repressor or a kinase-inactive IKKbeta interferes with the neuroprotective activity of parkin. Furthermore, pathogenic parkin mutants with an impaired neuroprotective capacity show a reduced ability to stimulate NF-kappaB-dependent transcription. Finally, we present evidence that parkin interacts with and promotes degradation-independent ubiquitylation of IKKgamma/NEMO (NF-kappaB essential modifier) and TRAF2 [TNF (tumor necrosis factor) receptor-associated factor 2], two critical components of the NF-kappaB pathway. Thus, our results support a direct link between the neuroprotective activity of parkin and ubiquitin signaling in the IKK/NF-kappaB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris H. Henn
- Department of Biochemistry, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Bouman
- Department of Biochemistry, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Julia S. Schlehe
- Department of Biochemistry, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Anita Schlierf
- Department of Biochemistry, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Julia E. Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Elmar Wegener
- Gesellschaft für Strahlenforschung–Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Toxicology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany, and
| | - Kazuhiro Nakaso
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Department of Neurology, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Departments of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology-Biotechnology, and
| | - Benedikt Berninger
- Physiological Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Gesellschaft für Strahlenforschung–Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Toxicology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany, and
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, D-80336 Munich, Germany
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18
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Lesage S, Magali P, Lohmann E, Lacomblez L, Teive H, Janin S, Cousin PY, Dürr A, Brice A. Deletion of the parkin and PACRG gene promoter in early-onset parkinsonism. Hum Mutat 2007; 28:27-32. [PMID: 17068781 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive mutations in the parkin gene (PARK2) have been identified as a common cause of familial and also sporadic, early-onset parkinsonism (EOPD): point mutations, exonic deletions, and duplications or triplications have been described. Here we report a novel mutation, consisting of a deletion of the promoter and exon 1 of parkin (c.1-?_7+?del), in a family compatible with autosomal recessive EOPD and an isolated case. The former was compound heterozygous for the parkin c.1-?_7+?del mutation and an exon 3 deletion (c.172-?_412+?del). The latter was homozygous for the parkin c.1-?_7+?del mutation. The promoter region is shared by parkin and the neighboring parkin coregulated gene (PACRG), which are oriented head-to-head and are transcribed on opposite DNA strands. There were no parkin transcripts in lymphoblasts from the patients carrying the parkin c.1-?_7+?del mutation. The phenotypes of patients with promoter deletions and consequently absence of parkin and possibly PACRG expression, were similar to and no more severe than those of other EOPD patients with parkin mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Lesage
- INSERM U679, Neurology and Experimental Therapeutics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
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19
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20
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21
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Hertz JM, Ostergaard K, Juncker I, Pedersen S, Romstad A, Møller LB, Güttler F, Dupont E. Low frequency of Parkin, Tyrosine Hydroxylase, and GTP Cyclohydrolase I gene mutations in a Danish population of early-onset Parkinson's Disease. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13:385-90. [PMID: 16643317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (PD) with early-onset may be caused by mutations in the parkin gene (PARK2). We have ascertained 87 Danish patients with an early-onset form of PD (age at onset < or =40 years, or < or =50 years if family history is positive) in a multicenter study in order to determine the frequency of PARK2 mutations. Analysis of the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene (GCH1) and the tyrosine hydroxylase gene (TH), mutated in dopa-responsive dystonia and juvenile PD, have also been included. Ten different PARK2 mutations were identified in 10 patients. Two of the patients (2.3%) were found to have homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations, and eight of the patients (9.2%) were found to be heterozygous. A mutation has been identified in 10.4% of the sporadic cases and in 15.0% of cases with a positive family history of PD. One patient was found to be heterozygous for both a PARK2 mutation and a missense mutation (A6T) in TH of unknown significance. It cannot be excluded that both mutations contribute to the phenotype. No other putative disease causing TH or GCH1 mutations were found. In conclusion, homozygous, or compound heterozygous PARK2 mutations, and mutations in GCH1 and TH, are rare even in a population of PD patients with early-onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hertz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
