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Hapakova L, Necpal J, Kosutzka Z. The antisaccadic paradigm: A complementary neuropsychological tool in basal ganglia disorders. Cortex 2024; 178:116-140. [PMID: 38991475 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the role of the antisaccadic task in understanding inhibitory mechanisms in basal ganglia disorders. It conducts a comparative analysis of saccadic profiles in conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Huntington's disease, and dystonia, revealing distinct patterns and proposing mechanisms for impaired performance. The primary focus is on two inhibitory mechanisms: global, pre-emptive inhibition responsible for suppressing prepotent responses, and slower, selective response inhibition. The antisaccadic task demonstrates practicality in clinical applications, aiding in differential diagnoses, treatment monitoring and reflecting gait control. To further enhance its differential diagnostic value, future directions should address issues such as the standardization of eye-tracking protocol and the integration of eye-tracking data with other disease indicators in a comprehensive dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Hapakova
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Comenius University Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Jan Necpal
- Neurology Department, Hospital Zvolen, a. s., Zvolen, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Kosutzka
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Comenius University Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Liu X, Li Y, Xu L, Zhang T, Cui H, Wei Y, Xia M, Su W, Tang Y, Tang X, Zhang D, Spillmann L, Max Andolina I, McLoughlin N, Wang W, Wang J. Spatial and Temporal Abnormalities of Spontaneous Fixational Saccades and Their Correlates With Positive and Cognitive Symptoms in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:78-88. [PMID: 37066730 PMCID: PMC10754167 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Visual fixation is a dynamic process, with the spontaneous occurrence of microsaccades and macrosaccades. These fixational saccades are sensitive to the structural and functional alterations of the cortical-subcortical-cerebellar circuit. Given that dysfunctional cortical-subcortical-cerebellar circuit contributes to cognitive and behavioral impairments in schizophrenia, we hypothesized that patients with schizophrenia would exhibit abnormal fixational saccades and these abnormalities would be associated with the clinical manifestations. STUDY DESIGN Saccades were recorded from 140 drug-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 160 age-matched healthy controls during ten separate trials of 6-second steady fixations. Positive and negative symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Cognition was assessed using the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). STUDY RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia exhibited fixational saccades more vertically than controls, which was reflected in more vertical saccades with angles around 90° and a greater vertical shift of horizontal saccades with angles around 0° in patients. The fixational saccades, especially horizontal saccades, showed longer durations, faster peak velocities, and larger amplitudes in patients. Furthermore, the greater vertical shift of horizontal saccades was associated with higher PANSS total and positive symptom scores in patients, and the longer duration of horizontal saccades was associated with lower MCCB neurocognitive composite, attention/vigilance, and speed of processing scores. Finally, based solely on these fixational eye movements, a K-nearest neighbors model classified patients with an accuracy of 85%. Conclusions: Our results reveal spatial and temporal abnormalities of fixational saccades and suggest fixational saccades as a promising biomarker for cognitive and positive symptoms and for diagnosis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiru Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengqing Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochen Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lothar Spillmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ian Max Andolina
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Niall McLoughlin
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Pin G, Labouré J, Guedj E, Felician O, Grimaldi S, Azulay JP, Ceccaldi M, Koric L. Brain FDG-PET correlates of saccadic disorders in early PSP. J Neurol 2023; 270:4841-4850. [PMID: 37330976 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11824-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New diagnostic criteria of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) have highlighted the interest of Eye Movement Records (EMR) at the early stage of the disease. OBJECTIVES To investigate the metabolic brain correlates of ocular motor dysfunction using [18F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) in early PSP. METHODS Retrospective observational descriptive study on longitudinal data with patients who underwent EMR and FDG-PET at the stage of suggestive and possible PSP according to Movement Disorders Society criteria. Longitudinal follow-up enables to confirm diagnosis of probable PSP. Using the Statistical Parametric Mapping software, we performed whole-brain voxel-based correlations between oculomotor variables and FDG-PET metabolism. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients with early PSP who fulfilled criteria of probable PSP during the follow-up were included. Decrease in the gain of vertical saccades correlated with reduced metabolism in Superior Colliculi (SC). We also found a positive correlation between mean velocity of horizontal saccades and SC metabolism as well as dorsal nuclei in the pons. Finally, increase in horizontal saccades latencies correlated with decrease of posterior parietal metabolism. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the early involvement of SC in saccadic dysfunction in the course of PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pin
- Department of Neurology and Neuropsychology, and CMMR PACA Ouest, CHU Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.
