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Ali NH, Al‐Kuraishy HM, Al‐Gareeb AI, Alnaaim SA, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Khalifa AA, Saad HM, Batiha GE. Neprilysin inhibitors and risk of Alzheimer's disease: A future perspective. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e17993. [PMID: 37847125 PMCID: PMC10826440 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease with multifaceted neuropathological disorders. AD is characterized by intracellular accumulation of phosphorylated tau proteins and extracellular deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ). Various protease enzymes, including neprilysin (NEP), are concerned with the degradation and clearance of Aβ. Indeed, a defective neuronal clearance pathway due to the dysfunction of degradation enzymes might be a possible mechanism for the accumulation of Aβ and subsequent progression of AD neuropathology. NEP is one of the most imperative metalloproteinase enzymes involved in the clearance of Aβ. This review aimed to highlight the possible role of NEP inhibitors in AD. The combination of sacubitril and valsartan which is called angiotensin receptor blocker and NEP inhibitor (ARNI) may produce beneficial and deleterious effects on AD neuropathology. NEP inhibitors might increase the risk of AD by the inhibition of Aβ clearance, and increase brain bradykinin (BK) and natriuretic peptides (NPs), which augment the pathogenesis of AD. These verdicts come from animal model studies, though they may not be applied to humans. However, clinical studies revealed promising safety findings regarding the use of ARNI. Moreover, NEP inhibition increases various neuroprotective peptides involved in inflammation, glucose homeostasis and nerve conduction. Also, NEP inhibitors may inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) expression, ameliorating insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels. These findings proposed that NEP inhibitors may have a protective effect against AD development by increasing GLP-1, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and substance P, and deleterious effects by increasing brain BK. Preclinical and clinical studies are recommended in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif H. Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical CollegeNajran UniversityNajranSaudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M. Al‐Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali I. Al‐Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Saud A. Alnaaim
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, College of MedicineKing Faisal UniversityHofufSaudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamNew South WalesAustralia
- AFNP MedWienAustria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery IIUniversity Hospital Witten‐Herdecke, University of Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Asmaa A. Khalifa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of PharmacyPharos University in AlexandriaAlexandriaEgypt
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMatrouh UniversityMatrouhEgypt
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityDamanhourAlBeheiraEgypt
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2
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Danziger R, Fuchs DT, Koronyo Y, Rentsendorj A, Sheyn J, Hayden EY, Teplow DB, Black KL, Fuchs S, Bernstein KE, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. The effects of enhancing angiotensin converting enzyme in myelomonocytes on ameliorating Alzheimer's-related disease and preserving cognition. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1179315. [PMID: 37427403 PMCID: PMC10326285 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1179315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its potential therapeutic value. ACE is known to degrade the neurotoxic 42-residue long alloform of amyloid β-protein (Aβ42), a peptide strongly associated with AD. Previous studies in mice, demonstrated that targeted overexpression of ACE in CD115+ myelomonocytic cells (ACE10 models) improved their immune responses to effectively reduce viral and bacterial infection, tumor growth, and atherosclerotic plaque. We further demonstrated that introducing ACE10 myelomonocytes (microglia and peripheral monocytes) into the double transgenic APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 murine model of AD (AD+ mice), diminished neuropathology and enhanced the cognitive functions. These beneficial effects were dependent on ACE catalytic activity and vanished when ACE was pharmacologically blocked. Moreover, we revealed that the therapeutic effects in AD+ mice can be achieved by enhancing ACE expression in bone marrow (BM)-derived CD115+ monocytes alone, without targeting central nervous system (CNS) resident microglia. Following blood enrichment with CD115+ ACE10-monocytes versus wild-type (WT) monocytes, AD+ mice had reduced cerebral vascular and parenchymal Aβ burden, limited microgliosis and astrogliosis, as well as improved synaptic and cognitive preservation. CD115+ ACE10-versus WT-monocyte-derived macrophages (Mo/MΦ) were recruited in higher numbers to the brains of AD+ mice, homing to Aβ plaque lesions and exhibiting a highly Aβ-phagocytic and anti-inflammatory phenotype (reduced TNFα/iNOS and increased MMP-9/IGF-1). Moreover, BM-derived ACE10-Mo/MΦ cultures had enhanced capability to phagocytose Aβ42 fibrils, prion-rod-like, and soluble oligomeric forms that was associated with elongated cell morphology and expression of surface scavenger receptors (i.e., CD36, Scara-1). This review explores the emerging evidence behind the role of ACE in AD, the neuroprotective properties of monocytes overexpressing ACE and the therapeutic potential for exploiting this natural mechanism for ameliorating AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Danziger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eric Y. Hayden
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research at UCLA, Brain Research Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David B. Teplow
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research at UCLA, Brain Research Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Keith L. Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sebastien Fuchs
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Kenneth E. Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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3
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Gouveia F, Camins A, Ettcheto M, Bicker J, Falcão A, Cruz MT, Fortuna A. Targeting brain Renin-Angiotensin System for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Past, present and future. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 77:101612. [PMID: 35346852 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a well-known neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of two main hallmarks - Tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ deposits. Notwithstanding, in the last few years the scientific evidence about the drivers of AD have been changing and nowadays age-related vascular alterations and several cardiovascular risk factors have been shown to trigger the development of AD. In this context, drugs targeting the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS), commonly used for the treatment of hypertension, are evidencing a high potential to delay AD development due to their action on brain RAS. Indeed, the ACE 1/Ang II/AT1R axis is believed to be upregulated in AD and to be responsible for deleterious effects such as increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) hyperpermeability, astrocytes dysfunction and a decrease in cerebral blood flow. In contrast, the alternative axis - ACE 1/Ang II/AT2R; ACE 2/Ang (1-7)/MasR; Ang IV/ AT4R(IRAP) - seems to counterbalance the deleterious effects of the principal axis and to exert beneficial effects on memory and cognition. Accordingly, retrospective studies demonstrate a reduced risk of developing AD among people taking RAS medication as well as several in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical studies as it is herein critically reviewed. In this review, we first revise, at a glance, the pathophysiology of AD focused on its classic hallmarks. Secondly, an overview about the impact of the RAS on the pathophysiology of AD is also provided, focused on their four essential axes ACE 1/Ang II/AT2R; ACE 2/Ang (1-7)/MasR; Ang IV/ AT4R(IRAP) and ACE 1/Ang II/AT1R. Finally, the therapeutic potential of available drugs targeting RAS on AD, namely angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), is highlighted and data supporting this hope will be presented, from in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical to clinical studies.
