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Schejter‐Margalit T, Binyamin NB, Thaler A, Maidan I, Cedarbaum JM, Orr‐Urtreger A, Gana Weisz M, Goldstein O, Giladi N, Mirelman A, Kizony R. Validity of the Short Weekly Calendar Planning Activity in patients with Parkinson disease and nonmanifesting LRRK2 and GBA carriers. Eur J Neurol 2024; 31:e16327. [PMID: 38743695 PMCID: PMC11235808 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Subtle executive dysfunction is common in people newly diagnosed with Parkinson disease (PD), even when general cognitive abilities are intact. This study examined the Short Weekly Calendar Planning Activity (WCPA-10)'s known-group construct validity, comparing persons with PD to healthy controls (HCs) and nonmanifesting carriers of LRRK2 and GBA gene mutations to HCs. Additionally, convergent and ecological validity was examined. METHODS The study included 73 participants: 22 with idiopathic PD (iPD) who do not carry any of the founder GBA mutations or LRRK2-G2019S, 29 nonmanifesting carriers of the G2019S-LRRK2 (n = 14) and GBA (n = 15) mutations, and 22 HCs. Known-group validity was determined using the WCPA-10, convergent validity by also using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Color Trails Test (CTT), and ecological validity by using the WCPA-10, Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale (SE ADL), and Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). RESULTS Known-group validity of the WCPA-10 was established for the iPD group only; they followed fewer rules (p = 0.020), were slower (p = 0.003) and less efficient (p = 0.001), used more strategies (p = 0.017) on the WCPA-10, and achieved significantly lower CTT scores (p < 0.001) than the HCs. The nonmanifesting carriers and HCs were similar on all cognitive tests. Convergent and ecological validity of the WCPA-10 were partially established, with few correlations between WCPA-10 outcome measures and the MoCA (r = 0.50, r = 0.41), CTT-2 (r = 0.43), SE ADL (r = 0.41), and PASE (r = 0.54, r = 0.46, r = 0.31). CONCLUSIONS This study affirms the known-group validity for most (four) WCPA-10 scores and partially confirms its convergent and ecological validity for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Schejter‐Margalit
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and MobilityTel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
- Occupational Therapy DepartmentUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | | | - Avner Thaler
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and MobilityTel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
- Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of NeuroscienceTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Inbal Maidan
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and MobilityTel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
- Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of NeuroscienceTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Jesse M. Cedarbaum
- Yale University School of Medicine and Coeruleus Clinical SciencesWoodbridgeConnecticutUSA
| | - Avi Orr‐Urtreger
- Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of NeuroscienceTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Genomic Research Laboratory for NeurodegenerationTel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
| | - Mali Gana Weisz
- Genomic Research Laboratory for NeurodegenerationTel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
| | - Orly Goldstein
- Genomic Research Laboratory for NeurodegenerationTel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
| | - Nir Giladi
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and MobilityTel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
- Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of NeuroscienceTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Anat Mirelman
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and MobilityTel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
- Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of NeuroscienceTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Rachel Kizony
- Occupational Therapy DepartmentUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
- Occupational TherapySheba Medical CenterTel HashomerIsrael
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2
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Barreh GA, Sghaier I, Abida Y, Gharbi A, Nasri A, Mrabet S, Souissi A, Djebara MB, Trabelsi S, Kacem I, Gargouri-Berrechid A, Gouider R. The Impact of LRRK2 G2019S on Parkinson's Disease: Clinical Phenotype and Treatment in Tunisian Patients. J Mov Disord 2024; 17:294-303. [PMID: 38649328 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.23276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE LRRK2-G2019S is the most frequent mutation in North African Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Data on its impact on disease progression and treatment response remain elusive. Therefore, we investigated the clinical features, treatments, and complications of PD in Tunisian patients according to their LRRK2-G2019S profile. METHODS This longitudinal retrospective study was performed in the Department of Neurology, Razi University Hospital. We included clinically diagnosed PD patients according to the Movement Disorders Society criteria and reviewed their medical records for clinical, treatment, and neuropsychological assessments. All patients were screened for the LRRK2-G2019S mutation using Sanger sequencing. The correlation between LRRK2-G2019S and clinical PD features was evaluated. RESULTS We included 393 PD patients, 41.5% of whom had LRRK2-G2019S mutations. Patients with mutations were younger (p = 0.017), and female PD patients had a greater mutation frequency (p = 0.008). Mutation carriers exhibited distinct clinical features, with a greater frequency of postural instability gait difficulty forms (adjusted-p < 0.001). During disease progression, carriers showed a faster annual progression in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Section III scores (adjusted-p = 0.009), and significantly higher levodopa equivalent dose values in later stages (1060.81 vs. 877.83 for 6-8 years). Motor complications, such as dyskinesia (adjusted-p < 0.001) and motor fluctuations (31.9% vs. 25.7%, adjusted-p < 0.001), were more prevalent in carriers, particularly in the later stages. LRRK2-G2019S carriers also exhibited a lower prevalence of non-motor symptoms, including episodic memory (adjusted-p < 0.001), attention (adjusted-p < 0.001), and dysexecutive disorders (adjusted-p = 0.038), as well as neuropsychiatric symptoms and dysautonomic signs. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that the variability of the clinical profile among Tunisian PD patients was explained by the incomplete penetrance of LRRK2-G2019S, which increased with age. Further studies using biomarker and disease progression data are necessary to improve PD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guedi Ali Barreh
- Neurology Department, LR18SP03, Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) "Neurosciences and Mental Health", Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Sghaier
- Neurology Department, LR18SP03, Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) "Neurosciences and Mental Health", Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Youssef Abida
- Neurology Department, LR18SP03, Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) "Neurosciences and Mental Health", Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Alya Gharbi
- Neurology Department, LR18SP03, Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) "Neurosciences and Mental Health", Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amina Nasri
- Neurology Department, LR18SP03, Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) "Neurosciences and Mental Health", Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saloua Mrabet
- Neurology Department, LR18SP03, Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) "Neurosciences and Mental Health", Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amira Souissi
- Neurology Department, LR18SP03, Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) "Neurosciences and Mental Health", Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Ben Djebara
- Neurology Department, LR18SP03, Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) "Neurosciences and Mental Health", Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sameh Trabelsi
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) "Neurosciences and Mental Health", Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, National Center of Pharmacovigilance, Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology LR16SP02, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Kacem
- Neurology Department, LR18SP03, Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) "Neurosciences and Mental Health", Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amina Gargouri-Berrechid
- Neurology Department, LR18SP03, Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) "Neurosciences and Mental Health", Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Gouider
- Neurology Department, LR18SP03, Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) "Neurosciences and Mental Health", Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Guevara CA, Alloo K, Gupta S, Thomas R, Del Valle P, Magee AR, Benson DL, Huntley GW. Parkinson's LRRK2-G2019S risk gene mutation drives sex-specific behavioral and cellular adaptations to chronic variable stress. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.05.597647. [PMID: 38895277 PMCID: PMC11185622 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.05.597647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Anxiety is a psychiatric non-motor symptom of Parkinson's that can appear in the prodromal period, prior to significant loss of brainstem dopamine neurons and motor symptoms. Parkinson's-related anxiety affects females more than males, despite the greater prevalence of Parkinson's in males. How stress, anxiety and Parkinson's are related and the basis for a sex-specific impact of stress in Parkinson's are not clear. We addressed this using young adult male and female mice carrying a G2019S knockin mutation of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 ( Lrrk2 G2019S ) and Lrrk2 WT control mice. In humans, LRRK2 G2019S significantly elevates the risk of late-onset Parkinson's. To assess within-sex differences between Lrrk2 G2019S and control mice in stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors in young adulthood, we used a within-subject design whereby Lrrk2 G2019S and Lrrk2 WT control mice underwent tests of anxiety-like behaviors before (baseline) and following a 28 day (d) variable stress paradigm. There were no differences in behavioral measures between genotypes in males or females at baseline, indicating that the mutation alone does not produce anxiety-like responses. Following chronic stress, male Lrrk2 G2019S mice were affected similarly to male wildtypes except for novelty-suppressed feeding, where stress had no impact on Lrrk2 G2019S mice while significantly increasing latency to feed in Lrrk2 WT control mice. Female Lrrk2 G2019S mice were impacted by chronic stress similarly to wildtype females across all behavioral measures. Subsequent post-stress analyses compared cFos immunolabeling-based cellular activity patterns across several stress-relevant brain regions. The density of cFos-activated neurons across brain regions in both male and female Lrrk2 G2019S mice was generally lower compared to stressed Lrrk2 WT mice, except for the nucleus accumbens of male Lrrk2 G2019S mice, where cFos-labeled cell density was significantly higher than all other groups. Together, these data suggest that the Lrrk2 G2019S mutation differentially impacts anxiety-like behavioral responses to chronic stress in males and females that may reflect sex-specific adaptations observed in circuit activation patterns in stress-related brain regions.
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Tropea TF, Hartstone W, Amari N, Baum D, Rick J, Suh E, Zhang H, Paul RA, Han N, Zack R, Brody EM, Albuja I, James J, Spindler M, Deik A, Aamodt WW, Dahodwala N, Hamedani A, Lasker A, Hurtig H, Stern M, Weintraub D, Vaswani P, Willis AW, Siderowf A, Xie SX, Van Deerlin V, Chen-Plotkin AS. Genetic and phenotypic characterization of Parkinson's disease at the clinic-wide level. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:97. [PMID: 38702337 PMCID: PMC11068880 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Observational studies in Parkinson's disease (PD) deeply characterize relatively small numbers of participants. The Molecular Integration in Neurological Diagnosis Initiative seeks to characterize molecular and clinical features of every PD patient at the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn). The objectives of this study are to determine the feasibility of genetic characterization in PD and assess clinical features by sex and GBA1/LRRK2 status on a clinic-wide scale. All PD patients with clinical visits at the UPenn PD Center between 9/2018 and 12/2022 were eligible. Blood or saliva were collected, and a clinical questionnaire administered. Genotyping at 14 GBA1 and 8 LRRK2 variants was performed. PD symptoms were compared by sex and gene groups. 2063 patients were approached and 1,689 (82%) were enrolled, with 374 (18%) declining to participate. 608 (36%) females were enrolled, 159 (9%) carried a GBA1 variant, and 44 (3%) carried a LRRK2 variant. Compared with males, females across gene groups more frequently reported dystonia (53% vs 46%, p = 0.01) and anxiety (64% vs 55%, p < 0.01), but less frequently reported cognitive impairment (10% vs 49%, p < 0.01) and vivid dreaming (53% vs 60%, p = 0.01). GBA1 variant carriers more frequently reported anxiety (67% vs 57%, p = 0.04) and depression (62% vs 46%, p < 0.01) than non-carriers; LRRK2 variant carriers did not differ from non-carriers. We report feasibility for near-clinic-wide enrollment and characterization of individuals with PD during clinical visits at a high-volume academic center. Clinical symptoms differ by sex and GBA1, but not LRRK2, status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Tropea
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Whitney Hartstone
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Noor Amari
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dylan Baum
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Rick
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eunran Suh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel A Paul
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Noah Han
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Zack
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eliza M Brody
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Isabela Albuja
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin James
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meredith Spindler
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andres Deik
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Whitley W Aamodt
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nabila Dahodwala
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ali Hamedani
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Centers (PADRECC), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aaron Lasker
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Howard Hurtig
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Stern
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Centers (PADRECC), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pavan Vaswani
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Centers (PADRECC), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allison W Willis
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Centers (PADRECC), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Siderowf
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharon X Xie
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Alice S Chen-Plotkin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Wallings R, McFarland K, Staley H, Neighbarger N, Schaake S, Brueggemann N, Zittel S, Usnich T, Klein C, Sammler E, Tansey MG. The R1441C-LRRK2 mutation induces myeloid immune cell exhaustion in an age- and sex-dependent manner. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.12.562063. [PMID: 37905053 PMCID: PMC10614788 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.562063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Considering age is the greatest risk factor for many neurodegenerative diseases, aging, in particular aging of the immune system, is the most underappreciated and understudied contributing factor in the neurodegeneration field. Genetic variation around the LRRK2 gene affects risk of both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) protein has been implicated in peripheral immune signaling, however, the effects of an aging immune system on LRRK2 function have been neglected to be considered. We demonstrate here that the R1441C mutation induces a hyper-responsive phenotype in macrophages from young female mice, characterized by increased effector functions, including stimulation-dependent antigen presentation, cytokine release, phagocytosis, and lysosomal function. This is followed by age-acquired immune cell exhaustion in a Lrrk2-kinase-dependent manner. Immune-exhausted macrophages exhibit suppressed antigen presentation and hypophagocytosis, which is also demonstrated in myeloid cells from R1441C and Y1699C-PD patients. Our novel findings that LRRK2 mutations confer immunological advantage at a young age but may predispose the carrier to age-acquired immune exhaustion have significant implications for LRRK2 biology and therapeutic development. Indeed, LRRK2 has become an appealing target in PD, but our findings suggest that more research is required to understand the cell-type specific consequences and optimal timing of LRRK2-targeting therapeutics.
