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Günbey C, Çavdarlı B, Göçmen R, Yazıcı M, Temuçin ÇM, Özdemir Ö, Çırak S, Haliloğlu G. Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis: Further expanding the ROBO3 spectrum. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2024; 11:2088-2099. [PMID: 39030736 PMCID: PMC11330215 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.52129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder resulting from axonal midline crossing defect due to variants in ROBO3. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated demographics, clinical phenotype, course of spinal deformities, and neuroimaging findings of six Turkish patients with HGPPS. We performed targeted gene testing by next-generation sequencing. RESULTS The median age at symptom onset and diagnosis was 1.5 years (0.5-4), and 11 years (2-16), respectively. Oculomotor signs were the most common presenting symptom (n = 4), followed by scoliosis (n = 2). The course of scoliosis was progressive and accompanied by kyphosis, showed intrafamilial variability, and was corrected surgically in three of the patients. Intellectual disability (n = 4), hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (n = 2), hearing loss (n = 2), and tranisent movement disorders (n = 1) were additional features. Targeted gene sequencing revealed five distinct homozygous variants. Of the four novel variants, two of them were located in the acceptor site of the noncoding region of the gene, remaining two were missense and frameshift variants, located in immunoglobulin-like domain-2, and cytoplasmic signaling motif 2, respectively. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) showed the absence of decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle and dorsal transverse pontine fibers. INTERPRETATION Spectrum of HGPPS is further expanded with novel variants in the ROBO3 with clinical and radiological fingerprints. Spinal deformities require close orthopedic screening and individualized approach. Intellectual disability and hearing loss emerge as additional features. Hypogonadism and transient subtle movement disorders require further attention and confirmation from other series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Günbey
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of PediatricsHacettepe University Faculty of MedicineAnkaraTurkey
| | | | - Rahşan Göçmen
- Department of RadiologyHacettepe University Faculty of MedicineAnkaraTurkey
| | - Muharrem Yazıcı
- Department of Orthopedics and TraumatologyHacettepe University Faculty of MedicineAnkaraTurkey
- Present address:
Pediatric Orthopedic Spine CenterAnkaraTurkey
| | | | - Özkan Özdemir
- Center for Molecular MedicineUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Sebahattin Çırak
- Center for Molecular MedicineUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Present address:
Division of Pediatric Neurology, Metabolics and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUlm University Medical Center, Ulm UniversityUlmGermany
| | - Göknur Haliloğlu
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of PediatricsHacettepe University Faculty of MedicineAnkaraTurkey
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2
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AlSayegh HA, AlSubaie ZA, AlRamadhan HJ, AlAlwan QM, Ali HAA, AlObaid J. A case of horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis. Radiol Case Rep 2022; 17:3132-3138. [PMID: 35774052 PMCID: PMC9237946 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis is a rare entity with few cases in the literature. Despite the fact the patient will not present with typical symptoms of this syndrome, clinical suspicion should be raised particularly in terms of imaging findings. Imaging findings are characteristic to flag the possibility of this syndrome. Keeping in mind such congenital abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging particularly for radiologists might help in the management process. Multidisciplinary teams play a crucial role in terms of communication to find the clinical, radiological and genetic studies to reach the diagnosis.
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3
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Xiu Y, Lv Z, Wang D, Chen X, Huang S, Pan M. Introducing and Reviewing a Novel Mutation of ROBO3 in Horizontal Gaze Palsy with Progressive Scoliosis from a Chinese Family. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:293-301. [PMID: 32705527 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01650-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by ROBO3 gene mutations. To date, the number of confirmed HGPPS cases caused by gene mutations is estimated at 76. However, HGPPS caused by ROBO3 gene mutation has not been reported in the Chinese population. In this study, the clinical data, brain imaging features, somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP), and ROBO3 gene mutations were obtained for two Chinese patients with HGPPS. The proband was an 11-year-old boy. He developed horizontal eye movement disorder at the age of 1 year and scoliosis at the age of 11 years. Two eyeballs fixed in the midline position were revealed by neurological examination. A dorsal cleft in the pons and a butterfly-shaped medulla were shown by brain magnetic resonance imaging. Again, most corticospinal bundles did not cross in the brainstem, as revealed by diffusion tensor imaging. SEP confirmed that most somatosensory projections were uncrossed. The proband's 7-year-old brother exhibited similar clinical manifestations and imaging features. The brothers had compound heterozygous mutations c.3165G>A (p.W1055X) and c.955G>A (p.E319K) of the ROBO3 gene. The c.3165G>A mutation is a novel nonsense mutation that has not been previously reported. This study reports the first two cases of HGPPS carrying a novel ROBO3 gene mutation in patients from a Chinese family, thereby expanding the disease spectrum. Reports from the literature show that missense mutation is the most common mutational type in the ROBO3 gene. Early ROBO3 gene detection is required for patients exhibiting early-onset eyeball movement disorder to confirm HGPPS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Xiu
- Eye institute & Xiamen eye Center, Affiliated Xiamen University, 336 Xiahe Road, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Zhe Lv
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Danni Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xuejiao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Songmu Huang
- Eye institute & Xiamen eye Center, Affiliated Xiamen University, 336 Xiahe Road, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Meihua Pan
- Eye institute & Xiamen eye Center, Affiliated Xiamen University, 336 Xiahe Road, Xiamen, 361000, China.
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4
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The brainstem contains numerous structures including afferent and efferent fibers that are involved in generation and control of eye movements. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION These structures give rise to distinct patterns of abnormal eye movements when damaged. Defining these ocular motor abnormalities allows a topographic diagnosis of a lesion within the brainstem. RESULTS Although diverse patterns of impaired eye movements may be observed in lesions of the brainstem, medullary lesions primarily cause various patterns of nystagmus and impaired vestibular eye movements without obvious ophthalmoplegia. By contrast, pontine ophthalmoplegia is characterized by abnormal eye movements in the horizontal plane, while midbrain lesions typically show vertical ophthalmoplegia in addition to pupillary and eyelid abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Recognition of the patterns and characteristics of abnormal eye movements observed in brainstem lesions is important in understanding the roles of each neural structure and circuit in ocular motor control as well as in localizing the offending lesion.