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4
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Ribeiro VT, de Souza LC, Simões E Silva AC. Renin-Angiotensin System and Alzheimer's Disease Pathophysiology: From the Potential Interactions to Therapeutic Perspectives. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:484-511. [PMID: 31886744 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666191230103739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
New roles of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), apart from fluid homeostasis and Blood Pressure (BP) regulation, are being progressively unveiled, since the discoveries of RAS alternative axes and local RAS in different tissues, including the brain. Brain RAS is reported to interact with pathophysiological mechanisms of many neurological and psychiatric diseases, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Even though AD is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, its pathophysiology is far from elucidated. Currently, no treatment can halt the disease course. Successive failures of amyloid-targeting drugs have challenged the amyloid hypothesis and increased the interest in the inflammatory and vascular aspects of AD. RAS compounds, both centrally and peripherally, potentially interact with neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular regulation. This narrative review discusses the AD pathophysiology and its possible interaction with RAS, looking forward to potential therapeutic approaches. RAS molecules affect BP, cerebral blood flow, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Angiotensin (Ang) II, via angiotensin type 1 receptors may promote brain tissue damage, while Ang-(1-7) seems to elicit neuroprotection. Several studies dosed RAS molecules in AD patients' biological material, with heterogeneous results. The link between AD and clinical conditions related to classical RAS axis overactivation (hypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease) supports the hypothesized role of this system in AD. Additionally, RAStargeting drugs as Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) seem to exert beneficial effects on AD. Results of randomized controlled trials testing ACEi or ARBs in AD are awaited to elucidate whether AD-RAS interaction has implications on AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Teatini Ribeiro
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Cruz de Souza
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Service of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Oboh G, Adedayo BC, Adetola MB, Oyeleye IS, Ogunsuyi OB. Characterization and neuroprotective properties of alkaloid extract ofVernonia amygdalinaDelile in experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:731-740. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1773845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganiyu Oboh
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit of Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Bukola Christiana Adedayo
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit of Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Mayowa Blessing Adetola
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit of Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Idowu Sunday Oyeleye
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit of Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Opeyemi Babatunde Ogunsuyi
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit of Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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6
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Singh PK, Chen ZL, Ghosh D, Strickland S, Norris EH. Increased plasma bradykinin level is associated with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's patients. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104833. [PMID: 32173555 PMCID: PMC7175647 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of proteinaceous brain deposits, brain atrophy, vascular dysfunction, and chronic inflammation. Along with cerebral inflammation, peripheral inflammation is also evident in many AD patients. Bradykinin, a proinflammatory plasma peptide, is also linked to AD pathology. For example, bradykinin infusion into the hippocampus causes learning and memory deficits in rats, and blockade of the bradykinin receptor lessens cognitive impairment in AD mouse models. Even though it has been hypothesized that plasma bradykinin could contribute to inflammation in AD, the level of plasma bradykinin and its association with beta-amyloid (Aβ) pathology in AD patients had not been explored. Here, we assessed plasma bradykinin levels in AD patients and age-matched non-demented (ND) control individuals. We found significantly elevated plasma bradykinin levels in AD patients compared to ND subjects. Additionally, changes in plasma bradykinin levels were more profound in many AD patients with severe cognitive impairment, suggesting that peripheral bradykinin could play a role in dementia most likely via inflammation. Bradykinin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were reduced in AD patients and exhibited an inverse correlation with the CSF Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio. We also report that bradykinin interacts with the fibrillar form of Aβ and co-localizes with Aβ plaques in the post-mortem human AD brain. These findings connect the peripheral inflammatory pathway to cerebral abnormalities and identify a novel mechanism of inflammatory pathology in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Singh
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zu-Lin Chen
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dhiman Ghosh
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, WolfgangPauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Erin H Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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7
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Kehoe PG, Al Mulhim N, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Miners JS. Cerebrospinal Fluid Changes in the Renin-Angiotensin System in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 72:525-535. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-190721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neuroscience, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Noura Al Mulhim
- Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neuroscience, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - James S. Miners
- Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neuroscience, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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8
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Rocha NP, Toledo A, Corgosinho LTS, de Souza LC, Guimarães HC, Resende EPF, Braz NFT, Gomes KB, Simoes E Silva AC, Caramelli P, Teixeira AL. Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Are Associated with Amyloid-β42 Burden in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:1085-1090. [PMID: 30040721 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether the levels of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of Angiotensin (Ang) II, Ang-(1-7), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2, Amyloid-β (Aβ)40, Aβ42, total tau (hTau), and phospho-tau (pTau) were measured in 18 patients with AD and 10 controls. Patients with AD presented decreased levels of ACE when compared with controls. We found a significant positive correlation between ACE and Aβ42 levels among patients. Our results strengthen the hypothesis that ACE is associated with Aβ pathology in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Rocha
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuropsychiatry Program, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andre Toledo