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Khani M, Cerquera-Cleves C, Kekenadze M, Crea PAW, Singleton AB, Bandres-Ciga S. Towards a Global View of Parkinson's Disease Genetics. Ann Neurol 2024; 95:831-842. [PMID: 38557965 PMCID: PMC11060911 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a global health challenge, yet historically studies of PD have taken place predominantly in European populations. Recent genetics research conducted in non-European populations has revealed novel population-specific genetic loci linked to PD risk, highlighting the importance of studying PD globally. These insights have broadened our understanding of PD etiology, which is crucial for developing disease-modifying interventions. This review comprehensively explores the global genetic landscape of PD, emphasizing the scientific rationale for studying underrepresented populations. It underscores challenges, such as genotype-phenotype heterogeneity and inclusion difficulties for non-European participants, emphasizing the ongoing need for diverse and inclusive research in PD. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:831-842.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Khani
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Catalina Cerquera-Cleves
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, San Ignacio Hospital, Neurology Unit, Bogotá, Colombia
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Laval University. Quebec City, Canada
| | - Mariam Kekenadze
- Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, 0141, Georgia
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology , WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Peter A. Wild Crea
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew B. Singleton
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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7
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Savoie FA, Arpin DJ, Vaillancourt DE. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Nuclear Imaging of Parkinsonian Disorders: Where do we go from here? Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1583-1605. [PMID: 37533246 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230801140648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinsonian disorders are a heterogeneous group of incurable neurodegenerative diseases that significantly reduce quality of life and constitute a substantial economic burden. Nuclear imaging (NI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have played and continue to play a key role in research aimed at understanding and monitoring these disorders. MRI is cheaper, more accessible, nonirradiating, and better at measuring biological structures and hemodynamics than NI. NI, on the other hand, can track molecular processes, which may be crucial for the development of efficient diseasemodifying therapies. Given the strengths and weaknesses of NI and MRI, how can they best be applied to Parkinsonism research going forward? This review aims to examine the effectiveness of NI and MRI in three areas of Parkinsonism research (differential diagnosis, prodromal disease identification, and disease monitoring) to highlight where they can be most impactful. Based on the available literature, MRI can assist with differential diagnosis, prodromal disease identification, and disease monitoring as well as NI. However, more work is needed, to confirm the value of MRI for monitoring prodromal disease and predicting phenoconversion. Although NI can complement or be a substitute for MRI in all the areas covered in this review, we believe that its most meaningful impact will emerge once reliable Parkinsonian proteinopathy tracers become available. Future work in tracer development and high-field imaging will continue to influence the landscape for NI and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix-Antoine Savoie
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David J Arpin
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David E Vaillancourt
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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8
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El Otmani H, Daghi M, Tahiri Jouti N, Lesage S. An overview of the worldwide distribution of LRRK2 mutations in Parkinson's disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2023; 13:335-350. [PMID: 38305913 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2023-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with significant genetic influence. The LRRK2 gene is a major genetic contributor, particularly the Gly2019Ser mutation. This focused review investigates the global distribution of LRRK2 mutations, with emphasis on Gly2019Ser and other pathogenic variants. Prevalence rates of Gly2019Ser are highest in North Africa and the Ashkenazi-Jewish population, indicating a potential common ancestor and founder effect. Other LRRK2 mutations, including Asn1437His, Arg1441Gly/Cys/His, Tyr1699Cys and Ile2020Thr, exhibit varying global prevalences. Understanding these distributions enhances our knowledge of PD genetics and aids personalized medicine. Further research is crucial to unravel clinical implications and develop targeted therapies for LRRK2 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham El Otmani
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics & Molecular Pathology. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, 20250, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Inflammatory, Degenerative & Oncologic Pathophysiology. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, 20250, Morocco
- Department of Neurology. Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, 20360, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Daghi
- Research Laboratory of Nervous System Diseases, Neurosensory Disorders & Disability. Faculty of Medicine & Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, 20250, Morocco
| | - Nadia Tahiri Jouti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Inflammatory, Degenerative & Oncologic Pathophysiology. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, 20250, Morocco
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Sorbonne University, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute, ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, 75013, France
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9
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Cabezudo D, Tsafaras G, Van Acker E, Van den Haute C, Baekelandt V. Mutant LRRK2 exacerbates immune response and neurodegeneration in a chronic model of experimental colitis. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 146:245-261. [PMID: 37289222 PMCID: PMC10328902 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The link between the gut and the brain in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis is currently a subject of intense research. Indeed, gastrointestinal dysfunction is known as an early symptom in PD and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has recently been recognised as a risk factor for PD. The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a PD- and IBD-related protein with highest expression in immune cells. In this study, we provide evidence for a central role of LRRK2 in gut inflammation and PD. The presence of the gain-of-function G2019S mutation significantly increases the disease phenotype and inflammatory response in a mouse model of experimental colitis based on chronic dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) administration. Bone marrow transplantation of wild-type cells into G2019S knock-in mice fully rescued this exacerbated response, proving the key role of mutant LRRK2 in immune cells in this experimental colitis model. Furthermore, partial pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity also reduced the colitis phenotype and inflammation. Moreover, chronic experimental colitis also induced neuroinflammation and infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the brain of G2019S knock-in mice. Finally, combination of experimental colitis with overexpression of α-synuclein in the substantia nigra aggravated motor deficits and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in G2019S knock-in mice. Taken together, our results link LRRK2 with the immune response in colitis and provide evidence that gut inflammation can impact brain homeostasis and contribute to neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cabezudo
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - George Tsafaras
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Van Acker
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Viral Vector Core, Herestraat 49, box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Agin-Liebes J, Hickman RA, Vonsattel JP, Faust PL, Flowers X, Sosunova IU, Ntiri J, Mayeux R, Surface M, Marder K, Fahn S, Przedborski S, Alcalay RN. Patterns of TDP-43 Deposition in Brains with LRRK2 G2019S Mutations. Mov Disord 2023; 38:1541-1545. [PMID: 37218402 PMCID: PMC10524857 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess for TDP-43 deposits in brains with and without a LRRK2 G2019S mutation. BACKGROUND LRRK2 G2019S mutations have been associated with parkinsonism and a wide range of pathological findings. There are no systematic studies examining the frequency and extent of TDP-43 deposits in neuropathological samples from LRRK2 G2019S carriers. METHODS Twelve brains with LRRK2 G2019S mutations were available for study from the New York Brain Bank at Columbia University; 11 of them had samples available for TDP-43 immunostaining. Clinical, demographic, and pathological data are reported for 11 brains with a LRRK2 G2019S mutation and compared to 11 brains without GBA1 or LRRK2 G2019S mutations with a pathologic diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) or diffuse Lewy body disease. They were frequency matched by age, gender, parkinsonism age of onset, and disease duration. RESULTS TDP-43 aggregates were present in 73% (n = 8) of brains with a LRRK2 mutation and 18% (n = 2) of brains without a LRRK2 mutation (P = 0.03). In one brain with a LRRK2 mutation, TDP-43 proteinopathy was the primary neuropathological change. CONCLUSIONS Extranuclear TDP-43 aggregates are observed with greater frequency in LRRK2 G2019S autopsies compared to PD cases without a LRRK2 G2019S mutation. The association between LRRK2 and TDP-43 should be further explored. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Agin-Liebes
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Richard A. Hickman
- Department of Defense/Uniformed Services University Brain Tissue Repository, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jean Paul Vonsattel
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 630 W 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Phyllis L. Faust
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 630 W 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Xena Flowers
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 630 W 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | | | - Joel Ntiri
- Columbia College, 1130 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Matthew Surface
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karen Marder
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Stanley Fahn
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Serge Przedborski
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 630 W 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Neuroscience Columbia University, 630 W 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Roy N. Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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11
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Taymans JM, Fell M, Greenamyre T, Hirst WD, Mamais A, Padmanabhan S, Peter I, Rideout H, Thaler A. Perspective on the current state of the LRRK2 field. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:104. [PMID: 37393318 PMCID: PMC10314919 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost 2 decades after linking LRRK2 to Parkinson's disease, a vibrant research field has developed around the study of this gene and its protein product. Recent studies have begun to elucidate molecular structures of LRRK2 and its complexes, and our understanding of LRRK2 has continued to grow, affirming decisions made years ago to therapeutically target this enzyme for PD. Markers of LRRK2 activity, with potential to monitor disease progression or treatment efficacy, are also under development. Interestingly, there is a growing understanding of the role of LRRK2 outside of the central nervous system in peripheral tissues such as gut and immune cells that may also contribute to LRRK2 mediated pathology. In this perspective, our goal is to take stock of LRRK2 research by discussing the current state of knowledge and critical open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Taymans
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Matt Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tim Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Suite 7039, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Warren D Hirst
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shalini Padmanabhan
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY, 10120, USA
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hardy Rideout
- Centre for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Avner Thaler
- Movement Disorders Unit and Laboratory of Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Faculty of medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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12
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Gasser T. Genetic testing for Parkinson's disease in clinical practice. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:777-782. [PMID: 36929227 PMCID: PMC10199829 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02612-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The identification of disease-causing mutations or strong risk factors for Parkinson's disease in genes encoding proteins such as α-synuclein (SNCA), leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2), or glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) has led to a better understanding of the different components of disease pathogenesis. Many gene and mutation-specific targeted disease-modifying treatments are under development and several studies are under way. It is, therefore, important to raise awareness among patients and their families and to offer genetic testing, at least to those patients who are considering to participate in innovative trials.