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22
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Hampe C, Ardila-Osorio H, Fournier M, Brice A, Corti O. Biochemical analysis of Parkinson's disease-causing variants of Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin–protein ligase with monoubiquitylation capacity. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:2059-75. [PMID: 16714300 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the parkin gene, encoding an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, are a frequent cause of autosomal recessive parkinsonism and are also involved in sporadic Parkinson's disease. Loss of Parkin function is thought to compromise the polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of specific substrates, leading to their deleterious accumulation. Several studies have analyzed the effects of parkin gene mutations on the biochemical properties of the protein. However, the absence of a cell-free system for studying intrinsic Parkin activity has limited the interpretation of these studies. Here we describe the biochemical characterization of Parkin and 10 pathogenic variants carrying amino-acid substitutions throughout the sequence. Mutations in the RING fingers or the ubiquitin-like domain decreased the solubility of the protein in detergent and increased its tendency to form visible aggregates. None of the mutations studied compromised the binding of Parkin to a series of known protein partners/substrates. Moreover, only two variants with substitutions of conserved cysteine residues of the second RING finger were inactive in a purely in vitro ubiquitylation assay, demonstrating that loss of ligase activity is a minor pathogenic mechanism. Interestingly, in this in vitro assay, Parkin catalyzed the linkage of single ubiquitin molecules only, whereas the ubiquitin-protein ligases CHIP and Mdm2 promoted the formation of polyubiquitin chains. Similarly, in mammalian cells Parkin promoted the multimonoubiquitylation of its substrate p38, rather than its polyubiquitylation. Thus, Parkin may mediate polyubiquitylation or proteasome-independent monoubiquitylation depending on the protein context. The discovery of monoubiquitylated Parkin species in cells hints at a novel post-translational modification potentially involved in the regulation of Parkin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Hampe
- Neurologie et Thérapeutique Expérimentale, INSERM U679-Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France
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23
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Nakaso K, Adachi Y, Yasui K, Sakuma K, Nakashima K. Detection of compound heterozygous deletions in the parkin gene of fibroblasts in patients with autosomal recessive hereditary parkinsonism (PARK2). Neurosci Lett 2006; 400:44-7. [PMID: 16517073 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the parkin gene are a common cause of autosomal recessive, juvenile or early onset parkinsonism (PARK2). In this report, we use RT-PCR to detect compound heterozygous deletions of the parkin gene in fibroblasts from two cases of middle age-onset familial parkinsonism with lower extremities-dominant resting tremor and mild cogwheel rigidity. Although exonic amplification of the parkin gene showed a deletional mutation of exon 3-4, their family histories suggested that the deletional mutations were a compound heterozygous abnormality of discrete origin. Immunoblotting demonstrated that abundant Parkin protein was expressed in fibroblasts, but little expression was detected in lymphocytes. RT-PCR using RNA isolated from the patients' fibroblasts indicated a parkin mutation in this family that consisted of compound heterozygous deletions (del exon3-4/del exon3-5). These results suggest that RT-PCR using the patients' fibroblasts may be helpful for the detection of compound heterozygous abnormalities in the parkin gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakaso
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1, Nishimachi, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.
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24
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Troiano AR, Micheli FE, Alarcón F, Teive HAG. Movement disorders in Latin America. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2006; 12:125-38. [PMID: 16503410 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The authors review some particularities of movement disorders (MDs) in the ethnically diverse population of Latin America. Although idiopathic diseases are evenly prevalent, access to treatment encounters difficulties that are worth discussing. Infectious-parasitic diseases observed throughout the continent occasionally present as MDs, and will be individually reviewed. Inherited MDs with regional foci of increased prevalence, particularly spinocerebellar ataxias, will also be considered. Whereas there is no treatment for genetic disorders, most of the other conditions are preventable or amenable to adequate treatment. Hope for better health standards for the Latin American population lies in profound social and political changes that are still to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R Troiano
- Department of Neurology (Medicine), Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Purdy Pavilion, Vancouver, Canada.
