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Nadeem ZA, Ashraf H, Nadeem A, Kareem R, Ashfaq H, Majid Z, Ashraf A. Trends in mortality due to multiple sclerosis in the United States: A retrospective analysis from 1999 to 2020. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 89:105765. [PMID: 39029341 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory condition with a prevalence of about 309.2 per 100,000 people in the United States. We aim to identify MS-related mortality trends in the USA from 1999 to 2020, stratified by age, sex, race, and geography, and its correlation with sunlight. METHODS Death certificates from the CDC-WONDER database were examined for adults aged ≥25 years. Crude rates (CR) and age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 1,000,000 persons and annual percent change (APC) were calculated. We also retrieved data for daily sunlight from 1999 to 2011. RESULTS From 1999 to 2020, a total of 121,694 deaths occurred due to MS. The AAMR rose from 23.6 in 1999 to 29.7 in 2020 (APC 0.65), with a stable trend till 2018 (APC -0.22) followed by an abrupt increase towards 2020 (APC 9.27). Women had higher AAMR than men. Non-Hispanic (NH) Whites exhibited the highest AAMR (28.5), followed by NH Blacks (25.9), NH American Indians/Alaska Natives (9.6), Hispanics or Latino (6.8), and NH Asian or Pacific Islanders (1.9). AAMRs also varied substantially by region (Midwest: 32.4; Northeast: 26.9; West: 26.2; South: 19.4). States with the highest AAMRs were Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Oregon. The states with lower daily sunlight had higher AAMRs (r = -0.559, p = 0.000). AAMRs were comparable in urban (25) and rural (26.3) areas. Most deaths occurred in medical facilities (33.92 %) and nursing homes / long-term care (30.80 %), followed by home (27.79 %), and hospice (4.06 %). Adults ≥ 65 years depicted the highest mortality rates (CR 64.4) while adults aged 25 to 44 years showed the lowest rates (CR 4.6). CONCLUSION We found an overall stable trend in MS-related mortality rates in the US till 2018 with a sharp increase thereafter. We observed highest mortality among women and NH White adults, among residents of Midwest and Northeast regions, and among adults ≥ 65 years. Higher disease burden in recent years calls for devising timely policies focused on these high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zain Ali Nadeem
- Department of Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Pakistan
| | - Hamza Ashraf
- Department of Cardiology, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Pakistan
| | - Aimen Nadeem
- Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Pakistan
| | - Rutaab Kareem
- Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Pakistan
| | - Haider Ashfaq
- Department of Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Pakistan
| | - Zuha Majid
- Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Pakistan
| | - Ali Ashraf
- Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Banasadegh S, Shahrbanian S, Gharakhanlou R, Kordi MR, Mohammad Soltani B. Enhancing brain health: Swimming-induced BDNF release and epigenetic influence in MS female mouse models. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38900673 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2024.2365230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition characterized by inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), impacting sensory, motor, and cognitive abilities. Globally, around three million individuals are affected by MS, with up to 97,000 cases in Iran attributed to genetic predispositions along with various environmental factors like smoking. Cognitive impairment affects a significant portion of patients, ranging from 45% to 70%. This study investigates the impact of regular aerobic swimming exercise for four weeks, mild cognitive impairment induced by encephalomyelitis, and their combination on the expression of microRNA-142-3p and its correlation with the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in relation to spatial memory. Twenty-one C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups. RT-PCR was used for microRNA expression analysis, and BDNF levels were assessed via western blotting. Clinical scores and animal weights were monitored daily. EAE induction led to an increase in microRNA-142-3p expression and a decrease in BDNF levels compared to the control group. Exercise inversed them significantly, and improved spatial memory. Our findings indicate that engaging in regular swimming exercise can counteract the up-regulation of miR-142-3p in brain tissue, which likely contributes to mild cognitive impairment induced by MS. Additionally, the increase in BDNF following exercise appears to be associated with miR-142-3p and the enhancement of cognitive function. Thus, the therapeutic benefits of exercise, particularly in releasing BDNF to improve cognitive function in MS patients, warrant consideration. Lifestyle modifications have the potential to effectively modulate environmental influences and ethnicity, underscoring their significance in MS management.
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Ponzano M, Signori A, Bellavia A, Carbone A, Bovis F, Schiavetti I, Montobbio N, Sormani MP. Race and ethnicity in multiple sclerosis phase 3 clinical trials: A systematic review. Mult Scler 2024:13524585241254283. [PMID: 38849992 DOI: 10.1177/13524585241254283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinctive differences in multiple sclerosis (MS) have been observed by race and ethnicity. We aim to (1) assess how often race and ethnicity were reported in clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, (2) evaluate whether the population was diverse enough, and (3) compare with publications. METHODS We included phase 3 clinical trials registered with results on ClinicalTrials.gov between 2007 and 2023. When race and/or ethnicity were reported, we searched for the corresponding publications. RESULTS Out of the 99 included studies, 56% reported race and/or ethnicity, of which only 26% of those primarily completed before 2017. Studies reporting race or ethnicity contributed to a total of 33,891 participants, mainly enrolled in Eastern Europe. Most were White (93%), and the median percentage of White participants was 93% (interquartile range (IQR) = 86%-98%), compared to 3% for Black (IQR = 1%-12%) and 0.2% for Asian (IQR = 0%-1%). Four trials omitted race and ethnicity in publications and even when information was reported, some discrepancies in terminology were identified and categories with fewer participants were often collapsed. CONCLUSION More efforts should be done to improve transparency, accuracy, and representativeness, in publications and at a design phase, by addressing social determinants of health that historically limit the enrollment of underrepresented population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ponzano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessio Signori
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Bellavia
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessio Carbone
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Bovis
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Irene Schiavetti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Noemi Montobbio
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Sormani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
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Cameron MH, Bethoux F, Field-Fote E, Lenderking WR, Zaiser E, Cutts KN, Wagner JM, Berwaerts J, Steinerman JR. Development of an integrated conceptual model of multiple sclerosis spasticity. Disabil Rehabil 2024; 46:2955-2965. [PMID: 37480330 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2237403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spasticity is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), often leading to functional limitations and disability. We developed a conceptual model of spasticity in MS integrating expert opinion, recent literature, and experiences of clinicians and people with MS spasticity. METHODS A conceptual model was developed based on a targeted literature review of articles published between 2014 and 2019, followed by input from clinicians, then input from participants with MS spasticity. Multidisciplinary experts on spasticity provided guidance at each step. RESULTS Key concepts of the integrated spasticity conceptual model included: moderators; triggers; modifiers; treatment; objective manifestations; subjective experience; physical, functional, social, and emotional/psychological impacts; and long-term consequences. Participants with MS spasticity most frequently endorsed spasms, tightness, and pain as descriptors of spasticity. Some participants with MS spasticity had difficulty distinguishing spasticity from other MS symptoms (e.g. muscle weakness). Some triggers, emotional/psychological impacts, and long-term consequences of spasticity reported by participants with MS spasticity were not previously identified in the published literature. CONCLUSIONS This conceptual model of spasticity, integrating published literature with the experience of clinicians, people with MS spasticity, and experts, demonstrates the complex, multidimensional nature of MS spasticity. This model may be used to improve clinician-patient dialogue, research, and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H Cameron
- Department of Neurology, OR Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Francois Bethoux
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Edelle Field-Fote
- Crawford Research Institute, Shepherd Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joanne M Wagner
- Former employee of Greenwich Biosciences, Inc., now part of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | - Joris Berwaerts
- Former employee of Greenwich Biosciences, Inc., now part of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, USA
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Kwon S, Sillau S, Corboy JR, Nair KV, Carlson AM. Shifting patterns of multiple sclerosis treatment in a highly prevalent United States population. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2024; 11:1526-1534. [PMID: 38654416 PMCID: PMC11187960 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.52069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objectives were to (1) obtain the prevalence and demography of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) in a representative Colorado population, and (2) to assess the utilization of disease-modifying therapy within this prevalent cohort. METHODS This is a retrospective, observational study of patients that had contact with the University of Colorado Health System from 2012 to 2020. We queried Health Data Compass, a data warehouse, for patient data and applied the MS Prevalence Workgroup Algorithm to generate a prevalent cohort. We calculated prevalence as of 31 December 2020, and stratified by age, sex, race, and ethnicity. Payer information and treatment exposure were obtained from linked claims from the Colorado All Payers Claim Database. Disease-modifying therapies were classified as highly effective and moderately effective based on the clinical trial, TREAT-MS (NCT03500328). RESULTS From a population of 1,382,821 individuals, 8557 people with MS were captured. Age-adjusted prevalence of MS as of 31 December 2020 was 572.3 per 100,000 with a mean age of 47.36. Prevalence varied between demographic subgroups, with the lowest prevalence in Hispanic men (215.6) and highest in White (824.1) and Black women (820.1). Overall disease-modifying therapy exposure was 62.4%, with increased highly effective therapy use and a corresponding decrease in moderately effective therapy use on a yearly basis. INTERPRETATION MS is highly prevalent in a representative Colorado cohort. Overall treatment and proportion of highly effective therapy exposure increased significantly during a critical period of MS therapeutic advances, indicating a shift in disease management driven sharply by the availability of on-label anti-CD20 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Kwon
- Department of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Stefan Sillau
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - John R. Corboy
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Kavita V. Nair
- Department of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Aaron M. Carlson
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraColoradoUSA
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Robers MV, Amezcua L. Current opinion: Racial and ethnic health disparities in multiple sclerosis: considering the social determinants of health. Curr Opin Neurol 2024; 37:245-251. [PMID: 38506756 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We discuss racial and ethnic disparities in multiple sclerosis (MS), outcomes, and social determinants of health (SDoH). We also provide essential considerations needed to bridge the gap in inequalities, including broader representation of racial and ethnic people in clinical trials and research in general and the inclusion of better measures of living conditions. RECENT FINDINGS The incidence and prevalence of MS have become more diverse in the USA. There is increased recognition that racial and ethnic health disparities and inequities exist due to adverse social conditions. Clinical trials have failed to be inclusive and diverse. Training in health disparity is an essential priority of funding sources, and designing clinical trials that consider the barriers these populations face can close significant gaps. SUMMARY The incidence, prevalence, and awareness of MS have seen an incline in diverse racial and ethnic populations. Health disparities exist in MS with Black, Hispanic, and indigenous populations appearing to have worse outcomes. SDoH play a significant role in causing these health disparities. Accessibility to clinical trials and treatment are barriers these populations face. Strategic and earnest interventions considering SDoH are critically needed to develop solutions that collectively improve health and MS care for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Robers
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
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Kerns S, Owen KA, Schwalbe D, Grammer AC, Lipsky PE. Examination of the shared genetic architecture between multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus facilitates discovery of novel lupus risk loci. Hum Genet 2024; 143:703-719. [PMID: 38609570 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-024-02672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with heterogeneous manifestations, including neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Genetic association studies in SLE have been hampered by insufficient sample size and limited power compared to many other diseases. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic relapsing autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that also manifests neurological and immunological features. Here, we identify a method of leveraging large-scale genome wide association studies (GWAS) in MS to identify novel genetic risk loci in SLE. Statistical genetic comparison methods including linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and cross-phenotype association analysis (CPASSOC) to identify genetic overlap in disease pathophysiology, traditional 2-sample and novel PPI-based mendelian randomization to identify causal associations and Bayesian colocalization were applied to association studies conducted in MS to facilitate discovery in the smaller, more limited datasets available for SLE. Pathway analysis using SNP-to-gene mapping identified biological networks composed of molecular pathways with causal implications for CNS disease in SLE specifically, as well as pathways likely causal of both pathologies, providing key insights for therapeutic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Kerns
- AMPEL BioSolutions, LLC, Charlottesville, VA, 22902, USA.