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Laiane T S Corgosinho
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leonardo C de Souza
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Henrique C Guimarães
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Elisa P F Resende
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Global Brain Health Institute, The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nayara F T Braz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Karina B Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana C Simoes E Silva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo Caramelli
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antonio L Teixeira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuropsychiatry Program, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
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El Shamieh S, Saleh F, Masri N, Fakhoury HM, Fakhoury R. The association between ACE I/D polymorphism and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in Lebanon. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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10
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Oboh G, Oyeleye SI, Akintemi OA, Olasehinde TA. Moringa oleifera supplemented diet modulates nootropic-related biomolecules in the brain of STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with acarbose. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:457-466. [PMID: 29435808 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There are strong correlations between diabetes mellitus and cognitive dysfunction. This study sought to investigate the modulatory effects of Moringa oleifera leaf (ML) and seed (MS) inclusive diets on biomolecules [acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)] angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE), arginase, catalase, glutathione transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO) levels] associated with cognitive function in the brain of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats treated with acarbose (ACA). The rats were made diabetic by intraperitoneal administration of 0.1 M sodium-citrate buffer (pH 4.5) containing STZ [60 mg/kg b.w (BW)] and fed with diets containing 2 and 4% ML/MS. Acarbose (25 mg/kg BW) was administered by gavage daily for 14 days. The animals were distributed in eleven groups of eight animals as follows: control, STZ-induced, STZ + ACA, STZ + 2% ML, STZ + ACA + 2% ML, STZ + 4% ML, STZ + ACA + 4% ML, STZ + 2% MS, STZ + ACA + 2% MS, STZ + 4% MS, STZ + ACA + 4% MS. There were marked increase in AChE, BChE, arginase, ACE and concomitant decrease in catalase, GST, GSH-Px, activities and NO levels in STZ-diabetic group compared with the control. However, there was a decrease in AChE, BChE and ACE activities and concomitant increase in the antioxidant molecules in the groups fed with supplemented diets treated with/without ACA compared with the STZ-diabetic group. These findings suggest that ML/MS supplemented diet could prevent cognitive dysfunction-induced by chronic hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganiyu Oboh
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria.
| | - Sunday I Oyeleye
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria.
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria.
| | - Omoyemi A Akintemi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Tosin A Olasehinde
- Nutrition and Toxicology Division, Food Technology Department, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos, 100261, Nigeria
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11
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Tian S, Han J, Huang R, Xia W, Sun J, Cai R, Dong X, Shen Y, Wang S. Association of Increased Serum ACE Activity with Logical Memory Ability in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:239. [PMID: 28066203 PMCID: PMC5179508 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is involved in the chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease. This study aimed to assess the pathogenetic roles of ACE and the genetic predisposition of its insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among T2DM patients. Methods: A total of 210 T2DM patients were enrolled. Among these patients, 116 satisfied the MCI diagnostic criteria and 94 exhibited healthy cognition. The cognitive functions of the patients were extensively assessed. The serum level and activity of ACE were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and ultraviolet spectrophotography. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms of I/D gene of ACE were analyzed. Results: The serum level and activity of ACE in diabetic MCI patients (p = 0.022 and p = 0.008, respectively) were both significantly higher than those in the healthy controls. A significant negative correlation was found between their ACE activity and logical memory test score (LMT) (p = 0.002). Multiple stepwise regression iterated the negative correlation between ACE activity and LMT score (p = 0.035). Although no significant difference was found in the genotype or allele distribution of ACE I/D polymorphism between the groups, the serum levels and activity of ACE were higher in the DD group than in the ID and II groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Serum ACE activity could better predict logical memory in T2DM patients than ACE level. Further investigations on a large population size are necessary to test whether the D-allele of the ACE gene polymorphism is susceptible to memory deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China; Medical School of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Wenqing Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Rongrong Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Yanjue Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Nanjing, China
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion-deletion polymorphism is a risk marker for Alzheimer's disease in a Chinese population: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:1105-13. [PMID: 25596842 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has long been known that the polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) are associated to increase risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Chinese population. However, consistent results were not obtained among studies. This study is aimed to clarify the association between ACE insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism (rs1799752) and AD. Literatures were searched from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP databases without language restrictions. Eleven separate studies were suitable for the inclusion criterion. The selected studies contained 2,763 Chinese participants, including 1,383 in AD group and 1,380 controls. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to assess the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and AD. Our case-control data indicated that ACE insertion is a risk allele in all genetic models: additive model (I vs. D: OR = 1.32, 95 % CI 1.07-1.62, P = 0.008), dominant model (II + ID vs. DD: OR = 1.61, 95 % CI 1.08-2.41, P = 0.02) and recessive model (II vs. ID + DD: OR = 1.39, 95 % CI 1.07-1.81, P = 0.01). Heterogeneity between studies was significant (P < 0.10) but not in stratification defined by the selection of controls (P > 0.10). After stratification according to the selection of controls, the carrier of ACE I allele remained a high risk for AD in population-based samples subgroup (I vs. D: P = 0.008, OR = 1.32, 95 % CI 1.07-1.61, P(heterogeneity) = 0.47, I (2) = 0 %). Our study provided solid evidence suggesting that ACE gene I/D polymorphism is a genetic risk factor for AD in Chinese population.