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25
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Mukhida K, Kobayashi NR, Mendez I. A novel role for parkin in trauma-induced central nervous system secondary injury. Med Hypotheses 2005; 64:1120-3. [PMID: 15823698 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 12/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, loss-of-function mutations of parkin have been identified as being causally related to autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism, the most common form of familial Parkinson's disease. In addition to functioning as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that facilitates the proteasomal degradation of proteins with abnormal conformations, parkin protects dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress-mediated death by regulating mitochondrial function. Parkin is expressed throughout the brain in a variety of functional and neurochemical systems. We propose that parkin's role in protecting neurons from oxidative stress may extend beyond the nigrostriatal system to include neurons in other regions of the central nervous system. This is relevant for therapeutic strategies for brain and spinal cord injury because oxidative stress leading to lipid peroxidation and protein and nucleic acid oxidation is a significant cause of secondary injury and thus neuronal death following traumatic injuries to the central nervous system. A novel model system to verify the process of oxidative stress as a causative factor in trauma-induced secondary injury mechanisms would be to induce traumatic brain and spinal cord injury in parkin-null mice. This is expected to provide the proof-of-principle that a cascade of oxidative stress is a causal event leading to secondary neuronal injury, that parkin functions outside of the dopaminergic system to protect other neurons from oxidative stress, and that antioxidant pharmacotherapy is a rational therapeutic approach to decrease trauma-induced neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mukhida
- Cell Restoration Laboratory, 12th Floor, Department of Anatomy, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4H7.
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26
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Sriram SR, Li X, Ko HS, Chung KKK, Wong E, Lim KL, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Familial-associated mutations differentially disrupt the solubility, localization, binding and ubiquitination properties of parkin. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:2571-86. [PMID: 16049031 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in parkin are largely associated with autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. The underlying mechanism of pathogenesis in parkin-associated Parkinson's disease (PD) is thought to be due to the loss of parkin's E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. A subset of missense and nonsense point mutations in parkin that span the entire gene and represent the numerous inheritance patterns that are associated with parkin-linked PD were investigated for their E3 ligase activity, localization and their ability to bind, ubiquitinate and effect the degradation of two substrates, synphilin-1 and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex cofactor, p38. Parkin mutants vary in their intracellular localization, binding to substrates and enzymatic activity, yet they are ultimately deficient in their ability to degrade substrate. These results suggest that not all parkin mutations result in loss of parkin's E3 ligase activity, but they all appear to manifest as loss-of-function mutants due to defects in solubility, aggregation, enzymatic activity or targeting proteins to the proteasome for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya R Sriram
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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27
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Hedrich K, Eskelson C, Wilmot B, Marder K, Harris J, Garrels J, Meija-Santana H, Vieregge P, Jacobs H, Bressman SB, Lang AE, Kann M, Abbruzzese G, Martinelli P, Schwinger E, Ozelius LJ, Pramstaller PP, Klein C, Kramer P. Distribution, type, and origin of Parkin mutations: review and case studies. Mov Disord 2005; 19:1146-57. [PMID: 15390068 DOI: 10.1002/mds.20234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD) has been associated with different mutations in the Parkin gene (PARK2). To study distribution and type of Parkin mutations, we carried out a comprehensive literature review that demonstrated two prominent types of mutations among 379 unrelated mutation carriers: exon rearrangements involving exon 3, 4, or both, and alterations in exons 2 and 7, suggesting mutational hot spots or founders. To elucidate the origin of 14 recurrent Parkin mutations in our samples, we carried out a detailed haplotype analysis at the PARK2 locus. Thirty-eight mutation-positive individuals, available family members, and 62 mutation-negative individuals were genotyped. We determined allele frequencies and linkage disequilibrium (LD) to evaluate the significance of shared haplotypes. We observed no LD between markers at PARK2. Our data support a common founder for the most frequent Parkin point mutation (924C>T; exon 7) and indicate a mutational hot spot as cause of a common small deletion (255/256delA; exon 2). Furthermore, the most frequent Parkin exon deletion (Ex4del) arose independently in 2 of our subjects. However, it also occurred as the result of a founder mutation in 2 cases that shared identical deletion break points. This study provides evidence for both mutational hot spots and founder mutations as a source of recurrent mutations in Parkin, regardless of the mutation type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hedrich