- The RILITE Research Institute, Charlottesville, VA, 22902, USA.
| | - Katherine A Owen
- AMPEL BioSolutions, LLC, Charlottesville, VA, 22902, USA
- The RILITE Research Institute, Charlottesville, VA, 22902, USA
| | - Dana Schwalbe
- AMPEL BioSolutions, LLC, Charlottesville, VA, 22902, USA
- The RILITE Research Institute, Charlottesville, VA, 22902, USA
| | - Amrie C Grammer
- AMPEL BioSolutions, LLC, Charlottesville, VA, 22902, USA
- The RILITE Research Institute, Charlottesville, VA, 22902, USA
| | - Peter E Lipsky
- AMPEL BioSolutions, LLC, Charlottesville, VA, 22902, USA
- The RILITE Research Institute, Charlottesville, VA, 22902, USA
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Polick CS, Dennis P, Calhoun PS, Braley TJ, Lee E, Wilson S. Investigating disparities in smoking cessation treatment for veterans with multiple sclerosis: A national analysis. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3513. [PMID: 38698620 PMCID: PMC11066415 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Smoking is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS) development, symptom burden, decreased medication efficacy, and increased disease-related mortality. Veterans with MS (VwMS) smoke at critically high rates; however, treatment rates and possible disparities are unknown. To promote equitable treatment, we aim to investigate smoking cessation prescription practices for VwMS across social determinant factors. METHODS We extracted data from the national Veterans Health Administration electronic health records between October 1, 2017, and September 30, 2018. To derive marginal estimates of the association of MS with receipt of smoking-cessation pharmacotherapy, we used propensity score matching through the extreme gradient boosting machine learning model. VwMS who smoke were matched with veterans without MS who smoke on factors including age, race, depression, and healthcare visits. To assess the marginal association of MS with different cessation treatments, we used logistic regression and conducted stratified analyses by sex, race, and ethnicity. RESULTS The matched sample achieved a good balance across most covariates, compared to the pre-match sample. VwMS (n = 3320) had decreased odds of receiving prescriptions for nicotine patches ([Odds Ratio]OR = 0.86, p < .01), non-patch nicotine replacement therapy (NRT; OR = 0.81, p < .001), and standard practice dual NRT (OR = 0.77, p < .01), compared to matches without MS (n = 13,280). Men with MS had lower odds of receiving prescriptions for nicotine patches (OR = 0.88, p = .05), non-patch NRT (OR = 0.77, p < .001), and dual NRT (OR = 0.72, p < .001). Similarly, Black VwMS had lower odds of receiving prescriptions for patches (OR = 0.62, p < .001), non-patch NRT (OR = 0.75, p < .05), and dual NRT (OR = 0.52, p < .01). The odds of receiving prescriptions for bupropion or varenicline did not differ between VwMS and matches without MS. CONCLUSION VwMS received significantly less smoking cessation treatment, compared to matched controls without MS, showing a critical gap in health services as VwMS are not receiving dual NRT as the standard of care. Prescription rates were especially lower for male and Black VwMS, suggesting that under-represented demographic groups outside of the white female category, most often considered as the "traditional MS" group, could be under-treated regarding smoking cessation support. This foundational work will help inform future work to promote equitable treatment and implementation of cessation interventions for people living with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carri S. Polick
- Durham VA Health Care SystemDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- School of Nursing, Duke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Paul Dennis
- Durham VA Health Care SystemDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Patrick S. Calhoun
- Durham VA Health Care SystemDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | - Sarah Wilson
- Durham VA Health Care SystemDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
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Sherman BW, Henderson R, Kamin L, Phares S. Specialty drug use for autoimmune conditions varies by race and wage among employees with employer-sponsored health insurance. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2024; 30:497-506. [PMID: 38483271 PMCID: PMC11068654 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2024.23163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between race and ethnicity, wage status, and specialty medication (SpRx) use among employees with autoimmune conditions (AICs) is poorly understood. Insight into sociodemographic variations in use of these medications can inform health equity improvement efforts. OBJECTIVE To assess the association of race and ethnicity and wage status on SpRx use and adherence patterns among employees with AICs enrolled in employer-sponsored health insurance. METHODS In this observational, retrospective cohort analysis, data were obtained from the IBM Watson MarketScan database for calendar year 2018. Employees were separated into race and ethnicity subgroups based on employer-provided data. Midyear employee wage data were used to allocate employees into the following annual income quartiles: $47,000 or less, $47,001-$71,000, $71,001-$106,000, and $106,001 or more. The lowest quartile was further divided into 2 groups ($35,000 or less and $35,001-$47,000) to better evaluate subgroup differences. Outcomes included monthly days SpRx-AIC supply, proportion of days covered (PDC), and medication discontinuation rates. Generalized linear regressions were used to assess differences while adjusting for patient and other characteristics. RESULTS From a sample of more than 2,000,000 enrollees, race and ethnicity data were available for 617,117 (29.8%). Of those, 47,839 (7.8%) were identified as having an AIC of interest, with prevalence rates of AICs differing by race within wage categories. Among those with AICs, 5,358 (11.2%) had filled at least 1 SpRx-AIC prescription. Following adjustment, except for the highest wage category, prevalence of SpRx-AIC use was significantly less among Black and Hispanic subpopulations. Black patients had significantly lower SpRx-AIC use rates than White patients (≤$35,000: 4.9 vs 9.4%, >$35,000-$47,000: 5.5 vs 10.6%, >$47,000-$71,000: 8.5 vs 11.1%, and >$71,000-$106,000: 9.1 vs 12.7%; P <0.001 for all). For Hispanic patients, prevalence rates were significantly lower than White patients in 3 different wage categories (≤$35,000: 4.5 vs 9.4%, >$35,000-$47,000: 6.1 vs 10.6%, and >$71,000-$106,000: 8.6 vs 12.7%; P < 0.001). PDC and 90-day discontinuation rates did not differ among race and ethnicity groups within the respective wage bands. CONCLUSIONS Race and ethnicity and wage-related disparities exist in SpRx use, but not PDC or discontinuation rates for treatment of AICs among non-White and low-income populations with employer-sponsored insurance, and may adversely impact clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce W. Sherman
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
- National Alliance of Healthcare Purchaser Coalitions, Washington, DC
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10
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Jones RR, Turkoz I, Ait-Tihyaty M, DiBernardo A, Houtchens MK, Havrdová EK. Efficacy and Safety of Ponesimod Compared with Teriflunomide in Female Patients with Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis: Findings from the Pivotal OPTIMUM Study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2024; 33:480-490. [PMID: 38301149 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is threefold more prevalent in women than men. However, sex-specific efficacy analysis for MS disease-modifying therapies is not typically performed. Methods: Post hoc analyses of data from female patients enrolled in the phase 3, double-blind OPTIMUM study of relapsing MS were carried out. Eligible adults were randomized to ponesimod 20 mg or teriflunomide 14 mg once daily for up to 108 weeks. The primary endpoint was annualized relapse rate (ARR); secondary endpoints included change in symptom domain of Fatigue Symptom and Impact Questionnaire-Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (FSIQ-RMS) at week 108, number of combined unique active lesions (CUALs) per year on magnetic resonance imaging, and time to 12- and 24-week confirmed disability accumulation (CDA). Results: A total of 735 female patients (581 of childbearing potential) were randomized to ponesimod (n = 363, 49.4%) or teriflunomide (n = 372, 50.6%). Relative risk reduction in the ARR for ponesimod versus teriflunomide was 33.1% (mean, 0.192 vs. 0.286, respectively; p < 0.002). Mean difference in FSIQ-RMS for ponesimod versus teriflunomide was -4.34 (0.12 vs. 4.46; p = 0.002); rate ratio in CUALs per year, 0.601 (1.45 vs. 2.41; p < 0.0001), and hazard ratio for time to 12- and 24-week CDA risk estimates, 0.83 (10.7% vs. 12.9%; p = 0.38) and 0.91 (8.8% vs. 9.7%; p = 0.69), respectively. Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar between treatment groups (89.0% and 90.1%). Conclusions: Analyses demonstrate the efficacy and safety of ponesimod, versus active comparator, for women with relapsing MS, supporting data-informed decision-making for women with MS. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT02425644.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn R Jones
- Office of Chief Medical Officer, Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ibrahim Turkoz
- Department of Statistics and Decision Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Maria Ait-Tihyaty
- Global Medical Affairs, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Allitia DiBernardo
- Global Medical Affairs, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Maria K Houtchens
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdová
- Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Ashtari F, Kavosh A, Baghbanian SM, Hosseini Nejad Mir N, Hosseini S, Razazian N, Majdinasab N, Farajzadegan Z, Shaygannejad V, Adibi I, Eskandarieh S, Sahraian MA. A national registry-based study of ethnic differences in people with multiple sclerosis in Iran. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2024; 239:108216. [PMID: 38490075 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between MS and ethnicity has been understudied in the Middle East compared to the United States and Europe. As Iran as the highest prevalence of MS in the Middle East, we decided to investigate the demographic and clinical differences in people with MS (pwMS) from major ethnicities Iran. METHODS In a cross-sectional study using data from National Multiple Sclerosis Registry in Iran. PwMS from six provinces were chosen and interviewed for determining their ethnicity. Persians (Fars), Kurds, Lurs, Azeris and Arabs with a clear ethnic background were included. Recorded data from the registry was used to compare the demographic and clinical features. RESULTS A total of 4015 pwMS (74.2% female) were included in the study with an average age of 36.76 ± 9.68 years. Persians and Kurds had the highest percentage of pwMS in youngest and oldest age groups, respectively, with 2.9% and 5.7% (p<0.01). The highest average age of onset was seen in Persians (29.47 ± 8.89) and the lowest observed in Mazandaranis (26.82 ± 7.68, p<0.01). Azeris and Kurds had the highest proportions of pwMS diagnosed <18 and >55, at rates of 12% and 1.6%, respectively (p<0.01). There were statistically significant differences in distribution of phenotypes (p<0.01) and time to progression to secondary progressive MS (p<0.01) such that Persians had the highest rate of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) at 19.3% and Arabs had highest rates of relapsing-remitting MS (86.2%) and secondary progressive MS (16.4%). Lurs, Azeris and Mazandaranis had significantly more patients progressing to secondary-progressive MS <5 years from diagnosis (p<0.01). There was a significant difference in number of relapses between the ethnicities (p<0.01) with Lurs having the highest proportion of participants reporting >4 relapses with 23.0% and Azeris having the highest percentage of pwMS reporting no relapse (53.0%). Kurds had the highest Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) average at 2.93 ± 1.99 and Lurs had the lowest with 1.28 ± 1.25 (p<0.01). The differences in prevalence of positive family history for the whole cohort between ethnicities were significant (P=0.02), ranging from 12.8% in Kurds to 19.6% in Persians. CONCLUSION We found Persians to have higher rates of pediatric MS and higher rates of CIS. Kurds and Lurs had higher and lower EDSS scores, respectively. Lurs and Persian had higher annual relapse rates. We also found lower rates of SPMS among Arabs and earlier progression to SPMS in Lurs, Azeris and Mazandaranis. Such differences highlight the importance of the potential role of ethnicities in diagnosis and prognosis of MS, especially considering their observation within the geographical limits of a single country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ashtari
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Aryan Kavosh
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Baghbanian
- Neurology Department, Booalisina Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Pasdaran Boulevard, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Samaneh Hosseini
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazanin Razazian
- Neurology Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nastaran Majdinasab
- Department of Neurology, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Ziba Farajzadegan
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vahid Shaygannejad
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Iman Adibi
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sharareh Eskandarieh