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5
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Comer JD, Alvarez S, Butler SJ, Kaltschmidt JA. Commissural axon guidance in the developing spinal cord: from Cajal to the present day. Neural Dev 2019; 14:9. [PMID: 31514748 PMCID: PMC6739980 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-019-0133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During neuronal development, the formation of neural circuits requires developing axons to traverse a diverse cellular and molecular environment to establish synaptic contacts with the appropriate postsynaptic partners. Essential to this process is the ability of developing axons to navigate guidance molecules presented by specialized populations of cells. These cells partition the distance traveled by growing axons into shorter intervals by serving as intermediate targets, orchestrating the arrival and departure of axons by providing attractive and repulsive guidance cues. The floor plate in the central nervous system (CNS) is a critical intermediate target during neuronal development, required for the extension of commissural axons across the ventral midline. In this review, we begin by giving a historical overview of the ventral commissure and the evolutionary purpose of decussation. We then review the axon guidance studies that have revealed a diverse assortment of midline guidance cues, as well as genetic and molecular regulatory mechanisms required for coordinating the commissural axon response to these cues. Finally, we examine the contribution of dysfunctional axon guidance to neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Comer
- Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Alvarez
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - S J Butler
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - J A Kaltschmidt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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6
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Horizontal Gaze Palsy With Progressive Scoliosis: Two Novel ROBO3 Mutations in a Compound Heterozygous Sporadic Case. J Neuroophthalmol 2019; 38:131-132. [PMID: 29215389 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Meoded A, Huisman TAGM. Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Brain Malformations: Exploring the Internal Architecture. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2019; 29:423-434. [PMID: 31256863 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an advanced MR imaging technique that provides noninvasive qualitative and quantitative information about the white matter microarchitecture. By measuring the three-dimensional directional characteristics of water molecule diffusion/mobility, DTI generates unique tissue contrasts that are used to study the axonal organization of the central nervous system. Its applications include quantitative evaluation of the brain connectivity, development, and white matter diseases. This article reviews DTI and fiber tractography findings in several brain malformations and highlights the added value of DTI and fiber tractography compared with conventional MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avner Meoded
- Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, 501 6th Avenue South, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Thierry A G M Huisman
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, 6701 Fannin Street, Suite 470, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Dobyns WB, Aldinger KA, Ishak GE, Mirzaa GM, Timms AE, Grout ME, Dremmen MH, Schot R, Vandervore L, van Slegtenhorst MA, Wilke M, Kasteleijn E, Lee AS, Barry BJ, Chao KR, Szczałuba K, Kobori J, Hanson-Kahn A, Bernstein JA, Carr L, D’Arco F, Miyana K, Okazaki T, Saito Y, Sasaki M, Das S, Wheeler MM, Bamshad MJ, Nickerson DA, Engle EC, Verheijen FW, Doherty D, Mancini GM, Doherty D, Mancini GMS. MACF1 Mutations Encoding Highly Conserved Zinc-Binding Residues of the GAR Domain Cause Defects in Neuronal Migration and Axon Guidance. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:1009-1021. [PMID: 30471716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, mutations in 15 actin- or microtubule-associated genes have been associated with the cortical malformation lissencephaly and variable brainstem hypoplasia. During a multicenter review, we recognized a rare lissencephaly variant with a complex brainstem malformation in three unrelated children. We searched our large brain-malformation databases and found another five children with this malformation (as well as one with a less severe variant), analyzed available whole-exome or -genome sequencing data, and tested ciliogenesis in two affected individuals. The brain malformation comprised posterior predominant lissencephaly and midline crossing defects consisting of absent anterior commissure and a striking W-shaped brainstem malformation caused by small or absent pontine crossing fibers. We discovered heterozygous de novo missense variants or an in-frame deletion involving highly conserved zinc-binding residues within the GAR domain of MACF1 in the first eight subjects. We studied cilium formation and found a higher proportion of mutant cells with short cilia than of control cells with short cilia. A ninth child had similar lissencephaly but only subtle brainstem dysplasia associated with a heterozygous de novo missense variant in the spectrin repeat domain of MACF1. Thus, we report variants of the microtubule-binding GAR domain of MACF1 as the cause of a distinctive and most likely pathognomonic brain malformation. A gain-of-function or dominant-negative mechanism appears likely given that many heterozygous mutations leading to protein truncation are included in the ExAC Browser. However, three de novo variants in MACF1 have been observed in large schizophrenia cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan Doherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Grazia M S Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands.
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9
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Arrigoni F, Romaniello R, Peruzzo D, Poretti A, Bassi MT, Pierpaoli C, Valente EM, Nuovo S, Boltshauser E, Huisman TAGM, Triulzi F, Borgatti R. The spectrum of brainstem malformations associated to mutations of the tubulin genes family: MRI and DTI analysis. Eur Radiol 2018; 29:770-782. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-018-5610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Lin CW, Lo CP, Tu MC. Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis: a case report with magnetic resonance tractography and electrophysiological study. BMC Neurol 2018; 18:75. [PMID: 29843650 PMCID: PMC5972445 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-018-1081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS) is a rare autosomal recessive congenital anomaly characterized by horizontal gaze limitation and progressive scoliosis. We investigated the underlying pathogenesis by incorporating diffusion tensor imaging and an electrophysiological study. Case presentation A 55-year-old female patient presented to our clinic due to a chronic history of eye movement limitation since childhood. Her eye problem was followed by a progressive scoliotic change in her torso during junior high school. Neurological examinations revealed remarkable conjugate horizontal but not vertical gaze palsy. Her pupils were isocoric, with a prompt response to light reflex and convergence. Her vision, including visual acuity and field, were normal. No pathological signs of muscle tone, muscle power, deep tendon reflex or coordination were revealed. There was no associated family history, and no diseases involving other systems were noted. On reviewing her past medical history, X-rays revealed scoliotic changes of her thoracic and lumbar spine. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a midline cleavage at the tegmentum (split pons sign) and butterfly configuration of the medulla, consistent with HGPPS. Color-coded diffusion tensor imaging in our patient revealed absence of decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle. In tractography, the pontocerebellar tracts and fibers within the inferior cerebellar peduncle, deemed to be primarily dorsal spinocerebellar and vestibulocerebellar tracts, appeared to be agenetic. The tegmentum was compromised secondary to dorsal displacement of the corticospinal tracts. Of note, the bilateral corticospinal tracts remained uncrossed at the level presumed to be the pyramidal decussation. A somatosensory evoked potential study also revealed predominantly ipsilateral cortical sensory responses. Conclusions Our study confirmed that a compromised tegmentum secondary to dorsal displacement of the corticospinal tracts and poorly-developed afferent fibers within the pontocerebellar tracts and inferior cerebellar peduncle to be the main neuroanatomical anomalies responsible for the clinical presentations of HGPPS. In addition, the uncrossed nature of the majority of pyramidal and proprioceptive sensory systems was confirmed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12883-018-1081-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wei Lin
- Department of Neurology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ping Lo
- Department of Radiology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chien Tu
- Department of Neurology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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11
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Abstract
Some forms of ophthalmoplegia are congenital and fall into the category of Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorders (CCDDs). These disorders arise from a primary defect of cranial nucleus/nerve development or guidance. Many have substantial limitations of ocular motility with or without other associated features. The type and degree of ophthalmoplegia can be similar between CCDD subtypes as well as with non-congenital forms of ophthalmoplegia. Therefore diagnostic confirmation often requires neuro-imaging and/or genetic investigations. The clinician should consider this category in cases of ophthalmoplegia that are congenital and nonprogressive in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren T Oystreck
- a IWK Health Centre Eye Care Team , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
- b Faculty of Health , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
- c Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Stellenbosch , Tygerberg , South Africa
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12
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Arrigoni F, Romaniello R, Peruzzo D, De Luca A, Parazzini C, Valente EM, Borgatti R, Triulzi F. Anterior Mesencephalic Cap Dysplasia: Novel Brain Stem Malformative Features Associated with Joubert Syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38:2385-2390. [PMID: 28838911 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In Joubert syndrome, the "molar tooth" sign can be associated with several additional supra- and infratentorial malformations. Here we report on 3 subjects (2 siblings, 8-14 years of age) with Joubert syndrome, showing an abnormal thick bulging of the anterior profile of the mesencephalon causing a complete obliteration of the interpeduncular fossa. DTI revealed that the abnormal tissue consisted of an ectopic white matter tract with a laterolateral transverse orientation. Tractographic reconstructions support the hypothesis of impaired axonal guidance mechanisms responsible for the malformation. The 2 siblings were compound heterozygous for 2 missense variants in the TMEM67 gene, while no mutations in a panel of 120 ciliary genes were detected in the third patient. The name "anterior mesencephalic cap dysplasia," referring to the peculiar aspect of the mesencephalon on sagittal MR imaging, is proposed for this new malformative feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Arrigoni
- From the Neuroimaging Lab (F.A., D.P., A.D.L.)