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Goel R, Bhat SA, Rajasekar N, Hanif K, Nath C, Shukla R. Hypertension exacerbates predisposition to neurodegeneration and memory impairment in the presence of a neuroinflammatory stimulus: Protection by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 133:132-45. [PMID: 25869103 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Furthermore, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are intricately associated with memory impairment. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the involvement of hypertension and angiotensin system in neurodegeneration and memory dysfunction in the presence of neuroinflammatory stimulus. Memory impairment was induced by chronic neuroinflammation that was developed by repeated intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the 1st, 4th, 7th, and 10th day. Memory functions were evaluated by the Morris water maze (MWM) test on days 13-15, followed by biochemical and molecular studies in the cortex and hippocampus regions of rat brain. LPS at the dose of 25μg ICV caused memory impairment in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) but not in normotensive Wistar rats (NWRs). Memory deficit was obtained with 50μg of LPS (ICV) in NWRs. Control SHRs already exhibited increased angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity and expression, neuroinflammation (increased TNF-α, GFAP, COX-2 and NF-kB), oxidative stress (increased iNOS, ROS and nitrite levels), TLR-4 expression and TUNEL positive cells as compared to control NWRs. Further, LPS (25μg ICV) exaggerated inflammatory response, oxidative stress and apoptosis in SHRs but similar effects were witnessed at 50μg of LPS (ICV) in NWRs. Oral administration of perindopril (ACE inhibitor), at non-antihypertensive dose (0.1mg/kg), for 15days attenuated LPS induced deleterious changes in both NWRs and SHRs. Our data suggest that susceptibility of the brain for neurodegeneration and memory impairment induced by neuroinflammation is enhanced in hypertension, and that can be protected by ACE inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Goel
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Shahnawaz Ali Bhat
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - N Rajasekar
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India
| | - Kashif Hanif
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India
| | - Chandishwar Nath
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India
| | - Rakesh Shukla
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India.
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14
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Kauwe JSK, Bailey MH, Ridge PG, Perry R, Wadsworth ME, Hoyt KL, Staley LA, Karch CM, Harari O, Cruchaga C, Ainscough BJ, Bales K, Pickering EH, Bertelsen S, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Goate AM. Genome-wide association study of CSF levels of 59 alzheimer's disease candidate proteins: significant associations with proteins involved in amyloid processing and inflammation. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004758. [PMID: 25340798 PMCID: PMC4207667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 42 amino acid species of amyloid beta (Aβ42) and tau levels are strongly correlated with the presence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology including amyloid plaques and neurodegeneration and have been successfully used as endophenotypes for genetic studies of AD. Additional CSF analytes may also serve as useful endophenotypes that capture other aspects of AD pathophysiology. Here we have conducted a genome-wide association study of CSF levels of 59 AD-related analytes. All analytes were measured using the Rules Based Medicine Human DiscoveryMAP Panel, which includes analytes relevant to several disease-related processes. Data from two independently collected and measured datasets, the Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC) and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), were analyzed separately, and combined results were obtained using meta-analysis. We identified genetic associations with CSF levels of 5 proteins (Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 (CCL4), Interleukin 6 receptor (IL6R) and Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3)) with study-wide significant p-values (p<1.46×10−10) and significant, consistent evidence for association in both the Knight ADRC and the ADNI samples. These proteins are involved in amyloid processing and pro-inflammatory signaling. SNPs associated with ACE, IL6R and MMP3 protein levels are located within the coding regions of the corresponding structural gene. The SNPs associated with CSF levels of CCL4 and CCL2 are located in known chemokine binding proteins. The genetic associations reported here are novel and suggest mechanisms for genetic control of CSF and plasma levels of these disease-related proteins. Significant SNPs in ACE and MMP3 also showed association with AD risk. Our findings suggest that these proteins/pathways may be valuable therapeutic targets for AD. Robust associations in cognitively normal individuals suggest that these SNPs also influence regulation of these proteins more generally and may therefore be relevant to other diseases. The use of quantitative endophenotypes from cerebrospinal fluid has led to the identification of several genetic variants that alter risk or rate of progression of Alzheimer's disease. Here we have analyzed the levels of 58 disease-related proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid for association with millions of variants across the human genome. We have identified significant, replicable associations with 5 analytes, Angiotensin-converting enzyme, Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4, Interleukin 6 receptor and Matrix metalloproteinase-3. Our results suggest that these variants play a regulatory role in the respective protein levels and are relevant to the inflammatory and amyloid processing pathways. Variants in associated with ACE and those associated with MMP3 levels also show association with risk for Alzheimer's disease in the expected directions. These associations are consistent in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma and in samples with only cognitively normal individuals suggesting that they are relevant in the regulation of these protein levels beyond the context of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. K. Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Matthew H. Bailey
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Perry G. Ridge
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Rachel Perry
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Wadsworth
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn L. Hoyt
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lyndsay A. Staley
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Celeste M. Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Ainscough