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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28
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Bertoli-Avella AM, Giroud-Benitez JL, Akyol A, Barbosa E, Schaap O, van der Linde HC, Martignoni E, Lopiano L, Lamberti P, Fincati E, Antonini A, Stocchi F, Montagna P, Squitieri F, Marini P, Abbruzzese G, Fabbrini G, Marconi R, Dalla Libera A, Trianni G, Guidi M, De Gaetano A, Boff Maegawa G, De Leo A, Gallai V, de Rosa G, Vanacore N, Meco G, van Duijn CM, Oostra BA, Heutink P, Bonifati V. Novel parkin
mutations detected in patients with early-onset Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2004; 20:424-431. [PMID: 15584030 DOI: 10.1002/mds.20343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiethnic series of patients with early-onset Parkinson's disease (EOP) was studied to assess the frequency and nature of parkin/PARK2 gene mutations and to investigate phenotype-genotype relationships. Forty-six EOP probands with an onset age of < 45 years, and 14 affected relatives were ascertained from Italy, Brazil, Cuba, and Turkey. The genetic screening included direct sequencing and exon dosage using a new, cost-effective, real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Mutations were found in 33% of the indexes overall, and in 53% of those with family history compatible with autosomal recessive inheritance. Fifteen parkin alterations (10 exon deletions and five point mutations) were identified, including four novel mutations: Arg402Cys, Cys418Arg, IVS11-3C > G, and exon 8-9-10 deletion. Homozygous mutations, two heterozygous mutations, and a single heterozygous mutation were found in 8, 6, and 1 patient, respectively. Heterozygous exon deletions represented 28% of the mutant alleles. The patients with parkin mutations showed significantly earlier onset, longer disease duration, more frequently symmetric onset, and slower disease progression than the patients without mutations, in agreement with previous studies. This study confirms the frequent involvement of parkin and the importance of genetic testing in the diagnostic work-up of EOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida M Bertoli-Avella
- Genetic-Epidemiologic Unit, Department of Clinical Genetics and Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ali Akyol
- Department of Neurology, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Egberto Barbosa
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Onno Schaap
- Genetic-Epidemiologic Unit, Department of Clinical Genetics and Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herma C van der Linde
- Genetic-Epidemiologic Unit, Department of Clinical Genetics and Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emilia Martignoni
- Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino, Pavia and A. Avogadro University, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Lamberti
- Department of Neurology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Antonini
- Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Stocchi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Marini
- Department of Neurology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Abbruzzese
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fabbrini
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marco Guidi
- Neurology Division, INRCA Institute, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Virgilio Gallai
- Department of Neurology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Vanacore
- National Centre of Epidemiology, National Institute for Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Meco
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Genetic-Epidemiologic Unit, Department of Clinical Genetics and Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A Oostra
- Genetic-Epidemiologic Unit, Department of Clinical Genetics and Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Heutink
- Section Medical Genomics, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Genetic-Epidemiologic Unit, Department of Clinical Genetics and Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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29
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Wang F, Denison S, Lai JP, Philips LA, Montoya D, Kock N, Schüle B, Klein C, Shridhar V, Roberts LR, Smith DI. Parkin gene alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004; 40:85-96. [PMID: 15101042 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Parkin gene is an extremely large gene (1.5 Mb) within the highly unstable FRA6E common fragile site (CFS) region, which is frequently altered in ovarian, breast, and hepatocellular carcinomas. Because Parkin/FRA6E has genomic similarities to FHIT/FRA3B and WWOX/FRA16D, two other large tumor-suppressor genes that are within CFS regions, we were interested in characterizing Parkin gene alterations and their possible association with cancer. After analyzing 50 cancer-derived cell lines including 11 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, we found that one HCC cell line, PLC/PRF/5, had a detectable homozygous deletion encompassing exon 3. Using quantitative duplex PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis to characterize the copy number changes of Parkin exons in HCC cell lines, we found that 4 of 11 HCC cell lines had heterozygous deletions of Parkin exons and one, Hep3B, had an exon duplication. Parkin protein expression was significantly decreased or absent in all 11 HCC cell lines. Furthermore, more than 50% of HCC primary tumors had decreased Parkin expression compared to that in normal liver tissue. Parkin gene-transfected PLC5 and Hep3B cells grew more slowly than vector-only transfectants and also showed increased sensitivity to apoptosis induced by cell-cycle inhibitors. Therefore, we suggest that Parkin may be involved in tumor suppression and that the loss of Parkin contributes to the development of hepatocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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30