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13
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Daykin EC, Poffenberger CN, Do J, Ryan E, Tayebi N, Sidransky E, Lopez G, Hadley DW. An exploration of knowledge, risk perceptions, and communication in a family with multiple genetic risks for Parkinson's disease. J Genet Couns 2023; 32:750-757. [PMID: 36617666 PMCID: PMC10272062 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Genomic testing increasingly challenges health care providers and patients to understand, share, and use information. The provision of polygenic risks is anticipated to complicate comprehension, communication, and risk perception further. This manuscript aims to illuminate the challenges confronting families with multiple genetic risks for Parkinson's disease. Identifying and planning for such issues may prove valuable to family members now and in the future, should neuroprotective or genotype-specific therapies become available. We present qualitative data from interviews with a multi-generational family carrying pathogenic variants in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) genes which are associated with an increased risk for developing Parkinson's disease (PD). The family includes two brothers (heterozygous for LRRK2 p.G2019S and homozygous for GBA1 p.N409S) and their four descendants. The brothers were concordant for GD and discordant for PD. Genetic counseling and testing were provided to four of the six participants. Two years later, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the initial participants (n = 4) and two additional first-degree relatives. Interviews were transcribed and thematically analyzed, providing the basis for this report. Illuminated topics include the perceived risk of developing PD, recall of genetic information, and family communication. With the expanding use of exome and genome sequencing, we anticipate that genetic counselors will increasingly face the challenges demonstrated by this case involving multiple genetic risks for PD, limited data to clarify risk, and the inherent variability of family communication, genetic knowledge, and risk perception. This clinical case report provides a compelling narrative demonstrating the need for additional research exploring these multifaceted topics relevant to both families facing these challenges and providers striving to assist, support and guide their journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Daykin
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Jenny Do
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Emory Ryan
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nahid Tayebi
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Grisel Lopez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Donald W. Hadley
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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14
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Ito G, Utsunomiya-Tate N. Overview of the Impact of Pathogenic LRRK2 Mutations in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050845. [PMID: 37238714 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large protein kinase that physiologically phosphorylates and regulates the function of several Rab proteins. LRRK2 is genetically implicated in the pathogenesis of both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), although the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Several pathogenic mutations in the LRRK2 gene have been identified, and in most cases the clinical symptoms that PD patients with LRRK2 mutations develop are indistinguishable from those of typical PD. However, it has been shown that the pathological manifestations in the brains of PD patients with LRRK2 mutations are remarkably variable when compared to sporadic PD, ranging from typical PD pathology with Lewy bodies to nigral degeneration with deposition of other amyloidogenic proteins. The pathogenic mutations in LRRK2 are also known to affect the functions and structure of LRRK2, the differences in which may be partly attributable to the variations observed in patient pathology. In this review, in order to help researchers unfamiliar with the field to understand the mechanism of pathogenesis of LRRK2-associated PD, we summarize the clinical and pathological manifestations caused by pathogenic mutations in LRRK2, their impact on the molecular function and structure of LRRK2, and their historical background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Naoko Utsunomiya-Tate
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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15
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Siderowf A, Concha-Marambio L, Lafontant DE, Farris CM, Ma Y, Urenia PA, Nguyen H, Alcalay RN, Chahine LM, Foroud T, Galasko D, Kieburtz K, Merchant K, Mollenhauer B, Poston KL, Seibyl J, Simuni T, Tanner CM, Weintraub D, Videnovic A, Choi SH, Kurth R, Caspell-Garcia C, Coffey CS, Frasier M, Oliveira LMA, Hutten SJ, Sherer T, Marek K, Soto C. Assessment of heterogeneity among participants in the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative cohort using α-synuclein seed amplification: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol 2023; 22:407-417. [PMID: 37059509 PMCID: PMC10627170 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 168.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence shows that α-synuclein seed amplification assays (SAAs) have the potential to differentiate people with Parkinson's disease from healthy controls. We used the well characterised, multicentre Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) cohort to further assess the diagnostic performance of the α-synuclein SAA and to examine whether the assay identifies heterogeneity among patients and enables the early identification of at-risk groups. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis is based on assessments done at enrolment for PPMI participants (including people with sporadic Parkinson's disease from LRRK2 and GBA variants, healthy controls, prodromal individuals with either rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) or hyposmia, and non-manifesting carriers of LRRK2 and GBA variants) from 33 participating academic neurology outpatient practices worldwide (in Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, the UK, and the USA). α-synuclein SAA analysis of CSF was performed using previously described methods. We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of the α-synuclein SAA in participants with Parkinson's disease and healthy controls, including subgroups based on genetic and clinical features. We established the frequency of positive α-synuclein SAA results in prodromal participants (RBD and hyposmia) and non-manifesting carriers of genetic variants associated with Parkinson's disease, and compared α-synuclein SAA to clinical measures and other biomarkers. We used odds ratio estimates with 95% CIs to measure the association between α-synuclein SAA status and categorical measures, and two-sample 95% CIs from the resampling method to assess differences in medians between α-synuclein SAA positive and negative participants for continuous measures. A linear regression model was used to control for potential confounders such as age and sex. FINDINGS This analysis included 1123 participants who were enrolled between July 7, 2010, and July 4, 2019. Of these, 545 had Parkinson's disease, 163 were healthy controls, 54 were participants with scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit, 51 were prodromal participants, and 310 were non-manifesting carriers. Sensitivity for Parkinson's disease was 87·7% (95% CI 84·9-90·5), and specificity for healthy controls was 96·3% (93·4-99·2). The sensitivity of the α-synuclein SAA in sporadic Parkinson's disease with the typical olfactory deficit was 98·6% (96·4-99·4). The proportion of positive α-synuclein SAA was lower than this figure in subgroups including LRRK2 Parkinson's disease (67·5% [59·2-75·8]) and participants with sporadic Parkinson's disease without olfactory deficit (78·3% [69·8-86·7]). Participants with LRRK2 variant and normal olfaction had an even lower α-synuclein SAA positivity rate (34·7% [21·4-48·0]). Among prodromal and at-risk groups, 44 (86%) of 51 of participants with RBD or hyposmia had positive α-synuclein SAA (16 of 18 with hyposmia, and 28 of 33 with RBD). 25 (8%) of 310 non-manifesting carriers (14 of 159 [9%] LRRK2 and 11 of 151 [7%] GBA) were positive. INTERPRETATION This study represents the largest analysis so far of the α-synuclein SAA for the biochemical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Our results show that the assay classifies people with Parkinson's disease with high sensitivity and specificity, provides information about molecular heterogeneity, and detects prodromal individuals before diagnosis. These findings suggest a crucial role for the α-synuclein SAA in therapeutic development, both to identify pathologically defined subgroups of people with Parkinson's disease and to establish biomarker-defined at-risk cohorts. FUNDING PPMI is funded by the Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research and funding partners, including: Abbvie, AcureX, Aligning Science Across Parkinson's, Amathus Therapeutics, Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Bial Biotech, Biohaven, Biogen, BioLegend, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Calico Labs, Celgene, Cerevel, Coave, DaCapo Brainscience, 4D Pharma, Denali, Edmond J Safra Foundation, Eli Lilly, GE Healthcare, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Golub Capital, Insitro, Janssen Neuroscience, Lundbeck, Merck, Meso Scale Discovery, Neurocrine Biosciences, Prevail Therapeutics, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Servier, Takeda, Teva, UCB, VanquaBio, Verily, Voyager Therapeutics, and Yumanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Siderowf
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | | - David-Erick Lafontant
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Carly M Farris
- Research and Development Unit, Amprion, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yihua Ma
- Research and Development Unit, Amprion, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paula A Urenia
- Research and Development Unit, Amprion, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hieu Nguyen
- Research and Development Unit, Amprion, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lana M Chahine
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karl Kieburtz
- University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kalpana Merchant
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Paracelsus-Elena Klinik, Kassel, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathleen L Poston
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John Seibyl
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tanya Simuni
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Caroline M Tanner
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aleksandar Videnovic
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seung Ho Choi
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ryan Kurth
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Chelsea Caspell-Garcia
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Christopher S Coffey
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mark Frasier
- The Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luis M A Oliveira
- The Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha J Hutten
- The Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Todd Sherer
- The Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Marek
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Claudio Soto
- Research and Development Unit, Amprion, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, TX, USA
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16
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Who is at Risk of Parkinson Disease? Refining the Preclinical Phase of GBA1 and LRRK2 Variant Carriers: a Clinical, Biochemical, and Imaging Approach. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2023; 23:121-130. [PMID: 36881256 PMCID: PMC10119235 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-023-01259-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genetic variants in GBA1 and LRRK2 genes are the commonest genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease (PD); however, the preclinical profile of GBA1 and LRRK2 variant carriers who will develop PD is unclear. This review aims to highlight the more sensitive markers that can stratify PD risk in non-manifesting GBA1 and LRRK2 variant carriers. RECENT FINDINGS Several case-control and a few longitudinal studies evaluated clinical, biochemical, and neuroimaging markers within cohorts of non-manifesting carriers of GBA1 and LRRK2 variants. Despite similar levels of penetrance of PD in GBA1 and LRRK2 variant carriers (10-30%), these individuals have distinct preclinical profiles. GBA1 variant carriers at higher risk of PD can present with prodromal symptoms suggestive of PD (hyposmia), display increased α-synuclein levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and show dopamine transporter abnormalities. LRRK2 variant carriers at higher risk of PD might show subtle motor abnormalities, but no prodromal symptoms, higher exposure to some environmental factors (non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs), and peripheral inflammatory profile. This information will help clinicians tailor appropriate screening tests and counseling and facilitate researchers in the development of predictive markers, disease-modifying treatments, and selection of healthy individuals who might benefit from preventive interventions.
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17
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Marras C, Alcalay RN, Siderowf A, Postuma RB. Challenges in the study of individuals at risk for Parkinson disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 192:219-229. [PMID: 36796944 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85538-9.00014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Identifying individuals at high risk for developing neurodegenerative disease opens the possibility of conducting clinical trials that intervene at an earlier stage of neurodegeneration than has been possible to date, and in doing so hopefully improves the odds of efficacy for interventions aimed at slowing or stopping the disease process. The long prodromal phase of Parkinson disease presents opportunities and challenges to establishing cohorts of at-risk individuals. Recruiting people with genetic variants conferring increased risk and people with REM sleep behavior disorder currently constitutes the most promising strategies, but multistage screening of the general population may also be feasible capitalizing on known risk factors and prodromal features. This chapter discusses the challenges involved in identifying, recruiting, and retaining these individuals, and provides insights into possible solutions using examples from studies to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Marras
- The Edmond J Safra Program in PD, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Division of Movement Disorders, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Andrew Siderowf
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ronald B Postuma
- Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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18
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Differential serum microRNAs in premotor LRRK2 G2019S carriers from Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:15. [PMID: 36732514 PMCID: PMC9894906 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The LRRK2 G2019S pathogenic mutation causes LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease (L2PD) with incomplete penetrance. LRRK2 non-manifesting carriers (L2NMC) are at PD high risk but predicting pheno-conversion is challenging given the lack of progression biomarkers. To investigate novel biomarkers for PD premotor stages, we performed a longitudinal microRNA (miRNA) assessment of serum samples from G2019S L2NMC followed-up over 8 years. Our cohort consisted of G2019S L2NMC stratified by dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography (DaT-SPECT) into DaT-negative (n = 20) and DaT-positive L2NMC (n = 20), pheno-converted G2019S L2PD patients (n = 20), idiopathic PD (iPD) (n = 19), and controls (n = 40). We also screened a second cohort of L2PD patients (n = 19) and controls (n = 20) (Total n = 158). Compared to healthy controls, we identified eight deregulated miRNAs in DaT-negative L2NMC, six in DaT-positive L2NMC, and one in L2PD. Between groups, the highest miRNA differences, 24 candidate miRNAs, occurred between DaT-positive L2NMC and L2PD. Longitudinally, we found 11 common miRNAs with sustained variation in DaT-negative and DaT-positive L2NMCs compared to their baselines. Our study identifies novel miRNA alterations in premotor stages of PD co-occurring with progressive DaT-SPECT decline before motor manifestation, whose deregulation seems to attenuate after the diagnosis of L2PD. Moreover, we identified four miRNAs with relatively high discriminative ability (AUC = 0.82) between non-pheno-converted DaT-positive G2019S carriers and pheno-converted L2PD patients (miR-4505, miR-8069, miR-6125, and miR-451a), which hold potential as early progression biomarkers for PD.