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kelly Bales
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Eve H. Pickering
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sarah Bertelsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Anne M. Fagan
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John C. Morris
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Miners JS, Palmer JC, Tayler H, Palmer LE, Ashby E, Kehoe PG, Love S. Aβ degradation or cerebral perfusion? Divergent effects of multifunctional enzymes. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:238. [PMID: 25309424 PMCID: PMC4160973 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that deficient clearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) contributes to its accumulation in late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). Several Aβ-degrading enzymes, including neprilysin (NEP), endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) reduce Aβ levels and protect against cognitive impairment in mouse models of AD. In post-mortem human brain tissue we have found that the activity of these Aβ-degrading enzymes rise with age and increases still further in AD, perhaps as a physiological response that helps to minimize the build-up of Aβ. ECE-1/-2 and ACE are also rate-limiting enzymes in the production of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin II (Ang II), two potent vasoconstrictors, increases in the levels of which are likely to contribute to reduced blood flow in AD. This review considers the possible interdependence between Aβ-degrading enzymes, ischemia and Aβ in AD: ischemia has been shown to increase Aβ production both in vitro and in vivo, whereas increased Aβ probably enhances ischemia by vasoconstriction, mediated at least in part by increased ECE and ACE activity. In contrast, NEP activity may help to maintain cerebral perfusion, by reducing the accumulation of Aβ in cerebral blood vessels and lessening its toxicity to vascular smooth muscle cells. In assessing the role of Aβ-degrading proteases in the pathogenesis of AD and, particularly, their potential as therapeutic agents, it is important to bear in mind the multifunctional nature of these enzymes and to consider their effects on other substrates and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scott Miners
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Jennifer C Palmer
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Hannah Tayler
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Laura E Palmer
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Emma Ashby
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Patrick G Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Seth Love
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
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Solfrizzi V, Scafato E, Frisardi V, Seripa D, Logroscino G, Kehoe PG, Imbimbo BP, Baldereschi M, Crepaldi G, Di Carlo A, Galluzzo L, Gandin C, Inzitari D, Maggi S, Pilotto A, Panza F. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and incidence of mild cognitive impairment. The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:441-53. [PMID: 22203459 PMCID: PMC3592955 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Midlife elevated blood pressure and hypertension contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and overall dementia. We sought to estimate whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) reduced the risk of developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in cognitively normal individuals. In the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging, we evaluated 1,445 cognitively normal individuals treated for hypertension but without congestive heart failure from a population-based sample from eight Italian municipalities with a 3.5-year follow-up. MCI was diagnosed with current clinical criteria. Dementia, AD, and vascular dementia were diagnosed based on DSM-IIIR criteria, NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, and ICD-10 codes. Among 873 hypertension-treated cognitively normal subjects, there was no significant association between continuous exposure to all ACE-Is and risk of incident MCI compared with other antihypertensive drugs [hazard ratio (HR), 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.16-1.28]. Captopril exposure alone did not significantly modify the risk of incident MCI (HR, 1.80, 95% CI, 0.39-8.37). However, the enalapril sub-group alone (HR, 0.17, 95% CI, 0.04 -0.84) or combined with the lisinopril sub-group (HR, 0.27, 95% CI, 0.08-0.96), another ACE-I structurally related to enalapril and with similar potency, were associated with a reduced risk of incident MCI. Study duration exposure to ACE-Is as a "class" was not associated with incident MCI in older hypertensive adults. However, within-class differences linked to different chemical structures and/or drug potencies may exist, with a possible effect of the enalapril and lisinopril sub-groups in reducing the risk of incident MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- />Department of Geriatrics, Center for Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuele Scafato
- />Population Health and Health Determinants Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion (CNESPS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Roma, Italy
| | - Vincenza Frisardi
- />Department of Geriatrics, Center for Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- />Geriatric Unit & Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- />Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrick G. Kehoe
- />Dementia Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, The John James Building, Frenchay Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bruno P. Imbimbo
- />Research and Development Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzia Baldereschi
- />Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Firenze, Italy
| | - Gaetano Crepaldi
- />Aging Section, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Carlo
- />Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Firenze, Italy
| | - Lucia Galluzzo
- />Population Health and Health Determinants Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion (CNESPS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Roma, Italy
| | - Claudia Gandin
- />Population Health and Health Determinants Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion (CNESPS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Roma, Italy
| | - Domenico Inzitari
- />Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefania Maggi
- />Aging Section, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Pilotto
- />Geriatric Unit & Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- />Geriatric Unit & Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia Italy
| | - for the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging Working Group