- Assistant Professor in Epidemiology, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Parciak T, Geys L, Helme A, van der Mei I, Hillert J, Schmidt H, Salter A, Zakaria M, Middleton R, Stahmann A, Dobay P, Hernandez Martinez-Lapiscina E, Iaffaldano P, Plueschke K, Rojas JI, Sabidó M, Magyari M, van der Walt A, Arickx F, Comi G, Peeters LM. Introducing a core dataset for real-world data in multiple sclerosis registries and cohorts: Recommendations from a global task force. Mult Scler 2024; 30:396-418. [PMID: 38140852 PMCID: PMC10935622 DOI: 10.1177/13524585231216004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As of September 2022, there was no globally recommended set of core data elements for use in multiple sclerosis (MS) healthcare and research. As a result, data harmonisation across observational data sources and scientific collaboration is limited. OBJECTIVES To define and agree upon a core dataset for real-world data (RWD) in MS from observational registries and cohorts. METHODS A three-phase process approach was conducted combining a landscaping exercise with dedicated discussions within a global multi-stakeholder task force consisting of 20 experts in the field of MS and its RWD to define the Core Dataset. RESULTS A core dataset for MS consisting of 44 variables in eight categories was translated into a data dictionary that has been published and disseminated for emerging and existing registries and cohorts to use. Categories include variables on demographics and comorbidities (patient-specific data), disease history, disease status, relapses, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and treatment data (disease-specific data). CONCLUSION The MS Data Alliance Core Dataset guides emerging registries in their dataset definitions and speeds up and supports harmonisation across registries and initiatives. The straight-forward, time-efficient process using a dedicated global multi-stakeholder task force has proven to be effective to define a concise core dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Parciak
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Belgium
- UHasselt, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Diepenbeek, Belgium
- UHasselt, Data Science Institute (DSI), Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Lotte Geys
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Belgium
- UHasselt, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Diepenbeek, Belgium
- UHasselt, Data Science Institute (DSI), Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Anne Helme
- Multiple Sclerosis International Federation, London, UK
| | - Ingrid van der Mei
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, The Australian MS longitudinal study (AMSLS), Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jan Hillert
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hollie Schmidt
- Accelerated Cure Project, iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Amber Salter
- Section on Statistical Planning and Analysis, UT Southwestern Medical Center, NARCOMS Registry, COViMS Registry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Magd Zakaria
- Department of Neurology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rodden Middleton
- Population Data Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Alexander Stahmann
- German MS Register by the German MS Society, MS Research and Project Development gGmbH (MSFP), Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Elena Hernandez Martinez-Lapiscina
- Office of Therapies for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders (H-NEU), Human Medicines (H-Division), European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pietro Iaffaldano
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neurosciences (DiBraiN), Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italian MS registry, Bari, Italy
| | - Kelly Plueschke
- Data Analytics and Methods Task Force, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan I Rojas
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario de CEMIC, RelevarEM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Meritxell Sabidó
- Department of Epidemiology, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Melinda Magyari
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry and Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Anneke van der Walt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Francis Arickx
- National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Department of Rehabilitation Neurosciences, Casa di Cura Igea, Milan, Italy
| | - Liesbet M Peeters
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Belgium
- UHasselt, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Diepenbeek, Belgium
- UHasselt, Data Science Institute (DSI), Diepenbeek, Belgium
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13
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Parawira S, Reese V. Podcast on Identifying and Understanding Barriers to Care in Underserved Populations With MS in the United States. Neurol Ther 2024; 13:1-9. [PMID: 37982988 PMCID: PMC10787707 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-023-00559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) can affect people from all racial and ethnic backgrounds, but, historically, the incidence of MS in the United States was thought to be highest in White individuals. More recent data suggest that the incidence of MS in Black or African American individuals is comparable to that in White individuals. In Hispanic or Latino individuals, incidence of MS is lower, but age of onset may be earlier compared with White individuals. Additionally, there are important differences in MS disease severity, disease progression, and mortality in Black or African American and Hispanic or Latino populations. Compared with their White counterparts, individuals from these underrepresented groups are more likely to be affected by MS in specific areas of the nervous system, such as accelerated loss of retinal and brain tissue in Black or African American individuals and optic neuritis in Hispanic individuals. Additionally, Black or African American individuals with MS tend to have an aggressive disease course, earlier disability, and higher risk of requiring ambulatory assistance. Although these differences may be attributed to genetic factors, systemic racism and biases and barriers to accessing care may perpetuate health disparities. Moreover, non-White communities remain broadly underrepresented in clinical trials; however, it is vital that these populations are appropriately represented so that any potential differences in drug efficacy or safety implications are detected. Thus, it is important to increase awareness of MS in these populations. In this podcast, the authors discuss characteristics of MS in Black or African American and Hispanic or Latino populations, identify barriers to care, and propose solutions to improve access to MS care in these populations. MP4 (358385 KB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Parawira
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Waddell Center for Multiple Sclerosis, 3113 Bellevue Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45219, USA.
| | - Victoria Reese
- We Are ILL, Patient Advocacy Organization, PO Box 36846, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
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14
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Jeng B, Huynh TLT, Motl RW. Comorbid Conditions and Physical Function in Adults With Multiple Sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2024; 105:251-257. [PMID: 37442217 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2023.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the total number of comorbid conditions as a correlate of physical function in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). We further identified the presence of common comorbid conditions and examined physical function outcomes based on presence or absence of the comorbid conditions in persons with MS. DESIGN Cross-sectional, comparative study. SETTING University-based laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred seven persons with MS (N=207) completed the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants provided demographic, clinical, and comorbidity information. Participants then completed the 6-minute walk (6MW), timed 25-foot walk (T25FW), timed Up and Go (TUG), and short physical performance battery (SPPB). INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. RESULTS The number of comorbid conditions was associated with 6MW, T25FW, TUG, and SPPB scores (all P≤.001). Persons with MS who had hypertension performed worse on the 6MW, T25FW, TUG, and SPPB than persons without hypertension. Persons who had osteoarthritis performed worse on the 6MW, T25FW, and SPPB than persons without osteoarthritis. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that persons who report more comorbid conditions have worse physical function, and this may largely be associated with hypertension or osteoarthritis. There are opportunities for the design of behavioral interventions that target physical activity and/or diet for improving physical function via comorbid conditions in persons with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Jeng
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL.
| | - Trinh L T Huynh
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert W Motl
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL
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15
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Kaisey M, Solomon AJ. Multiple Sclerosis Diagnostic Delay and Misdiagnosis. Neurol Clin 2024; 42:1-13. [PMID: 37980109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) misdiagnosis in the form of an incorrect diagnosis of MS, as well as delayed diagnosis in patients who do have MS, both influence patient clinical outcomes. Contemporary studies have reported data on factors associated with these diagnostic challenges and their frequency. Expediting diagnosis in patients with MS and reducing MS misdiagnosis in patients who do not have MS may be aided by educational efforts surrounding early MS symptoms and proper application of MS diagnostic criteria. Emerging novel MS diagnostic biomarkers may aid early and accurate diagnosis of MS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Kaisey
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, A6600, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Andrew J Solomon
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, University Health Center, Arnold 2, 1 South Prospect Street, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
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16
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Patrick KS, Chakrabati S, Rhoads T, Busch RM, Floden DP, Galioto R. Utility of the Brief Assessment of Cognitive Health (BACH) computerized screening tool in identifying MS-related cognitive impairment. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 82:105398. [PMID: 38183694 PMCID: PMC10872240 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.105398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current guidelines recommend that individuals with MS are screened annually for processing speed deficits, often using the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). However, given the heterogeneity of cognitive deficits in individuals with MS, other screening measures that assess a range of cognitive domains are necessary. The current cross-sectional study aimed to examine the ability of the computerized, self-administered Brief Assessment of Cognitive Health (BACH) screening measure to detect the presence of cognitive impairment in adults with MS as determined by performance on a standard neuropsychological test battery. METHODS Seventy-two individuals with MS completed the BACH and a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted to investigate the ability of the BACH to identify cognitively impaired and cognitively intact individuals. ROC analyses were also conducted to compare the ability of the SDMT to discriminate between cognitively intact and cognitively impaired groups as a comparison with the BACH. RESULTS Cognitive impairment was observed in 56 % of the sample. The BACH showed acceptable ability to discriminate between cognitively intact and cognitively impaired groups (AUC = 0.78). Additionally, the BACH was able to adequately predict cognitive impairment in domains other than processing speed (AUC = 0.71). The SDMT also demonstrated adequate utility in identifying individuals with cognitive impairment (AUC = 0.73); however, the SDMT was not able to adequately predict cognitive impairment in domains other than processing speed (AUC = 0.56). CONCLUSION The BACH showed adequate ability to detect cognitive impairment in individuals with MS. The BACH was able to identify impairments across various assessed cognitive domains, including individuals with and without processing speed deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlee S Patrick
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States.
| | - Shinjon Chakrabati
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Tasha Rhoads
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, United States; Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, United States
| | - Robyn M Busch
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, United States; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, United States
| | - Darlene P Floden
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, United States; Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, United States
| | - Rachel Galioto
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, United States; Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, United States
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17
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Williams MJ, Orlando C, Akisanya J, Amezcua L. Multiple Sclerosis in Black and Hispanic Populations: Serving the Underserved. Neurol Clin 2024; 42:295-317. [PMID: 37980120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis has historically been characterized as a disease that affects young women of European ancestry, but recent studies indicate that the incidence and prevalence of the disease is much higher in Black and Hispanic populations than previously recognized. There is evidence that there is a more severe disease course in these populations. , but the intersection of genetic underpinnings and social determinants of health (SDOH) is poorly understood due to the lack of diversity in clinical research. Improving health disparities will involve multiple stakeholders in efforts to improve SDOH and raise awareness about research involvement and the importance of developing personalized health care plans to combat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzi J Williams
- Joi Life Wellness Multiple Sclerosis Center, 767 Concord Road, SE, Smyrna, GA 30082, USA.