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Ortega RA, Bressman SB, Raymond D, Ozelius LJ, Katsnelson V, Leaver K, Swan MC, Shanker V, Miravite J, Wang C, Bennett SAL, Saunders-Pullman R. Differences in Sex-Specific Frequency of Glucocerebrosidase Variant Carriers and Familial Parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2022; 37:2217-2225. [PMID: 36054306 PMCID: PMC9669136 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although men and women with the LRRK2 G2019S variant appear to be equally likely to have Parkinson's disease (PD), the sex-distribution among glucocerebrosidase (GBA) variant carriers with PD, including limited to specific variant severities of GBA, is not well understood. Further, the sex-specific genetic contribution to PD without a known genetic variant is controversial. OBJECTIVES To better understand sex differences in genetic contribution to PD, especially sex-specific frequencies among GBA variant carriers with PD (GBA PD) and LRRK2-G2019S variant carriers with PD (LRRK2 PD). METHODS We assess differences in the sex-specific frequency in GBA PD, including in subsets of GBA variant severity, LRRK2 PD, and idiopathic PD in an Ashkenazi Jewish cohort with PD. Further, we expand prior work evaluating differences in family history of parkinsonism. RESULTS Both idiopathic PD (267/420 men, 63.6%) (P < 0.001) and GBA PD overall (64/107, 59.8%) (P = 0.042) were more likely to be men, whereas no difference was seen in LRRK2 PD (50/99, 50.5%) and LRRK2/GBA PD (5/10, 50%). However, among GBA PD probands, severe variant carriers were more likely to be women (15/19 women, 79.0%) (P = 0.005), whereas mild variant carriers (44/70 men, 62.9%) (P = 0.039) and risk-variant carriers (15/17 men, 88.2%) (P = 0.001) were more likely to be men. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that the male-sex predominance present in GBA PD overall was not consistent across GBA variant severities, and a female-sex predominance was present among severe GBA variant carriers. Therefore, research and trial designs for PD should consider sex-specific differences, including across GBA variant severities. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Ortega
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan B Bressman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Deborah Raymond
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laurie J Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Viktoriya Katsnelson
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katherine Leaver
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthew C Swan
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vicki Shanker
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joan Miravite
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cuiling Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Steffany A L Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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20
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Tansey MG, Wallings RL, Houser MC, Herrick MK, Keating CE, Joers V. Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:657-673. [PMID: 35246670 PMCID: PMC8895080 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 196.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects peripheral organs as well as the central nervous system and involves a fundamental role of neuroinflammation in its pathophysiology. Neurohistological and neuroimaging studies support the presence of ongoing and end-stage neuroinflammatory processes in PD. Moreover, numerous studies of peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with PD suggest alterations in markers of inflammation and immune cell populations that could initiate or exacerbate neuroinflammation and perpetuate the neurodegenerative process. A number of disease genes and risk factors have been identified as modulators of immune function in PD and evidence is mounting for a role of viral or bacterial exposure, pesticides and alterations in gut microbiota in disease pathogenesis. This has led to the hypothesis that complex gene-by-environment interactions combine with an ageing immune system to create the 'perfect storm' that enables the development and progression of PD. We discuss the evidence for this hypothesis and opportunities to harness the emerging immunological knowledge from patients with PD to create better preclinical models with the long-term goal of enabling earlier identification of at-risk individuals to prevent, delay and more effectively treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Rebecca L Wallings
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Madelyn C Houser
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary K Herrick
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cody E Keating
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Valerie Joers
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Periñán MT, Brolin K, Bandres‐Ciga S, Blauwendraat C, Klein C, Gan‐Or Z, Singleton A, Gomez‐Garre P, Swanberg M, Mir P, Noyce A. Effect Modification between Genes and Environment and Parkinson's Disease Risk. Ann Neurol 2022; 92:715-724. [PMID: 35913124 PMCID: PMC9588606 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative condition in which genetic and environmental factors interact to contribute to its etiology. Remarkable progress has been made in deciphering disease etiology through genetic approaches, but there is limited data about how environmental and genetic factors interact to modify penetrance, risk, and disease severity. Here, we provide insights into environmental modifiers of PD, discussing precedents from other neurological and non-neurological conditions. Based on these examples, we outline genetic and environmental factors contributing to PD and review potential environmental modifiers of penetrance and clinical variability in monogenic and idiopathic PD. We also highlight the potential challenges and propose how future studies might tackle these important questions. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:715-724.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Periñán
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de SevillaHospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaMadridSpain
| | - Kajsa Brolin
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Sara Bandres‐Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Genetics Section, National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Genetics Section, National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics and Department of NeurologyUniversity of Lübeck and University Hospital Schleswig‐HolsteinLübeckGermany
| | - Ziv Gan‐Or
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute‐Hospital)McGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada,Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada,Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Genetics Section, National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Pilar Gomez‐Garre
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de SevillaHospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaMadridSpain
| | - Maria Swanberg
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Pablo Mir
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de SevillaHospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaMadridSpain
| | - Alastair Noyce
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK,Preventive Neurology Unit, Centre for Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population HealthQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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22
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Chahine LM. Prodromal α-Synucleinopathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2022; 28:1268-1280. [DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kung PJ, Elsayed I, Reyes-Pérez P, Bandres-Ciga S. Immunogenetic Determinants of Parkinson’s Disease Etiology. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S13-S27. [PMID: 35367971 PMCID: PMC9535568 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is increasingly recognised as a systemic disorder in which inflammation might play a causative role rather than being a consequence or an epiphenomenon of the neurodegenerative process. Although growing genetic evidence links the central and peripheral immune system with both monogenic and sporadic PD, our understanding on how the immune system contributes to PD pathogenesis remains a daunting challenge. In this review, we discuss recent literature aimed at exploring the role of known genes and susceptibility loci to PD pathogenesis through immune system related mechanisms. Furthermore, we outline shared genetic etiologies and interrelations between PD and autoimmune diseases and underlining challenges and limitations faced in the translation of relevant allelic and regulatory risk loci to immune-pathological mechanisms. Lastly, with the field of immunogenetics expanding rapidly, we place these insights into a future context highlighting the prospect of immune modulation as a promising disease-modifying strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Jui Kung
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Inas Elsayed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
- International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium (IPDGC)-Africa, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Paula Reyes-Pérez
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigacion sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Autonoma de México, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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24
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Olguín V, Durán A, Las Heras M, Rubilar JC, Cubillos FA, Olguín P, Klein AD. Genetic Background Matters: Population-Based Studies in Model Organisms for Translational Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147570. [PMID: 35886916 PMCID: PMC9316598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We are all similar but a bit different. These differences are partially due to variations in our genomes and are related to the heterogeneity of symptoms and responses to treatments that patients exhibit. Most animal studies are performed in one single strain with one manipulation. However, due to the lack of variability, therapies are not always reproducible when treatments are translated to humans. Panels of already sequenced organisms are valuable tools for mimicking human phenotypic heterogeneities and gene mapping. This review summarizes the current knowledge of mouse, fly, and yeast panels with insightful applications for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Olguín
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (V.O.); (A.D.); (M.L.H.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Anyelo Durán
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (V.O.); (A.D.); (M.L.H.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Macarena Las Heras
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (V.O.); (A.D.); (M.L.H.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Juan Carlos Rubilar
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (V.O.); (A.D.); (M.L.H.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Francisco A. Cubillos
- Departamento de Biología, Santiago, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile;
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 7500565, Chile
| | - Patricio Olguín
- Program in Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Andrés D. Klein
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (V.O.); (A.D.); (M.L.H.); (J.C.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Trinh J, Schymanski EL, Smajic S, Kasten M, Sammler E, Grünewald A. Molecular mechanisms defining penetrance of LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease. MED GENET-BERLIN 2022; 34:103-116. [PMID: 38835904 PMCID: PMC11006382 DOI: 10.1515/medgen-2022-2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most frequent cause of dominantly inherited Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 mutations, among which p.G2019S is the most frequent, are inherited with reduced penetrance. Interestingly, the disease risk associated with LRRK2 G2019S can vary dramatically depending on the ethnic background of the carrier. While this would suggest a genetic component in the definition of LRRK2-PD penetrance, only few variants have been shown to modify the age at onset of patients harbouring LRRK2 mutations, and the exact cellular pathways controlling the transition from a healthy to a diseased state currently remain elusive. In light of this knowledge gap, recent studies also explored environmental and lifestyle factors as potential modifiers of LRRK2-PD. In this article, we (i) describe the clinical characteristics of LRRK2 mutation carriers, (ii) review known genes linked to LRRK2-PD onset and (iii) summarize the cellular functions of LRRK2 with particular emphasis on potential penetrance-related molecular mechanisms. This section covers LRRK2's involvement in Rab GTPase and immune signalling as well as in the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis and dynamics. Additionally, we explored the literature with regard to (iv) lifestyle and (v) environmental factors that may influence the penetrance of LRRK2 mutations, with a view towards further exposomics studies. Finally, based on this comprehensive overview, we propose potential future in vivo, in vitro and in silico studies that could provide a better understanding of the processes triggering PD in individuals with LRRK2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Trinh
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Emma L. Schymanski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Semra Smajic
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Esther Sammler
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Wang P, Cui P, Luo Q, Chen J, Tang H, Zhang L, Chen S, Ma J. Penetrance of Parkinson disease LRRK2 G2385R-associated variant in the Chinese population. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29:2639-2644. [PMID: 35608967 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Penetrance estimates of the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) variants for Parkinson disease (PD) vary widely. G2385R is one of the most common LRRK2 variants in Asian populations, and its penetrance is currently unknown. We aimed to estimate the penetrance of G2385R in the Chinese population. METHODS The G2385R variant was tested by Sanger sequencing in 6386 participants older than 50 years, all from the community cohort established by Shanghai Ruijin Hospital in 2009-2011. G2385R carriers and matched noncarriers underwent a brief questionnaire survey (including sex, current age, PD diagnosis, and age at onset) and face-to-face PD assessment during 2020-2021. The penetrance of PD was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS A total of 396 G2385R carriers and 415 noncarriers were included, after excluding those with a baseline diagnosis of PD or unwilling to participate. In G2385R carriers, the penetrance of PD was 1.64% at 70 years, 10.26% at 80 years, and 18.49% at 90 years, and reached 25.90% at 95 years. The penetrance of PD in G2385R carriers was higher than in noncarriers (p = 0.0071). In noncarriers, only 0%, 3.72%, and 9.66% developed parkinsonism by 70, 80, and 90 years of age. Among carriers and noncarriers, there were no statistically significant differences in penetrance comparisons between males and females, or between urban and rural. CONCLUSIONS The lifetime penetrance of LRRK2 G2385R in the Chinese population was 25.9%. The penetrance modifier of G2385R in our study was age-related. Further investigation of genetic and environmental modifiers affecting G2385R penetrance is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijing Cui
- Department of Geriatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Luo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Li Chiu Kong Family Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huidong Tang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfang Ma
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Fernández-Santiago R, Sharma M. What have we learned from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in Parkinson's disease? Ageing Res Rev 2022; 79:101648. [PMID: 35595184 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
After fifteen years of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in Parkinson's disease (PD), what have we learned? Addressing this question will help catalogue the progress made towards elucidating disease mechanisms, improving the clinical utility of the identified loci, and envisioning how we can harness the strides to develop translational GWAS strategies. Here we review the advances of PD GWAS made to date while critically addressing the challenges and opportunities for next-generation GWAS. Thus, deciphering the missing heritability in underrepresented populations is currently at the reach of hand for a truly comprehensive understanding of the genetics of PD across the different ethnicities. Moreover, state-of-the-art GWAS designs hold a true potential for enhancing the clinical applicability of genetic findings, for instance, by improving disease prediction (PD risk and progression). Lastly, advanced PD GWAS findings, alone or in combination with clinical and environmental parameters, are expected to have the capacity for defining patient enriched cohorts stratified by genetic risk profiles and readily available for neuroprotective clinical trials. Overall, envisioning future strategies for advanced GWAS is currently timely and can be instrumental in providing novel genetic readouts essential for a true clinical translatability of PD genetic findings.
