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Sayin ES, Duffin J, Poublanc J, Venkatraghavan L, Mikulis DJ, Fisher JA, Sobczyk O. Determining the effects of elevated partial pressure of oxygen on hypercapnia-induced cerebrovascular reactivity. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:2085-2095. [PMID: 37632334 PMCID: PMC10925865 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231197000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) to hypo- and hypercapnia is a valuable test for the assessment of vasodilatory reserve. While hypercapnia-induced CVR testing is usually performed at normoxia, mild hyperoxia may increase tolerability of hypercapnia by reducing the ventilatory distress. However, the effects of mild hyperoxia on CVR was unknown. We therefore recruited 21 patients with a range of steno-occlusive diseases and 12 healthy participants who underwent a standardized 13-minute step plus ramp CVR test with a carbon dioxide gas challenge at the subject's resting end-tidal partial pressure of oxygen or at mild hyperoxia (PetO2 = 150 mmHg) depending on to which group they were assigned. In 11 patients, the second CVR test was at normoxia to examine test-retest differences. CVR was defined as % Δ Signal/ΔPetCO2. We found that there was no significant difference between CVR test results conducted at normoxia and at mild hyperoxia for participants in Groups 1 and 2 for the step and ramp portion. We also found no difference between test and retest CVR at normoxia for patients with cerebrovascular pathology (Group 3) for step and ramp portion. We concluded normoxic CVR is repeatable, and that mild hyperoxia does not affect CVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Su Sayin
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Duffin
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julien Poublanc
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging and the Functional Neuroimaging Lab, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lashmikumar Venkatraghavan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David John Mikulis
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging and the Functional Neuroimaging Lab, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph Arnold Fisher
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olivia Sobczyk
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging and the Functional Neuroimaging Lab, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Gong J, Stickland RC, Bright MG. Hemodynamic timing in resting-state and breathing-task BOLD fMRI. Neuroimage 2023; 274:120120. [PMID: 37072074 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood flow response to a vasoactive stimulus demonstrates regional heterogeneity across both the healthy brain and in cerebrovascular pathology. The timing of a regional hemodynamic response is emerging as an important biomarker of cerebrovascular dysfunction, as well as a confound within fMRI analyses. Previous research demonstrated that hemodynamic timing is more robustly characterized when a larger systemic vascular response is evoked by a breathing challenge, compared to when only spontaneous fluctuations in vascular physiology are present (i.e., in resting-state data). However, it is not clear whether hemodynamic delays in these two conditions are physiologically interchangeable, and how methodological signal-to-noise factors may limit their agreement. To address this, we generated whole-brain maps of hemodynamic delays in nine healthy adults. We assessed the agreement of voxel-wise gray matter (GM) hemodynamic delays between two conditions: resting-state and breath-holding. We found that delay values demonstrated poor agreement when considering all GM voxels, but increasingly greater agreement when limiting analyses to voxels showing strong correlation with the GM mean time-series. Voxels showing the strongest agreement with the GM mean time-series were primarily located near large venous vessels, however these voxels explain some, but not all, of the observed agreement in timing. Increasing the degree of spatial smoothing of the fMRI data enhanced the correlation between individual voxel time-series and the GM mean time-series. These results suggest that signal-to-noise factors may be limiting the accuracy of voxel-wise timing estimates and hence their agreement between the two data segments. In conclusion, caution must be taken when using voxel-wise delay estimates from resting-state and breathing-task data interchangeably, and additional work is needed to evaluate their relative sensitivity and specificity to aspects of vascular physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Rachael C Stickland
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Molly G Bright
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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3
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Wang C, Reid G, Mackay CE, Hayes G, Bulte DP, Suri S. A Systematic Review of the Association Between Dementia Risk Factors and Cerebrovascular Reactivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 148:105140. [PMID: 36944391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Cumulative evidence suggests that impaired cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), a regulatory response critical for maintaining neuronal health, is amongst the earliest pathological changes in dementia. However, we know little about how CVR is affected by dementia risk, prior to disease onset. Understanding this relationship would improve our knowledge of disease pathways and help inform preventative interventions. This systematic review investigates 59 studies examining how CVR (measured by magnetic resonance imaging) is affected by modifiable, non-modifiable, and clinical risk factors for dementia. We report that non-modifiable risk (older age and apolipoprotein ε4), some modifiable factors (diabetes, traumatic brain injury, hypertension) and some clinical factors (stroke, carotid artery occlusion, stenosis) were consistently associated with reduced CVR. We also note a lack of conclusive evidence on how other behavioural factors such as physical inactivity, obesity, or depression, affect CVR. This review explores the biological mechanisms underpinning these brain- behaviour associations, highlights evident gaps in the literature, and identifies the risk factors that could be managed to preserve CVR in an effort to prevent dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxiyu Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Graham Reid
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Clare E Mackay
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Genevieve Hayes
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel P Bulte
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Sana Suri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, UK.
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4
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Stickland RC, Zvolanek KM, Moia S, Caballero-Gaudes C, Bright MG. Lag-Optimized Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent Cerebrovascular Reactivity Estimates Derived From Breathing Task Data Have a Stronger Relationship With Baseline Cerebral Blood Flow. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:910025. [PMID: 35801183 PMCID: PMC9254683 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.910025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), an important indicator of cerebrovascular health, is commonly studied with the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent functional MRI (BOLD-fMRI) response to a vasoactive stimulus. Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that baseline cerebral blood flow (CBF) modulates BOLD signal amplitude and may influence BOLD-CVR estimates. We address how acquisition and modeling choices affect the relationship between baseline cerebral blood flow (bCBF) and BOLD-CVR: whether BOLD-CVR is modeled with the inclusion of a breathing task, and whether BOLD-CVR amplitudes are optimized for hemodynamic lag effects. We assessed between-subject correlations of average GM values and within-subject spatial correlations across cortical regions. Our results suggest that a breathing task addition to a resting-state acquisition, alongside lag-optimization within BOLD-CVR modeling, can improve BOLD-CVR correlations with bCBF, both between- and within-subjects, likely because these CVR estimates are more physiologically accurate. We report positive correlations between bCBF and BOLD-CVR, both between- and within-subjects. The physiological explanation of this positive correlation is unclear; research with larger samples and tightly controlled vasoactive stimuli is needed. Insights into what drives variability in BOLD-CVR measurements and related measurements of cerebrovascular function are particularly relevant when interpreting results in populations with altered vascular and/or metabolic baselines or impaired cerebrovascular reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael C. Stickland
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kristina M. Zvolanek
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Stefano Moia
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia, Spain
- University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV, Donostia, Spain
| | | | - Molly G. Bright
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
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5
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Navarro JC, Kofke WA. Perioperative Management of Acute Central Nervous System Injury. Perioper Med (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-56724-4.00024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Zimmerman B, Rypma B, Gratton G, Fabiani M. Age-related changes in cerebrovascular health and their effects on neural function and cognition: A comprehensive review. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13796. [PMID: 33728712 PMCID: PMC8244108 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The process of aging includes changes in cellular biology that affect local interactions between cells and their environments and eventually propagate to systemic levels. In the brain, where neurons critically depend on an efficient and dynamic supply of oxygen and glucose, age-related changes in the complex interaction between the brain parenchyma and the cerebrovasculature have effects on health and functioning that negatively impact cognition and play a role in pathology. Thus, cerebrovascular health is considered one of the main mechanisms by which a healthy lifestyle, such as habitual cardiorespiratory exercise and a healthful diet, could lead to improved cognitive outcomes with aging. This review aims at detailing how the physiology of the cerebral vascular system changes with age and how these changes lead to differential trajectories of cognitive maintenance or decline. This provides a framework for generating specific mechanistic hypotheses about the efficacy of proposed interventions and lifestyle covariates that contribute to enhanced cognitive well-being. Finally, we discuss the methodological implications of age-related changes in the cerebral vasculature for human cognitive neuroscience research and propose directions for future experiments aimed at investigating age-related changes in the relationship between physiology and cognitive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Zimmerman
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bart Rypma
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gabriele Gratton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Monica Fabiani
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
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7