| | - Christopher Orlando
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1520 San Pablo Street, Suite 3000, Los Angeles, CA, USA. https://twitter.com/OrlandoMDMPH
| | - Jemima Akisanya
- Georgetown Department of Neurology, 10401 Hospital Drive, Suite 102, Clinton, MD 20735, USA. https://twitter.com/MimasMyelin
| | - Lilyana Amezcua
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1520 San Pablo Street, Suite 3000, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Briggs FBS, Shaia J. Prevalence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in the United States. Mult Scler 2024; 30:13524585231224683. [PMID: 38279789 PMCID: PMC11282172 DOI: 10.1177/13524585231224683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromyelitis optic spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare demyelinating, autoimmune disease and the burden in United States is not well characterized. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the 2022 US prevalence of NMOSD. METHODS We constructed a cross-sectional study using aggregated electronic health record data for 25.7 million patients who had a 2022 clinical encounter. The data originated from the TriNetX US Collaborative Network of 55 healthcare organizations that span all 50 states. NMOSD prevalence was determined by querying for age-interval, sex, and race combinations, with direct standardization to the 2022 US Census data. RESULTS There were 1772 NMOSD patients among 25,743,039 patients for a prevalence of 6.88/100,000. Prevalence was the highest in Blacks (12.99/100,000) who represented 27.7% of NMOSD patients, then Asians (9.41/100,000and Whites (5.58/100,000). Among females, the prevalence of NMOSD was 9.48/100,000, and Black and Asian females had a 2.65- and 1.94-times higher prevalence than White females. In males, the prevalence of NMOSD was 3.52/100,000 and it did not differ by race. We observed a 3/5:1 female-to-male ratio in NMOSD. The age- and sex-adjusted 2022 estimate of persons with NMOSD in the United States was 15,413 females and 6233 males. CONCLUSION We estimate that there were near 22,000 Americans living with NMOSD in 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farren B. S. Briggs
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Jacqueline Shaia
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
- Center for Ophthalmic Bioinformatics, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
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Jacobs BM, Tank P, Bestwick JP, Noyce AJ, Marshall CR, Mathur R, Giovannoni G, Dobson R. Modifiable risk factors for multiple sclerosis have consistent directions of effect across diverse ethnic backgrounds: a nested case-control study in an English population-based cohort. J Neurol 2024; 271:241-253. [PMID: 37676298 PMCID: PMC10769990 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis is a leading cause of non-traumatic neurological disability among young adults worldwide. Prior studies have identified modifiable risk factors for multiple sclerosis in cohorts of White ethnicity, such as infectious mononucleosis, smoking, and obesity during adolescence/early adulthood. It is unknown whether modifiable exposures for multiple sclerosis have a consistent impact on risk across ethnic groups. AIM To determine whether modifiable risk factors for multiple sclerosis have similar effects across diverse ethnic backgrounds. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study using data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Multiple sclerosis cases diagnosed from 2001 until 2022 were identified from electronic healthcare records and matched to unaffected controls based on year of birth. We used stratified logistic regression models and formal statistical interaction tests to determine whether the effect of modifiable risk factors for multiple sclerosis differed by ethnicity. RESULTS We included 9662 multiple sclerosis cases and 118,914 age-matched controls. The cohort was ethnically diverse (MS: 277 South Asian [2.9%], 251 Black [2.6%]; Controls: 5043 South Asian [5.7%], 4019 Black [4.5%]). The age at MS diagnosis was earlier in the Black (40.5 [SD 10.9]) and Asian (37.2 [SD 10.0]) groups compared with White cohort (46.1 [SD 12.2]). There was a female predominance in all ethnic groups; however, the relative proportion of males was higher in the South Asian population (proportion of women 60.3% vs 71% [White] and 75.7% [Black]). Established modifiable risk factors for multiple sclerosis-smoking, obesity, infectious mononucleosis, low vitamin D, and head injury-were consistently associated with multiple sclerosis in the Black and South Asian cohorts. The magnitude and direction of these effects were broadly similar across all ethnic groups examined. There was no evidence of statistical interaction between ethnicity and any tested exposure, and no evidence to suggest that differences in area-level deprivation modifies these risk factor-disease associations. These findings were robust to a range of sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Established modifiable risk factors for multiple sclerosis are applicable across diverse ethnic backgrounds. Efforts to reduce the population incidence of multiple sclerosis by tackling these risk factors need to be inclusive of people from diverse ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Jacobs
- Centre for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Pooja Tank
- Centre for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jonathan P Bestwick
- Centre for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Alastair J Noyce
- Centre for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Charles R Marshall
- Centre for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rohini Mathur
- Centre for Primary Care, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Centre for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Ruth Dobson
- Centre for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
- Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK.
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20
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Mallawaarachchi G, Rog DJ, Das J. Ethnic disparities in the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 81:105153. [PMID: 38043364 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.105153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disorder which affects 2.8 million people world-wide. A growing body of evidence shows ethnic disparities in MS. This review aims to evaluate differences, based upon ethnic background, in the incidence, prevalence, disease course, and efficacy of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) among people with MS (PwMS). METHOD Ethnicities were classified as White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Middle Eastern and North African (MENA). A literature search was conducted using the PubMed search engine to identify articles on MS and ethnicity that were published in the English language between 01/01/2005 and 31/05/2022. RESULTS 101 studies met all inclusion criteria. Although the incidence and prevalence of MS varied among ethnicities, findings were inconsistent and depended on the continent of the study. Ethnicity may have an impact on the disease course. PwMS from Black, Hispanic, and MENA, but not Asian ethnicities, appeared to accumulate physical disability at a faster rate than those from White ethnicity. Although there was a lack of studies evaluating the relative safety and efficacy of DMTs among various ethnicities, interferon-beta was found to be less efficacious in PwMS from Black ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Further studies, with more uniform definitions of ethnicity are required to comprehensively understand ethnic disparities in MS, in particular to identify underlying causes, to facilitate the delivery of personalised medical care and avoid inequity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Rog
- Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford, United Kingdom M6 8HD
| | - Joyutpal Das
- University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, United Kingdom M13 9PL; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford, United Kingdom M6 8HD.
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21
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Geiger CK, Sheinson D, To TM, Jones D, Bonine NG. Treatment Patterns by Race and Ethnicity in Newly Diagnosed Persons with Multiple Sclerosis. Drugs Real World Outcomes 2023; 10:565-575. [PMID: 37733192 PMCID: PMC10730787 DOI: 10.1007/s40801-023-00387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic persons with MS (pwMS) are more likely to experience rapid disease progression and severe disability than non-Hispanic White pwMS; however, it is unknown how the initiation of high-efficacy disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) differs by race/ethnicity. This real-world study describes DMT treatment patterns in newly diagnosed pwMS in the United States (US) overall and by race/ethnicity. METHODS This retrospective analysis used the US Optum Market Clarity claims/electronic health records database (January 2015-September 2020). pwMS who were first diagnosed in 2016 or later and initiated any DMT in the two years following diagnosis were included. Continuous enrollment in the claims data for ≥ 12 months before and ≥ 24 months after diagnosis was required. Treatment patterns 2 years after diagnosis were analyzed descriptively overall and by race/ethnicity. RESULTS The sample included 682 newly diagnosed and treated pwMS (non-Hispanic Black, n = 99; non-Hispanic White, n = 479; Hispanic, n = 35; other/unknown race/ethnicity, n = 69). The mean time from diagnosis to DMT initiation was 4.9 months in all pwMS. Glatiramer acetate and dimethyl fumarate were the most common first-line DMTs in non-Hispanic Black (28% and 20% respectively) and Hispanic pwMS (31%, 29%); however, glatiramer acetate and ocrelizumab were the most common in non-Hispanic White pwMS (33%, 18%). Use of first-line high-efficacy DMTs was limited across all race/ethnicity subgroups (11-29%), but uptake increased in non-Hispanic Black and White pwMS over the study period. CONCLUSION Use of high-efficacy DMTs was low across all race/ethnicity subgroups of newly diagnosed pwMS in the US, including populations at a greater risk of experiencing rapid disease progression and severe disability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Sheinson
- Genentech, Inc., 350 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Tu My To
- Genentech, Inc., 350 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - David Jones
- Genentech, Inc., 350 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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22
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Buckner JH. Translational immunology: Applying fundamental discoveries to human health and autoimmune diseases. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250197. [PMID: 37101346 PMCID: PMC10600327 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Studying the human immune system is challenging. These challenges stem from the complexity of the immune system itself, the heterogeneity of the immune system between individuals, and the many factors that lead to this heterogeneity including the influence of genetics, environment, and immune experience. Studies of the human immune system in the context of disease are increased in complexity as multiple combinations and variations in immune pathways can lead to a single disease. Thus, although individuals with a disease may share clinical features, the underlying disease mechanisms and resulting pathophysiology can be diverse among individuals with the same disease diagnosis. This has consequences for the treatment of diseases, as no single therapy will work for everyone, therapeutic efficacy varies among patients, and targeting a single immune pathway is rarely 100% effective. This review discusses how to address these challenges by identifying and managing the sources of variation, improving access to high-quality, well-curated biological samples by building cohorts, applying new technologies such as single-cell omics and imaging technologies to interrogate samples, and bringing to bear computational expertise in conjunction with immunologists and clinicians to interpret those results. The review has a focus on autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, MS, systemic lupus erythematosus, and type 1 diabetes, but its recommendations are also applicable to studies of other immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane H Buckner
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
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23
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Donica VC, Alexa AI, Pavel IA, Danielescu C, Ciapă MA, Donica AL, Bogdănici CM. The Evolvement of OCT and OCT-A in Identifying Multiple Sclerosis Biomarkers. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3031. [PMID: 38002031 PMCID: PMC10669604 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) has been increasing among young people in developing countries over the last years. With the continuous development of new technology, the diagnosis and follow-up of these patients has received new parameters that physicians may use in their practice. This paper reviews the main biomarkers identified through Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT-A) involved in the development and progression of MS and investigates the role it may have in detecting changes to the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Constantin Donica
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, University Street, No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (V.C.D.); (C.D.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Anisia Iuliana Alexa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, University Street, No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (V.C.D.); (C.D.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Irina Andreea Pavel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, University Street, No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (V.C.D.); (C.D.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Ciprian Danielescu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, University Street, No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (V.C.D.); (C.D.); (C.M.B.)
| | | | | | - Camelia Margareta Bogdănici
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, University Street, No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (V.C.D.); (C.D.); (C.M.B.)