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Environmental Impact on the Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis: A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020175. [PMID: 35203939 PMCID: PMC8870303 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder with an unclear etiology and no disease-modifying treatment to date. PD is considered a multifactorial disease, since both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its pathogenesis, although the molecular mechanisms linking these two key disease modifiers remain obscure. In this context, epigenetic mechanisms that alter gene expression without affecting the DNA sequence through DNA methylation, histone post-transcriptional modifications, and non-coding RNAs may represent the key mediators of the genetic–environmental interactions underlying PD pathogenesis. Environmental exposures may cause chemical alterations in several cellular functions, including gene expression. Emerging evidence has highlighted that smoking, coffee consumption, pesticide exposure, and heavy metals (manganese, arsenic, lead, etc.) may potentially affect the risk of PD development at least partially via epigenetic modifications. Herein, we discuss recent accumulating pre-clinical and clinical evidence of the impact of lifestyle and environmental factors on the epigenetic mechanisms underlying PD development, aiming to shed more light on the pathogenesis and stimulate future research.
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29
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Garrido A, Santamaría E, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Soto M, Simonet C, Fernández M, Obiang D, Tolosa E, Martí MJ, Padmanabhan S, Malagelada C, Ezquerra M, Fernández-Santiago R. Differential Phospho-Signatures in Blood Cells Identify LRRK2 G2019S Carriers in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2022; 37:1004-1015. [PMID: 35049090 PMCID: PMC9306798 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinicopathological phenotype of G2019S LRRK2‐associated Parkinson's disease (L2PD) is similar to idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD), and G2019S LRRK2 nonmanifesting carriers (L2NMCs) are at increased risk for development of PD. With various therapeutic strategies in the clinical and preclinical pipeline, there is an urgent need to identify biomarkers that can aid early diagnosis and patient enrichment for ongoing and future LRRK2‐targeted trials. Objective The objective of this work was to investigate differential protein and phospho‐protein changes related to G2019S mutant LRRK2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from G2019S L2PD patients and G2019S L2NMCs, identify specific phospho‐protein changes associated with the G2019S mutation and with disease status, and compare findings with patients with iPD. Methods We performed an unbiased phospho‐proteomic study by isobaric label–based mass spectrometry using peripheral blood mononuclear cell group pools from a LRRK2 cohort from Spain encompassing patients with G2019S L2PD (n = 20), G2019S L2NMCs (n = 20), healthy control subjects (n = 30), patients with iPD (n = 15), patients with R1441G L2PD (n = 5), and R1441G L2NMCs (n = 3) (total N = 93). Results Comparing G2019S carriers with healthy controls, we identified phospho‐protein changes associated with the G2019S mutation. Moreover, we uncovered a specific G2019S phospho‐signature that changes with disease status and can discriminate patients with G2019S L2PD, G2019S L2NMCs, and healthy controls. Although patients with iPD showed a differential phospho‐proteomic profile, biological enrichment analyses revealed similar changes in deregulated pathways across the three groups. Conclusions We found a differential phospho‐signature associated with LRRK2 G2019S for which, consistent with disease status, the phospho‐profile from PD at‐risk G2019S L2NMCs was more similar to healthy controls than patients with G2019S L2PD with the manifested disease. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Garrido
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Lab of Parkinson Disease & Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Platform, Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Departamento de Salud, UPNA, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Platform, Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Departamento de Salud, UPNA, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Marta Soto
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Lab of Parkinson Disease & Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina Simonet
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Lab of Parkinson Disease & Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manel Fernández
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Lab of Parkinson Disease & Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Group of the Institut de Neurociències (Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Donina Obiang
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Lab of Parkinson Disease & Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Lab of Parkinson Disease & Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María-José Martí
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Lab of Parkinson Disease & Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Shalini Padmanabhan
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cristina Malagelada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Lab of Parkinson Disease & Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rubén Fernández-Santiago
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Lab of Parkinson Disease & Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Histology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Lee CY, Menozzi E, Chau KY, Schapira AHV. Glucocerebrosidase 1 and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 in Parkinson disease and interplay between the two genes. J Neurochem 2021; 159:826-839. [PMID: 34618942 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The glucocerebrosidase 1 gene (GBA1), bi-allelic variants of which cause Gaucher disease (GD), encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase) and is a risk factor for Parkinson Disease (PD). GBA1 variants are linked to a reduction in GCase activity in the brain. Variants in Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2), such as the gain-of-kinase-function variant G2019S, cause the most common familial form of PD. In patients without GBA1 and LRRK2 mutations, GCase and LRRK2 activity are also altered, suggesting that these two genes are implicated in all forms of PD and that they may play a broader role in PD pathogenesis. In this review, we review the proposed roles of GBA1 and LRRK2 in PD, focussing on the endolysosomal pathway. In particular, we highlight the discovery of Ras-related in brain (Rab) guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) as LRRK2 kinase substrates and explore the links between increased LRRK2 activity and Rab protein function, lysosomal dysfunction, alpha-synuclein accumulation and GCase activity. We also discuss the discovery of RAB10 as a potential mediator of LRRK2 and GBA1 interaction in PD. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic implications of these findings, including current approaches and future perspectives related to novel drugs targeting LRRK2 and GBA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Yin Lee
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Elisa Menozzi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Kai-Yin Chau
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
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31
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Chandler R, Cogo S, Lewis P, Kevei E. Modelling the functional genomics of Parkinson's disease in Caenorhabditis elegans: LRRK2 and beyond. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20203672. [PMID: 34397087 PMCID: PMC8415217 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, Parkinson's disease (PD) cases have been genetically categorised into familial, when caused by mutations in single genes with a clear inheritance pattern in affected families, or idiopathic, in the absence of an evident monogenic determinant. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed how common genetic variability can explain up to 36% of PD heritability and that PD manifestation is often determined by multiple variants at different genetic loci. Thus, one of the current challenges in PD research stands in modelling the complex genetic architecture of this condition and translating this into functional studies. Caenorhabditis elegans provide a profound advantage as a reductionist, economical model for PD research, with a short lifecycle, straightforward genome engineering and high conservation of PD relevant neural, cellular and molecular pathways. Functional models of PD genes utilising C. elegans show many phenotypes recapitulating pathologies observed in PD. When contrasted with mammalian in vivo and in vitro models, these are frequently validated, suggesting relevance of C. elegans in the development of novel PD functional models. This review will discuss how the nematode C. elegans PD models have contributed to the uncovering of molecular and cellular mechanisms of disease, with a focus on the genes most commonly found as causative in familial PD and risk factors in idiopathic PD. Specifically, we will examine the current knowledge on a central player in both familial and idiopathic PD, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and how it connects to multiple PD associated GWAS candidates and Mendelian disease-causing genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanna Cogo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, U.K
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121, Italy
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, NW1 0TU, U.K
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, U.K
| | - Eva Kevei
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, U.K
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Riboldi GM, Frattini E, Monfrini E, Frucht SJ, Fonzo AD. A Practical Approach to Early-Onset Parkinsonism. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 12:1-26. [PMID: 34569973 PMCID: PMC8842790 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset parkinsonism (EO parkinsonism), defined as subjects with disease onset before the age of 40 or 50 years, can be the main clinical presentation of a variety of conditions that are important to differentiate. Although rarer than classical late-onset Parkinson’s disease (PD) and not infrequently overlapping with forms of juvenile onset PD, a correct diagnosis of the specific cause of EO parkinsonism is critical for offering appropriate counseling to patients, for family and work planning, and to select the most appropriate symptomatic or etiopathogenic treatments. Clinical features, radiological and laboratory findings are crucial for guiding the differential diagnosis. Here we summarize the most important conditions associated with primary and secondary EO parkinsonism. We also proposed a practical approach based on the current literature and expert opinion to help movement disorders specialists and neurologists navigate this complex and challenging landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulietta M Riboldi
- The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emanuele Frattini
- IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy.,Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Monfrini
- IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy.,Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Steven J Frucht
- The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
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33
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Usnich T, Vollstedt EJ, Schell N, Skrahina V, Bogdanovic X, Gaber H, Förster TM, Heuer A, Koleva-Alazeh N, Csoti I, Basak AN, Ertan S, Genc G, Bauer P, Lohmann K, Grünewald A, Schymanski EL, Trinh J, Schaake S, Berg D, Gruber D, Isaacson SH, Kühn AA, Mollenhauer B, Pedrosa DJ, Reetz K, Sammler EM, Valente EM, Valzania F, Volkmann J, Zittel S, Brüggemann N, Kasten M, Rolfs A, Klein C. LIPAD (LRRK2/Luebeck International Parkinson's Disease) Study Protocol: Deep Phenotyping of an International Genetic Cohort. Front Neurol 2021; 12:710572. [PMID: 34475849 PMCID: PMC8406937 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.710572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pathogenic variants in the Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common known monogenic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2-linked PD is clinically indistinguishable from idiopathic PD and inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion with reduced penetrance and variable expressivity that differ across ethnicities and geographic regions. Objective: To systematically assess clinical signs and symptoms including non-motor features, comorbidities, medication and environmental factors in PD patients, unaffected LRRK2 pathogenic variant carriers, and controls. A further focus is to enable the investigation of modifiers of penetrance and expressivity of LRRK2 pathogenic variants using genetic and environmental data. Methods: Eligible participants are invited for a personal or online examination which comprises completion of a detailed eCRF and collection of blood samples (to obtain DNA, RNA, serum/plasma, immune cells), urine as well as household dust. We plan to enroll 1,000 participants internationally: 300 with LRRK2-linked PD, 200 with LRRK2 pathogenic variants but without PD, 100 PD patients with pathogenic variants in the GBA or PRKN genes, 200 patients with idiopathic PD, and 200 healthy persons without pathogenic variants. Results: The eCRF consists of an investigator-rated (1 h) and a self-rated (1.5 h) part. The first part includes the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating, Hoehn &Yahr, and Schwab & England Scales, the Brief Smell Identification Test, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment. The self-rating part consists of a PD risk factor, food frequency, autonomic dysfunction, and quality of life questionnaires, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory, and the Epworth Sleepiness as well as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales. The first 15 centers have been initiated and the first 150 participants enrolled (as of March 25th, 2021). Conclusions: LIPAD is a large-scale international scientific effort focusing on deep phenotyping of LRRK2-linked PD and healthy pathogenic variant carriers, including the comparison with additional relatively frequent genetic forms of PD, with a future perspective to identify genetic and environmental modifiers of penetrance and expressivity Clinical Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04214509.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Usnich
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Nathalie Schell