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Stickland RC, Zvolanek KM, Moia S, Ayyagari A, Caballero-Gaudes C, Bright MG. A practical modification to a resting state fMRI protocol for improved characterization of cerebrovascular function. Neuroimage 2021; 239:118306. [PMID: 34175427 PMCID: PMC8552969 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), defined here as the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) response to a CO2 pressure change, is a useful metric of cerebrovascular function. Both the amplitude and the timing (hemodynamic lag) of the CVR response can bring insight into the nature of a cerebrovascular pathology and aid in understanding noise confounds when using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to study neural activity. This research assessed a practical modification to a typical resting-state fMRI protocol, to improve the characterization of cerebrovascular function. In 9 healthy subjects, we modelled CVR and lag in three resting-state data segments, and in data segments which added a 2–3 minute breathing task to the start of a resting-state segment. Two different breathing tasks were used to induce fluctuations in arterial CO2 pressure: a breath-hold task to induce hypercapnia (CO2 increase) and a cued deep breathing task to induce hypocapnia (CO2 decrease). Our analysis produced voxel-wise estimates of the amplitude (CVR) and timing (lag) of the BOLD-fMRI response to CO2 by systematically shifting the CO2 regressor in time to optimize the model fit. This optimization inherently increases gray matter CVR values and fit statistics. The inclusion of a simple breathing task, compared to a resting-state scan only, increases the number of voxels in the brain that have a significant relationship between CO2 and BOLD-fMRI signals, and improves our confidence in the plausibility of voxel-wise CVR and hemodynamic lag estimates. We demonstrate the clinical utility and feasibility of this protocol in an incidental finding of Moyamoya disease, and explore the possibilities and challenges of using this protocol in younger populations. This hybrid protocol has direct applications for CVR mapping in both research and clinical settings and wider applications for fMRI denoising and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael C Stickland
- Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Kristina M Zvolanek
- Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Stefano Moia
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain; University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Apoorva Ayyagari
- Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | | | - Molly G Bright
- Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
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Krishnamurthy V, Sprick JD, Krishnamurthy LC, Barter JD, Turabi A, Hajjar IM, Nocera JR. The Utility of Cerebrovascular Reactivity MRI in Brain Rehabilitation: A Mechanistic Perspective. Front Physiol 2021; 12:642850. [PMID: 33815146 PMCID: PMC8009989 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.642850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular control and its integration with other physiological systems play a key role in the effective maintenance of homeostasis in brain functioning. Maintenance, restoration, and promotion of such a balance are one of the paramount goals of brain rehabilitation and intervention programs. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), an index of cerebrovascular reserve, plays an important role in chemo-regulation of cerebral blood flow. Improved vascular reactivity and cerebral blood flow are important factors in brain rehabilitation to facilitate desired cognitive and functional outcomes. It is widely accepted that CVR is impaired in aging, hypertension, and cerebrovascular diseases and possibly in neurodegenerative syndromes. However, a multitude of physiological factors influence CVR, and thus a comprehensive understanding of underlying mechanisms are needed. We are currently underinformed on which rehabilitation method will improve CVR, and how this information can inform on a patient's prognosis and diagnosis. Implementation of targeted rehabilitation regimes would be the first step to elucidate whether such regimes can modulate CVR and in the process may assist in improving our understanding for the underlying vascular pathophysiology. As such, the high spatial resolution along with whole brain coverage offered by MRI has opened the door to exciting recent developments in CVR MRI. Yet, several challenges currently preclude its potential as an effective diagnostic and prognostic tool in treatment planning and guidance. Understanding these knowledge gaps will ultimately facilitate a deeper understanding for cerebrovascular physiology and its role in brain function and rehabilitation. Based on the lessons learned from our group's past and ongoing neurorehabilitation studies, we present a systematic review of physiological mechanisms that lead to impaired CVR in aging and disease, and how CVR imaging and its further development in the context of brain rehabilitation can add value to the clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatagiri Krishnamurthy
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA, United States
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Justin D. Sprick
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lisa C. Krishnamurthy
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA, United States
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jolie D. Barter
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Aaminah Turabi
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA, United States
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ihab M. Hajjar
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joe R. Nocera
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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9
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Sleight E, Stringer MS, Marshall I, Wardlaw JM, Thrippleton MJ. Cerebrovascular Reactivity Measurement Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:643468. [PMID: 33716793 PMCID: PMC7947694 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.643468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes cerebral haemodynamic changes in response to a vasodilatory stimulus. CVR closely relates to the health of the vasculature and is therefore a key parameter for studying cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke, small vessel disease and dementias. MRI allows in vivo measurement of CVR but several different methods have been presented in the literature, differing in pulse sequence, hardware requirements, stimulus and image processing technique. We systematically reviewed publications measuring CVR using MRI up to June 2020, identifying 235 relevant papers. We summarised the acquisition methods, experimental parameters, hardware and CVR quantification approaches used, clinical populations investigated, and corresponding summary CVR measures. CVR was investigated in many pathologies such as steno-occlusive diseases, dementia and small vessel disease and is generally lower in patients than in healthy controls. Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) acquisitions with fixed inspired CO2 gas or end-tidal CO2 forcing stimulus are the most commonly used methods. General linear modelling of the MRI signal with end-tidal CO2 as the regressor is the most frequently used method to compute CVR. Our survey of CVR measurement approaches and applications will help researchers to identify good practice and provide objective information to inform the development of future consensus recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Sleight
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Stringer
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Michael S. Stringer
| | - Ian Marshall
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Thrippleton
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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10
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Pinto J, Bright MG, Bulte DP, Figueiredo P. Cerebrovascular Reactivity Mapping Without Gas Challenges: A Methodological Guide. Front Physiol 2021; 11:608475. [PMID: 33536935 PMCID: PMC7848198 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.608475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is defined as the ability of vessels to alter their caliber in response to vasoactive factors, by means of dilating or constricting, in order to increase or decrease regional cerebral blood flow (CBF). Importantly, CVR may provide a sensitive biomarker for pathologies where vasculature is compromised. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal dynamics of CVR observed in healthy subjects, reflecting regional differences in cerebral vascular tone and response, may also be important in functional MRI studies based on neurovascular coupling mechanisms. Assessment of CVR is usually based on the use of a vasoactive stimulus combined with a CBF measurement technique. Although transcranial Doppler ultrasound has been frequently used to obtain global flow velocity measurements, MRI techniques are being increasingly employed for obtaining CBF maps. For the vasoactive stimulus, vasodilatory hypercapnia is usually induced through the manipulation of respiratory gases, including the inhalation of increased concentrations of carbon dioxide. However, most of these methods require an additional apparatus and complex setups, which not only may not be well-tolerated by some populations but are also not widely available. For these reasons, strategies based on voluntary breathing fluctuations without the need for external gas challenges have been proposed. These include the task-based methodologies of breath holding and paced deep breathing, as well as a new generation of methods based on spontaneous breathing fluctuations during resting-state. Despite the multitude of alternatives to gas challenges, existing literature lacks definitive conclusions regarding the best practices for the vasoactive modulation and associated analysis protocols. In this work, we perform an extensive review of CVR mapping techniques based on MRI and CO2 variations without gas challenges, focusing on the methodological aspects of the breathing protocols and corresponding data analysis. Finally, we outline a set of practical guidelines based on generally accepted practices and available data, extending previous reports and encouraging the wider application of CVR mapping methodologies in both clinical and academic MRI settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Pinto
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute for Systems and Robotics - Lisboa and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Molly G. Bright
- Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Daniel P. Bulte
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Patrícia Figueiredo
- Institute for Systems and Robotics - Lisboa and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Godoy DA, Rovegno M, Lazaridis C, Badenes R. The effects of arterial CO 2 on the injured brain: Two faces of the same coin. J Crit Care 2020; 61:207-215. [PMID: 33186827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Serum levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) closely regulate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and actively participate in different aspects of brain physiology such as hemodynamics, oxygenation, and metabolism. Fluctuations in the partial pressure of arterial CO2 (PaCO2) modify the aforementioned variables, and at the same time influence physiologic parameters in organs such as the lungs, heart, kidneys, and the gastrointestinal tract. In general, during acute brain injury (ABI), maintaining normal PaCO2 is the target to be achieved. Both hypercapnia and hypocapnia may comprise secondary insults and should be avoided during ABI. The risks of hypocapnia mostly outweigh the potential benefits. Therefore, its therapeutic applicability is limited to transient and second-stage control of intracranial hypertension. On the other hand, inducing hypercapnia could be beneficial when certain specific situations require increasing CBF. The evidence supporting this claim is very weak. This review attempts providing an update on the physiology of CO2, its risks, benefits, and potential utility in the neurocritical care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Agustin Godoy
- Neurointensive Care Unit, Sanatorio Pasteur, Catamarca, Argentina; Intensive Care Unit, Hospital San Juan Bautista, Catamarca, Argentina.