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24
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DuBose NG, DeJonge SR, Jeng B, Motl RW. Vascular dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: Scoping review of current evidence for informing future research directions. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 78:104936. [PMID: 37619375 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The research involving vascular comorbidity in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) could be advanced through investigations applying measurements of vascular function such as pulse wave velocity or flow mediated dilation as mechanistic endpoints in the study of physical comorbidity management in MS across the lifespan. We conducted a scoping review of research on vascular function parameters and outcomes in MS and developed a research agenda for future inquiry. METHODS We searched PubMed from inception through February 2023 for articles involving relevant central and peripheral vascular function data or correlates of vascular function (arterial stiffness, endothelial function, blood pressure parameters, etc.) in conjunction with relevant outcomes (walking function, cognition, etc.) in MS. Studies were limited to English-language and primary research articles. RESULTS Our search and subsequent screening identified 10 relevant articles. Four papers focused on arterial stiffness and reported pulse wave velocity and arterial compliance in MS compared with controls. Two papers focused on endothelial function and reported flow-mediated dilation in MS compared with controls. There was evidence that arterial stiffness and endothelial function were associated with cognition and disease progression in MS, respectively. One paper reported that physical activity was associated with arterial stiffness in MS. There was one protocol paper examining the effect of a home-based exercise program on markers of subclinical atherosclerosis; however, the results are unpublished, and there was no literature beyond this surrounding the impact of lifestyle behavior (e.g., diet) or exercise interventions on vascular function. CONCLUSION There is emerging evidence for vascular dysfunction in MS, and this is associated with cognition and disease progression; we know very little about approaches for managing vascular dysfunction in MS. To that end, we offer an agenda for research on measurements and outcomes of vascular function in relation to MS and disease attributes, along with proposed mechanisms and lifestyle changes that could aid in managing vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah G DuBose
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 1919W Taylor St, 650 AHSB (MC517), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Sydney R DeJonge
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 1919W Taylor St, 650 AHSB (MC517), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Brenda Jeng
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 1919W Taylor St, 650 AHSB (MC517), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Robert W Motl
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 1919W Taylor St, 650 AHSB (MC517), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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25
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Sharifa M, Ghosh T, Daher OA, Bhusal P, Alaameri YA, Naz J, Ekhator C, Bellegarde SB, Bisharat P, Vaghani V, Hussain A. Unraveling the Gut-Brain Axis in Multiple Sclerosis: Exploring Dysbiosis, Oxidative Stress, and Therapeutic Insights. Cureus 2023; 15:e47058. [PMID: 38022314 PMCID: PMC10644699 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review delves into the intricate relationship between the gut microbiota and multiple sclerosis (MS), shedding light on the potential therapeutic avenues for this complex autoimmune disease. It emphasizes the multifactorial nature of MS, including genetic, environmental, and gender-related factors. Furthermore, the article highlights the emerging role of gut microbiota in MS pathophysiology, particularly in terms of gut dysbiosis, oxidative stress, and inflammasome activation within the gut-brain axis. This interplay raises intriguing questions about how the gut microbiota influences the onset and progression of MS. Environmental factors, such as diet and pollutants, add further layers of complexity to the connection between gut health and MS risk. This review also discusses promising therapeutic interventions, such as fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, dietary adjustments, and gut-derived metabolites that offer potential avenues for managing MS. It underscores the need for ongoing research to fully unravel the complexities of the role of the gut-brain axis in MS. Ultimately, this article provides a comprehensive exploration of the topic, offering hope for novel preventive and therapeutic strategies that could significantly improve the lives of individuals affected by this challenging autoimmune condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanmay Ghosh
- Medical Education, Dinabandhu Andrews College, West Bengal, IND
| | - Omar A Daher
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Beirut Arab University, Tripoli, LBN
| | - Pramod Bhusal
- Internal Medicine, College Of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, NPL
| | | | - Javeria Naz
- Internal Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Chukwuyem Ekhator
- Neuro-Oncology, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, USA
| | - Sophia B Bellegarde
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Antigua, St. John's, ATG
| | | | - Viralkumar Vaghani
- Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA
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26
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Tardo L, Salter A, Truong-Le M, Horton L, Blackburn KM, Sguigna PV. A narrative review of neuro-ophthalmologic disease in African Americans and Hispanics with multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2023; 14:20406223231202645. [PMID: 37790945 PMCID: PMC10542320 DOI: 10.1177/20406223231202645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common non-traumatic cause of disability in young people, with vision loss in the disease representing the second largest contributor to disability. In particular, African-American patients with MS are noted to have lower vision than their Caucasian counterparts. In this review, we examine the disparities in eye diseases in the MS population with our gaps in knowledge and discuss the underlying nature of pathological disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Tardo
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8806, USA
| | - Amber Salter
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Melanie Truong-Le
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lindsay Horton
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kyle M. Blackburn
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Peter V. Sguigna
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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27
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Buehler RA, Yang F. Preliminary race-ethnicity-based analyses of fall risk among people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 77:104857. [PMID: 37390677 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting evidence suggests differences in the disease characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) across ethnic and racial groups. Although it is widely recognized that falls are a significant concern for people with MS (PwMS), no study has explored if the fall risk is related to race/ethnicity in PwMS. The primary purpose of this pilot study was to examine whether the risk of falls is different between age-matched White, Black, and Latinx PwMS. METHODS Fifteen White, 16 Black, and 22 Latinx, age-matched ambulatory PwMS were selected from previous studies. Demographic and disease information, the fall risk (annual fall prevalence, proportion of recurrent fallers, and the number of falls) in the preceding year, and a battery of fall risk factors (including the disability level, gait speed, and cognition) were compared between race/ethnicity groups. The fall history was gathered using the valid fall questionnaire. The disability level was assessed by the Patient Determined Disease Steps score. Gait speed was measured using the Timed 25-Foot Walk test. The short Blessed Orientation-Memory-Concentration test evaluates participants' cognitive function. SPSS 28.0 was used for all statistical analyses and a significance level of 0.05 was applied. RESULTS Among the demographic measurements, age (p = 0.052), sex (p = 0.17), body mass (p = 0.338), age at diagnosis (p = 0.623), and disease duration (p = 0.280) were comparable across groups while the body height was significantly different between racial groups (p < 0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis did not detect a significant relationship between the faller status and racial/ethnic group (p = 0.571) after controlling the body height and age. Similarly, the recurrent faller status was not associated with our participants' race/ethnicity (p = 0.519). There was no difference in the number of falls in the past year between racial groups (p = 0.477). The fall risk factors of disability level (p = 0.931) and gait speed (p = 0.252) were similar among the groups. However, the White group had a significantly better Blessed Orientation-Memory-Concentration score than the Black (p = 0.037) and Latinx (p = 0.036) groups. No significant difference in the Blessed Orientation-Memory-Concentration score was observed between the Black and Latinx groups (p = 0.857). CONCLUSION As the initial attempt, our preliminary study suggests that the annual risk of being a faller or recurrent faller may not be affected by PwMS' race/ethnicity. Similarly, the physical functions (quantified by the Patient Determined Disease Steps and the gait speed) are comparable between racial/ethnic groups. However, the cognitive function may differ among age-matched racial groups of PwMS. Given the small sample size, caution is warranted when interpreting our findings. Despite the limitations, our study provides pilot knowledge about how race/ethnicity affects the fall risk in PwMS. Due to the limited sample size, it is too soon to definitively conclude that race/ethnicity has ignorable impacts on fall risk in PwMS. Further studies with larger sample sizes and more fall risk metrics are needed to clarify the effects of race/ethnicity on fall risk in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah A Buehler
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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28
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Fan JH, Alexander J, Poole S, Wijangco J, Henson LJ, Dobson R, Guo CY, Bove R. Characteristics of multiple sclerosis and demyelinating disease in an Asian American population. Mult Scler 2023; 29:1216-1228. [PMID: 37548214 DOI: 10.1177/13524585231188486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Race and ancestry influence the course of multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVES Explore clinical characteristics of MS and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in Asian American patients. METHODS Chart review was performed for 282 adults with demyelinating disease who self-identified as Asian at a single North American MS center. Demographics and clinical characteristics were compared to non-Asian MS patients and by region of Asian ancestry. RESULTS Region of ancestry was known for 181 patients. Most (94.7%) preferred English, but fewer East Asian patients did (80%, p = 0.0001). South Asian patients had higher neighborhood household income (p = 0.002). Diagnoses included MS (76.2%) and NMOSD (13.8%). More patients with NMOSD than MS were East and Southeast Asian (p = 0.004). For MS patients, optic nerve and spinal cord involvement were similar across regions of ancestry. Asian MS patients were younger at symptom onset and diagnosis than non-Asian MS patients. MS Severity Scale scores were similar to non-Asian MS patients but worse among Southeast Asians (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS MS severity was similar between Asian American patients and non-Asian patients. Region of ancestry was associated with differences in sociodemographics and MS severity. Further research is needed to uncover genetic, socioeconomic, or environmental factors causing these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Fan
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Jessa Alexander
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shane Poole
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jaeleene Wijangco
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Ruth Dobson
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Chu-Yueh Guo
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Riley Bove
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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29
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Solomon AJ, Arrambide G, Brownlee WJ, Flanagan EP, Amato MP, Amezcua L, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, Corboy JR, Correale J, Fujihara K, Graves J, Harnegie MP, Hemmer B, Lechner-Scott J, Marrie RA, Newsome SD, Rocca MA, Royal W, Waubant EL, Yamout B, Cohen JA. Differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis: an updated consensus approach. Lancet Neurol 2023; 22:750-768. [PMID: 37479377 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of multiple sclerosis requires careful attention to its differential diagnosis-many disorders can mimic the clinical manifestations and paraclinical findings of this disease. A collaborative effort, organised by The International Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials in Multiple Sclerosis in 2008, provided diagnostic approaches to multiple sclerosis and identified clinical and paraclinical findings (so-called red flags) suggestive of alternative diagnoses. Since then, knowledge of disorders in the differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis has expanded substantially. For example, CNS inflammatory disorders that present with syndromes overlapping with multiple sclerosis can increasingly be distinguished from multiple sclerosis with the aid of specific clinical, MRI, and laboratory findings; studies of people misdiagnosed with multiple sclerosis have also provided insights into clinical presentations for which extra caution is warranted. Considering these data, an update to the recommended diagnostic approaches to common clinical presentations and key clinical and paraclinical red flags is warranted to inform the contemporary clinical evaluation of patients with suspected multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Solomon
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, University Health Center, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Georgina Arrambide
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wallace J Brownlee
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Eoin P Flanagan
- Departments of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and the Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria Pia Amato
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Lilyana Amezcua
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brenda L Banwell
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Division of Child Neurology, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
| | - John R Corboy
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Fleni Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physical Chemistry (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Council for Scientific and Technical Research/University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kazuo Fujihara
- Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Koriyama, Japan; Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Jennifer Graves
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute Neurology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruth Ann Marrie
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Scott D Newsome
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Walter Royal
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emmanuelle L Waubant
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bassem Yamout
- Neurology Institute, Harley Street Medical Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jeffrey A Cohen
- Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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30
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Buga AM, Padureanu V, Riza AL, Oancea CN, Albu CV, Nica AD. The Gut-Brain Axis as a Therapeutic Target in Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2023; 12:1872. [PMID: 37508537 PMCID: PMC10378521 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The CNS is very susceptible to oxidative stress; the gut microbiota plays an important role as a trigger of oxidative damage that promotes mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. In the current review, we discuss recent findings on oxidative-stress-related inflammation mediated by the gut-brain axis in multiple sclerosis (MS). Growing evidence suggests targeting gut microbiota can be a promising strategy for MS management. Intricate interaction between multiple factors leads to increased intra- and inter-individual heterogeneity, frequently painting a different picture in vivo from that obtained under controlled conditions. Following an evidence-based approach, all proposed interventions should be validated in clinical trials with cohorts large enough to reach significance. Our review summarizes existing clinical trials focused on identifying suitable interventions, the suitable combinations, and appropriate timings to target microbiota-related oxidative stress. Most studies assessed relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS); only a few studies with very limited cohorts were carried out in other MS stages (e.g., secondary progressive MS-SPMS). Future trials must consider an extended time frame, perhaps starting with the perinatal period and lasting until the young adult period, aiming to capture as many complex intersystem interactions as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Buga
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Vlad Padureanu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200638 Craiova, Romania
| | - Anca-Lelia Riza
- Laboratory of Human Genomics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200638 Craiova, Romania
- Regional Center for Medical Genetics Dolj, Emergency County Hospital Craiova, 200638 Craiova, Romania
| | - Carmen Nicoleta Oancea
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Carmen Valeria Albu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Alexandru Dan Nica
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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31