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ilona Csoti
- Gertrudis Clinic Biskirchen, Parkinson-Center, Leun, Germany
| | - Ayse Nazli Basak
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Suna and Inan Kirac Foundation, Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Ertan
- Department of Neurology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gencer Genc
- Sişli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Emma L Schymanski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Joanne Trinh
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Susen Schaake
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Doreen Gruber
- Neurologisches Fachkrankenhaus Für Bewegungsstörungen/Parkinson, Beelitz, Germany
| | - Stuart H Isaacson
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorder Center of Boca Raton, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Andrea A Kühn
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - David J Pedrosa
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Gießen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Reetz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Esther M Sammler
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit and Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Franco Valzania
- Neurology Unit, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simone Zittel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Day JO, Mullin S. The Genetics of Parkinson's Disease and Implications for Clinical Practice. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071006. [PMID: 34208795 PMCID: PMC8304082 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic landscape of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterised by rare high penetrance pathogenic variants causing familial disease, genetic risk factor variants driving PD risk in a significant minority in PD cases and high frequency, low penetrance variants, which contribute a small increase of the risk of developing sporadic PD. This knowledge has the potential to have a major impact in the clinical care of people with PD. We summarise these genetic influences and discuss the implications for therapeutics and clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Oliver Day
- Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK;
| | - Stephen Mullin
- Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK;
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Point mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and are implicated in a significant proportion of apparently sporadic PD cases. Clinically, LRRK2-driven PD is indistinguishable from sporadic PD, making it an attractive genetic model for the much more common sporadic PD. In this review, we highlight recent advances in understanding LRRK2's subcellular functions using LRRK2-driven PD models, while also considering some of the limitations of these model systems. Recent developments of particular importance include new evidence of key LRRK2 functions in the endolysosomal system and LRRK2's regulation of and by Rab GTPases. Additionally, LRRK2's interaction with the cytoskeleton allowed elucidation of the LRRK2 structure and appears relevant to LRRK2 protein degradation and LRRK2 inhibitor therapies. We further discuss how LRRK2's interactions with other PD-driving genes, such as the VPS35, GBA1, and SNCA genes, may highlight cellular pathways more broadly disrupted in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Usmani
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Farbod Shavarebi
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Annie Hiniker
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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36
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Perrone F, Cacace R, van der Zee J, Van Broeckhoven C. Emerging genetic complexity and rare genetic variants in neurodegenerative brain diseases. Genome Med 2021; 13:59. [PMID: 33853652 PMCID: PMC8048219 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular etiology of neurodegenerative brain diseases (NBD) has substantially increased over the past three decades. Early genetic studies of NBD families identified rare and highly penetrant deleterious mutations in causal genes that segregate with disease. Large genome-wide association studies uncovered common genetic variants that influenced disease risk. Major developments in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies accelerated gene discoveries at an unprecedented rate and revealed novel pathways underlying NBD pathogenesis. NGS technology exposed large numbers of rare genetic variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in coding regions, highlighting the genetic complexity of NBD. Since experimental studies of these coding rare VUS are largely lacking, the potential contributions of VUS to NBD etiology remain unknown. In this review, we summarize novel findings in NBD genetic etiology driven by NGS and the impact of rare VUS on NBD etiology. We consider different mechanisms by which rare VUS can act and influence NBD pathophysiology and discuss why a better understanding of rare VUS is instrumental for deriving novel insights into the molecular complexity and heterogeneity of NBD. New knowledge might open avenues for effective personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Perrone
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rita Cacace
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julie van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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A Novel LRRK2 Variant p.G2294R in the WD40 Domain Identified in Familial Parkinson's Disease Affects LRRK2 Protein Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073708. [PMID: 33918221 PMCID: PMC8038167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a major causative gene of late-onset familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). The suppression of kinase activity is believed to confer neuroprotection, as most pathogenic variants of LRRK2 associated with PD exhibit increased kinase activity. We herein report a novel LRRK2 variant—p.G2294R—located in the WD40 domain, detected through targeted gene-panel screening in a patient with familial PD. The proband showed late-onset Parkinsonism with dysautonomia and a good response to levodopa, without cognitive decline or psychosis. Cultured cell experiments revealed that p.G2294R is highly destabilized at the protein level. The LRRK2 p.G2294R protein expression was upregulated in the patient’s peripheral blood lymphocytes. However, macrophages differentiated from the same peripheral blood showed decreased LRRK2 protein levels. Moreover, our experiment indicated reduced phagocytic activity in the pathogenic yeasts and α-synuclein fibrils. This PD case presents an example wherein the decrease in LRRK2 activity did not act in a neuroprotective manner. Further investigations are needed in order to elucidate the relationship between LRRK2 expression in the central nervous system and the pathogenesis caused by altered LRRK2 activity.
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Senchuk MM, Van Raamsdonk JM, Moore DJ. Multiple genetic pathways regulating lifespan extension are neuroprotective in a G2019S LRRK2 nematode model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 151:105267. [PMID: 33450392 PMCID: PMC7925424 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most frequent cause of late-onset, familial Parkinson's disease (PD), and LRRK2 variants are associated with increased risk for sporadic PD. While advanced age represents the strongest risk factor for disease development, it remains unclear how different age-related pathways interact to regulate LRRK2-driven late-onset PD. In this study, we employ a C. elegans model expressing PD-linked G2019S LRRK2 to examine the interplay between age-related pathways and LRRK2-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. We find that multiple genetic pathways that regulate lifespan extension can provide robust neuroprotection against mutant LRRK2. However, the level of neuroprotection does not strictly correlate with the magnitude of lifespan extension, suggesting that lifespan can be experimentally dissociated from neuroprotection. Using tissue-specific RNAi, we demonstrate that lifespan-regulating pathways, including insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling, target of rapamycin (TOR), and mitochondrial respiration, can be directly manipulated in neurons to mediate neuroprotection. We extend this finding for AGE-1/PI3K, where pan-neuronal versus dopaminergic neuronal restoration of AGE-1 reveals both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous neuroprotective mechanisms downstream of insulin signaling. Our data demonstrate the importance of distinct lifespan-regulating pathways in the pathogenesis of LRRK2-linked PD, and suggest that extended longevity is broadly neuroprotective via the actions of these pathways at least in part within neurons. This study further highlights the complex interplay that occurs between cells and tissues during organismal aging and disease manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Senchuk
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jeremy M Van Raamsdonk
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Darren J Moore
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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Ortega RA, Wang C, Raymond D, Bryant N, Scherzer CR, Thaler A, Alcalay RN, West AB, Mirelman A, Kuras Y, Marder KS, Giladi N, Ozelius LJ, Bressman SB, Saunders-Pullman R. Association of Dual LRRK2 G2019S and GBA Variations With Parkinson Disease Progression. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e215845. [PMID: 33881531 PMCID: PMC8060834 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.5845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Despite a hypothesis that harboring a leucine-rich repeat kinase 2(LRRK2) G2019S variation and a glucocerebrosidase (GBA) variant would have a combined deleterious association with disease pathogenesis, milder clinical phenotypes have been reported in dual LRRK2 and GBA variations Parkinson disease (PD) than in GBA variation PD alone. Objective To evaluate the association of LRRK2 G2019S and GBA variants with longitudinal cognitive and motor decline in PD. Design, Setting, and Participants This longitudinal cohort study of continuous measures in LRRK2 PD, GBA PD, LRRK2/GBA PD, and wild-type idiopathic PD used pooled annual visit data ranging from 2004 to 2019 from the Mount Sinai Beth Israel, Parkinson Disease Biomarker Program, Harvard Biomarkers Study, Ashkenazi Jewish-LRRK2-Consortium, Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative, and SPOT-PD studies. Patients who were screened for GBA and LRRK2 variations and completed either a motor or cognitive assessment were included. Data were analyzed from May to July 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures The associations of LRRK2 G2019S and GBA genotypes on the rate of decline in Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale-Part III scores were examined using linear mixed effects models with PD duration as the time scale. Results Among 1193 individuals with PD (mean [SD] age, 66.6 [9.9] years; 490 [41.2%] women), 128 (10.7%) had GBA PD, 155 (13.0%) had LRRK2 PD, 21 (1.8%) had LRRK2/GBA PD, and 889 (74.5%) had idiopathic PD. Patients with GBA PD had faster decline in MoCA than those with LRRK2/GBA PD (B [SE], -0.31 [0.09] points/y; P < .001), LRRK2 PD (B [SE], -0.33 [0.09] points/y; P < .001), or idiopathic PD (B [SE], -0.23 [0.08] points/y; P = .005). There was a LRRK2 G2019S × GBA interaction in MoCA decline (B [SE], 0.22 [0.11] points/y; P = .04), but not after excluding severe GBA variations (B [SE], 0.12 [0.11] points/y; P = .28). Patients with GBA PD had significantly worse motor progression compared with those with idiopathic PD (B [SE], 0.49 [0.22] points/y; P = .03) or LRRK2 PD (B [SE], 0.77 [0.26] points/y; P = .004). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that longitudinal cognitive decline in patients with GBA PD was more severe than in those with LRRK2/GBA PD, which more closely resembled LRRK2 PD. This further supports the notion of a dominant association of LRRK2 on GBA in individuals who carry both and raises the possibility of an LRRK2 × GBA interaction. However, the biological basis of a dominant association or interaction is not clear and is apparently contrary to basic investigations. Study of a larger cohort of individuals with severe GBA variation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Ortega
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Cuiling Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
| | - Deborah Raymond
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Nicole Bryant
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Clemens R Scherzer
- Center for Advanced Parkinson Research and Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Avner Thaler
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Sagol School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Andrew B West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Anat Mirelman
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Sagol School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuliya Kuras
- Center for Advanced Parkinson Research and Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karen S Marder
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Nir Giladi
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Sagol School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Susan B Bressman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Modelling Parkinson's Disease: iPSCs towards Better Understanding of Human Pathology. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11030373. [PMID: 33799491 PMCID: PMC8000082 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, among which are bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor as well as mental symptoms such as dementia. The underlying cause of Parkinson disease is degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. It has been challenging to develop an efficient animal model to accurately represent the complex phenotypes found with PD. However, it has become possible to recapitulate the myriad of phenotypes underlying the PD pathology by using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology. Patient-specific iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons are available and present an opportunity to study many aspects of the PD phenotypes in a dish. In this review, we report the available data on iPSC-derived neurons derived from PD patients with identified gene mutations. Specifically, we will report on the key phenotypes of the generated iPSC-derived neurons from PD patients with different genetic background. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship these cellular phenotypes have to PD pathology and future challenges and prospects for iPSC modelling and understanding of the pathogenesis of PD.