| | - Maximiliano Rovegno
- Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Christos Lazaridis
- Neurocritical Care, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rafael Badenes
- Anesthesiology and Surgical-Trauma Intensive Care, University Clinic Hospital, Valencia, Spain,; Department of Surgery, University of Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA Research Medical Institute, Valencia, Spain
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12
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Abstract
Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI is a common technique for measuring brain activation that could be affected by low-level carbon monoxide (CO) exposure from, e.g. smoking. This study aimed to probe the vulnerability of BOLD fMRI to CO and determine whether it may constitute a significant neuroimaging confound. Low-level (6 ppm exhaled) CO effects on BOLD response were assessed in 12 healthy never-smokers on two separate experimental days (CO and air control). fMRI tasks were breath-holds (hypercapnia), visual stimulation and fingertapping. BOLD fMRI response was lower during breath holds, visual stimulation and fingertapping in the CO protocol compared to the air control protocol. Behavioural and physiological measures remained unchanged. We conclude that BOLD fMRI might be vulnerable to changes in baseline CO, and suggest exercising caution when imaging populations exposed to elevated CO levels. Further work is required to fully elucidate the impact on CO on fMRI and its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bendell
- Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Shakeeb H Moosavi
- Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Mari Herigstad
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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13
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Munsch F, Taso M, Zhao L, Lebel RM, Guidon A, Detre JA, Alsop DC. Rotated spiral RARE for high spatial and temporal resolution volumetric arterial spin labeling acquisition. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117371. [PMID: 32931943 PMCID: PMC9470008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) MRI can provide quantitative images that are sensitive to both time averaged blood flow and its temporal fluctuations. 3D image acquisitions for ASL are desirable because they are more readily compatible with background suppression to reduce noise, can reduce signal loss and distortion, and provide uniform flow sensitivity across the brain. However, single-shot 3D acquisition for maximal temporal resolution typically involves degradation of image quality through blurring or noise amplification by parallel imaging. Here, we report a new approach to accelerate a common stack of spirals 3D image acquisition by pseudo golden-angle rotation and compressed sensing reconstruction without any degradation of time averaged blood flow images. Methods: 28 healthy volunteers were imaged at 3T with background-suppressed unbalanced pseudo-continuous ASL combined with a pseudo golden-angle Stack-of-Spirals 3D RARE readout. A fully-sampled perfusion-weighted volume was reconstructed by 3D non-uniform Fast Fourier Transform (nuFFT) followed by sum-of-squares combination of the 32 individual channels. Coil sensitivities were estimated followed by reconstruction of the 39 single-shot volumes using an L1-wavelet Compressed-Sensing reconstruction. Finally, brain connectivity analyses were performed in regions where BOLD signal suffers from low signal-to-noise ratio and susceptibility artifacts. Results: Image quality, assessed with a non-reference 3D blurring metric, of full time averaged blood flow was comparable to a conventional interleaved acquisition. The temporal resolution provided by the acceleration enabled identification and quantification of resting-state networks even in inferior regions such as the amygdala and inferior frontal lobes, where susceptibility artifacts can degrade conventional resting-state fMRI acquisitions. Conclusion: This approach can provide measures of blood flow modulations and resting-state networks for free within any research or clinical protocol employing ASL for resting blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Munsch
- Division of MRI Research, Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Manuel Taso
- Division of MRI Research, Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Li Zhao
- Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R Marc Lebel
- Global MR Applications and Workflow, GE Healthcare, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Arnaud Guidon
- Global MR Applications and Workflow, GE Healthcare, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John A Detre
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David C Alsop
- Division of MRI Research, Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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14
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Minhas JS, Rook W, Panerai RB, Hoiland RL, Ainslie PN, Thompson JP, Mistri AK, Robinson TG. Pathophysiological and clinical considerations in the perioperative care of patients with a previous ischaemic stroke: a multidisciplinary narrative review. Br J Anaesth 2020; 124:183-196. [PMID: 31813569 PMCID: PMC7034810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
With an ageing population and increasing incidence of cerebrovascular disease, an increasing number of patients presenting for routine and emergency surgery have a prior history of stroke. This presents a challenge for pre-, intra-, and postoperative management as the neurological risk is considerably higher. Evidence is lacking around anaesthetic practice for patients with vascular neurological vulnerability. Through understanding the pathophysiological changes that occur after stroke, insight into the susceptibilities of the cerebral vasculature to intrinsic and extrinsic factors can be developed. Increasing understanding of post-stroke systemic and cerebral haemodynamics has provided improved outcomes from stroke and more robust secondary prevention, although this knowledge has yet to be applied to our delivery of anaesthesia in those with prior stroke. This review describes the key pathophysiological and clinical considerations that inform clinicians providing perioperative care for patients with a prior diagnosis of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder S Minhas
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHIASM) Research Group, Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - William Rook
- Academic Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, Pain, and Resuscitation, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ronney B Panerai
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHIASM) Research Group, Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ryan L Hoiland
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Phil N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Thompson
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Amit K Mistri
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Thompson G Robinson
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHIASM) Research Group, Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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15
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Lefferts WK, DeBlois JP, Barreira TV, Heffernan KS. Neurovascular coupling during cognitive activity in adults with controlled hypertension. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1906-1916. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00100.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension, even when controlled, may accelerate arterial stiffening and impair the ability of the cerebrovasculature to increase blood flow to support neural activity, i.e., neurovascular coupling (NVC). Optimal NVC depends on continuous, nonpulsatile flow, which is partially determined by extra- and intracranial vessel function. We sought to compare extra- and intracranial hemodynamics during cognitive activity (Stroop task) in 30 middle-aged, well-controlled medicated hypertensive and 30 age-, sex-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched nonhypertensive adults (56 ± 6 years, 28.2 ± 2.9 kg/m2 BMI; 32 men). Aortic and carotid (single point) pulse wave velocity (PWV) were assessed via tonometry and ultrasound, respectively. Carotid and middle cerebral artery (MCA) blood velocity pulsatility were measured via ultrasound and Doppler. Prefrontal cortex (PFC) oxygenation was measured via tissue saturation index (TSI) using near-infrared spectroscopy. Accuracy and reaction times were computed to assess cognitive performance. Stroop performance was similar between groups ( P > 0.01). Aortic and carotid PWV increased, carotid flow pulsatility decreased ( P < 0.01), and MCA flow pulsatility and PFC TSI were maintained during Stroop ( P > 0.01). Our findings indicate that middle-age adults with medically controlled hypertension and adults without hypertension demonstrate similar intra- and extracranial cerebrovascular reactivity during cognitive engagement. Despite increases in large artery stiffness, middle-aged adults with controlled hypertension and without hypertension exhibit reductions in extracranial flow pulsatility during cognitive engagement that may be part of a concerted cerebrovascular response to support downstream cerebral oxygenation and overall NVC. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hypertension is associated with accelerated arterial stiffening, which may alter extra- and intracranial vascular reactivity during cognitive activity and impair neurovascular coupling. Middle-aged adults with medicated hypertension exhibit similar neurovascular coupling and extra-/intracranial vascular reactivity during sustained cognitive activity. Extracranial modulation of central hemodynamics may be an important component of optimal neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob P. DeBlois
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse New York
| | - Tiago V. Barreira
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse New York
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16
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Catchlove SJ, Parrish TB, Chen Y, Macpherson H, Hughes ME, Pipingas A. Regional Cerebrovascular Reactivity and Cognitive Performance in Healthy Aging. J Exp Neurosci 2018; 12:1179069518785151. [PMID: 30013388 PMCID: PMC6043917 DOI: 10.1177/1179069518785151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) reflects the response of brain blood vessels to vasoactive stimuli, such as neural activity. The current research assessed age-related changes in regional CVR to 5% CO2 inhalation in younger (n = 30, range: 21-45 years) and older (n = 29, range: 55-75 years) adults, and the contribution of regional CVR to cognitive performance using blood-oxygen-level dependent contrast imaging (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3T field strength. CVR was measured by inducing hypercapnia using a block-design paradigm under physiological monitoring. Memory and attention were assessed with a comprehensive computerized aging battery. MRI data analysis was conducted using MATLAB® and SPM12. Memory and attention performance was positively associated with CVR in the temporal cortices. Temporal lobe CVR influenced memory performance independently of age, gender, and education level. When analyzing age groups separately, CVR in the hippocampus contributed significantly to memory score in the older group and was also related to subjective memory complaints. No associations between CVR and cognition were observed in younger adults. Vascular responsiveness in the brain has consequences for cognition in cognitively healthy people. These findings may inform other areas of research concerned with vaso-protective approaches for prevention or treatment of neurocognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Catchlove
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology,
Swinburne University, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Todd B Parrish
- Feinberg School of Medicine,
Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yufen Chen
- Feinberg School of Medicine,
Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Helen Macpherson
- Institute for Physical Activity and
Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew E Hughes
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne
University, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
- Australian National Imaging Facility, St
Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew Pipingas
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology,
Swinburne University, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
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17
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Urback AL, Metcalfe AWS, Korczak DJ, MacIntosh BJ, Goldstein BI. Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebrovascular reactivity in healthy adolescents. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 306:1-9. [PMID: 29879447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), an important measure of cerebrovascular health in adults, has not been examined in healthy adolescents. Beyond the direct importance of understanding CVR in healthy youth, studies on this topic can yield insights regarding brain disease. We set out to evaluate 3 different CVR modelling approaches. NEW METHOD Thirty-nine healthy adolescents (ages 13-19 years, 20 females) completed six blocks of 15-second breath-holds separated by 30-second blocks of free-breathing. CVR was measured using blood-oxygenation-level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3-Tesla; voxel-wise analyses were complemented by regional analyses in five major subdivisions of the brain. Hemodynamic response functions were modelled using: (1) an individualized delay term (double-gamma variate convolved with a boxcar function), (2) with a standard 9-second delay term, and (3) a sine-cosine regressor. RESULTS Individual-delay yielded superior model fit or larger cluster volumes. Regional analysis found differences in CVR and time-to-peak CVR. Males had higher brain-wide CVR in comparison to females (p = 0.025, η2part = 0.345). BMI and blood pressure were not significantly associated with CVR (all p > 0.4). COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS This was the first study to compare these methods in youth. Regional differences were similar to adult studies. CONCLUSIONS These findings lend support to future breath-hold CVR studies in youth, and highlight the merit of applying individualized-delay estimates. Regional variability and sex-related differences in CVR suggest that these variables should be considered in future studies, particularly those that examine disease states with predilection for specific brain regions or those diseases characterized by sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Urback
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., FG-53, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Medicine, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Arron W S Metcalfe
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., FG-53, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada; Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Room M6 180, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
| | - Daphne J Korczak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Medicine, 250 College Street, Room 835, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital For Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Room 1145, Elm Wing, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Room M6 180, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, 101 College Street Suite 15-701, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Benjamin I Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., FG-53, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Medicine, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Medicine, 250 College Street, Room 835, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
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18
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Liu P, De Vis JB, Lu H. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) MRI with CO2 challenge: A technical review. Neuroimage 2018; 187:104-115. [PMID: 29574034 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is an indicator of cerebrovascular reserve and provides important information about vascular health in a range of brain conditions and diseases. Unlike steady-state vascular parameters, such as cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV), CVR measures the ability of cerebral vessels to dilate or constrict in response to challenges or maneuvers. Therefore, CVR mapping requires a physiological challenge while monitoring the corresponding hemodynamic changes in the brain. The present review primarily focuses on methods that use CO2 inhalation as a physiological challenge while monitoring changes in hemodynamic MRI signals. CO2 inhalation has been increasingly used in CVR mapping in recent literature due to its potency in causing vasodilation, rapid onset and cessation of the effect, as well as advances in MRI-compatible gas delivery apparatus. In this review, we first discuss the physiological basis of CVR mapping using CO2 inhalation. We then review the methodological aspects of CVR mapping, including gas delivery apparatus, the timing paradigm of the breathing challenge, the MRI imaging sequence, and data analysis. In addition, we review alternative approaches for CVR mapping that do not require CO2 inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Liu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States.