| | - R Romaniello
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R., R.B.), Scientific Institute Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientific Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - D Peruzzo
- From the Neuroimaging Lab (F.A., D.P., A.D.L.)
| | - A De Luca
- From the Neuroimaging Lab (F.A., D.P., A.D.L.)
- Department of Information Engineering (A.D.L.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - C Parazzini
- Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology (C.P.), "V. Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - E M Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine (E.M.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientific Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - R Borgatti
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R., R.B.), Scientific Institute Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientific Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - F Triulzi
- Department of Neuroradiology (F.T.), Scientific Institute Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientific Cà Granda Foundation-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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13
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Marsh APL, Edwards TJ, Galea C, Cooper HM, Engle EC, Jamuar SS, Méneret A, Moutard ML, Nava C, Rastetter A, Robinson G, Rouleau G, Roze E, Spencer-Smith M, Trouillard O, Billette de Villemeur T, Walsh CA, Yu TW, Heron D, Sherr EH, Richards LJ, Depienne C, Leventer RJ, Lockhart PJ. DCC mutation update: Congenital mirror movements, isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum, and developmental split brain syndrome. Hum Mutat 2017; 39:23-39. [PMID: 29068161 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) gene encodes the netrin-1 (NTN1) receptor DCC, a transmembrane protein required for the guidance of commissural axons. Germline DCC mutations disrupt the development of predominantly commissural tracts in the central nervous system (CNS) and cause a spectrum of neurological disorders. Monoallelic, missense, and predicted loss-of-function DCC mutations cause congenital mirror movements, isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC), or both. Biallelic, predicted loss-of-function DCC mutations cause developmental split brain syndrome (DSBS). Although the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to disease remain poorly understood, they are thought to stem from reduced or perturbed NTN1 signaling. Here, we review the 26 reported DCC mutations associated with abnormal CNS development in humans, including 14 missense and 12 predicted loss-of-function mutations, and discuss their associated clinical characteristics and diagnostic features. We provide an update on the observed genotype-phenotype relationships of congenital mirror movements, isolated ACC and DSBS, and correlate this to our current understanding of the biological function of DCC in the development of the CNS. All mutations and their associated phenotypes were deposited into a locus-specific LOVD (https://databases.lovd.nl/shared/genes/DCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P L Marsh
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy J Edwards
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Charles Galea
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics (D4), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen M Cooper
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Saumya S Jamuar
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Paediatric Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aurélie Méneret
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Moutard
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France.,UPMC, GRC ConCer-LD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Centre de référence "Neurogénétique", Paris, France
| | - Caroline Nava
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Rastetter
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Gail Robinson
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Guy Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Megan Spencer-Smith
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oriane Trouillard
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Billette de Villemeur
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France.,UPMC, GRC ConCer-LD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France.,INSERM U1141, Paris, France
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy W Yu
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Delphine Heron
- UPMC, GRC ConCer-LD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Elliott H Sherr
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | - Linda J Richards
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christel Depienne
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Département de Médicine translationnelle et Neurogénétique, IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Laboratoires de génétique, Institut de génétique médicale d'Alsace, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Richard J Leventer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J Lockhart
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Friocourt F, Chédotal A. The Robo3 receptor, a key player in the development, evolution, and function of commissural systems. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:876-890. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Friocourt
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision; 17 Rue Moreau Paris 75012 France
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision; 17 Rue Moreau Paris 75012 France
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15
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Calloni SF, Cohen JS, Meoded A, Juusola J, Triulzi FM, Huisman TAGM, Poretti A, Fatemi A. Compound Heterozygous Variants in ROBO1 Cause a Neurodevelopmental Disorder With Absence of Transverse Pontine Fibers and Thinning of the Anterior Commissure and Corpus Callosum. Pediatr Neurol 2017; 70:70-74. [PMID: 28286008 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Axonal guidance disorders are characterized by white matter tracts with an anomalous course, failure to cross the midline, or presence of anomalous white matter tracts. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a suitable noninvasive, in vivo neuroimaging tool to study axonal guidance disorders. We describe a novel disorder in a boy with compound heterozygous variants in the ROBO1 gene. PATIENT DESCRIPTION The child was referred at age 13 months because of developmental delay. At age nine years, he had severe intellectual disability and hyperactivity. He was nonverbal and wheelchair dependent because of spastic diplegia and ataxia. Brain magnetic resonance imaging with DTI revealed marked pontine hypoplasia, thinning of the anterior commissure and corpus callosum, and absence of the transverse pontine fibers. In addition, at the level of the pons the corticospinal tracts and medial lemnisci were not clearly separated from each other. Whole exome sequencing revealed compound heterozygous variants in the ROBO1 gene. CONCLUSION This child's neuroimaging phenotype (absence of the transverse pontine fibers and thinning of the anterior commissure and corpus callosum as shown by DTI) is suggestive of an axonal guidance disorder and supports a pathogenic role of the compound heterozygous variants in the ROBO1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia F Calloni
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Università degli Studi di Milano, Postgraduation School in Radiodiagnostics, Milan, Italy
| | - Julie S Cohen
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Avner Meoded
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Jane Juusola
- Whole Exome Sequencing Program, GeneDx, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Fabio M Triulzi
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Thierry A G M Huisman
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrea Poretti
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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16
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Rollins NK, Booth TN, Chahrour MH. Variability of Ponto-cerebellar Fibers by Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Diverse Brain Malformations. J Child Neurol 2017; 32:271-285. [PMID: 27920266 DOI: 10.1177/0883073816680734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To describe pontine axonal anomalies across diverse brain malformations. Institutional review board-approved review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and genetic testing of 31 children with brain malformations and abnormal pons by diffusion tensor imaging. Anomalous dorsal pontocerebellar tracts were seen in mid-hindbrain anomalies and in diffuse malformations of cortical development including lissencephaly, gyral disorganization with dysplastic basal ganglia, presumed congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles type 3, and in callosal agenesis without malformations of cortical development. Heterotopic and hypoplastic corticospinal tracts were seen in callosal agenesis and in focal malformations of cortical development. There were no patterns by chromosomal microarray analysis in the non-lissencephalic brains. In lissencephaly, there was no relationship between severity, deletion size, or appearance of the pontocerebellar tract. Pontine axonal anomalies may relate to defects in precerebellar neuronal migration, chemotactic signaling of the pontine neurons, and/or corticospinal tract pathfinding and collateral branching not detectable with routine genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy K Rollins