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Fernández Ó, Montalban X, Agüera E, Aladro Y, Alonso A, Arroyo R, Brieva L, Calles C, Costa-Frossard L, Eichau S, M. García-Domínguez J, Hernández MÁ, Landete L, Llaneza M, Llufriu S, Meca-Lallana JE, Meca-Lallana V, Mongay-Ochoa N, Moral E, Oreja-Guevara C, Torrentà LRI, Téllez N, Romero-Pinel L, Rodríguez-Antigüedad A. [15th Post-ECTRIMS Meeting: a review of the latest developments presented at the 2022 ECTRIMS Congress (Part II)]. Rev Neurol 2023; 77:47-60. [PMID: 37403243 PMCID: PMC10662183 DOI: 10.33588/rn.7702.2023168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION On 4 and 5 November 2022, Madrid hosted the 15th edition of the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting, where neurologists specialised in multiple sclerosis outlined the latest developments presented at the 2022 ECTRIMS Congress, held in Amsterdam from 26 to 28 October. AIM To synthesise the content presented at the 15th edition of the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting, in an article broken down into two parts. DEVELOPMENT This second part describes the new developments in terms of therapeutic strategies for escalation and de-escalation of disease-modifying therapies (DMT), when and in whom to initiate or switch to highly effective DMT, the definition of therapeutic failure, the possibility of treating radiologically isolated syndrome and the future of personalised treatment and precision medicine. It also considers the efficacy and safety of autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, different approaches in clinical trial design and outcome measures to assess DMT in progressive stages, challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment, and treatment in special situations (pregnancy, comorbidity and the elderly). In addition, results from some of the latest studies with oral cladribine and evobrutinib presented at ECTRIMS 2022 are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Fernández
- Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga. MálagaHospital Regional Universitario de MálagaHospital Regional Universitario de MálagaMálagaEspaña
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron-CEMCAT. BarcelonaHospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron-CEMCATHospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron-CEMCATBarcelonaEspaña
| | - Eduardo Agüera
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía. MadridHospital Universitario Reina SofíaHospital Universitario Reina SofíaMadridEspaña
| | - Yolanda Aladro
- Hospital Universitario de Getafe. Getafe, MadridHospital Universitario de GetafeHospital Universitario de GetafeMadridEspaña
| | - Ana Alonso
- Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga. MálagaHospital Regional Universitario de MálagaHospital Regional Universitario de MálagaMálagaEspaña
| | - Rafael Arroyo
- Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud. MadridHospital Universitario QuirónsaludHospital Universitario QuirónsaludMadridEspaña
| | - Luis Brieva
- Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova- Universitat de Lleida. LleidaHospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova- Universitat de LleidaHospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova- Universitat de LleidaLleidaEspaña
| | - Carmen Calles
- Hospital Universitario Son Espases. Palma de MallorcaHospital Universitario Son EspasesHospital Universitario Son EspasesPalma de MallorcaEspaña
| | - Lucienne Costa-Frossard
- Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. MadridHospital Universitario Ramón y CajalHospital Universitario Ramón y CajalMadridEspaña
| | - Sara Eichau
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena. SevillaHospital Universitario Virgen MacarenaHospital Universitario Virgen MacarenaSevillaEspaña
| | - José M. García-Domínguez
- Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón. MadridHospital Universitario Gregorio MarañónHospital Universitario Gregorio MarañónMadridEspaña
| | - Miguel Á. Hernández
- Hospital Nuestra Señora de Candelaria. Santa Cruz de Tenerife. ValenciaHospital Nuestra Señora de CandelariaHospital Nuestra Señora de CandelariaValenciaEspaña
| | - Lamberto Landete
- Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset. ValenciaHospital Universitario Doctor PesetHospital Universitario Doctor PesetValenciaEspaña
| | - Miguel Llaneza
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol. El Ferrol, La CoruñaComplejo Hospitalario Universitario de FerrolComplejo Hospitalario Universitario de FerrolLa CoruñaEspaña
| | - Sara Llufriu
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona e IDIBAPS. BarcelonaHospital Clínic de Barcelona e IDIBAPSHospital Clínic de Barcelona e IDIBAPSBarcelonaEspaña
| | - José E. Meca-Lallana
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca. MurciaHospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la ArrixacaHospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la ArrixacaMurciaEspaña
| | - Virginia Meca-Lallana
- Hospital Universitario de La Princesa. MadridHospital Universitario de La PrincesaHospital Universitario de La PrincesaMadridEspaña
| | - Neus Mongay-Ochoa
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron-CEMCAT. BarcelonaHospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron-CEMCATHospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron-CEMCATBarcelonaEspaña
| | - Ester Moral
- Hospital Sant Joan Despí Moisès Broggi. Sant Joan Despí, BarcelonaHospital Sant Joan Despí Moisès BroggiHospital Sant Joan Despí Moisès BroggiBarcelonaEspaña
| | - Celia Oreja-Guevara
- Hospital Clínico San Carlos-IdISSC-UCM. MadridHospital Clínico San Carlos-IdISSC-UCMHospital Clínico San Carlos-IdISSC-UCMMadridEspaña
| | - Lluís Ramió i Torrentà
- Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta-IDIBGIHospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta-IDIBGIHospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta-IDIBGIGironaEspaña
- Hospital Santa Caterina. Universitat de Girona. GironaUniversitat de GironaUniversitat de GironaGironaEspaña
- Departamento de Cièncias Médicas. Universitat de Girona. GironaUniversitat de GironaUniversitat de GironaGironaEspaña
| | - Nieves Téllez
- Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid. ValladolidHospital Clínico Universitario de ValladolidHospital Clínico Universitario de ValladolidValladolidEspaña
| | - Lucía Romero-Pinel
- Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge- IDIBELL. L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, BarcelonaHospital Universitari de Bellvitge- IDIBELLHospital Universitari de Bellvitge- IDIBELLBarcelonaEspaña
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Harris S, Narayanan NS, Tranel D. Does Black vs. White race affect practitioners' appraisal of Parkinson's disease? NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:106. [PMID: 37419894 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Black patients are diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD) at half the rate as White patients. The reasons for this large disparity are unknown. Here, we review evidence that practitioner bias may contribute. A key sign of PD is hypomimia or decreased facial expressivity. However, practitioner bias surrounding facial expressivity in Black people versus White people may lead practitioners to appraise Black patients with hypomimia as having higher levels of facial expressivity. Furthermore, practitioner bias may cause them to characterize reduced facial expressivity as being due to negative personality traits, as opposed to a medical sign, in Black patients with hypomimia. This racial bias in the evaluation of hypomimia in Black versus White patients could profoundly impact subsequent referral decisions and rates of diagnosis of PD. Therefore, exploring these differences is expected to facilitate addressing health care disparities through earlier and more accurate detection of PD in Black patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana Harris
- Department of Neurology (Division of Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Nandakumar S Narayanan
- Departments of Neurology (Division of Neuroscience), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Daniel Tranel
- Department of Neurology (Division of Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Hittle M, Culpepper WJ, Langer-Gould A, Marrie RA, Cutter GR, Kaye WE, Wagner L, Topol B, LaRocca NG, Nelson LM, Wallin MT. Population-Based Estimates for the Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in the United States by Race, Ethnicity, Age, Sex, and Geographic Region. JAMA Neurol 2023; 80:693-701. [PMID: 37184850 PMCID: PMC10186207 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Importance Racial, ethnic, and geographic differences in multiple sclerosis (MS) are important factors to assess when determining the disease burden and allocating health care resources. Objective To calculate the US prevalence of MS in Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black (hereafter referred to as Black), and non-Hispanic White individuals (hereafter referred to as White) stratified by age, sex, and region. Design, Setting, and Participants A validated algorithm was applied to private, military, and public (Medicaid and Medicare) administrative health claims data sets to identify adult cases of MS between 2008 and 2010. Data analysis took place between 2019 and 2022. The 3-year cumulative prevalence overall was determined in each data set and stratified by age, sex, race, ethnicity, and geography. The insurance pools included 96 million persons from 2008 to 2010. Insurance and stratum-specific estimates were applied to the 2010 US Census data and the findings combined to calculate the 2010 prevalence of MS cumulated over 10 years. No exclusions were made if a person met the algorithm criteria. Main Outcomes and Measurements Prevalence of MS per 100 000 US adults stratified by demographic group and geography. The 95% CIs were approximated using a binomial distribution. Results A total of 744 781 persons 18 years and older were identified with MS with 564 426 cases (76%) in females and 180 355 (24%) in males. The median age group was 45 to 54 years, which included 229 216 individuals (31%), with 101 271 aged 18 to 24 years (14%), 158 997 aged 35 to 44 years (21%), 186 758 aged 55 to 64 years (25%), and 68 539 individuals (9%) who were 65 years or older. White individuals were the largest group, comprising 577 725 cases (77%), with 80 276 Black individuals (10%), 53 456 Hispanic individuals (7%), and 33 324 individuals (4%) in the non-Hispanic other category. The estimated 2010 prevalence of MS per 100 000 US adults cumulated over 10 years was 161.2 (95% CI, 159.8-162.5) for Hispanic individuals (regardless of race), 298.4 (95% CI, 296.4-300.5) for Black individuals, 374.8 (95% CI, 373.8-375.8) for White individuals, and 197.7 (95% CI, 195.6-199.9) for individuals from non-Hispanic other racial and ethnic groups. During the same time period, the female to male ratio was 2.9 overall. Age stratification in each of the racial and ethnic groups revealed the highest prevalence of MS in the 45- to 64-year-old age group, regardless of racial and ethnic classification. With each degree of latitude, MS prevalence increased by 16.3 cases per 100 000 (95% CI, 12.7-19.8; P < .001) in the unadjusted prevalence estimates, and 11.7 cases per 100 000 (95% CI, 7.4-16.1; P < .001) in the direct adjusted estimates. The association of latitude with prevalence was strongest in women, Black individuals, and older individuals. Conclusions and Relevance This study found that White individuals had the highest MS prevalence followed by Black individuals, individuals from other non-Hispanic racial and ethnic groups, and Hispanic individuals. Inconsistent racial and ethnic classifications created heterogeneity within groups. In the United States, MS affects diverse racial and ethnic groups. Prevalence of MS increases significantly and nonuniformly with latitude in the United States, even when adjusted for race, ethnicity, age, and sex. These findings are important for clinicians, researchers, and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hittle
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - William J. Culpepper
- Department of Veterans Affairs Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence, Baltimore, Maryland
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | | | - Ruth Ann Marrie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Topol
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | | | - Mitchell T. Wallin
- Department of Veterans Affairs Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence, Baltimore, Maryland
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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Nathoo N, Zeydan B, Neyal N, Chelf C, Okuda DT, Kantarci OH. Do magnetic resonance imaging features differ between persons with multiple sclerosis of various races and ethnicities? Front Neurol 2023; 14:1215774. [PMID: 37448745 PMCID: PMC10338060 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1215774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Those of African American or Latin American descent have been demonstrated to have more severe clinical presentations of multiple sclerosis (MS) than non-Latin American White people with MS. Concurrently, radiological burden of disease on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in African Americans with MS has also been described as being more aggressive. Here, we review MRI studies in diverse racial and ethnic groups (adult and pediatric) investigating lesion burden, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and imaging response to disease modifying therapy. We also discuss why such disparities may exist beyond biology, and how future studies may provide greater insights into underlying differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeela Nathoo
- Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Burcu Zeydan
- Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nur Neyal
- Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Cynthia Chelf
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Library-Public Services, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Darin T. Okuda
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Orhun H. Kantarci
- Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Jawad A, Baattaiah BA, Alharbi MD, Chevidikunnan MF, Khan F. Factors contributing to falls in people with multiple sclerosis: The exploration of the moderation and mediation effects. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 76:104838. [PMID: 37390785 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) has significantly increased in recent decades. People with MS have a high risk of falling; these falls may lead to serious injuries, affecting their quality of life PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to assess the factors affecting falls in people with MS and map out the most significant ones. This study also aims to determine whether fatigue has a moderation effect and balance has a mediation effect on falls in people with MS METHODS: In total, 103 people with MS with a mean age of 32.09 ± 7.17 were enrolled. All subjects were assessed for multiple variables including balance using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), speed of gait using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, fear of falling using the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I), level of fatigue using the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), and lower limb muscle strength using a handheld digital dynamometer RESULTS: Simple binary logistic regression analysis showed significant results for BBS (OR: 10.88; 95% CI: 4.24-27.96; p < 0.0001), TUG (OR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.09-1.28; p < 0.0001), FES-I (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.02-1.10; p = 0.001), and MFIS (OR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.02-1.07; p < 0.0001) as factors affecting falls. According to multivariate analysis, balance (OR: 3.924; 95% CI: 1.307-11.780, p = 0.015), speed of gait (OR: 1.122; 95% CI: 1.023-1.231; p = 0.015), and fatigue (OR: 1.029; 95% CI: 1.002-1.058; p = 0.038) were the strongest predicting factors of falls. Hayes's PROCESS analysis showed that fatigue had a significant moderation effect on the relationship between gait speed and falls (MFIS; β; 0.10; p < 0.0001; 95% CI: 0.07-0.14) and balance had a mediation effect on the relationship between gait speed and falls (BBS; indirect effect; 0.08; 95% CI: 0.02-0.13) CONCLUSIONS: People with MS with impaired balance, slower gait speeds, higher levels of fatigue, and a fear of falling were at a high risk of falling. The relationship between gait speed and falls can be mediated by impaired balance and moderated by the level of fatigue. Our data suggest that targeting balance and fatigue while developing rehabilitation interventions could decrease the incidence of falls among people with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Jawad
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physical Therapy, King Fahad Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Baian A Baattaiah
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mutasim D Alharbi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Faisal Chevidikunnan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayaz Khan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Sarin S, Modak N, Sun R, Subei O, Serra A, Morgan M, Abboud H. Predicting the final clinical phenotype after the first attack of optic neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 381:578130. [PMID: 37343437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate the factors determining the final clinical phenotype after an initial isolated attack of optic neuritis (ON). ON could be an isolated event or the initial presentation of a chronic neuroimmunological condition. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of patients presenting to University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center for an initial, isolated attack of ON. Final clinical phenotypes were idiopathic ON, multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein associated disease (MOGAD), or secondary ON (e.g. neurosarcoidosis). Several potential predictors at the time of initial presentation were compared among the different phenotypes to determine early predictors. Categorical variables were compared using Pearson χ2 or Fisher's exact test, and continuous variables were compared using independent t-test. RESULTS Sixty-four patients met criteria (average age 41.3 ± 13.3, 78.1% females). Average time to final diagnosis was 8.3 months, and average follow-up was 47 months. The final phenotypes were MS (22, 34%), idiopathic ON (14, 22%), MOGAD (11, 17%), NMOSD (10, 16%), and secondary ON (7, 11%). White race, unilateral ON, short segment hyperintensity on orbital MRI, classical demyelination on brain MRI, and not requiring PLEX were associated with MS. Older age, poor steroid responsiveness, and requiring PLEX were associated with NMOSD. African American race, bilateral ON, papillitis on fundoscopy, long segment hyperintensity on orbital MRI, and normal brain MRI were associated with MOGAD. Normal or thinned retinal nerve fiber layer on OCT, short segment hyperintensity on orbital MRI, and normal brain MRI were associated with idiopathic ON. CONCLUSION The final clinical phenotype may be predictable at the time of initial ON presentation. This requires a careful evaluation of patient demographics, treatment response, funduscopic findings, OCT, and orbital and brain MRIs. Utilizing early predictors in clinical practice could better inform prognosis and management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlok Sarin
- Case Westerns Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Nikhil Modak
- Case Westerns Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Rongyi Sun
- Case Westerns Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Omar Subei
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Serra
- Case Westerns Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; MS Center of Excellence, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Michael Morgan
- Case Westerns Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Hesham Abboud
- Case Westerns Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America.