- />Department of Geriatrics, Center for Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
- />Population Health and Health Determinants Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion (CNESPS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Roma, Italy
- />Geriatric Unit & Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia Italy
- />Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- />Dementia Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, The John James Building, Frenchay Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- />Research and Development Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma, Italy
- />Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Firenze, Italy
- />Aging Section, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padova, Italy
- />Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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Plasma renin-angiotensin system-regulating aminopeptidase activities are modified in early stage Alzheimer's disease and show gender differences but are not related to apolipoprotein E genotype. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:557-64. [PMID: 23500679 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in blood pressure and components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) contribute to the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), resulting in changes that can lead or contribute to cognitive decline. Aspartyl aminopeptidase (ASAP), aminopeptidase A (APA), aminopeptidase N (APN) and aminopeptidase B (APB) catabolise circulating angiotensins, whereas insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) has been described as the AT4 receptor. We have found in AD patients a significant decrease of APA activity in men but not in women, and of APN, APB and IRAP in both genders, when compared with control subjects. No changes were found in ASAP activity. Also, APN, APB and IRAP but not APA correlated with the Mini-Mental test, but no relationship with APOE genotype was found. We conclude that several components of the RAS are modified in AD patients, with gender differences. Furthermore, ROC analysis indicates that APN, APB and IRAP activities could be useful non-invasive biomarkers of AD from the earliest stages.
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Wu SJ, Hsieh TJ, Kuo MC, Tsai ML, Tsai KL, Chen CH, Yang YH. Functional regulation of Alu element of human angiotensin-converting enzyme gene in neuron cells. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:1921.e1-7. [PMID: 23391425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) genotype and its protein activity have been widely implicated to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, whether the insertion sequence, Alu element, in intron 16 of the human ACE gene plays a functional role remains uncertain. To investigate the influence of the I/D polymorphism on ACE promoter, we recombined the I and D form fragments with the human ACE promoter sequence before the reporter gene in pSEAP-Basic2 vector. The effect of the Alu element on regulating the transcriptional activity of ACE promoter was examined using transient transfection in SH-SY5Y cells. We found that the I form fragment upregulated the transcriptional activity of ACE promoter by approximately 70% but that the D form fragment did not. Our study first reveals that Alu sequence in human ACE gene possesses a regulatory function on the ACE promoter activity in neuron. This novel finding bridges the gap between the association of ACE I/D genotype with AD, and suggests that Alu sequence is not merely a "junk" DNA in human ACE gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Jong Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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Awasthi H, Kaushal D, Siddiqui HH. Chronic inhibition of central Angiotensin-converting enzyme ameliorates colchicine-induced memory impairment in mice. Sci Pharm 2012; 80:647-62. [PMID: 23008812 PMCID: PMC3447606 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1203-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies indicated involvement of the central renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in memory functions. However, the role of central angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in memory function is still unclear. The present study investigated the involvement of central ACE in colchicine-induced memory impairment in the context of cholinergic function and oxidative stress. Memory impairment was induced by intracerebral colchicine administration in mice. The ACE inhibitor, perindopril (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg/day), was administered orally for 14 days. Memory function was evaluated by the Morris water maze (MWM) test from the 14th day on after colchicine injection. Donepezil was used as a standard. Parameters of oxidative stress and cholinergic function, ACE activity in serum and the brain were estimated after the completion of behavioral studies. Colchicine caused memory impairment as revealed by no significant change in latency to reach a hidden platform in the MWM test. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in MDA, ROS, and nitrite levels with a reduction in GSH level and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the brain of colchicine-treated mice. Colchicine significantly increased brain ACE activity without affecting serum ACE. Donepezil prevented colchicine-induced memory impairment in mice. The antidementic effect of perindopril may be attributed to reduced oxidative stress and improvement in cholinergic function. Moreover, the elevated brain ACE activity was also inhibited by perindopril. The study showed that central ACE plays an important role in colchicine-induced memory deficit, corroborating a number of studies that show that treatment with ACE inhibitors could be neuroprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Awasthi
- Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India. ; Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
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20