- 1 Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,2 Department of Radiology, Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Timothy N Booth
- 1 Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,2 Department of Radiology, Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Maria H Chahrour
- 3 Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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17
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Biallelic mutations in human DCC cause developmental split-brain syndrome. Nat Genet 2017; 49:606-612. [PMID: 28250456 PMCID: PMC5374027 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Motor, sensory, and integrative activities of the brain are coordinated by a series of midline-bridging neuronal commissures whose development is tightly regulated. Here we report a new human syndrome in which these commissures are widely disrupted, thus causing clinical manifestations of horizontal gaze palsy, scoliosis, and intellectual disability. Affected individuals were found to possess biallelic loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the axon-guidance receptor 'deleted in colorectal carcinoma' (DCC), which has been implicated in congenital mirror movements when it is mutated in the heterozygous state but whose biallelic loss-of-function human phenotype has not been reported. Structural MRI and diffusion tractography demonstrated broad disorganization of white-matter tracts throughout the human central nervous system (CNS), including loss of all commissural tracts at multiple levels of the neuraxis. Combined with data from animal models, these findings show that DCC is a master regulator of midline crossing and development of white-matter projections throughout the human CNS.
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18
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Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders. Int Ophthalmol 2016; 37:1369-1381. [PMID: 27837354 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-016-0388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The European Neuromuscular Centre (ENMC) derived the term Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorders in 2002 at an international workshop for a group of congenital neuromuscular diseases. CCDDs are congenital, non-progressive ophthalmoplegia with restriction of globe movement in one or more fields of gaze. This group of sporadic and familial strabismus syndromes was initially referred to as the 'congenital fibrosis syndromes' because it was assumed that the primary pathologic process starts in the muscles of eye motility. Over the last few decades, evidence has accumulated to support that the primary pathologic process of these disorders is neuropathic rather than myopathic. This is believed that for normal development of extra ocular muscles and for preservation of muscle fiber anatomy, normal intra-uterine development of the innervation to these muscles is essential. Congenital dysinnervation to these EOMs can lead to abnormal muscle structure depending upon the stage and the extent of such innervational defects. Over last few years new genes responsible for CCDD have been identified, permitting a better understanding of associated phenotypes, which can further lead to better classification of these disorders. Introduction of high-resolution MRI has led to detailed study of cranial nerves courses and muscles supplied by them. Thus, due to better understanding of pathophysiology and genetics of CCDDs, various treatment modalities can be developed to ensure good ocular alignment and better quality of life for patients suffering from the same.
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19
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Welniarz Q, Dusart I, Roze E. The corticospinal tract: Evolution, development, and human disorders. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:810-829. [PMID: 27706924 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The corticospinal tract (CST) plays a major role in cortical control of spinal cord activity. In particular, it is the principal motor pathway for voluntary movements. Here, we discuss: (i) the anatomic evolution and development of the CST across mammalian species, focusing on its role in motor functions; (ii) the molecular mechanisms regulating corticospinal tract formation and guidance during mouse development; and (iii) human disorders associated with abnormal CST development. A comparison of CST anatomy and development across mammalian species first highlights important similarities. In particular, most CST axons cross the anatomical midline at the junction between the brainstem and spinal cord, forming the pyramidal decussation. Reorganization of the pattern of CST projections to the spinal cord during evolution led to improved motor skills. Studies of the molecular mechanisms involved in CST formation and guidance in mice have identified several factors that act synergistically to ensure proper formation of the CST at each step of development. Human CST developmental disorders can result in a reduction of the CST, or in guidance defects associated with abnormal CST anatomy. These latter disorders result in altered midline crossing at the pyramidal decussation or in the spinal cord, but spare the rest of the CST. Careful appraisal of clinical manifestations associated with CST malformations highlights the critical role of the CST in the lateralization of motor control. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 810-829, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Welniarz
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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20
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Hsu CCT, Kwan GNC, Bhuta S. High-Resolution Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography in Joubert Syndrome: Beyond Molar Tooth Sign. Pediatr Neurol 2015; 53:47-52. [PMID: 25890865 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We undertook diffusion tensor imaging analysis of brainstem fiber tracts in two Joubert syndrome patients. METHODS Two Joubert syndrome patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging brain examination with diffusion tensor imaging. Imaging findings were compared with five age- and sex-matched control subjects with approval from the institutional ethic committee. The medical history and clinical examination findings in both patients were documented. RESULTS Diffusion tensor imaging analysis of the first patient demonstrated absence of the dorsal pontocerebellar tract and thinning of the middle cerebral peduncle. Diffusion tensor imaging analysis of the second child revealed thinning of the both the dorsal pontocerebellar and ventral pontocerebellar tract. Both patients exhibited thickened and horizontally oriented superior cerebellar peduncles. The superior cerebellar peduncles also failed to decussate in the mesencephalon. CONCLUSION Pontocerebellar tract abnormalities in Joubert syndrome patients have not been previously recognized. The difference in the pontocerebellar tract between the two Joubert syndrome patients suggests a spectrum of severity of pontine axonal migration abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Chia-Tsong Hsu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gigi Nga Chi Kwan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sandeep Bhuta
- Department of Medical Imaging, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia; Griffith University, School of Medicine, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
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21
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Yamada S, Okita Y, Shofuda T, Yoshioka E, Nonaka M, Mori K, Nakajima S, Kanemura Y. Ipsilateral hemiparesis caused by putaminal hemorrhage in a patient with horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis: a case report. BMC Neurol 2015; 15:25. [PMID: 25885466 PMCID: PMC4356136 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the ROBO3 gene, resulting in a critical absence of crossing fibers in the brainstem. CASE PRESENTATION We present a patient with ipsilateral hemiparesis caused by putaminal hemorrhage who had a history of horizontal gaze paralysis and scoliosis since childhood. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography confirmed the presence of uncrossed corticospinal tracts. Sequence analysis of the entire ROBO3 coding regions revealed a novel nonsense mutation. CONCLUSION We report the first known HGPPS case with intracranial hemorrhage and ROBO3 mutation showing an absence of major crossing pathways by DTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, 2-1-14 Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka City, 540-0006, Japan.