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Williams MJ, Okai AF, Cross AH, Monson NL, Vartanian T, Thrower BW, Reder AT, English JB, Wu GF, Bernitsas E, Yap S, Ndrio J, Pei J, Mowry EM, Magrini F, Acosta J, Amezcua L. Demographics and baseline disease characteristics of Black and Hispanic patients with multiple sclerosis in the open-label, single-arm, multicenter, phase IV CHIMES trial. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 76:104794. [PMID: 37356256 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black/African American patients with multiple sclerosis (BpwMS) and Hispanic/Latino patients with multiple sclerosis (HpwMS), who historically have been underrepresented in multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical trials, exhibit greater disease severity and more rapid disease progression than White patients with MS (WpwMS). The lack of diversity and inclusion in clinical trials, which may be due to barriers at the system, patient and study levels, impacts the ability to effectively assess risks, benefits and treatment responses in a generalized patient population. METHODS CHIMES (Characterization of Ocrelizumab in Minorities With Multiple Sclerosis), an open-label, single-arm, multicenter, phase IV study of self-identified BpwMS and HpwMS aged 18-65 years with relapsing MS and an Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) of ≤5.5, was developed in collaboration with patients with MS, national advocacy groups and clinical researchers. Patients were enrolled at study centers across the US, including Puerto Rico, and 1 site in Kenya. RESULTS A total of 182 patients enrolled in CHIMES: 113 (62.1%) were BpwMS, and 69 (37.9%) were HpwMS; the mean (SD) baseline EDSS score was 2.4 (1.4), and 62.6% of patients were treatment naive. Using the pooled non-BpwMS/HpwMS group in the OPERA ocrelizumab trials as a reference population, patients enrolled in CHIMES were younger, had a higher mean body mass and had a greater T2 lesion volume but similar T2 lesion number on MRI. CONCLUSION BpwMS and HpwMS have been consistently underrepresented in clinical trials, limiting the understanding of disease biology and response to treatment in this population. Data from the CHIMES study revealed differences in demographics and some baseline disease characteristics and disease burden between BpwMS and HpwMS vs WpwMS. These differences could have an impact when assessing clinical outcomes in BpwMS and HpwMS. CLINICALTRIALS GOV IDENTIFIER NCT04377555.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzi J Williams
- Joi Life Wellness MS Center, 767 Concord Rd SE, Smyrna, GA, 30082, USA.
| | - Annette F Okai
- North Texas Institute of Neurology and Headache, 6201 Dallas Pkwy, Plano, TX, 75024, USA
| | - Anne H Cross
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nancy L Monson
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Timothy Vartanian
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 1305 York Ave, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Ben W Thrower
- Andrew C. Carlos MS Institute, Shepherd Center, 2020 Peachtree Road, NW, Atlanta, GA, 30309, USA
| | - Anthony T Reder
- University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jeffrey B English
- Atlanta Neuroscience Institute/Multiple Sclerosis Center of Atlanta, 3200 Downwood Cir NW, Atlanta, GA, 30327, USA
| | - Gregory F Wu
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Evanthia Bernitsas
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E Canfield St, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Shereen Yap
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jugena Ndrio
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jinglan Pei
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ellen M Mowry
- Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N Wolfe St, Pathology 627, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Fabio Magrini
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Juan Acosta
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lilyana Amezcua
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
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Rotstein DL, Gyang TV, Ontaneda D. Making Sure Multiple Sclerosis Counts and Is Counted for All-An Update on Multiple Sclerosis Prevalence by Race and Ethnicity in the United States. JAMA Neurol 2023:2805040. [PMID: 37184874 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dalia L Rotstein
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Ontaneda
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Telesford KM, Amezcua L, Tardo L, Horton L, Lund BT, Reder AT, Vartanian T, Monson NL. Understanding humoral immunity and multiple sclerosis severity in Black, and Latinx patients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172993. [PMID: 37215103 PMCID: PMC10196635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
People identified with Black/African American or Hispanic/Latinx ethnicity are more likely to exhibit a more severe multiple sclerosis disease course relative to those who identify as White. While social determinants of health account for some of this discordant severity, investigation into contributing immunobiology remains sparse. The limited immunologic data stands in stark contrast to the volume of clinical studies describing ethnicity-associated discordant presentation, and to advancement made in our understanding of MS immunopathogenesis over the past several decades. In this perspective, we posit that humoral immune responses offer a promising avenue to better understand underpinnings of discordant MS severity among Black/African American, and Hispanic/Latinx-identifying patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiel M. Telesford
- Department of Neurology, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lilyana Amezcua
- Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lauren Tardo
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UT), Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Lindsay Horton
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UT), Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Brett T. Lund
- Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anthony T. Reder
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Timothy Vartanian
- Department of Neurology, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nancy L. Monson
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UT), Dallas, TX, United States
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Kihara Y, Chun J. Molecular and neuroimmune pharmacology of S1P receptor modulators and other disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 246:108432. [PMID: 37149155 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological, immune-mediated demyelinating disease that affects people in the prime of life. Environmental, infectious, and genetic factors have been implicated in its etiology, although a definitive cause has yet to be determined. Nevertheless, multiple disease-modifying therapies (DMTs: including interferons, glatiramer acetate, fumarates, cladribine, teriflunomide, fingolimod, siponimod, ozanimod, ponesimod, and monoclonal antibodies targeting ITGA4, CD20, and CD52) have been developed and approved for the treatment of MS. All the DMTs approved to date target immunomodulation as their mechanism of action (MOA); however, the direct effects of some DMTs on the central nervous system (CNS), particularly sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor (S1PR) modulators, implicate a parallel MOA that may also reduce neurodegenerative sequelae. This review summarizes the currently approved DMTs for the treatment of MS and provides details and recent advances in the molecular pharmacology, immunopharmacology, and neuropharmacology of S1PR modulators, with a special focus on the CNS-oriented, astrocyte-centric MOA of fingolimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kihara
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, United States of America.
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, United States of America
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Lin CW, Chen WT, Lin YH, Hung K, Chen TC. Clinical characteristics and prognosis of optic neuritis in Taiwan - a hospital-based cohort study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 75:104739. [PMID: 37148579 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optic neuritis (ON) is an inflammatory disease of optic nerve. The distinct etiologies of ON significantly influence its clinical manifestation, neuroimaging findings, and visual outcomes. However, the clinical characteristics might be influenced by the racial differences. The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical characteristics of various types of ON at a Taiwanese tertiary center. METHODS This cohort study analyzed 163 patients who received treatment and continued following-up for ON between 2015 and 2022. We selected patients who had been tested for anti-aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-Ab) and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG-Ab). The participants were classified into four groups on the basis of their etiologies, specifically (1) multiple sclerosis (MS)-related, (2) AQP4-Ab-positive, (3) MOG-Ab-positive, or (4) idiopathic ON. The researchers recorded the patients' clinical characteristics, treatment course, magnetic resonance imaging and optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings, and visual outcomes. RESULTS MOG-Ab-positive group had higher percentages of disk swelling and pain with eye movement. Long optic nerve and perineural enhancement are the hallmarks of MOG-Ab-related ON. The ON relapse rate was higher in AQP4-Ab-positive group. Although members of AQP4-Ab-positive group received immediate steroid pulse therapy, these patients experienced the worst visual outcomes. Moreover, a thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) was noted in AQP4-Ab-positive group. MS group had a higher incidence of extra-optic nerve lesions. Multivariate regression identified pretreatment visual acuity and RNFL thickness as the important factors affecting visual outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This cohort study identified the clinical features of different types of ON. Patients with AQP4-Ab-positive ON had poorer visual outcomes, which may be attributed to multiple relapses and profound nerve damage, as revealed by OCT findings. Patients with MOG-Ab-positive ON displayed long optic nerve enhancement but had more favorable prognoses. Thus, antibody-based classification facilitates treatment and prognosis in ON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wen Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No 7, Chung-Shan S. Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tse Chen
- Department of Medical Education, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Heng Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Kuang Hung
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Ching Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No 7, Chung-Shan S. Rd., Taipei, Taiwan; Center of Frontier Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan.