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Tota S, Nath C, Najmi AK, Shukla R, Hanif K. Inhibition of central angiotensin converting enzyme ameliorates scopolamine induced memory impairment in mice: role of cholinergic neurotransmission, cerebral blood flow and brain energy metabolism. Behav Brain Res 2012; 232:66-76. [PMID: 22460064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Evidences indicate that inhibition of central Renin angiotensin system (RAS) ameliorates memory impairment in animals and humans. Earlier we have reported involvement of central angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in streptozotocin induced neurodegeneration and memory impairment. The present study investigated the role of central ACE in cholinergic neurotransmission, brain energy metabolism and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in model of memory impairment induced by injection of scopolamine in mice. Perindopril (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg, PO) was given orally for one week before administration of scopolamine (3mg/kg, IP). Then, memory function was evaluated by Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests. CBF was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. Biochemical and molecular parameters were estimated after the completion of behavioral studies. Scopolamine caused impairment in memory which was associated with reduced CBF, acetylcholine (ACh) level and elevated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Perindopril ameliorated scopolamine induced amnesia in both the behavioral paradigms. Further, perindopril prevented elevation of AChE and MDA level in mice brain. There was a significant increase in CBF and ACh level in perindopril treated mice. However, scopolamine had no significant effect on ATP level and mRNA expression of angiotensin receptors and ACE in cortex and hippocampus. But, perindopril significantly decreased ACE activity in brain without affecting its mRNA expression. The study clearly showed the interaction between ACE and cholinergic neurotransmission and beneficial effect of perindopril can be attributed to improvement in central cholinergic neurotransmission and CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santoshkumar Tota
- Division of Pharmacology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow (UP), India
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21
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Tota S, Kamat PK, Saxena G, Hanif K, Najmi AK, Nath C. Central angiotensin converting enzyme facilitates memory impairment in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin treated rats. Behav Brain Res 2012; 226:317-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Yamada K, Horita T, Takayama M, Takahashi S, Takaba K, Nagata Y, Suzuki N, Kanda T. Effect of a centrally active angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, perindopril, on cognitive performance in chronic cerebral hypo-perfusion rats. Brain Res 2011; 1421:110-20. [PMID: 21981801 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that perindopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, ameliorated the cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease model animals, independently of its anti-hypertensive effect. In this study, we again investigated the effects of perindopril on cognitive function in a vascular dementia model animal, comparing it with other ACE inhibitors. We also determined ACE activity in the brain and extracellular acetylcholine (ACh) concentration in the perirhinal cortex in order to elucidate the mechanism(s) responsible for the effects of these ACE inhibitors on cognitive function. Perindopril was suggested to be more centrally active than imidapril and enalapril, in consideration of the relative distribution of their active metabolites in the brain. This property was at least partially attributed to the lipophilicity of the compound. While the 3 day treatment with perindopril, imidapril or enalapril lowered blood pressure to the same level in spontaneous hypertensive rats, only perindopril reversed the decline in the recognition index in chronic cerebral hypo-perfusion rats, regarded as an animal model of vascular dementia, during an object recognition task. Using the same dosing regimen, perindopril inhibited the brain ACE activities of rats more than imidapril or enalapril. Moreover, a single treatment with perindopril enhanced the extracellular level of ACh in the perirhinal cortex of normal rats. Therefore, we confirmed that only centrally active ACE inhibitors, such as perindopril, can inhibit the ACE in the brain, augmenting cholinergic neurotransmission and thereby ameliorating cognitive impairment in the animal model of vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamada
- Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Research Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8731, Japan.
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23
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Andreasson U, Portelius E, Andersson ME, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Aspects of beta-amyloid as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Biomark Med 2010; 1:59-78. [PMID: 20477461 DOI: 10.2217/17520363.1.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that results in progressive cognitive impairment and death. The accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) in specific brain regions is believed by many to represent the earliest event in the pathogenesis of the disease. Here, we review the key aspects of Abeta as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease, including the pathogenicity of Abeta, the possible biological functions of its precursor protein, the Abeta metabolism and homeostasis, the diagnostic performance of different Abeta assays in different settings and the potential usefulness of Abeta as a surrogate marker for treatment efficacy in clinical trials of novel Abeta-targeting drugs against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Andreasson
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Mölndal, Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory/Mölndal, S-431 80, Göteborg University, Mölndal, Sweden
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24
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Zhang Z, Deng L, Bai F, Shi Y, Yu H, Yuan Y, Wang K, Jiang T, Jia J, Zhang Z. Alteration of resting brain function by genetic variation in angiotensin converting enzyme in amnestic-type mild cognitive impairment of Chinese Han. Behav Brain Res 2010; 208:619-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Kehoe PG, Miners S, Love S. Angiotensins in Alzheimer's disease - friend or foe? Trends Neurosci 2009; 32:619-28. [PMID: 19796831 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important regulator of blood pressure. Observational and experimental studies suggest that alterations in blood pressure and components of the brain RAS contribute to the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), resulting in changes that can lead or contribute to cognitive decline. The complexity of the RAS and diversity of its interactions with neurological processes have recently become apparent but large gaps in our understanding still remain. Modulation of activity of components of the brain RAS offers substantial opportunities for the treatment and prevention of dementia, including AD. This paper reviews molecular, genetic, experimental and clinical data as well as the therapeutic opportunities that relate to the involvement of the RAS in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Science at North Bristol, University of Bristol, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol BS16 1LE, UK.