| | - Yoshiko Okita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, 2-1-14 Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka City, 540-0006, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Shofuda
- Division of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, 2-1-14 Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka City, 540-0006, Japan.
| | - Ema Yoshioka
- Division of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, 2-1-14 Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka City, 540-0006, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Nonaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, 2-1-14 Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka City, 540-0006, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Mori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, 2-1-14 Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka City, 540-0006, Japan.
| | - Shin Nakajima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, 2-1-14 Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka City, 540-0006, Japan.
| | - Yonehiro Kanemura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, 2-1-14 Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka City, 540-0006, Japan. .,Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, 2-1-14 Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka City, 540-0006, Japan.
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22
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Undecussated superior cerebellar peduncles and absence of the dorsal transverse pontine fibers: a new axonal guidance disorder? THE CEREBELLUM 2015; 13:536-40. [PMID: 24771489 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Axonal guidance disorders are a newly recognized group of diseases of the human central nervous system. These disorders are characterized by white matter tracts with abnormal course and failure to cross the midline or presence of ectopic white matter tracts. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and fiber tractography are suitable neuroimaging tools to detect morphological abnormalities in the course, decussation, and location of white matter tracts. We report on a 6.5-year-old child with significant global developmental delay. Axial color-coded fractional anisotropy (FA)-maps revealed absence of (1) the midline "focal red dot" at the level of the pontomesencephalic junction representing absence of decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles and (2) the dorsal component of the transverse pontine fibers. These findings are highly suggestive of an axonal guidance disorders. The complete neuroimaging phenotype of this child does not match well-known diseases with similar DTI findings. We show how DTI reveals important information of microstructural brain malformations that may go undetected or remains underestimated and consequently DTI may suggest the possible pathomechanism. We conclude that this child may be suffering from a not yet described subtype of an axonal guidance disorder.
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23
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24
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Bosemani T, Orman G, Boltshauser E, Tekes A, Huisman TAGM, Poretti A. Congenital Abnormalities of the Posterior Fossa. Radiographics 2015; 35:200-20. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.351140038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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25
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Update on neuroimaging phenotypes of mid-hindbrain malformations. Neuroradiology 2014; 57:113-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00234-014-1431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Chédotal A. Development and plasticity of commissural circuits: from locomotion to brain repair. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:551-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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27
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Caan MWA, Barth PG, Niermeijer JM, Majoie CB, Poll-The BT. Ectopic peripontine arcuate fibres, a novel finding in pontine tegmental cap dysplasia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2014; 18:434-8. [PMID: 24485946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pontine Tegmental Cap Dysplasia (PTCD) is a recently described hindbrain malformation presenting hypoplasia of the ventral pons, and a "pontine tegmental cap". Previous DTI studies identified ectopic transversely oriented nerve fibres in the cap, and absence of transverse fibre bundles in the ventral pons, characterizing PTCD as an embryonic axon guidance defect. A new case with relatively mild symptoms was investigated to identify fibre tracts in the tegmental cap by tracking their connections. In the process a new bilateral ectopic fibre tract was found. METHODS Routine T1- and T2 weighted images and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) data were obtained on a 3 T MR scanner. Fractional Anisotropy maps colour coded for orientation were generated. High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging (HARDI) data were used for reconstructing maps denoting multiple fibre orientations (i.e. fibre crossings) per voxel through which accurate fibre tracking was performed. RESULTS INTERPRETATION Peripontine arcuate fibres were identified, representing a second structural abnormality not previously recorded in PTCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthan W A Caan
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G Barth
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jikke-Mien Niermeijer
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charles B Majoie
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bwee Tien Poll-The
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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28
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Irahara K, Saito Y, Sugai K, Nakagawa E, Saito T, Komaki H, Nakata Y, Sato N, Baba K, Yamamoto T, Chan WM, Andrews C, Engle EC, Sasaki M. Pontine malformation, undecussated pyramidal tracts, and regional polymicrogyria: a new syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 2014; 50:384-8. [PMID: 24507697 PMCID: PMC3959267 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Horizontal gaze palsy and progressive scoliosis is caused by mutations in the ROBO3 gene, which plays a role in axonal guidance during brain development. Horizontal gaze palsy and progressive scoliosis is characterized by the congenital absence of conjugate lateral eye movements with preserved vertical gaze and progressive scoliosis as well as dysgenesis of brainstem structures and ipsilateral projection of the pyramidal tract. PATIENT A 4-year, 11-month, girl presented with psychomotor retardation and autistic traits. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed hypoplasia and malformation of the ventral portion of the pons and medulla oblongata. Diffusion tensor imaging revealed the absence of decussation of the bilateral pyramidal tracts. These findings were similar to the typical findings for horizontal gaze palsy and progressive scoliosis. However, restriction of horizontal eye movement was minimal, and bilateral polymicrogyria were also noted in the occipitotemporal cortex in the present patient. These findings have not been previously reported in patients with horizontal gaze palsy and progressive scoliosis. No mutations in the ROBO3, SLIT1, SLIT2, NTN1, SEMA3 A, or SEMA3 F genes were identified. CONCLUSION This child may have a disorder caused by an unidentified factor, other than a mutation in the genes analyzed, involved in corticogenesis, axonal guidance, and brainstem morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Irahara
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Utano Hospital, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Saito
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugai
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakagawa
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Komaki
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakata
- Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Noriko Sato
- Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Kazumi Baba
- Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University Hospital, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- Tokyo Women’s Medical University Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ward, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Wai-Man Chan
- Department of Neurology and the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase
| | - Caroline Andrews
- Department of Neurology and the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Department of Neurology and the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase
| | - Masayuki Sasaki
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
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29
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Poretti A, Meoded A, Rossi A, Raybaud C, Huisman TAGM. Diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tractography in brain malformations. Pediatr Radiol 2013; 43:28-54. [PMID: 23288476 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-012-2428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an advanced MR technique that provides qualitative and quantitative information about the micro-architecture of white matter. DTI and its post-processing tool fiber tractography (FT) have been increasingly used in the last decade to investigate the microstructural neuroarchitecture of brain malformations. This article aims to review the use of DTI and FT in the evaluation of a variety of common, well-described brain malformations, in particular by pointing out the additional information that DTI and FT renders compared with conventional MR sequences. In addition, the relevant existing literature is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poretti
- Division of Pediatric Radiology, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Nelson Basement, B-173, Baltimore, MD 21287-0842, USA
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30
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Nugent AA, Kolpak AL, Engle EC. Human disorders of axon guidance. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012; 22:837-43. [PMID: 22398400 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Axon pathfinding is essential for the establishment of proper neuronal connections during development. Advances in neuroimaging and genomic technologies, coupled with animal modeling, are leading to the identification of an increasing number of human disorders that result from aberrant axonal wiring. In this review, we summarize the recent clinical, genetic and molecular advances with regard to three human disorders of axon guidance: Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis, Congenital mirror movements, and Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles, Type III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Nugent
- Department of Neurology, FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, and The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Lamminmäki S, Massinen S, Nopola-Hemmi J, Kere J, Hari R. Human ROBO1 regulates interaural interaction in auditory pathways. J Neurosci 2012; 32:966-71. [PMID: 22262894 PMCID: PMC6621165 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4007-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In rodents, the Robo1 gene regulates midline crossing of major nerve tracts, a fundamental property of the mammalian CNS. However, the neurodevelopmental function of the human ROBO1 gene remains unknown, apart from a suggested role in dyslexia. We therefore studied axonal crossing with a functional approach, based on magnetoencephalography, in 10 dyslexic individuals who all share the same rare, weakly expressing haplotype of the ROBO1 gene. Auditory-cortex responses were recorded separately to left- and right-ear sounds that were amplitude modulated at different frequencies. We found impaired interaural interaction that depended on the ROBO1 in a dose-dependent manner. Our results indicate that normal crossing of the auditory pathways requires an adequate ROBO1 expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Lamminmäki
- Brain Research Unit, OV Lounasmaa Laboratory, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland.