| | - Jill B De Vis
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States
| | - Hanzhang Lu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, United States; F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
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19
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Nakanishi K, Jin Z, Homma S, Elkind MSV, Rundek T, Lee SC, Tugcu A, Yoshita M, DeCarli C, Wright CB, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR. Association Between Heart Rate and Subclinical Cerebrovascular Disease in the Elderly. Stroke 2017; 49:319-324. [PMID: 29284731 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.019355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although increased heart rate (HR) is a predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality, its possible association with subclinical cerebrovascular disease, which is prevalent in the elderly, has not been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the association of daytime, nighttime, 24-hour HR, and HR variability with subclinical cerebrovascular disease in an elderly cohort without history of stroke. METHODS The study cohort consisted of 680 participants (mean age, 73±7 years; 42% men) in sinus rhythm who underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and HR monitoring, 2-dimensional echocardiography, and brain magnetic resonance imaging as part of the CABL study (Cardiac Abnormalities and Brain Lesion). Subclinical cerebrovascular disease was defined as silent brain infarcts and white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV). The relationship of HR measures with the presence of silent brain infarct and upper quartile of log WMHV (log WMHV4) was analyzed. RESULTS Presence of silent brain infarct was detected in 93 participants (13.7%); mean log WMHV was -0.92±0.93 (median, -1.05; min, -5.88; max, 1.74). Multivariate analysis showed that only nighttime HR (adjusted odds ratio, 1.29 per 10 bpm; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.61; P=0.026) was significantly associated with log WMHV4, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, ambulatory systolic blood pressure, and echocardiographic parameters. No similar association was observed for daytime HR and HR variability. There was no significant association between all HR measures and silent brain infarct. CONCLUSIONS In a predominantly elderly cohort, elevated nighttime HR was associated with WMHV, suggesting an independent role of HR in subclinical cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Nakanishi
- From the Department of Medicine (K.N., S.H., S.C.L., A.T., M.R.D.T.), Department of Biostatistics (Z.J.), and Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), Department of Public Health Sciences (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), and Department of Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology, Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan (M.Y.); and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis (C.D.)
| | - Zhezhen Jin
- From the Department of Medicine (K.N., S.H., S.C.L., A.T., M.R.D.T.), Department of Biostatistics (Z.J.), and Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), Department of Public Health Sciences (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), and Department of Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology, Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan (M.Y.); and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis (C.D.)
| | - Shunichi Homma
- From the Department of Medicine (K.N., S.H., S.C.L., A.T., M.R.D.T.), Department of Biostatistics (Z.J.), and Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), Department of Public Health Sciences (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), and Department of Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology, Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan (M.Y.); and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis (C.D.)
| | - Mitchell S V Elkind
- From the Department of Medicine (K.N., S.H., S.C.L., A.T., M.R.D.T.), Department of Biostatistics (Z.J.), and Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), Department of Public Health Sciences (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), and Department of Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology, Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan (M.Y.); and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis (C.D.)
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- From the Department of Medicine (K.N., S.H., S.C.L., A.T., M.R.D.T.), Department of Biostatistics (Z.J.), and Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), Department of Public Health Sciences (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), and Department of Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology, Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan (M.Y.); and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis (C.D.)
| | - Seitetz C Lee
- From the Department of Medicine (K.N., S.H., S.C.L., A.T., M.R.D.T.), Department of Biostatistics (Z.J.), and Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), Department of Public Health Sciences (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), and Department of Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology, Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan (M.Y.); and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis (C.D.)
| | - Aylin Tugcu
- From the Department of Medicine (K.N., S.H., S.C.L., A.T., M.R.D.T.), Department of Biostatistics (Z.J.), and Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), Department of Public Health Sciences (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), and Department of Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology, Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan (M.Y.); and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis (C.D.)
| | - Mitsuhiro Yoshita
- From the Department of Medicine (K.N., S.H., S.C.L., A.T., M.R.D.T.), Department of Biostatistics (Z.J.), and Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), Department of Public Health Sciences (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), and Department of Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology, Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan (M.Y.); and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis (C.D.)
| | - Charles DeCarli
- From the Department of Medicine (K.N., S.H., S.C.L., A.T., M.R.D.T.), Department of Biostatistics (Z.J.), and Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), Department of Public Health Sciences (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), and Department of Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology, Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan (M.Y.); and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis (C.D.)
| | - Clinton B Wright
- From the Department of Medicine (K.N., S.H., S.C.L., A.T., M.R.D.T.), Department of Biostatistics (Z.J.), and Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), Department of Public Health Sciences (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), and Department of Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology, Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan (M.Y.); and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis (C.D.)
| | - Ralph L Sacco
- From the Department of Medicine (K.N., S.H., S.C.L., A.T., M.R.D.T.), Department of Biostatistics (Z.J.), and Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), Department of Public Health Sciences (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), and Department of Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology, Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan (M.Y.); and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis (C.D.)
| | - Marco R Di Tullio
- From the Department of Medicine (K.N., S.H., S.C.L., A.T., M.R.D.T.), Department of Biostatistics (Z.J.), and Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), Department of Public Health Sciences (T.R., C.B.W., R.L.S.), and Department of Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology, Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan (M.Y.); and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis (C.D.).
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20
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Beaudin AE, Hartmann SE, Pun M, Poulin MJ. Human cerebral blood flow control during hypoxia: focus on chronic pulmonary obstructive disease and obstructive sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:1350-1361. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00352.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is a vital organ that relies on a constant and adequate blood flow to match oxygen and glucose delivery with the local metabolic demands of active neurons. Thus exquisite regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) is particularly important under hypoxic conditions to prevent a detrimental decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen within the brain tissues. Cerebrovascular sensitivity to hypoxia, assessed as the change in CBF during a hypoxic challenge, represents the capacity of cerebral vessels to respond to, and compensate for, a reduced oxygen supply, and has been shown to be impaired or blunted in a number of conditions. For instance, this is observed with aging, and in clinical conditions such as untreated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and in healthy humans exposed to intermittent hypoxia. This review will 1) provide a brief overview of cerebral blood flow regulation and results of pharmacological intervention studies which we have performed to better elucidate the basic mechanisms of cerebrovascular regulation in humans; and 2) present data from studies in clinical and healthy populations, using a translational physiology approach, to investigate human CBF control during hypoxia. Results from studies in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and OSA will be presented to identify the effects of the disease processes on cerebrovascular sensitivity to hypoxia. Data emerging from experimental human models of intermittent hypoxia during wakefulness will also be reviewed to highlight the effects of intermittent hypoxia on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E. Beaudin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sara E. Hartmann
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matiram Pun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marc J. Poulin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Jahanian H, Christen T, Moseley ME, Pajewski NM, Wright CB, Tamura MK, Zaharchuk G. Measuring vascular reactivity with resting-state blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal fluctuations: A potential alternative to the breath-holding challenge? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:2526-2538. [PMID: 27683452 PMCID: PMC5531349 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16670921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of the ability of blood vessels to dilate and constrict, known as vascular reactivity, is often performed with breath-holding tasks that transiently raise arterial blood carbon dioxide (PaCO2) levels. However, following the proper commands for a breath-holding experiment may be difficult or impossible for many patients. In this study, we evaluated two approaches for obtaining vascular reactivity information using blood oxygenation level-dependent signal fluctuations obtained from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data: physiological fluctuation regression and coefficient of variation of the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging signal. We studied a cohort of 28 older adults (69 ± 7 years) and found that six of them (21%) could not perform the breath-holding protocol, based on an objective comparison with an idealized respiratory waveform. In the subjects that could comply, we found a strong linear correlation between data extracted from spontaneous resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging signal fluctuations and the blood oxygenation level-dependent percentage signal change during breath-holding challenge ( R2 = 0.57 and 0.61 for resting-state physiological fluctuation regression and resting-state coefficient of variation methods, respectively). This technique may eliminate the need for subject cooperation, thus allowing the evaluation of vascular reactivity in a wider range of clinical and research conditions in which it may otherwise be impractical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Christen
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Nicholas M Pajewski
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Clinton B Wright
- Departments of Neurology and Public Health Sciences, and the Neuroscience Program, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Manjula K Tamura
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Greg Zaharchuk
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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22
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Urback AL, MacIntosh BJ, Goldstein BI. Cerebrovascular reactivity measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging during breath-hold challenge: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 79:27-47. [PMID: 28487157 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is the cerebral hemodynamic response to a vasoactive substance. Breath-hold (BH) induced CVR has the advantage of being non-invasive and easy to implement during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We systematically reviewed the literature regarding MRI measurement of BH induced CVR. The literature was searched using MEDLINE with the search terms breath-hold; and MRI or cerebrovascular reactivity. The search yielded 2244 results and 54 articles were included. Between-group comparisons have found that CVR was higher among healthy controls than patients with various pathologies (e.g. sleep apnea, diabetes, hypertension etc.). However, counter-intuitive findings have also been reported, including higher CVR among smokers, sedentary individuals, and patients with schizophrenia vs. CONTROLS Methodological studies have highlighted important measurement characteristics (e.g. normalizing signal to end-tidal CO2), and comparisons of BH induced CVR to non-BH methods. Future studies are warranted to address questions about group differences, treatment response, disease progression, and other salient clinical themes. Standardization of CVR and BH designs is needed to fully exploit the potential of this practical non-invasive method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Urback
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre 2075 Bayview Ave., FG-53, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Medicine, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, 101 College Street Suite 15-701, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Room M6 180, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
| | - Benjamin I Goldstein
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre 2075 Bayview Ave., FG-53, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Medicine, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Medicine,250 College Street, Room 835, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
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23
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Safouris A, Krogias C, Sharma VK, Katsanos AH, Faissner S, Roussopoulou A, Zompola C, Kneiphof J, Kargiotis O, Deftereos S, Giannopoulos G, Triantafyllou N, Voumvourakis K, Vadikolias K, Tsivgoulis G. Statin Pretreatment and Microembolic Signals in Large Artery Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1415-1422. [PMID: 28450295 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although statin pretreatment (SP) is associated with better outcomes in patients with acute cerebral ischemia after an ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack, data on the underlying mechanism of this beneficial effect are limited. APPROACH AND RESULTS We sought to evaluate the potential association between SP and microembolic signal (MES) burden in acute cerebral ischemia because of large artery atherosclerosis (LAA). We prospectively evaluated consecutive patients with first-ever acute cerebral ischemia because of LAA in 3 tertiary stroke centers over a 2-year period. All patients underwent continuous 1-hour transcranial Doppler monitoring of the relevant vessel at baseline (≤24 hours). SP was recorded and dichotomized as high dose or low-to-moderate dose. SP was documented in 43 (41%) of 106 LAA patients (mean age, 65.4±10.3 years; 72% men; low-to-moderate dose, 32%; high dose, 8%). There was a significant (P=0.022) dose-dependent effect between SP and MES prevalence: no SP (37%), SP with low-to-moderate dose (18%), and SP with high dose (0%). Similarly, a significant (P=0.045) dose-dependent effect was documented between SP and MES burden: no SP (1.1±1.8), SP with low-to-moderate dose (0.7±1.6), and SP with high dose (0±0). In multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusting for demographics, vascular risk factors, location of LAA, stroke severity, and other prevention therapies, SP was associated with lower likelihood of MES presence (odds ratio, 0.29; 95% confidence interval, 0.09-0.92; P=0.036). In addition, SP was found also to be independently related to higher odds of functional improvement (common odds ratio, 3.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-10.0; P=0.037). CONCLUSIONS We found that SP in patients with acute LAA is related with reduced MES presence and lower MES burden with an apparently dose-dependent association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Safouris
- From the Second Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (A.S., A.H.K., A.R., C.Z., K.V., G.T.); Acute Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Pireus, Greece (A.S., O.K.); Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (C.K., S.F., J.K.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (V.K.S.); Division of Neurology, National University Hospital, Singapore (V.K.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece (A.H.K.); Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (S.D., G.G.); First Department of Neurology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition University Hospital, Greece (N.T.); and Department of Neurology, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece (K.V.)