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Pirazzini C, Azevedo T, Baldelli L, Bartoletti-Stella A, Calandra-Buonaura G, Dal Molin A, Dimitri GM, Doykov I, Gómez-Garre P, Hägg S, Hällqvist J, Halsband C, Heywood W, Jesús S, Jylhävä J, Kwiatkowska KM, Labrador-Espinosa MA, Licari C, Maturo MG, Mengozzi G, Meoni G, Milazzo M, Periñán-Tocino MT, Ravaioli F, Sala C, Sambati L, Schade S, Schreglmann S, Spasov S, Tenori L, Williams D, Xumerle L, Zago E, Bhatia KP, Capellari S, Cortelli P, Garagnani P, Houlden H, Liò P, Luchinat C, Delledonne M, Mills K, Mir P, Mollenhauer B, Nardini C, Pedersen NL, Provini F, Strom S, Trenkwalder C, Turano P, Bacalini MG, Franceschi C. A geroscience approach for Parkinson's disease: Conceptual framework and design of PROPAG-AGEING project. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 194:111426. [PMID: 33385396 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advanced age is the major risk factor for idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), but to date the biological relationship between PD and ageing remains elusive. Here we describe the rationale and the design of the H2020 funded project "PROPAG-AGEING", whose aim is to characterize the contribution of the ageing process to PD development. We summarize current evidences that support the existence of a continuum between ageing and PD and justify the use of a Geroscience approach to study PD. We focus in particular on the role of inflammaging, the chronic, low-grade inflammation characteristic of elderly physiology, which can propagate and transmit both locally and systemically. We then describe PROPAG-AGEING design, which is based on the multi-omic characterization of peripheral samples from clinically characterized drug-naïve and advanced PD, PD discordant twins, healthy controls and "super-controls", i.e. centenarians, who never showed clinical signs of motor disability, and their offspring. Omic results are then validated in a large number of samples, including in vitro models of dopaminergic neurons and healthy siblings of PD patients, who are at higher risk of developing PD, with the final aim of identifying the molecular perturbations that can deviate the trajectories of healthy ageing towards PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pirazzini
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tiago Azevedo
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Baldelli
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Calandra-Buonaura
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Maria Dimitri
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Doykov
- Centre for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Gómez-Garre
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y NeurofisiologíaClínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédicaen Red sobreEnfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Sara Hägg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hällqvist
- Centre for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Halsband
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Gerontopsychiatry, Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik, Andernach, Germany
| | - Wendy Heywood
- Centre for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Jesús
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y NeurofisiologíaClínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédicaen Red sobreEnfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Juulia Jylhävä
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Miguel A Labrador-Espinosa
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y NeurofisiologíaClínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédicaen Red sobreEnfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Cristina Licari
- CERM, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Maturo
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giacomo Mengozzi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Maddalena Milazzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Periñán-Tocino
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y NeurofisiologíaClínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédicaen Red sobreEnfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Francesco Ravaioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Sala
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luisa Sambati
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Sebastian Schade
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schreglmann
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simeon Spasov
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo Tenori
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Florence, Italy
| | - Dylan Williams
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabina Capellari
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Cortelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Liò
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- CERM, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy
| | | | - Kevin Mills
- Centre for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Mir
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y NeurofisiologíaClínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédicaen Red sobreEnfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christine Nardini
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo Mauro Picone, CNR, Roma, Italy
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Federica Provini
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Stephen Strom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paola Turano
- CERM, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Systems Medicine of Healthy Aging and Department of Applied Mathematics, Lobachevsky University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Nam D, Kim A, Han SJ, Lee SI, Park SH, Seol W, Son I, Ho DH. Analysis of α-synuclein levels related to LRRK2 kinase activity: from substantia nigra to urine of patients with Parkinson's disease. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2021; 25:28-36. [PMID: 33717414 PMCID: PMC7935126 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2021.1883735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been focused on the development of PD diagnostic tools as much as the development of PD therapeutics. Several genetic culprits of PD, including DJ-1, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), and α-synuclein (α-syn), have been investigated as markers of PD in human biofluids. Unfortunately, the approaches to develop PD diagnostic tools are impractical, and there is a considerable demand for an appropriate marker of PD. The measurement of α-syn in biofluids has recently been made more accurate by examining monomers and aggregates separately using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Previously, we reported on the development of two types of sandwich ELISA for total α-syn and MJFR-14-6-4-2 antibody-specific α-syn fibrillar oligomers. The pathogenic LRRK2 G2019S mutation is related to increased α-syn secretion in the extracellular space. We tested our established ELISA using differentiated SH-SH5Y cells transfected with LRRK2 G2019S. The secretory levels of fibrillar oligomeric α-syn divided by total α-syn were significantly increased in LRRK2 G2019S-expressing cells. Additionally, substantia nigra lysates or concentrated urine from PD patients and non-PD subjects were analyzed. We observed ambiguous changes in the levels of total or fibrillar oligomeric α-syn and their ratio between PD and non-PD. Despite the insignificant increase in the relative levels of fibrillar oligomeric α-syn to total α-syn in PD, the duration of disease progression after diagnosis significantly corresponded to the relative levels of fibrillar oligomeric α-syn to total α-syn in the urine. These results might provide greater understanding for the next stage of development of α-syn ELISAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daleum Nam
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Gunpo, Republic of Korea
| | - Ami Kim
- Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jung Han
- Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ik Lee
- Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wongi Seol
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Gunpo, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilhong Son
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Gunpo, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Ho
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Gunpo, Republic of Korea
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Chittoor-Vinod VG, Nichols RJ, Schüle B. Genetic and Environmental Factors Influence the Pleomorphy of LRRK2 Parkinsonism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1045. [PMID: 33494262 PMCID: PMC7864502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in the LRRK2 gene were first identified as a pathogenic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) in 2004. Soon thereafter, a founder mutation in LRRK2, p.G2019S (rs34637584), was described, and it is now estimated that there are approximately 100,000 people worldwide carrying this risk variant. While the clinical presentation of LRRK2 parkinsonism has been largely indistinguishable from sporadic PD, disease penetrance and age at onset can be quite variable. In addition, its neuropathological features span a wide range from nigrostriatal loss with Lewy body pathology, lack thereof, or atypical neuropathology, including a large proportion of cases with concomitant Alzheimer's pathology, hailing LRRK2 parkinsonism as the "Rosetta stone" of parkinsonian disorders, which provides clues to an understanding of the different neuropathological trajectories. These differences may result from interactions between the LRRK2 mutant protein and other proteins or environmental factors that modify LRRK2 function and, thereby, influence pathobiology. This review explores how potential genetic and biochemical modifiers of LRRK2 function may contribute to the onset and clinical presentation of LRRK2 parkinsonism. We review which genetic modifiers of LRRK2 influence clinical symptoms, age at onset, and penetrance, what LRRK2 mutations are associated with pleomorphic LRRK2 neuropathology, and which environmental modifiers can augment LRRK2 mutant pathophysiology. Understanding how LRRK2 function is influenced and modulated by other interactors and environmental factors-either increasing toxicity or providing resilience-will inform targeted therapeutic development in the years to come. This will allow the development of disease-modifying therapies for PD- and LRRK2-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Jeremy Nichols
- Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
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Straniero L, Asselta R, Bonvegna S, Rimoldi V, Melistaccio G, Soldà G, Aureli M, Della Porta M, Lucca U, Di Fonzo A, Zecchinelli A, Pezzoli G, Cilia R, Duga S. The SPID-GBA study: Sex distribution, Penetrance, Incidence, and Dementia in GBA-PD. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2020; 6:e523. [PMID: 33209983 PMCID: PMC7670574 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To provide a variant-specific estimate of incidence, penetrance, sex distribution, and association with dementia of the 4 most common Parkinson disease (PD)-associated GBA variants, we analyzed a large cohort of 4,923 Italian unrelated patients with primary degenerative parkinsonism (including 3,832 PD) enrolled in a single tertiary care center and 7,757 ethnically matched controls. Methods The p.E326K, p.T369M, p.N370S, and p.L444P variants were screened using an allele-specific multiplexed PCR approach. All statistical procedures were performed using R or Plink v1.07. Results Among the 4 analyzed variants, the p.L444P confirmed to be the most strongly associated with disease risk for PD, PD dementia (PDD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) (odds ratio [OR] for PD 15.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.04-30.37, p = 4.97*10-16; OR for PDD 29.57, 95% CI = 14.07-62.13, p = 3.86*10-19; OR for DLB 102.7, 95% CI = 31.38-336.1, p = 1.91*10-14). However, an unexpectedly high risk for dementia was conferred by p.E326K (OR for PDD 4.80, 95% CI = 2.87-8.02, p = 2.12*10-9; OR for DLB 12.24, 95% CI = 4.95-30.24, p = 5.71*10-8), which, on the basis of the impact on glucocerebrosidase activity, would be expected to be mild. The 1.5-2:1 male sex bias described in sporadic PD was lost in p.T369M carriers. We also showed that PD penetrance for p.L444P could reach the 15% at age 75 years. Conclusions We report a large monocentric study on GBA-PD assessing mutation-specific data on the sex distribution, penetrance, incidence, and association with dementia of the 4 most frequent deleterious variants in GBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Straniero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.S., R.A., V.R., G.M., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), Humanitas University; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (R.A., V.R., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), IRCCS, Rozzano; Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson (S.B., A.Z., G.P.); Parkinson Institute (S.B., A.Z., G.P., R.C.), ASST "Gaetano Pini-CTO"; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (M.A.), University of Milan; Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (U.L.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS; IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (A.D.F.), Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; and Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" (R.C.), Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.S., R.A., V.R., G.M., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), Humanitas University; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (R.A., V.R., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), IRCCS, Rozzano; Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson (S.B., A.Z., G.P.); Parkinson Institute (S.B., A.Z., G.P., R.C.), ASST "Gaetano Pini-CTO"; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (M.A.), University of Milan; Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (U.L.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS; IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (A.D.F.), Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; and Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" (R.C.), Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Bonvegna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.S., R.A., V.R., G.M., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), Humanitas University; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (R.A., V.R., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), IRCCS, Rozzano; Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson (S.B., A.Z., G.P.); Parkinson Institute (S.B., A.Z., G.P., R.C.), ASST "Gaetano Pini-CTO"; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (M.A.), University of Milan; Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (U.L.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS; IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (A.D.F.), Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; and Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" (R.C.), Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Rimoldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.S., R.A., V.R., G.M., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), Humanitas University; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (R.A., V.R., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), IRCCS, Rozzano; Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson (S.B., A.Z., G.P.); Parkinson Institute (S.B., A.Z., G.P., R.C.), ASST "Gaetano Pini-CTO"; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (M.A.), University of Milan; Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (U.L.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS; IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (A.D.F.), Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; and Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" (R.C.), Milan, Italy
| | - Giada Melistaccio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.S., R.A., V.R., G.M., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), Humanitas University; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (R.A., V.R., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), IRCCS, Rozzano; Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson (S.B., A.Z., G.P.); Parkinson Institute (S.B., A.Z., G.P., R.C.), ASST "Gaetano Pini-CTO"; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (M.A.), University of Milan; Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (U.L.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS; IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (A.D.F.), Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; and Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" (R.C.), Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Soldà