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Barkovich AJ. Developmental disorders of the midbrain and hindbrain. Front Neuroanat 2012; 6:7. [PMID: 22408608 PMCID: PMC3294267 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2012.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malformations of the midbrain (MB) and hindbrain (HB) have become topics of considerable interest in the neurology and neuroscience literature in recent years. The combined advances of imaging and molecular biology have improved analyses of structures in these areas of the central nervous system, while advances in genetics have made it clear that malformations of these structures are often associated with dysfunction or malformation of other organ systems. This review focuses upon the importance of communication between clinical researchers and basic scientists in the advancement of knowledge of this group of disorders. Disorders of anteroposterior (AP) patterning, cerebellar hypoplasias, disorders associated with defects of the pial limiting membrane (cobblestone cortex), disorders of the Reelin pathway, and disorders of the primary cilium/basal body organelle (molar tooth malformations) are the main focus of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. James Barkovich
- Department of Radiology and Biomolecular Imaging, Neuroradiology Section, University of California at San Francisco, San FranciscoCA, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2002, the new term congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder (CCDD) was proposed as a substitute for the traditional concept of congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) based on mounting genetic, neuropathologic, and imaging evidence, suggesting that many, if not all, of these disorders result from a primary neurologic maldevelopment rather than from a muscle abnormality. This report provides an update 8 years after that original report. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Review of pertinent articles published from January 2003 until June 2010 describing CCDD variants identified under PubMed MeSH terms congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles, congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders, individual phenotypes included under the term CCDD, and congenital ocular motility disorders. RESULTS At present, a total of 7 disease genes and 10 phenotypes fall under the CCDD umbrella. A number of additional loci and phenotypes still await gene elucidation, with the anticipation that more syndromes and genes will be identified in the future. Identification of genes and their function, along with advances in neuroimaging, have expanded our understanding of the mechanisms underlying several anomalous eye movement patterns. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence still supports the concept that the CCDDs are primarily due to neurogenic disturbances of brainstem or cranial nerve development. Several CCDDs are now known to have nonophthalmologic associations involving neurologic, neuroanatomic, cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, and skeletal abnormalities.
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Abstract
In bilaterally symmetric animals, many axons cross the midline to interconnect the left and right sides of the central nervous system (CNS). This process is critical for the establishment of neural circuits that control the proper integration of information perceived by the organism and the resulting response. While neurons at different levels of the CNS project axons across the midline, the molecules that regulate this process are common to many if not all midline-crossing regions. This article reviews the molecules that function as guidance cues at the midline in the developing vertebrate spinal cord, cortico-spinal tract and corpus callosum. As well, we describe the mutations that have been identified in humans that are linked to axon guidance and midline-crossing defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Izzi
- Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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de Carvalho Rangel C, Hygino Cruz LC, Takayassu TC, Gasparetto EL, Domingues RC. Diffusion MR Imaging in Central Nervous System. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2011; 19:23-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sharma S, Gao X, Londono D, Devroy SE, Mauldin KN, Frankel JT, Brandon JM, Zhang D, Li QZ, Dobbs MB, Gurnett CA, Grant SFA, Hakonarson H, Dormans JP, Herring JA, Gordon D, Wise CA. Genome-wide association studies of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis suggest candidate susceptibility genes. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:1456-66. [PMID: 21216876 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is an unexplained and common spinal deformity seen in otherwise healthy children. Its pathophysiology is poorly understood despite intensive investigation. Although genetic underpinnings are clear, replicated susceptibility loci that could provide insight into etiology have not been forthcoming. To address these issues, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of ∼327 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 419 AIS families. We found strongest evidence of association with chromosome 3p26.3 SNPs in the proximity of the CHL1 gene (P < 8 × 10(-8) for rs1400180). We genotyped additional chromosome 3p26.3 SNPs and tested replication in two follow-up case-control cohorts, obtaining strongest results when all three cohorts were combined (rs10510181 odds ratio = 1.49, 95% confidence interval = 1.29-1.73, P = 2.58 × 10(-8)), but these were not confirmed in a separate GWAS. CHL1 is of interest, as it encodes an axon guidance protein related to Robo3. Mutations in the Robo3 protein cause horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS), a rare disease marked by severe scoliosis. Other top associations in our GWAS were with SNPs in the DSCAM gene encoding an axon guidance protein in the same structural class with Chl1 and Robo3. We additionally found AIS associations with loci in CNTNAP2, supporting a previous study linking this gene with AIS. Cntnap2 is also of functional interest, as it interacts directly with L1 and Robo class proteins and participates in axon pathfinding. Our results suggest the relevance of axon guidance pathways in AIS susceptibility, although these findings require further study, particularly given the apparent genetic heterogeneity in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarkar Sharma
- Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
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Ng AS, Sitoh YY, Zhao Y, Teng EW, Tan EK, Tan LC. Ipsilateral Stroke in a Patient With Horizontal Gaze Palsy With Progressive Scoliosis and a Subcortical Infarct. Stroke 2011; 42:e1-3. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.591271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS) is a rare congenital disorder caused by mutation in the
ROBO3
gene. It is characterized by absent horizontal eye movements with progressive scoliosis developing in childhood and adolescence. To our knowledge, both diffusion tensor imaging evaluation in HGPPS patients who present with stroke and truncating stop codon mutation in the
ROBO3
gene have yet to be reported.