| | - Christos Krogias
- From the Second Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (A.S., A.H.K., A.R., C.Z., K.V., G.T.); Acute Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Pireus, Greece (A.S., O.K.); Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (C.K., S.F., J.K.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (V.K.S.); Division of Neurology, National University Hospital, Singapore (V.K.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece (A.H.K.); Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (S.D., G.G.); First Department of Neurology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition University Hospital, Greece (N.T.); and Department of Neurology, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece (K.V.)
| | - Vijay K Sharma
- From the Second Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (A.S., A.H.K., A.R., C.Z., K.V., G.T.); Acute Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Pireus, Greece (A.S., O.K.); Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (C.K., S.F., J.K.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (V.K.S.); Division of Neurology, National University Hospital, Singapore (V.K.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece (A.H.K.); Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (S.D., G.G.); First Department of Neurology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition University Hospital, Greece (N.T.); and Department of Neurology, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece (K.V.)
| | - Aristeidis H Katsanos
- From the Second Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (A.S., A.H.K., A.R., C.Z., K.V., G.T.); Acute Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Pireus, Greece (A.S., O.K.); Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (C.K., S.F., J.K.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (V.K.S.); Division of Neurology, National University Hospital, Singapore (V.K.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece (A.H.K.); Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (S.D., G.G.); First Department of Neurology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition University Hospital, Greece (N.T.); and Department of Neurology, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece (K.V.)
| | - Simon Faissner
- From the Second Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (A.S., A.H.K., A.R., C.Z., K.V., G.T.); Acute Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Pireus, Greece (A.S., O.K.); Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (C.K., S.F., J.K.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (V.K.S.); Division of Neurology, National University Hospital, Singapore (V.K.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece (A.H.K.); Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (S.D., G.G.); First Department of Neurology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition University Hospital, Greece (N.T.); and Department of Neurology, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece (K.V.)
| | - Andromachi Roussopoulou
- From the Second Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (A.S., A.H.K., A.R., C.Z., K.V., G.T.); Acute Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Pireus, Greece (A.S., O.K.); Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (C.K., S.F., J.K.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (V.K.S.); Division of Neurology, National University Hospital, Singapore (V.K.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece (A.H.K.); Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (S.D., G.G.); First Department of Neurology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition University Hospital, Greece (N.T.); and Department of Neurology, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece (K.V.)
| | - Christina Zompola
- From the Second Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (A.S., A.H.K., A.R., C.Z., K.V., G.T.); Acute Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Pireus, Greece (A.S., O.K.); Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (C.K., S.F., J.K.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (V.K.S.); Division of Neurology, National University Hospital, Singapore (V.K.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece (A.H.K.); Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (S.D., G.G.); First Department of Neurology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition University Hospital, Greece (N.T.); and Department of Neurology, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece (K.V.)
| | - Janina Kneiphof
- From the Second Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (A.S., A.H.K., A.R., C.Z., K.V., G.T.); Acute Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Pireus, Greece (A.S., O.K.); Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (C.K., S.F., J.K.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (V.K.S.); Division of Neurology, National University Hospital, Singapore (V.K.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece (A.H.K.); Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (S.D., G.G.); First Department of Neurology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition University Hospital, Greece (N.T.); and Department of Neurology, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece (K.V.)
| | - Odysseas Kargiotis
- From the Second Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (A.S., A.H.K., A.R., C.Z., K.V., G.T.); Acute Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Pireus, Greece (A.S., O.K.); Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (C.K., S.F., J.K.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (V.K.S.); Division of Neurology, National University Hospital, Singapore (V.K.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece (A.H.K.); Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (S.D., G.G.); First Department of Neurology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition University Hospital, Greece (N.T.); and Department of Neurology, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece (K.V.)
| | - Spyridon Deftereos
- From the Second Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (A.S., A.H.K., A.R., C.Z., K.V., G.T.); Acute Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Pireus, Greece (A.S., O.K.); Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (C.K., S.F., J.K.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (V.K.S.); Division of Neurology, National University Hospital, Singapore (V.K.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece (A.H.K.); Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (S.D., G.G.); First Department of Neurology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition University Hospital, Greece (N.T.); and Department of Neurology, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece (K.V.)
| | - Georgios Giannopoulos
- From the Second Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (A.S., A.H.K., A.R., C.Z., K.V., G.T.); Acute Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Pireus, Greece (A.S., O.K.); Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (C.K., S.F., J.K.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (V.K.S.); Division of Neurology, National University Hospital, Singapore (V.K.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece (A.H.K.); Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (S.D., G.G.); First Department of Neurology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition University Hospital, Greece (N.T.); and Department of Neurology, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece (K.V.)
| | - Nikos Triantafyllou
- From the Second Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (A.S., A.H.K., A.R., C.Z., K.V., G.T.); Acute Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Pireus, Greece (A.S., O.K.); Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (C.K., S.F., J.K.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (V.K.S.); Division of Neurology, National University Hospital, Singapore (V.K.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece (A.H.K.); Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (S.D., G.G.); First Department of Neurology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition University Hospital, Greece (N.T.); and Department of Neurology, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece (K.V.)
| | - Konstantinos Voumvourakis
- From the Second Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (A.S., A.H.K., A.R., C.Z., K.V., G.T.); Acute Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Pireus, Greece (A.S., O.K.); Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (C.K., S.F., J.K.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (V.K.S.); Division of Neurology, National University Hospital, Singapore (V.K.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece (A.H.K.); Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (S.D., G.G.); First Department of Neurology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition University Hospital, Greece (N.T.); and Department of Neurology, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece (K.V.)
| | - Konstantinos Vadikolias
- From the Second Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (A.S., A.H.K., A.R., C.Z., K.V., G.T.); Acute Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Pireus, Greece (A.S., O.K.); Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (C.K., S.F., J.K.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (V.K.S.); Division of Neurology, National University Hospital, Singapore (V.K.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece (A.H.K.); Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (S.D., G.G.); First Department of Neurology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition University Hospital, Greece (N.T.); and Department of Neurology, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece (K.V.)
| | - Georgios Tsivgoulis
- From the Second Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (A.S., A.H.K., A.R., C.Z., K.V., G.T.); Acute Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Pireus, Greece (A.S., O.K.); Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (C.K., S.F., J.K.); Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (V.K.S.); Division of Neurology, National University Hospital, Singapore (V.K.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece (A.H.K.); Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (S.D., G.G.); First Department of Neurology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition University Hospital, Greece (N.T.); and Department of Neurology, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece (K.V.).
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24
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Peng SL, Ravi H, Sheng M, Thomas BP, Lu H. Searching for a truly "iso-metabolic" gas challenge in physiological MRI. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:715-725. [PMID: 26980756 PMCID: PMC5381460 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16638103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypercapnia challenge (e.g. inhalation of CO2) has been used in calibrated fMRI as well as in the mapping of vascular reactivity in cerebrovascular diseases. An important assumption underlying these measurements is that CO2 is a pure vascular challenge but does not alter neural activity. However, recent reports have suggested that CO2 inhalation may suppress neural activity and brain metabolic rate. Therefore, the goal of this study is to propose and test a gas challenge that is truly "iso-metabolic," by adding a hypoxic component to the hypercapnic challenge, since hypoxia has been shown to enhance cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2). Measurement of global CMRO2 under various gas challenge conditions revealed that, while hypercapnia (P = 0.002) and hypoxia (P = 0.002) individually altered CMRO2 (by -7.6 ± 1.7% and 16.7 ± 4.1%, respectively), inhalation of hypercapnic-hypoxia gas (5% CO2/13% O2) did not change brain metabolism (CMRO2 change: 1.5 ± 3.9%, P = 0.92). Moreover, cerebral blood flow response to the hypercapnic-hypoxia challenge (in terms of % change per mmHg CO2 change) was even greater than that to hypercapnia alone (P = 0.007). Findings in this study suggest that hypercapnic-hypoxia gas challenge may be a useful maneuver in physiological MRI as it preserves vasodilatory response yet does not alter brain metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Lei Peng
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Harshan Ravi
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, UT Arlington, Arlington, USA
| | - Min Sheng
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Binu P Thomas
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Hanzhang Lu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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25
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Hart J, Novak V, Saunders C, Gremaud PA. Transcranial Doppler-Based Surrogates for Cerebral Blood Flow: A Statistical Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165536. [PMID: 27880813 PMCID: PMC5120791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that perfusion in a given cerebral territory can be inferred from Blood Flow Velocity (BFV) measurements in the corresponding stem artery. In order to test this hypothesis, we construct a cerebral blood flow (CBF) estimator based on transcranial Doppler (TCD) blood flow velocity and ten other easily available patient characteristics and clinical parameters. A total of 261 measurements were collected from 88 older patients. The estimator is based on local regression (Random Forest). Its performance is analyzed against baseline CBF from 3-D pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Patient specific CBF predictions are of poor quality (r = 0.41 and p-value = 4.5 × 10−12); the hypothesis is thus not clearly supported by evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hart
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Vera Novak
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles Saunders
- Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre A. Gremaud
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Respiratory challenge MRI: Practical aspects. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 11:667-677. [PMID: 27330967 PMCID: PMC4901170 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory challenge MRI is the modification of arterial oxygen (PaO2) and/or carbon dioxide (PaCO2) concentration to induce a change in cerebral function or metabolism which is then measured by MRI. Alterations in arterial gas concentrations can lead to profound changes in cerebral haemodynamics which can be studied using a variety of MRI sequences. Whilst such experiments may provide a wealth of information, conducting them can be complex and challenging. In this paper we review the rationale for respiratory challenge MRI including the effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide on the cerebral circulation. We also discuss the planning, equipment, monitoring and techniques that have been used to undertake these experiments. We finally propose some recommendations in this evolving area for conducting these experiments to enhance data quality and comparison between techniques. Oxygen and carbon dioxide affect cerebral blood flow and metabolism. This can be imaged with various MRI sequences. The practicalities of these techniques are reviewed. Examples of how this has been used to understand disease mechanisms.