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26
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Effects of age, genes, and pulse pressure on executive functions in healthy adults. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:1124-37. [PMID: 19559505 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (EF) evidence significant age-related declines, but the mechanisms underpinning those changes are unclear. In this study, we focus on two potential sources of variation: a physiological indicator of vascular health, and genetic variants related to vascular functions. In a sample of healthy adults (n=158, ages 18-81), we examine the effects of age, pulse pressure, and two polymorphisms (comt val158met and ace insertion/deletion) on working memory and cognitive flexibility. Results indicate that in addition to often-replicated age differences, the alleles of two polymorphisms that promote vasoconstriction (comt val and ace D) and reduced availability of dopamine in neocortical synapses (comt val), negatively impact virtually all aspects of EF tasks that involve working memory. In some cases, suppression of cognitive performance is limited to men or necessitates a combination of both risk-associated alleles. After accounting for genetic and age-related variation, pulse pressure had no additional effect on EF. These findings suggest that in healthy adults, the effects of genetic risk factors significantly modulate the course of cognitive aging.
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27
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Les marqueurs biologiques protéiques du liquide céphalorachidien : caractéristiques et implications cliniques dans les démences. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2009; 165:213-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Kumaran D, Udayabanu M, Kumar M, Aneja R, Katyal A. Involvement of angiotensin converting enzyme in cerebral hypoperfusion induced anterograde memory impairment and cholinergic dysfunction in rats. Neuroscience 2008; 155:626-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Miners JS, Baig S, Palmer J, Palmer LE, Kehoe PG, Love S. Abeta-degrading enzymes in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2008; 18:240-52. [PMID: 18363935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) Abeta accumulates because of imbalance between the production of Abeta and its removal from the brain. There is increasing evidence that in most sporadic forms of AD, the accumulation of Abeta is partly, if not in some cases solely, because of defects in its removal--mediated through a combination of diffusion along perivascular extracellular matrix, transport across vessel walls into the blood stream and enzymatic degradation. Multiple enzymes within the central nervous system (CNS) are capable of degrading Abeta. Most are produced by neurons or glia, but some are expressed in the cerebral vasculature, where reduced Abeta-degrading activity may contribute to the development of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Neprilysin and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), which have been most extensively studied, are expressed both neuronally and within the vasculature. The levels of both of these enzymes are reduced in AD although the correlation with enzyme activity is still not entirely clear. Other enzymes shown capable of degrading Abetain vitro or in animal studies include plasmin; endothelin-converting enzymes ECE-1 and -2; matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, -3 and -9; and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). The levels of plasmin and plasminogen activators (uPA and tPA) and ECE-2 are reported to be reduced in AD. Reductions in neprilysin, IDE and plasmin in AD have been associated with possession of APOEepsilon4. We found no change in the level or activity of MMP-2, -3 or -9 in AD. The level and activity of ACE are increased, the level being directly related to Abeta plaque load. Up-regulation of some Abeta-degrading enzymes may initially compensate for declining activity of others, but as age, genetic factors and diseases such as hypertension and diabetes diminish the effectiveness of other Abeta-clearance pathways, reductions in the activity of particular Abeta-degrading enzymes may become critical, leading to the development of AD and CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Scott Miners
- Dementia Research Group, University of Bristol Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK
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Miners JS, Ashby E, Van Helmond Z, Chalmers KA, Palmer LE, Love S, Kehoe PG. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) levels and activity in Alzheimer's disease, and relationship of perivascular ACE-1 to cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2008; 34:181-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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de Jong D, Kremer BPH, Olde Rikkert MGM, Verbeek MM. Current state and future directions of neurochemical biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 45:1421-34. [PMID: 17970699 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2007.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this comprehensive review, we summarize the current state-of-the-art of neurochemical biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Predominantly, these biomarkers comprise cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers directly related to the pathophysiology of this disorder (such as amyloid beta protein, tau protein). We particularly pay attention to the innovations in this area that have been made in technological aspects during the past 5 years (e.g., multiplex analysis of biomarkers, proteomics), to the discovery of novel, potential biomarkers (e.g., amyloid beta oligomers, isoprostanes), and to the extension of this research towards identification of biomarkers in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle de Jong
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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32
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ACE I/D polymorphism in Alzheimer’s disease. Open Life Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-007-0051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has been reported to show altered activity in patients with neurological diseases. The recent studies found that a 287 bp insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the ACE gene may be associated with susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) but the results have been heterogenous between studies in Europe. In the present study we examined for the first time the association of ACE I/D polymorphism along with APOE genotype in 70 sporadic AD and 126 control subjects in Slovak Caucasians (Central Europe). An increased risk for AD was observed in subjects with at least one APOE*E4 allele (OR=3.99, 95% CI=1.97–8.08). No significant differences for the genotype distribution or the allele frequency were revealed comparing controls and patients for ACE gene. Gene-gene interaction analysis showed increase of the risk to develop AD in subjects carrying both the ACE DD genotype and the APOE*E4 allele (OR=10.32, 95% C.I. 2.67–39.81).
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33
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Roche S, Gabelle A, Lehmann S. Clinical proteomics of the cerebrospinal fluid: Towards the discovery of new biomarkers. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:428-36. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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