Summary of Case—
We present a man with HGPPS who experienced a left pure motor stroke as a result of a left corona radiata infarct on diffusion-weighted imaging. Diffusion tensor imaging tractography confirmed the presence of uncrossed corticospinal tracts, accounting for the ipsilateral deficit. He was also found to possess a novel
ROBO3
stop codon mutation on genetic testing.
Conclusions—
Patients with HGPPS may present with stroke symptoms on the ipsilateral side of the infarct in view of uncrossed corticospinal tracts. Truncating mutation in
ROBO3
may provide additional pathophysiologic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline S.L. Ng
- From the Department of Neurology (A.S.L.N., E.K.T., L.C.S.T.), Department of Neuroradiology (Y.Y.S.), National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital Campus, Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore; Department of Clinical Research (Y.Z.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory (E.W.L.T.), Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yih-Yian Sitoh
- From the Department of Neurology (A.S.L.N., E.K.T., L.C.S.T.), Department of Neuroradiology (Y.Y.S.), National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital Campus, Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore; Department of Clinical Research (Y.Z.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory (E.W.L.T.), Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yi Zhao
- From the Department of Neurology (A.S.L.N., E.K.T., L.C.S.T.), Department of Neuroradiology (Y.Y.S.), National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital Campus, Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore; Department of Clinical Research (Y.Z.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory (E.W.L.T.), Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Esther W.L. Teng
- From the Department of Neurology (A.S.L.N., E.K.T., L.C.S.T.), Department of Neuroradiology (Y.Y.S.), National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital Campus, Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore; Department of Clinical Research (Y.Z.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory (E.W.L.T.), Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Eng King Tan
- From the Department of Neurology (A.S.L.N., E.K.T., L.C.S.T.), Department of Neuroradiology (Y.Y.S.), National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital Campus, Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore; Department of Clinical Research (Y.Z.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory (E.W.L.T.), Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Louis C.S. Tan
- From the Department of Neurology (A.S.L.N., E.K.T., L.C.S.T.), Department of Neuroradiology (Y.Y.S.), National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital Campus, Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore; Department of Clinical Research (Y.Z.), Molecular Genetics Laboratory (E.W.L.T.), Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Abu-Amero KK, Hellani A, Salih MA, Alorainy IA, Zidan G, Kern KC, Sicotte NL, Bosley TM. Optic disk and white matter abnormalities in a patient with a de novo 18p partial monosomy. Ophthalmic Genet 2010; 31:147-54. [PMID: 20565246 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2010.492817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuro-ophthalmologic and neuroimaging features of partial chromosome 18p deletion syndromes have not yet been fully described. METHODS Careful neuro-ophthalmologic and neuroimaging evaluation of a young woman with a partial 18p deletion, including 3 Tesla MRI and diffusion tensor imaging, cytogenetic analysis on GTG-banded chromosomes, and 244K array CGH analysis. RESULTS This 17-year-old girl had modest mental retardation, facial dysmorphism, other characteristics typical of 18p deletion syndrome, and anomalous optic disks. MRI showed enlarged third and lateral ventricles, a thin corpus callosum and patchy white matter signal hyperintensities without enhancement, while diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) revealed significant abnormalities of the corpus callosum with relative sparing of the corticospinal tracts. She had a de novo 14.6 Mb deletion on chromosome 18p [del(18)(p11.2>pter)], a region including 143 genes, only 10 of which were likely candidates for phenotypic expression. CONCLUSIONS This young woman had clinical features similar to those described previously with the 18p deletion syndrome, including moderate mental retardation and dysmorphism without focal neurologic signs. She was myopic, like other 18p deletion patients, supporting the concept that 18p contains a candidate locus for myopia. She also had anomalous optic disks, a feature that may be more common in this syndrome than previously recognized. MRI revealed enlarged ventricles and white matter abnormalities that may be explained in part by haploinsufficiency of ADCYAP1 and LPIN2 in the deleted region of chromosome 18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled K Abu-Amero
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Chotai N, Sitoh YY. MR Tractography in Horizontal Gaze Palsy and Progressive Scoliosis. A Case Report. Neuroradiol J 2010; 23:596-9. [PMID: 24148680 DOI: 10.1177/197140091002300508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital brainstem malformation without associated cerebellar disorder is uncommon. Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis is one such rare syndrome with brainstem hypoplasia without any disorder of the cerebellum. It has an autosomal recessive inheritance and is characterised by absent horizontal gaze and severe progressive scoliosis from birth. We describe a 58-year-old man with horizontal gaze palsy and severe thoracolumbar scoliosis with typical MR imaging findings of brainstem hypoplasia, and MR tractography confirmation of complete absence of decussation of the pyramidal tract fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chotai
- Department of Neuroradiology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore -
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Abstract
This article reviews symptoms and signs of aberrant axon connectivity in humans, and summarizes major human genetic disorders that result, or have been proposed to result, from defective axon guidance. These include corpus callosum agenesis, L1 syndrome, Joubert syndrome and related disorders, horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis, Kallmann syndrome, albinism, congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 1, Duane retraction syndrome, and pontine tegmental cap dysplasia. Genes mutated in these disorders can encode axon growth cone ligands and receptors, downstream signaling molecules, and axon transport motors, as well as proteins without currently recognized roles in axon guidance. Advances in neuroimaging and genetic techniques have the potential to rapidly expand this field, and it is feasible that axon guidance disorders will soon be recognized as a new and significant category of human neurodevelopmental disorders.
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41
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Otaduy MCG, Leite CDC, Nagae LM, Pinho MDC, Bueno C, Reed UC, Kok F. Further diffusion tensor imaging contribution in horizontal gaze palsy and progressive scoliosis. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2010; 67:1054-6. [PMID: 20069218 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2009000600017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In two siblings with clinical diagnosis of horizontal gaze palsy associated with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS) we could demonstrate by diffusion tensor imaging: (1) An anterior displacement of the transverse pontine fibers; (2) Posterior clumping of the corticospinal, medial lemniscus and central tegmental tracts and of the medial and dorsal longitudinal fasciculi complex; (3) Absent decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle. Those findings can contribute as surrogate markers for the diagnosis.