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Moore MZ, Pérez CA, Hutton GJ, Patel H, Cuascut FX. Health Disparities in Multiple Sclerosis among Hispanic and Black Populations in the United States. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041227. [PMID: 37189845 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an acquired demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Historically, research on MS has focused on White persons with MS. This preponderance of representation has important possible implications for minority populations with MS, from developing effective therapeutic agents to understanding the role of unique constellations of social determinants of health. A growing body of literature involving persons of historically underrepresented races and ethnicities in the field of multiple sclerosis is assembling. Our purpose in this narrative review is to highlight two populations in the United States: Black and Hispanic persons with multiple sclerosis. We will review the current understanding about the patterns of disease presentation, genetic considerations, response to treatment, roles of social determinants of health, and healthcare utilization. In addition, we explore future directions of inquiry as well as practical methods of meeting these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z Moore
- Maxine Mesinger Multiple Sclerosis Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Carlos A Pérez
- Maxine Mesinger Multiple Sclerosis Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - George J Hutton
- Maxine Mesinger Multiple Sclerosis Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hemali Patel
- Maxine Mesinger Multiple Sclerosis Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fernando X Cuascut
- Maxine Mesinger Multiple Sclerosis Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Motl RW, Kinnett-Hopkins D, Neal W, Flores E, Pekmezi D, Flores V. Targeted exercise for African-Americans with multiple sclerosis: Project TEAAMS. Contemp Clin Trials 2023; 126:107088. [PMID: 36669728 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2023.107088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We propose a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that examines the effects of a remotely-delivered, cultrally-tailored exercise training program for immediate and sustained improvements in patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of walking dysfunction, symptoms, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among African-Americans with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS/DESIGN The study will be conducted using a parallel group RCT design. The RCT examines the effects of a remotely-delivered, culturally-tailored exercise training program compared with an active control condition among 100 African-Americans with MS. The primary PROs focus on walking dysfunction. The secondary PROs include symptoms of fatigue, depression, anxiety, and HRQOL. The tertiary PROs include exercise behavior and mediator variables based on social cognitive theory. Participants will be randomly assigned into one of two conditions, intervention (Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training) or active control (Stretching and Flexibility), using a random numbers sequence with concealed allocation. The conditions will be administered over four months by a trained behavioral coach who will be uninvolved in recruitment, screening, random assignment, and outcome assessment. We will monitor the outcomes of interest before and after the 4-month intervention period, and then again 4 months after intervention cessation for capturing stability of intervention effects. The data analysis will follow intent-to-treat principles with a linear mixed model. DISCUSSION If successful, this RCT will provide initial evidence for the uptake and implementation of the program in clinics/environments providing healthcare for African-Americans with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Motl
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | | - Whitney Neal
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Edson Flores
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dorothy Pekmezi
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Victoria Flores
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Breedon JR, Marshall CR, Giovannoni G, van Heel DA, Dobson R, Jacobs BM. Polygenic risk score prediction of multiple sclerosis in individuals of South Asian ancestry. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad041. [PMID: 37006331 PMCID: PMC10053643 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygenic risk scores aggregate an individual's burden of risk alleles to estimate the overall genetic risk for a specific trait or disease. Polygenic risk scores derived from genome-wide association studies of European populations perform poorly for other ancestral groups. Given the potential for future clinical utility, underperformance of polygenic risk scores in South Asian populations has the potential to reinforce health inequalities. To determine whether European-derived polygenic risk scores underperform at multiple sclerosis prediction in a South Asian-ancestry population compared with a European-ancestry cohort, we used data from two longitudinal genetic cohort studies: Genes & Health (2015-present), a study of ∼50 000 British-Bangladeshi and British-Pakistani individuals, and UK Biobank (2006-present), which is comprised of ∼500 000 predominantly White British individuals. We compared individuals with and without multiple sclerosis in both studies (Genes & Health: N Cases = 42, N Control = 40 490; UK Biobank: N Cases = 2091, N Control = 374 866). Polygenic risk scores were calculated using clumping and thresholding with risk allele effect sizes obtained from the largest multiple sclerosis genome-wide association study to date. Scores were calculated with and without the major histocompatibility complex region, the most influential locus in determining multiple sclerosis risk. Polygenic risk score prediction was evaluated using Nagelkerke's pseudo-R 2 metric adjusted for case ascertainment, age, sex and the first four genetic principal components. We found that, as expected, European-derived polygenic risk scores perform poorly in the Genes & Health cohort, explaining 1.1% (including the major histocompatibility complex) and 1.5% (excluding the major histocompatibility complex) of disease risk. In contrast, multiple sclerosis polygenic risk scores explained 4.8% (including the major histocompatibility complex) and 2.8% (excluding the major histocompatibility complex) of disease risk in European-ancestry UK Biobank participants. These findings suggest that polygenic risk score prediction of multiple sclerosis based on European genome-wide association study results is less accurate in a South Asian population. Genetic studies of ancestrally diverse populations are required to ensure that polygenic risk scores can be useful across ancestries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Breedon
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Charles R Marshall
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London E1 1FR, UK
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London E1 1FR, UK
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - David A van Heel
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Ruth Dobson
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London E1 1FR, UK
| | - Benjamin M Jacobs
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London E1 1FR, UK
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Zhang X, Huai Y, Wei Z, Yang W, Xie Q, Yi L. Non-invasive brain stimulation therapy on neurological symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis: A network meta analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1007702. [PMID: 36457862 PMCID: PMC9705977 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1007702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) [including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES)] on neurological symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). METHOD We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Ovid MEDLINE until February 2022. And we evaluated the included studies for methodological quality by the Cochrane bias risk assessment tool and assessed the studies' certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. We performed network meta analysis (NMA) by using Stata 15 and ranked the results of the NMA by using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) ranking chart. RESULT Twenty seven clinical trials were finally included (N = 596, 66.4% women). For the immediate effects, rTMS over M1 yielded the most optimal scheme for fatigue reduction among all the interventions compared to the sham stimulation groups [MD = -0.85, 95% CI (-1.57, -0.14)] (SUCRA = 82.6%). iTBS over M1 yielded the most signifcant reduced pain level than the sham groups did [MD = -1.26, 95% CI (-2.40, -0.11)] (SUCRA = 98.4%). tDCS over F3 was the best protocol of NIBS to improve quality of life (QOL) [MD = 1.41, 95% CI = (0.45,2.36)] (SUCRA = 76.7%), and iTBS over M1 may significantly reduce spasticity compared to sham stimulation [MD = -1.20, 95% CI = (-1.99, -0.41)] (SUCRA = 90.3%). Furthermore, rTMS, tRNS, and tDCS on certain areas may improve PwMS accuracy, response time, manual dexterity, pain relief and QOL, but does not show statistically significant differences. The evidence assessed using GRADE is very low. CONCLUSION Based on the NMA and SUCRA ranking, we can conclude that symptoms including fatigue, pain, spasticity, and QOL can be improved by following NIBS protocol after treatment. Nonetheless, most of the included studies lack a good methodology, and more high-quality randomized clinical trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Zhang
- Rehabilitation Department, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Longhua District Rehabilitation Medical Equipment Development and Transformation Joint Key Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaping Huai
- Rehabilitation Department, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Longhua District Rehabilitation Medical Equipment Development and Transformation Joint Key Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wei
- Neurology Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- Rehabilitation Department, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qizhi Xie
- Neurology Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Yi
- Neurology Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Abstract
Social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These circumstances are the non-medical factors that influence health outcomes. Evidence indicates that health behaviours, comorbidities and disease-modifying therapies all contribute to multiple sclerosis (MS) outcomes; however, our knowledge of the effects of social determinants — that is, the ‘risks of risks’ — on health has not yet changed our approach to MS. Assessing and addressing social determinants of health could fundamentally improve health and health care in MS; this approach has already been successful in improving outcomes in other chronic diseases. In this narrative Review, we identify and discuss the body of evidence supporting an effect of many social determinants of health, including racial background, employment and social support, on MS outcomes. It must be noted that many of the published studies were subject to bias, and screening tools and/or practical interventions that address these social determinants are, for the most part, lacking. The existing work does not fully explore the potential bidirectional and complex relationships between social determinants of health and MS, and the interpretation of findings is complicated by the interactions and intersections among many of the identified determinants. On the basis of the reviewed literature, we consider that, if effective interventions targeting social determinants of health were available, they could have substantial effects on MS outcomes. Therefore, funding for and focused design of studies to evaluate and address social determinants of health are urgently needed. Here, the authors discuss the potential effects of social determinants of health on multiple sclerosis risk and outcomes. They suggest that addressing these determinants of health could substantially improve the lives of individuals with multiple sclerosis and call for more research. Addressing an individual’s social determinants of health — that is, the conditions under which they are born, grow, live, work and age — could provide opportunities to reduce the burden of living with multiple sclerosis (MS). Individual factors that may influence MS-related outcomes include sex, gender and sexuality, race and ethnicity, education and employment, socioeconomic status, and domestic abuse. Societal infrastructures, including access to food, health care and social support, can also affect MS-related outcomes. Awareness of the specific circumstances of a patient with MS might help neurologists deliver better care. Social determinants of health are not static and can change according to wider sociopolitical contexts, as highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Rigorous studies of interventions to ameliorate the effects of poor social determinants on people with MS are urgently needed.
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Jacobs BM, Peter M, Giovannoni G, Noyce AJ, Morris HR, Dobson R. Towards a global view of multiple sclerosis genetics. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:613-623. [PMID: 36075979 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroimmunological disorder of the CNS with a strong heritable component. The genetic architecture of MS susceptibility is well understood in populations of European ancestry. However, the extent to which this architecture explains MS susceptibility in populations of non-European ancestry remains unclear. In this Perspective article, we outline the scientific arguments for studying MS genetics in ancestrally diverse populations. We argue that this approach is likely to yield insights that could benefit individuals with MS from all ancestral groups. We explore the logistical and theoretical challenges that have held back this field to date and conclude that, despite these challenges, inclusion of participants of non-European ancestry in MS genetics studies will ultimately be of value to all patients with MS worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Meir Jacobs
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University London, London, UK. .,Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Michelle Peter
- NHS North Thames Genomic Laboratory Hub, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University London, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK.,Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Alastair J Noyce
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University London, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK.,Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Huw R Morris
- Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth Dobson
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University London, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
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Conway DS, Briggs FB, Mowry EM, Fitzgerald KC, Hersh CM. Racial disparities in hypertension management among multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 64:103972. [PMID: 35728435 PMCID: PMC9308758 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension adversely impacts the multiple sclerosis (MS) disease course and is more common among Black Americans. Disparities in care due to structural racism may lead to suboptimal hypertension detection and control in Black American MS patients. OBJECTIVES To determine if uncontrolled hypertension is more common in Black or White Americans with MS and whether race impacts the likelihood of receiving anti-hypertensive treatment. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted using longitudinal data from American participants in the Multiple Sclerosis Partners Advancing Technology and Health Solutions (MS PATHS) multi-institutional registry. Data was collected from 7 sites in the United States between May 2015 and November 2020. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension, defined as ≥2 blood pressure measurements ≥140/90 mmHg, were identified in the dataset. Racial differences in uncontrolled hypertension and odds of anti-hypertensive treatment were evaluated using logistic regression. Predictors of anti-hypertensive treatment in those with uncontrolled hypertension were determined by race. RESULTS The analysis included 10,673 MS patients, of whom 1,442 (13.5%) were Black Americans. Despite a lower mean age (45.7 vs. 49.2 years), Black Americans had a 31% increased odds of uncontrolled hypertension compared to White Americans. After adjustment for relevant covariates, mean systolic blood pressure was 1.84 mmHg (95% confidence interval=1.07-2.61) higher in Black Americans than White Americans, and mean diastolic blood pressure was 1.28 mmHg (95% confidence interval=0.74-1.82) higher. Black Americans were also more likely to be on anti-hypertensive therapy (OR=1.68, 95% confidence interval=1.30-2.18) and were exposed to an adjusted average of 0.61 (95% confidence interval=0.45-0.78) more anti-hypertensive treatments than White Americans (p<0.001). Age, comorbid diabetes mellitus, and comorbid hyperlipidemia were positively associated with use of anti-hypertensive treatments in all patients with uncontrolled hypertension. CONCLUSION Black American MS patients have significantly increased odds of uncontrolled hypertension, but also higher odds of receiving anti-hypertensive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon S Conway
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation.
| | - Farren Bs Briggs
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
| | - Ellen M Mowry
- Johns Hopkins Multiple Sclerosis Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | | | - Carrie M Hersh
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic Foundation
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Hamilton R, Ciccarelli O. Multiple Sclerosis Incidence in Black Patients: It Is Time to Do Away With a Racial Medical Myth. Neurology 2022; 98:739-740. [PMID: 35483903 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Hamilton
- From the Department of Neurology (R.H.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Queen Square MS Centre (O.C.), Department of Neuro-Inflammation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology; and NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre (O.C.), UK
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- From the Department of Neurology (R.H.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Queen Square MS Centre (O.C.), Department of Neuro-Inflammation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology; and NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre (O.C.), UK
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