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Chung CC, Pimentel D, Jor'dan AJ, Hao Y, Milberg W, Novak V. Inflammation-associated declines in cerebral vasoreactivity and cognition in type 2 diabetes. Neurology 2015; 85:450-8. [PMID: 26156513 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the relationships between inflammation, cerebral vasoregulation, and cognitive decline in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) over a 2-year span. METHODS Sixty-five participants (aged 66 ± 9.2 years, 35 with T2DM, 33 women) were enrolled for this 2-year prospective study. Continuous arterial spin labeling at 3-tesla MRI was used to measure global and regional cerebral perfusion and vasoreactivity. Neuropsychological measures were evaluated at the beginning and completion of the study. The associations between serum inflammatory markers, regional cerebral vasoreactivity, and cognitive functions were examined using least squares models. RESULTS After 2 years of follow-up, participants with T2DM had diminished global and regional cerebral vasoreactivity and a decline in multiple cognitive tasks compared with baseline (p < 0.0001-0.012). In the T2DM group, lower cerebral vasoreactivity was associated with a greater decrease in daily living activities score (r(2) adj = 0.35, p = 0.04), and lower global vasodilation was associated with a greater decline in executive function (r(2) adj = 0.6, p = 0.047). Higher serum soluble intercellular and vascular adhesion molecules, higher cortisol, and higher C-reactive protein levels at baseline were associated with greater decreases in cerebral vasoreactivity and vasodilation only in the T2DM group (r(2) adj = 0.16-0.53, p = 0.007-0.048), independent of diabetes control and 24-hour blood pressure. Higher glycated hemoglobin A1c levels were associated with a greater increase in vasoconstriction in the T2DM group. CONCLUSIONS Inflammation may further impair cerebral vasoregulation, which consequently accelerates decline in executive function and daily activities performance in older people with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chih Chung
- From the Departments of Neurology (C.-C.C., D.P., V.N.) and Gerontology (D.P., A.J.J., Y.H., V.N.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (C.-C.C.), Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife (A.J.J.), and New England Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center-Boston Division, VA Boston Healthcare, and Department of Psychiatry (W.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina (Y.H.), Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Daniela Pimentel
- From the Departments of Neurology (C.-C.C., D.P., V.N.) and Gerontology (D.P., A.J.J., Y.H., V.N.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (C.-C.C.), Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife (A.J.J.), and New England Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center-Boston Division, VA Boston Healthcare, and Department of Psychiatry (W.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina (Y.H.), Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Azizah J Jor'dan
- From the Departments of Neurology (C.-C.C., D.P., V.N.) and Gerontology (D.P., A.J.J., Y.H., V.N.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (C.-C.C.), Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife (A.J.J.), and New England Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center-Boston Division, VA Boston Healthcare, and Department of Psychiatry (W.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina (Y.H.), Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Ying Hao
- From the Departments of Neurology (C.-C.C., D.P., V.N.) and Gerontology (D.P., A.J.J., Y.H., V.N.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (C.-C.C.), Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife (A.J.J.), and New England Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center-Boston Division, VA Boston Healthcare, and Department of Psychiatry (W.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina (Y.H.), Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - William Milberg
- From the Departments of Neurology (C.-C.C., D.P., V.N.) and Gerontology (D.P., A.J.J., Y.H., V.N.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (C.-C.C.), Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife (A.J.J.), and New England Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center-Boston Division, VA Boston Healthcare, and Department of Psychiatry (W.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina (Y.H.), Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Vera Novak
- From the Departments of Neurology (C.-C.C., D.P., V.N.) and Gerontology (D.P., A.J.J., Y.H., V.N.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (C.-C.C.), Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife (A.J.J.), and New England Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center-Boston Division, VA Boston Healthcare, and Department of Psychiatry (W.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina (Y.H.), Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China.
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Comparing cerebrovascular reactivity measured using BOLD and cerebral blood flow MRI: The effect of basal vascular tension on vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive reactivity. Neuroimage 2015; 110:110-23. [PMID: 25655446 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is an important metric of cerebrovascular health. While the BOLD fMRI method in conjunction with carbon-dioxide (CO2) based vascular manipulation has been the most commonly used, the BOLD signal is not a direct measure of vascular changes, and the use of arterial-spin labeling (ASL) cerebral blood flow (CBF) imaging is increasingly advocated. Nonetheless, given the differing dependencies of BOLD and CBF on vascular baseline conditions and the diverse CO2 manipulation types currently used in the literature, knowledge of potential biases introduced by each technique is critical for the interpretation of CVR measurements. In this work, we use simultaneous BOLD-CBF acquisitions during both vasodilatory (hypercapnic) and vasoconstrictive (hypocapnic) stimuli to measure CVR. We further imposed different levels of baseline vascular tension by inducing hypercapnic and hypocapnic baselines, separately from normocapnia by 4mmHg. We saw significant and diverse dependencies on vascular stimulus and baseline condition in both BOLD and CBF CVR measurements: (i) BOLD-based CVR is more sensitive to basal vascular tension than CBF-based CVR; (ii) the use of a combination of vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive stimuli maximizes the sensitivity of CBF-based CVR to vascular tension changes; (iii) the BOLD and CBF vascular response delays are both significantly lengthened at predilated baseline. As vascular tension can often be altered by potential pathology, our findings are important considerations when interpreting CVR measurements in health and disease.
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Takahashi C, Liang CW, Liebeskind DS, Hinman JD. To Tube or Not to Tube? The Role of Intubation during Stroke Thrombectomy. Front Neurol 2014; 5:170. [PMID: 25295027 PMCID: PMC4172061 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 10 years since the FDA first cleared the use of endovascular devices for the treatment of acute stroke, definitive evidence that such therapy improves outcomes remains lacking. The decision to intubate patients undergoing stroke thrombectomy impacts multiple variables that may influence outcomes after stroke. Three main areas where intubation may deleteriously affect acute stroke management include the introduction of delays in revascularization, fluctuations in peri-procedural blood pressure, and hypocapnia, resulting in cerebral vasoconstriction. In this mini-review, we discuss the evidence supporting these limitations of intubation during stroke thrombectomy and encourage neurohospitalists, neurocritical care specialists, and neurointerventionalists to carefully consider the decision to intubate during thrombectomy and provide strategies to avoid potential complications associated with its use in acute stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Takahashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurocritical Care, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, OR , USA
| | - Conrad W Liang
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - David S Liebeskind
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Jason D Hinman
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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Reproducibility of hypocapnic cerebrovascular reactivity measurements using BOLD fMRI in combination with a paced deep breathing task. Neuroimage 2014; 98:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Salinet ASM, Panerai RB, Robinson TG. The longitudinal evolution of cerebral blood flow regulation after acute ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra 2014; 4:186-97. [PMID: 25298773 PMCID: PMC4176407 DOI: 10.1159/000366017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute stroke is known to impair cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation, but the longitudinal changes of these effects have been poorly reported. The main CBF regulatory mechanisms [cerebral autoregulation (CA) and neurovascular coupling (NVC)] were assessed over 3 months after acute ischaemic stroke. METHODS Recordings of CBF velocity (CBFv), blood pressure (BP), and end-tidal CO2 were performed during 5 min baseline and 1 min passive movement of the elbow. Stroke patients were assessed <72 h of stroke onset, and at 2 weeks, 1 and 3 months after stroke. RESULTS Fifteen acute stroke subjects underwent all 4 sessions and were compared to 22 control subjects. Baseline recordings revealed a significantly lower CBFv in the affected hemisphere within 72 h after stroke compared to controls (p = 0.02) and a reduction in CA index most marked at 2 weeks (p = 0.009). CBFv rise in response to passive arm movement was decreased bilaterally after stroke, particularly in the affected hemisphere (p < 0.01). Both alterations in CA and NVC returned to control levels during recovery. CONCLUSION The major novel finding of this study was that both CA and NVC regulatory mechanisms deteriorated initially following stroke onset, but returned to control levels during the recovery period. These findings are relevant to guide the timing of interventions to manipulate BP and potentially for the impact of intensive rehabilitation strategies that may precipitate acute physiological perturbations but require further exploration in a larger population that better reflects the heterogeneity of stroke. Further, they will also enable the potential influence of stroke subtype to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela S M Salinet
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ronney B Panerai
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK ; National Institutes for Health Research, Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Sciences, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Thompson G Robinson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK ; National Institutes for Health Research, Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Sciences, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
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Sobczyk O, Battisti-Charbonney A, Fierstra J, Mandell D, Poublanc J, Crawley A, Mikulis D, Duffin J, Fisher J. A conceptual model for CO2-induced redistribution of cerebral blood flow with experimental confirmation using BOLD MRI. Neuroimage 2014; 92:56-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Migraine Improves after Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 22:e338-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Novak V, Milberg W, Hao Y, Munshi M, Novak P, Galica A, Manor B, Roberson P, Craft S, Abduljalil A. Enhancement of vasoreactivity and cognition by intranasal insulin in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013; 37:751-9. [PMID: 24101698 PMCID: PMC3931384 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine acute effects of intranasal insulin on regional cerebral perfusion and cognition in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a proof-of-concept, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention evaluating the effects of a single 40-IU dose of insulin or saline on vasoreactivity and cognition in 15 DM and 14 control subjects. Measurements included regional perfusion, vasodilatation to hypercapnia with 3-Tesla MRI, and neuropsychological evaluation. RESULTS Intranasal insulin administration was well tolerated and did not affect systemic glucose levels. No serious adverse events were reported. Across all subjects, intranasal insulin improved visuospatial memory (P ≤ 0.05). In the DM group, an increase of perfusion after insulin administration was greater in the insular cortex compared with the control group (P = 0.0003). Cognitive performance after insulin administration was related to regional vasoreactivity. Improvements of visuospatial memory after insulin administration in the DM group (R(2)adjusted = 0.44, P = 0.0098) and in the verbal fluency test in the control group (R(2)adjusted = 0.64, P = 0.0087) were correlated with vasodilatation in the middle cerebral artery territory. CONCLUSIONS Intranasal insulin administration appears safe, does not affect systemic glucose control, and may provide acute improvements of cognitive function in patients with type 2 DM, potentially through vasoreactivity mechanisms. Intranasal insulin-induced changes in cognitive function may be related to vasodilatation in the anterior brain regions, such as insular cortex that regulates attention-related task performance. Larger studies are warranted to identify long-term effects and predictors of positive cognitive response to intranasal insulin therapy.