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.S., R.A., V.R., G.M., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), Humanitas University; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (R.A., V.R., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), IRCCS, Rozzano; Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson (S.B., A.Z., G.P.); Parkinson Institute (S.B., A.Z., G.P., R.C.), ASST "Gaetano Pini-CTO"; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (M.A.), University of Milan; Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (U.L.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS; IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (A.D.F.), Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; and Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" (R.C.), Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Aureli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.S., R.A., V.R., G.M., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), Humanitas University; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (R.A., V.R., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), IRCCS, Rozzano; Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson (S.B., A.Z., G.P.); Parkinson Institute (S.B., A.Z., G.P., R.C.), ASST "Gaetano Pini-CTO"; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (M.A.), University of Milan; Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (U.L.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS; IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (A.D.F.), Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; and Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" (R.C.), Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Della Porta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.S., R.A., V.R., G.M., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), Humanitas University; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (R.A., V.R., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), IRCCS, Rozzano; Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson (S.B., A.Z., G.P.); Parkinson Institute (S.B., A.Z., G.P., R.C.), ASST "Gaetano Pini-CTO"; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (M.A.), University of Milan; Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (U.L.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS; IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (A.D.F.), Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; and Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" (R.C.), Milan, Italy
| | - Ugo Lucca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.S., R.A., V.R., G.M., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), Humanitas University; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (R.A., V.R., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), IRCCS, Rozzano; Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson (S.B., A.Z., G.P.); Parkinson Institute (S.B., A.Z., G.P., R.C.), ASST "Gaetano Pini-CTO"; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (M.A.), University of Milan; Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (U.L.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS; IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (A.D.F.), Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; and Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" (R.C.), Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.S., R.A., V.R., G.M., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), Humanitas University; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (R.A., V.R., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), IRCCS, Rozzano; Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson (S.B., A.Z., G.P.); Parkinson Institute (S.B., A.Z., G.P., R.C.), ASST "Gaetano Pini-CTO"; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (M.A.), University of Milan; Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (U.L.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS; IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (A.D.F.), Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; and Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" (R.C.), Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Zecchinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.S., R.A., V.R., G.M., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), Humanitas University; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (R.A., V.R., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), IRCCS, Rozzano; Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson (S.B., A.Z., G.P.); Parkinson Institute (S.B., A.Z., G.P., R.C.), ASST "Gaetano Pini-CTO"; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (M.A.), University of Milan; Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (U.L.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS; IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (A.D.F.), Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; and Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" (R.C.), Milan, Italy
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.S., R.A., V.R., G.M., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), Humanitas University; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (R.A., V.R., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), IRCCS, Rozzano; Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson (S.B., A.Z., G.P.); Parkinson Institute (S.B., A.Z., G.P., R.C.), ASST "Gaetano Pini-CTO"; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (M.A.), University of Milan; Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (U.L.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS; IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (A.D.F.), Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; and Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" (R.C.), Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Cilia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.S., R.A., V.R., G.M., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), Humanitas University; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (R.A., V.R., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), IRCCS, Rozzano; Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson (S.B., A.Z., G.P.); Parkinson Institute (S.B., A.Z., G.P., R.C.), ASST "Gaetano Pini-CTO"; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (M.A.), University of Milan; Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (U.L.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS; IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (A.D.F.), Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; and Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" (R.C.), Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Duga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.S., R.A., V.R., G.M., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), Humanitas University; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (R.A., V.R., G.S., M.D.P., S.D.), IRCCS, Rozzano; Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson (S.B., A.Z., G.P.); Parkinson Institute (S.B., A.Z., G.P., R.C.), ASST "Gaetano Pini-CTO"; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (M.A.), University of Milan; Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (U.L.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS; IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (A.D.F.), Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan; and Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" (R.C.), Milan, Italy
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45
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Feng J. Modeling the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease in patient-specific neurons. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 246:298-304. [PMID: 32972199 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220961788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 30 trillion cells that self-assemble into a human being originate from the pluripotent stem cells in the inner cell mass of a human blastocyst. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) makes it possible to approximate various aspects of this natural developmental process artificially by generating materials that can be used in invasive mechanistic studies of virtually all human conditions. In Parkinson's disease, instructions computed by the basal ganglia to control voluntary motor functions break down, leading to widespread rhythmic bursting activities in the basal ganglia and beyond. It is thought that these oscillatory neuronal activities, which disrupt aperiodic neurotransmission in a normal brain, may reduce information content in the instructions for motor control. Using midbrain neuronal cultures differentiated from iPSCs of Parkinson's disease patients with parkin mutations, we find that parkin mutations cause oscillatory neuronal activities when dopamine D1-class receptors are activated. This system makes it possible to study the molecular basis of rhythmic bursting activities in Parkinson's disease. Further development of stem cell models of Parkinson's disease will enable better approximation of the situation in the brain of Parkinson's disease patients. In this review, I will discuss what has been found in the past about the pathophysiology of motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease, especially oscillatory neuronal activities and how stem cell technologies may transform our abilities to understand the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Feng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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46
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Shutinoski B, Hakimi M, Harmsen IE, Lunn M, Rocha J, Lengacher N, Zhou YY, Khan J, Nguyen A, Hake-Volling Q, El-Kodsi D, Li J, Alikashani A, Beauchamp C, Majithia J, Coombs K, Shimshek D, Marcogliese PC, Park DS, Rioux JD, Philpott DJ, Woulfe JM, Hayley S, Sad S, Tomlinson JJ, Brown EG, Schlossmacher MG. Lrrk2 alleles modulate inflammation during microbial infection of mice in a sex-dependent manner. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/511/eaas9292. [PMID: 31554740 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aas9292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Variants in the leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) gene are associated with Parkinson's disease, leprosy, and Crohn's disease, three disorders with inflammation as an important component. Because of its high expression in granulocytes and CD68-positive cells, LRRK2 may have a function in innate immunity. We tested this hypothesis in two ways. First, adult mice were intravenously inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium, resulting in sepsis. Second, newborn mouse pups were intranasally infected with reovirus (serotype 3 Dearing), which induced encephalitis. In both mouse models, wild-type Lrrk2 expression was protective and showed a sex effect, with female Lrrk2-deficient animals not controlling infection as well as males. Mice expressing Lrrk2 carrying the Parkinson's disease-linked p.G2019S mutation controlled infection better, with reduced bacterial growth and longer animal survival during sepsis. This gain-of-function effect conferred by the p.G2019S mutation was mediated by myeloid cells and was abolished in animals expressing a kinase-dead Lrrk2 variant, p.D1994S. Mouse pups with reovirus-induced encephalitis that expressed the p.G2019S Lrrk2 mutation showed increased mortality despite lower viral titers. The p.G2019S mutant Lrrk2 augmented immune cell chemotaxis and generated more reactive oxygen species during virulent infection. Reovirus-infected brains from mice expressing the p.G2019S mutant Lrrk2 contained higher concentrations of α-synuclein. Animals expressing one or two p.D1994S Lrrk2 alleles showed lower mortality from reovirus-induced encephalitis. Thus, Lrrk2 alleles may alter the course of microbial infections by modulating inflammation, and this may be dependent on the sex and genotype of the host as well as the type of pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Shutinoski
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mansoureh Hakimi
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Irene E Harmsen
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michaela Lunn
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Juliana Rocha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nathalie Lengacher
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yi Yuan Zhou
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jasmine Khan
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Angela Nguyen
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Quinton Hake-Volling
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel El-Kodsi
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Li
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Azadeh Alikashani
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Claudine Beauchamp
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jay Majithia
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Derya Shimshek
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul C Marcogliese
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David S Park
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - John D Rioux
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John M Woulfe
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Subash Sad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Julianna J Tomlinson
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Earl G Brown
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G Schlossmacher
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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47
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Tessitore A, Cirillo M, De Micco R. Functional Connectivity Signatures of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 9:637-652. [PMID: 31450512 PMCID: PMC6839494 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) studies have been extensively applied to analyze the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). In the present narrative review, we attempt to summarize the most recent RS-fMRI findings highlighting the role of brain networks re-organization and adaptation in the course of PD. We also discuss limitations and potential definition of early functional connectivity signatures to track and predict future PD progression. Understanding the neural correlates and potential predisposing factors of clinical progression and complication will be crucial to guide novel clinical trials and to foster preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Tessitore
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Cirillo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa De Micco
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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48
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Toffoli M, Vieira SRL, Schapira AHV. Genetic causes of PD: A pathway to disease modification. Neuropharmacology 2020; 170:108022. [PMID: 32119885 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The underline neuropathology of Parkinson disease is pleiomorphic and its genetic background diverse. Possibly because of this heterogeneity, no effective disease modifying therapy is available. In this paper we give an overview of the genetics of Parkinson disease and explain how this is relevant for the development of new therapies. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'The Quest for Disease-Modifying Therapies for Neurodegenerative Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Toffoli
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - S R L Vieira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - A H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
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49
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Mutated ATP10B increases Parkinson's disease risk by compromising lysosomal glucosylceramide export. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:1001-1024. [PMID: 32172343 PMCID: PMC7244618 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disease presenting with a variety of motor and non-motor symptoms, loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the occurrence of α-synuclein-positive Lewy bodies in surviving neurons. Here, we performed whole exome sequencing in 52 early-onset PD patients and identified 3 carriers of compound heterozygous mutations in the ATP10B P4-type ATPase gene. Genetic screening of a Belgian PD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) cohort identified 4 additional compound heterozygous mutation carriers (6/617 PD patients, 0.97%; 1/226 DLB patients, 0.44%). We established that ATP10B encodes a late endo-lysosomal lipid flippase that translocates the lipids glucosylceramide (GluCer) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) towards the cytosolic membrane leaflet. The PD associated ATP10B mutants are catalytically inactive and fail to provide cellular protection against the environmental PD risk factors rotenone and manganese. In isolated cortical neurons, loss of ATP10B leads to general lysosomal dysfunction and cell death. Impaired lysosomal functionality and integrity is well known to be implicated in PD pathology and linked to multiple causal PD genes and genetic risk factors. Our results indicate that recessive loss of function mutations in ATP10B increase risk for PD by disturbed lysosomal export of GluCer and PC. Both ATP10B and glucocerebrosidase 1, encoded by the PD risk gene GBA1, reduce lysosomal GluCer levels, emerging lysosomal GluCer accumulation as a potential PD driver.
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50
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Generation of an induced pluripotent stem cell line (DANi-011A) from a Parkinson's disease patient with a LRRK2 p.G2019S mutation. Stem Cell Res 2020; 45:101781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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