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von Bohlen und Halbach O, Schober A, Krieglstein K. Genes, proteins, and neurotoxins involved in Parkinson’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2004; 73:151-77. [PMID: 15236834 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. The etiology of PD is likely due to combinations of environmental and genetic factors. In addition to the loss of neurons, including dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, a further morphologic hallmark of PD is the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. The formation of these proteinaceous inclusions involves interaction of several proteins, including alpha-synuclein, synphilin-1, parkin and UCH-L1. Animal models allow to get insight into the mechanisms of several symptoms of PD, allow investigating new therapeutic strategies and, in addition, provide an indispensable tool for basic research. In animals PD does not arise spontaneously, thus, characteristic and specific functional changes have to be mimicked by application of neurotoxic agents or by genetic manipulations. In this review we will focus on genes and gene loci involved in PD, the functions of proteins involved in the formation of cytoplasmatic inclusions, their interactions, and their possible role in PD. In addition, we will review the current animal models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- O von Bohlen und Halbach
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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31
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West AB, Maidment NT. Genetics of parkin-linked disease. Hum Genet 2004; 114:327-36. [PMID: 14727181 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-003-1074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Accepted: 12/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Research into Parkinson's disease (PD), once considered the archetypical non-genetic neurodegenerative disorder, has been revolutionized by the identification of a number of genes, mutations of which underlie various familial forms of the disease. Whereas such mutations appear to exist in a relatively small number of individuals from a few families, the study of the function of these genes promises to reveal the fundamental disease pathogenesis, not only of familial forms of the disease, but also of the much more common sporadic PD. The observation that mutations in the second identified PD locus (parkin) are common in juvenile- and early-onset PD and increasing evidence supporting a direct role for parkin in late-onset disease make this gene a particularly compelling candidate for intensified investigation. The determination of the frequency and effect of parkin mutations in various subsets of PD will be crucial for understanding the way in which parkin is related to neurodegenerative mechanisms, and whether these subsets might be effectively identified and treated. In addition, many aspects of parkin-linked disease, originally thought to be well defined, have now been obscured both by genetic studies that preclude a simple model of disease transmission and by clinical and pathological studies that demonstrate broad variability in cases with parkin mutations. Future studies that address the issues in question should have a far-reaching impact in downstream biochemical studies and our understanding of parkin's role in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B West
- Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital, University of California at Los Angeles, 90024, USA.
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32
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Lohmann E, Periquet M, Bonifati V, Wood NW, De Michele G, Bonnet AM, Fraix V, Broussolle E, Horstink MWIM, Vidailhet M, Verpillat P, Gasser T, Nicholl D, Teive H, Raskin S, Rascol O, Destée A, Ruberg M, Gasparini F, Meco G, Agid Y, Durr A, Brice A. How much phenotypic variation can be attributed to parkin genotype? Ann Neurol 2003; 54:176-85. [PMID: 12891670 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To establish phenotype-genotype correlations in early-onset parkinsonism, we have compared the phenotype of a large series of 146 patients with and 250 patients without parkin mutations. Although no single sign distinguished the groups, patients with mutations had significantly earlier and more symmetrical onset, dystonia more often at onset and hyperreflexia, slower progression of the disease, and a tendency toward a greater response to levodopa despite lower doses. After forward stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis, dystonia at onset and brisk reflexes were not longer significantly different but were correlated with age at onset rather than the presence of the parkin mutation. Age at onset in carriers of parkin mutations varied as did the rate of progression of the disease: the younger the age at onset the slower the evolution. The genotype influenced the phenotype: carriers of at least one missense mutation had a higher United Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score than those carrying two truncating mutations. The localization of the mutations was also important because missense mutations in functional domains of parkin resulted in earlier onset. Patients with a single heterozygous mutation had significantly later and more asymmetrical onset and more frequent levodopa-induced fluctuations and dystonia than patients with two mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Lohmann
- INSERM U289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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