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Krainik A, Villien M, Troprès I, Attyé A, Lamalle L, Bouvier J, Pietras J, Grand S, Le Bas JF, Warnking J. Functional imaging of cerebral perfusion. Diagn Interv Imaging 2013; 94:1259-78. [PMID: 24011870 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The functional imaging of perfusion enables the study of its properties such as the vasoreactivity to circulating gases, the autoregulation and the neurovascular coupling. Downstream from arterial stenosis, this imaging can estimate the vascular reserve and the risk of ischemia in order to adapt the therapeutic strategy. This method reveals the hemodynamic disorders in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease or with arteriovenous malformations revealed by epilepsy. Functional MRI of the vasoreactivity also helps to better interpret the functional MRI activation in practice and in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krainik
- Clinique universitaire de neuroradiologie et IRM, CHU de Grenoble, CS 10217, 38043 Grenoble cedex, France; Inserm U836, université Joseph-Fourier, site santé, chemin Fortuné-Ferrini, 38706 La Tronche cedex, France; UMS IRMaGe, unité IRM 3T recherche, CHU de Grenoble, CS 10217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
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Bright MG, Murphy K. Reliable quantification of BOLD fMRI cerebrovascular reactivity despite poor breath-hold performance. Neuroimage 2013; 83:559-68. [PMID: 23845426 PMCID: PMC3899001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) can be mapped using BOLD fMRI to provide a clinical insight into vascular health that can be used to diagnose cerebrovascular disease. Breath-holds are a readily accessible method for producing the required arterial CO2 increases but their implementation into clinical studies is limited by concerns that patients will demonstrate highly variable performance of breath-hold challenges. This study assesses the repeatability of CVR measurements despite poor task performance, to determine if and how robust results could be achieved with breath-holds in patients. Twelve healthy volunteers were scanned at 3 T. Six functional scans were acquired, each consisting of 6 breath-hold challenges (10, 15, or 20 s duration) interleaved with periods of paced breathing. These scans simulated the varying breath-hold consistency and ability levels that may occur in patient data. Uniform ramps, time-scaled ramps, and end-tidal CO2 data were used as regressors in a general linear model in order to measure CVR at the grey matter, regional, and voxelwise level. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) quantified the repeatability of the CVR measurement for each breath-hold regressor type and scale of interest across the variable task performances. The ramp regressors did not fully account for variability in breath-hold performance and did not achieve acceptable repeatability (ICC<0.4) in several regions analysed. In contrast, the end-tidal CO2 regressors resulted in "excellent" repeatability (ICC=0.82) in the average grey matter data, and resulted in acceptable repeatability in all smaller regions tested (ICC>0.4). Further analysis of intra-subject CVR variability across the brain (ICCspatial and voxelwise correlation) supported the use of end-tidal CO2 data to extract robust whole-brain CVR maps, despite variability in breath-hold performance. We conclude that the incorporation of end-tidal CO2 monitoring into scanning enables robust, repeatable measurement of CVR that makes breath-hold challenges suitable for routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly G Bright
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, UK.
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Impaired cerebral autoregulation is associated with brain atrophy and worse functional status in chronic ischemic stroke. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46794. [PMID: 23071639 PMCID: PMC3469603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) is impaired following stroke. However, the relationship between dCA, brain atrophy, and functional outcomes following stroke remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine whether impairment of dCA is associated with atrophy in specific regions or globally, thereby affecting daily functions in stroke patients. We performed a retrospective analysis of 33 subjects with chronic infarctions in the middle cerebral artery territory, and 109 age-matched non-stroke subjects. dCA was assessed via the phase relationship between arterial blood pressure and cerebral blood flow velocity. Brain tissue volumes were quantified from MRI. Functional status was assessed by gait speed, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), modified Rankin Scale, and NIH Stroke Score. Compared to the non-stroke group, stroke subjects showed degraded dCA bilaterally, and showed gray matter atrophy in the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes ipsilateral to infarct. In stroke subjects, better dCA was associated with less temporal lobe gray matter atrophy on the infracted side ( = 0.029), faster gait speed ( = 0.018) and lower IADL score (0.002). Our results indicate that better dynamic cerebral perfusion regulation is associated with less atrophy and better long-term functional status in older adults with chronic ischemic infarctions.
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Abstract
The relationship between cerebral hemodynamics and cognitive performance has increasingly become recognized as a major challenge in clinical practice for older adults. Both diabetes and hypertension worsen brain perfusion and are major risk factors for cerebrovascular disease, stroke and dementia. Cerebrovascular reserve has emerged as a potential biomarker for monitoring pressure-perfusion-cognition relationships. Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, microvascular disease, and mascrovascular disease affect cerebral hemodynamics and play an important role in pathohysiology and severity of multiple medical conditions, presenting as cognitive decline in the old age. Therefore, the identification of cerebrovascular vascular reactivity as a new therapeutic target is needed for prevention of cognitive decline late in life.
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A nonlinear dynamic approach reveals a long-term stroke effect on cerebral blood flow regulation at multiple time scales. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002601. [PMID: 22807666 PMCID: PMC3395609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral autoregulation (CA) is an important vascular control mechanism responsible for relatively stable cerebral blood flow despite changes of systemic blood pressure (BP). Impaired CA may leave brain tissue unprotected against potentially harmful effects of BP fluctuations. It is generally accepted that CA is less effective or even inactive at frequencies >∼0.1 Hz. Without any physiological foundation, this concept is based on studies that quantified the coupling between BP and cerebral blood flow velocity (BFV) using transfer function analysis. This traditional analysis assumes stationary oscillations with constant amplitude and period, and may be unreliable or even invalid for analysis of nonstationary BP and BFV signals. In this study we propose a novel computational tool for CA assessment that is based on nonlinear dynamic theory without the assumption of stationary signals. Using this method, we studied BP and BFV recordings collected from 39 patients with chronic ischemic infarctions and 40 age-matched non-stroke subjects during baseline resting conditions. The active CA function in non-stroke subjects was associated with an advanced phase in BFV oscillations compared to BP oscillations at frequencies from ∼0.02 to 0.38 Hz. The phase shift was reduced in stroke patients even at > = 6 months after stroke, and the reduction was consistent at all tested frequencies and in both stroke and non-stroke hemispheres. These results provide strong evidence that CA may be active in a much wider frequency region than previously believed and that the altered multiscale CA in different vascular territories following stroke may have important clinical implications for post-stroke recovery. Moreover, the stroke effects on multiscale cerebral blood flow regulation could not be detected by transfer function analysis, suggesting that nonlinear approaches without the assumption of stationarity are more sensitive for the assessment of the coupling of nonstationary physiological signals. Cerebral autoregulation is an important mechanism that regulates blood supply to brain tissue to match metabolic demands during daily activities. Impaired cerebral autoregulation increases the dependence of cerebral blood flow on systemic blood pressure, and is associated with fatal outcomes in patients after brain injury and acute ischemic stroke. Reliable and noninvasive assessment of cerebral autoregulation is still a major challenge in medical diagnostics and clinic studies, mainly because blood pressure and flow are intrinsically nonstationary (possessing complex oscillations/fluctuations with varying amplitude and frequency) while traditional methods for assessment of the pressure-flow dependence assume stationary signals. We propose a new computational technique that is based on nonlinear theories without the assumption of stationary signals. This technique allows us to detect the degradation of cerebral autoregulation in patients with mild ischemic stroke even at >6 months after the insult. The degradation was present in both stroke and non-stroke sides and was accompanied by an altered pressure-flow interaction over a wide range of frequencies from 0.02–0.38 Hz. Our results challenges the traditionally accepted functional region of autoregulation (<∼0.1 Hz). The observed long-term influences of stroke highlight the importance of reliable monitoring of cerebral blood flow regulation for the management and daily care of stroke patients.