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Wahl M, Strominger ZA, Wakahiro M, Jeremy RJ, Mukherjee P, Sherr EH. Diffusion tensor imaging of Aicardi syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 2010; 43:87-91. [PMID: 20610117 PMCID: PMC3116113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aicardi syndrome is a congenital neurodevelopmental disorder associated with significant cognitive and motor impairment. Diffusion tensor imaging was performed on two subjects with Aicardi syndrome, as well as on two matched subjects with callosal agenesis and cortical malformations but not a clinical diagnosis of Aicardi syndrome. Whole-brain three-dimensional fiber tractography was performed, and major white matter tracts were isolated using standard tracking protocols. One Aicardi subject demonstrated an almost complete lack of normal corticocortical connectivity, with only the left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus recovered by diffusion tensor tractography. A second Aicardi subject exhibited evidence of bilateral cingulum bundles and left uncinate fasciculus, but other corticocortical tracts were not recovered. Major subcortical white matter tracts, including corticospinal, pontocerebellar, and anterior thalamic radiation tracts, were recovered in both Aicardi subjects. In contrast, diffusion tensor tractography analysis on the two matched control subjects with callosal agenesis and cortical malformations recovered all major intrahemispheric cortical and subcortical white matter tracts. These findings reveal a widespread disruption in the corticocortical white matter organization of individuals with Aicardi syndrome. Furthermore, such disruption in white matter organization appears to be a feature specific to Aicardi syndrome, and not shared by other neurodevelopmental disorders with similar anatomic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wahl
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Mari Wakahiro
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Rita J. Jeremy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Pratik Mukherjee
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Elliott H. Sherr
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
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Avadhani A, Ilayaraja V, Shetty AP, Rajasekaran S. Diffusion tensor imaging in horizontal gaze palsywith progressive scoliosis. Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 28:212-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorders: Facts and Perspectives to Understand Ocular Motility Disorders. ESSENTIALS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-85851-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wahl M, Barkovich AJ, Mukherjee P. Diffusion imaging and tractography of congenital brain malformations. Pediatr Radiol 2010; 40:59-67. [PMID: 19937239 PMCID: PMC2788138 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-009-1448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion imaging is an MRI modality that measures the microscopic molecular motion of water in order to investigate white matter microstructure. The modality has been used extensively in recent years to investigate the neuroanatomical basis of congenital brain malformations. We review the basic principles of diffusion imaging and of specific techniques, including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI). We show how DTI and HARDI, and their application to fiber tractography, has elucidated the aberrant connectivity underlying a number of congenital brain malformations. Finally, we discuss potential uses for diffusion imaging of developmental disorders in the clinical and research realms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wahl
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., L-358, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628 USA
| | - A. James Barkovich
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., L-358, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628 USA
| | - Pratik Mukherjee
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., L-358, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628 USA
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Chou W, Salamon G, Orr NB, Salamon N. Neuroanatomic analysis of diffusion tensor imaging of white matter tracts with dejerine sections and neuroimaging. Neuroradiol J 2009; 22:499-517. [PMID: 24209394 DOI: 10.1177/197140090902200501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a neuroanatomical comparison with stereotaxic precision correlating modern diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), MRI data and classical neuroanatomical textbooks. The neuroatlas compiled by J. and A. Dejerine deserves emphasis for its role of a bridge between precise classical neuroanatomy techniques with modern neuroimaging methods. We present its utility in identifying major white matter tracts of the brain in concert with DTI in the horizontal-plane axis to elucidate axonal directionality. The axonal directionality of DTI is necessary for understanding white matter connectivity in the brain. Many DTI studies publish findings in selective regions of the brain, and our study is mainly devoted to comparing our images with data from Dejerine for the entire brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Chou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California; Los Angeles, California, USA -
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Barkovich AJ, Millen KJ, Dobyns WB. A developmental and genetic classification for midbrain-hindbrain malformations. Brain 2009; 132:3199-230. [PMID: 19933510 PMCID: PMC2792369 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in neuroimaging, developmental biology and molecular genetics have increased the understanding of developmental disorders affecting the midbrain and hindbrain, both as isolated anomalies and as part of larger malformation syndromes. However, the understanding of these malformations and their relationships with other malformations, within the central nervous system and in the rest of the body, remains limited. A new classification system is proposed, based wherever possible, upon embryology and genetics. Proposed categories include: (i) malformations secondary to early anteroposterior and dorsoventral patterning defects, or to misspecification of mid-hindbrain germinal zones; (ii) malformations associated with later generalized developmental disorders that significantly affect the brainstem and cerebellum (and have a pathogenesis that is at least partly understood); (iii) localized brain malformations that significantly affect the brain stem and cerebellum (pathogenesis partly or largely understood, includes local proliferation, cell specification, migration and axonal guidance); and (iv) combined hypoplasia and atrophy of putative prenatal onset degenerative disorders. Pertinent embryology is discussed and the classification is justified. This classification will prove useful for both physicians who diagnose and treat patients with these disorders and for clinical scientists who wish to understand better the perturbations of developmental processes that produce them. Importantly, both the classification and its framework remain flexible enough to be easily modified when new embryologic processes are described or new malformations discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A James Barkovich
- Neuroradiology Room L371, University of California at San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA.
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Abstract
Diffusion imaging is a magnetic resonance imaging modality that measures the microscopic molecular motion of water to yield information about brain structure. The technique has been used increasingly in recent years to investigate congenital brain malformations. This article aims to provide a brief overview of diffusion imaging, and to review recent advances in our understanding of congenital brain malformations because of diffusion imaging. The technique has been successfully applied to conditions ranging from rare hindbrain malformations, such as horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis, to conditions that are undetectable using conventional neuroimaging, such as grapheme-color synesthesia. Though diffusion imaging has already yielded considerable insight into the pathogenesis and clinical features of congenital malformations, recent advances in imaging techniques promise to provide much more extensive knowledge of these conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Wahl
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Burgess HA, Johnson SL, Granato M. Unidirectional startle responses and disrupted left-right co-ordination of motor behaviors in robo3 mutant zebrafish. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2009; 8:500-11. [PMID: 19496826 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Roundabout (Robo) family of receptors and their Slit ligands play well-established roles in axonal guidance, including in humans where horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS) is caused by mutations in the robo3 gene. Although significant progress has been made toward understanding the mechanism by which Robo receptors establish commissural projections in the central nervous system, less is known about how these projections contribute to neural circuits mediating behavior. In this study, we report cloning of the zebrafish behavioral mutant twitch twice and show that twitch twice encodes robo3. We show that in mutant hindbrains the axons of an identified pair of neurons, the Mauthner cells, fail to cross the midline. The Mauthner neurons are essential for the startle response, and in twitch twice/robo3 mutants misguidance of the Mauthner axons results in a unidirectional startle response. Moreover, we show that twitch twice mutants exhibit normal visual acuity but display defects in horizontal eye movements, suggesting a specific and critical role for twitch twice/robo3 in sensory-guided behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Burgess
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
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Five new consanguineous families with horizontal gaze palsy and progressive scoliosis and novel ROBO3 mutations. J Neurol Sci 2009; 276:22-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2008] [Revised: 08/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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