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Donahue MJ, Strother MK, Hendrikse J. Novel MRI approaches for assessing cerebral hemodynamics in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 2012; 43:903-15. [PMID: 22343644 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.635995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in cerebral hemodynamics underlie a broad spectrum of ischemic cerebrovascular disorders. An ability to accurately and quantitatively measure hemodynamic (cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume) and related metabolic (cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen) parameters is important for understanding healthy brain function and comparative dysfunction in ischemia. Although positron emission tomography, single-photon emission tomography, and gadolinium-MRI approaches are common, more recently MRI approaches that do not require exogenous contrast have been introduced with variable sensitivity for hemodynamic parameters. The ability to obtain hemodynamic measurements with these new approaches is particularly appealing in clinical and research scenarios in which follow-up and longitudinal studies are necessary. The purpose of this review is to outline current state-of-the-art MRI methods for measuring cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen and provide practical tips to avoid imaging pitfalls. MRI studies of cerebrovascular disease performed without exogenous contrast are synopsized in the context of clinical relevance and methodological strengths and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manus J Donahue
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Novak V, Zhao P, Manor B, Sejdic E, Alsop D, Abduljalil A, Roberson PK, Munshi M, Novak P. Adhesion molecules, altered vasoreactivity, and brain atrophy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:2438-41. [PMID: 21926285 PMCID: PMC3198286 DOI: 10.2337/dc11-0969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of inflammation on perfusion regulation and brain volumes in type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 147 subjects (71 diabetic and 76 nondiabetic, aged 65.2 ± 8 years) were studied using 3T anatomical and continuous arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging. Analysis focused on the relationship between serum soluble vascular and intercellular adhesion molecules (sVCAM and sICAM, respectively, both markers of endothelial integrity), regional vasoreactivity, and tissue volumes. RESULTS Diabetic subjects had greater vasoconstriction reactivity, more atrophy, depression, and slower walking. Adhesion molecules were specifically related to gray matter atrophy (P = 0.04) and altered vasoreactivity (P = 0.03) in the diabetic and control groups. Regionally, sVCAM and sICAM were linked to exaggerated vasoconstriction, blunted vasodilatation, and increased cortical atrophy in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes (P = 0.04-0.003). sICAM correlated with worse functionality. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes is associated with cortical atrophy, vasoconstriction, and worse performance. Adhesion molecules, as markers of vascular health, have been indicated to contribute to altered vasoregulation and atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Novak
- Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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The effect of basal vasodilation on hypercapnic and hypocapnic reactivity measured using magnetic resonance imaging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:426-38. [PMID: 20959855 PMCID: PMC3049535 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity to vasodilatory hypercapnic and vasoconstrictive hypocapnic challenges is known to be altered in several hemodynamic disorders, which is often attributable to changes in smooth muscle-mediated vascular compliance. Recently, attenuated reactivity to hypercapnia but enhanced reactivity to hypocapnia was observed in patients with chronic stroke. We hypothesize that the latter observation could be explained by a change in the basal vascular tone. In particular, reduced cerebral perfusion pressure, as is prevalent in these patients, may cause vasodilation through autoregulatory mechanisms, and this compensatory baseline condition may alter reactivity to vasoconstrictive hypocapnic challenges. To test this hypothesis, a predilated vascular condition was created in young, healthy subjects (n=11; age=23 to 36 years) using inhalation of 4% CO(2). Using blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T, breath holding and cued deep breathing respiratory challenges were administered to assess hypercapnia and hypocapnia reactivity, respectively. During the predilated condition, vasoconstrictive reactivity to hypocapnia was significantly (21.1%, P=0.016) enhanced throughout the gray matter, whereas there was no significant change (6.4%, P=0.459) in hypercapnic vasodilatory reactivity. This suggests that baseline vasodilation may explain the enhanced hypocapnia reactivity observed in some stroke patients, and that hypocapnia challenges may help identify the level of vascular compliance in patients with reduced cerebral perfusion pressure.
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Lin WH, Hao Q, Rosengarten B, Leung WH, Wong KS. Impaired neurovascular coupling in ischaemic stroke patients with large or small vessel disease. Eur J Neurol 2010; 18:731-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
The relationship between blood pressure (BP) and cognitive outcomes in elderly adults has implications for global health care. Both hypertension and hypotension affect brain perfusion and worsen cognitive outcomes. The presence of hypertension and other vascular risk factors has been associated with decreased performance in executive function and attention tests. Cerebrovascular reserve has emerged as a potential biomarker for monitoring pressure-perfusion-cognition relationships. A decline in vascular reserve capacity can lead to impaired neurovascular coupling and decreased cognitive ability. Endothelial dysfunction, microvascular disease, and mascrovascular disease in midlife could also have an important role in the manifestations and severity of multiple medical conditions underlying cognitive decline late in life. However, questions remain about the role of antihypertensive therapies for long-term prevention of cognitive decline. In this Review, we address the underlying pathophysiology and the existing evidence supporting the role of vascular factors in late-life cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Novak
- Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, LMOB Suite 1b, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Hajjar I, Zhao P, Alsop D, Novak V. Hypertension and cerebral vasoreactivity: a continuous arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging study. Hypertension 2010; 56:859-64. [PMID: 20876450 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.160002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is associated with microvascular and macrovascular brain injury but its direct influence on the cerebral circulation is not fully clear. Our objective was to investigate the association of hypertension with global and regional cerebral vasoreactivity to CO(2) using continuous arterial spin labeling MRI, independent of stroke and white matter hyperintensities. Participants (n=62; mean age: 66.7±1.0 years, 55% women, 84% white, 65% hypertension, 47% stroke) underwent arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI during normal breathing, 5% CO(2) rebreathing, and hyperventilation, as well as 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Vasoreactivity was the slope of the regression between cerebral perfusion and end-tidal CO(2). White matter hyperintensity volumes were quantified. Nighttime dipping was calculated as the percentage decline in nighttime/daytime blood pressure. After accounting for stroke and white matter hyperintensity volume, hypertensive participants had lower global vasoreactivity (1.11±0.13 versus 0.43±0.1 mL/100 g per minute per millimeter of mercury; P=0.0012). Regionally, this was significant in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. Higher mean systolic blood pressure was associated with lower vasoreactivity (decreased by 0.11 U/10-mm Hg increase in systolic blood pressure; P=0.04), but nighttime dipping was not (P=0.2). The magnitude of decrease in vasoreactivity in hypertension without stroke was comparable to the magnitude of decrease in vasoreactivity in stroke without hypertension. Hypertension has a direct negative effect on the cerebrovascular circulation independent of white matter hyperintensities and stroke that is comparable to that seen with stroke. Because lower vasoreactivity is associated with poor outcomes, studies of the impact of antihypertensive on vasoreactivity are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Hajjar
- Harvard Medical School, Institute for Aging Research/Hebrew SeniorLife, Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02131, USA.
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Bokkers RPH, van Osch MJP, van der Worp HB, de Borst GJ, Mali WPTM, Hendrikse J. Symptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis: Impairment of Cerebral Autoregulation Measured at the Brain Tissue Level with Arterial Spin-labeling MR Imaging. Radiology 2010; 256:201-8. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.10091262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Logvinova AV, Litt L, Young WL, Lee CZ. Anesthetic concerns in patients with known cerebrovascular insufficiency. Anesthesiol Clin 2010; 28:1-12. [PMID: 20400036 DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This review outlines the perioperative anesthesia considerations of patients with vascular diseases of the central nervous system, including occlusive cerebrovascular diseases with ischemic risks and various cerebrovascular malformations with hemorrhagic potential. The discussion emphasizes perioperative management strategies to prevent complications and minimize their effects if they occur. Planning the anesthetic and perioperative management is predicated on understanding the goals of the therapeutic intervention and anticipating potential problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Logvinova
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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Novak V, Hu K, Desrochers L, Novak P, Caplan L, Lipsitz L, Selim M. Cerebral flow velocities during daily activities depend on blood pressure in patients with chronic ischemic infarctions. Stroke 2009; 41:61-6. [PMID: 19959536 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.565556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Target blood pressure (BP) values for optimal cerebral perfusion after an ischemic stroke are still debated. We sought to examine the relationship between BP and cerebral blood flow velocities (BFVs) during daily activities. METHODS We studied 43 patients with chronic large vessel ischemic infarctions in the middle cerebral artery territory (aged 64.2+/-8.94 years; at 6.1+/-4.9 years after stroke) and 67 age-matched control subjects. BFVs in middle cerebral arteries were measured during supine baseline, sitting, standing, and tilt. A regression analysis and a dynamic phase analysis were used to quantify the BP-BFV relationship. RESULTS The mean arterial pressure was similar between the groups (89+/-15 mm Hg). Baseline BFVs were lower by approximately 30% in the patients with stroke compared with the control subjects (P=0.0001). BFV declined further with postural changes and remained lower in the stroke group during sitting (P=0.003), standing (P=0.003), and tilt (P=0.002) as compared with the control group. Average BFVs on the stroke side were positively correlated with BP during baseline (R=0.54, P=0.0022, the slope 0.46 cm/s/mm Hg) and tilt (R=0.52, P=0.0028, the slope 0.40 cm/s/mm Hg). Regression analysis suggested that BFV may increase approximately 30% to 50% at mean BP >100 mm Hg. Orthostatic hypotension during the first minute of tilt or standing was independently associated with lower BFV on the stroke side (P=0.0008). Baseline BP-BFV phase shift derived from the phase analysis was smaller on the stroke side (P=0.0006). CONCLUSIONS We found that BFVs are lower in patients with stroke and daily activities such as standing could induce hypoperfusion. BFVs increase with mean arterial pressure >100 mm Hg. Dependency of BFV on arterial pressure may have implications for BP management after stroke. Further prospective investigations are needed to determine the impact of these findings on functional recovery and strategies to improve perfusion pressure during daily activities after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Novak
- Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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