| | - J Labouré
- Department of Neurology and Neuropsychology, and CMMR PACA Ouest, CHU Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - E Guedj
- Department of Nuclear Medecine, CHU Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
- CERIMED, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7249, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - O Felician
- Department of Neurology and Neuropsychology, and CMMR PACA Ouest, CHU Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - S Grimaldi
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, CHU Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - J P Azulay
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, CHU Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - M Ceccaldi
- Department of Neurology and Neuropsychology, and CMMR PACA Ouest, CHU Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - L Koric
- Department of Neurology and Neuropsychology, and CMMR PACA Ouest, CHU Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7249, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
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Ling X, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Lee S, Choi JY, Zhong LQ, Yang X, Kim JS. Loss of torsional quick eye movements during head roll in progressive supranuclear palsy: a new diagnostic marker. J Neurol 2023; 270:2230-2236. [PMID: 36680570 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Even though impaired horizontal and vertical saccades are well-known features of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), abnormalities of torsional quick phases of eye movements have not been defined in PSP and other Parkinsonian syndromes. This study aims to determine the diagnostic value of decreased torsional quick phases during head oscillations in the roll plane in patients with PSP. METHODS Using video-oculography, we recorded the head and eye motion during passive head oscillations in the roll plane and determined the decrease of torsional quick phases in patients with PSP (n = 13) in comparison to normal controls (n = 13) and those with multiple system atrophy (MSA, n = 17) or idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD, n = 6). RESULTS Torsional quick phases were absent during the torsional vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in 78.6% (11/13) of the patients with PSP, but only in 11.8% (2/17) of those with MSA and none with idiopathic PD or of normal controls (Chi-square tests, p < 0.001) while gains of the torsional VOR did not differ among the groups (Chi-square tests, p > 0.05). Furthermore, the torsional quick phases were smaller even when observed in patients with PSP. CONCLUSION Loss of torsional quick phases is an early biological marker for diagnosis of PSP, and may be ascribed to degeneration of the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus that contains the burst neurons for torsional as well as vertical saccades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ling
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Lee
- Dizziness Center, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea
| | - Seonkyung Lee
- Dizziness Center, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Yoon Choi
- Dizziness Center, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Li-Qun Zhong
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Soo Kim
- Dizziness Center, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea.
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Grossman SN, Calix R, Hudson T, Rizzo JR, Selesnick I, Frucht S, Galetta SL, Balcer LJ, Rucker JC. Accuracy of clinical versus oculographic detection of pathological saccadic slowing. J Neurol Sci 2022; 442:120436. [PMID: 36183516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Saccadic slowing as a component of supranuclear saccadic gaze palsy is an important diagnostic sign in multiple neurologic conditions, including degenerative, inflammatory, genetic, or ischemic lesions affecting brainstem structures responsible for saccadic generation. Little attention has been given to the accuracy with which clinicians correctly identify saccadic slowing. We compared clinician (n = 19) judgements of horizontal and vertical saccade speed on video recordings of saccades (from 9 patients with slow saccades, 3 healthy controls) to objective saccade peak velocity measurements from infrared oculographic recordings. Clinician groups included neurology residents, general neurologists, and fellowship-trained neuro-ophthalmologists. Saccades with normal peak velocities on infrared recordings were correctly identified as normal in 57% (91/171; 171 = 9 videos × 19 clinicians) of clinician decisions; saccades determined to be slow on infrared recordings were correctly identified as slow in 84% (224/266; 266 = 14 videos × 19 clinicians) of clinician decisions. Vertical saccades were correctly identified as slow more often than horizontal saccades (94% versus 74% of decisions). No significant differences were identified between clinician training levels. Reliable differentiation between normal and slow saccades is clinically challenging; clinical performance is most accurate for detection of vertical saccade slowing. Quantitative analysis of saccade peak velocities enhances accurate detection and is likely to be especially useful for detection of mild saccadic slowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Grossman
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, United States of America.
| | - Rachel Calix
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Todd Hudson
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, United States of America; Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - John Ross Rizzo
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, United States of America; Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Ivan Selesnick
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, United States of America
| | - Steven Frucht
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Steven L Galetta
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Laura J Balcer
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, United States of America; Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Janet C Rucker
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, United States of America
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Ma W, Zhang M. The effects of age and sex on the incidence of multiple step saccades and corrective saccades. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:963557. [PMID: 36158551 PMCID: PMC9490418 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.963557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveAlthough multiple step saccades (MSS) is occasionally observed in healthy subjects, it is more pronounced in patients with aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Parkinson’s disease (PD). Thus, MSS has been treated as a complementary biomarker for diagnosing PD. Despite the aforementioned knowledge, several questions remain unexplored: (1) How does aging affect MSS? (2) Is there a sex difference in MSS? (3) Are there differences in MSS between vertical and horizontal saccades? (4) Are MSS and corrective saccade (CS) the same behavior? (5) How do age and sex affect CS? The objectives of the present study are to address these questions.MethodFour hundred eighty healthy participants were recruited to perform a visually guided reactive saccade task. Participants were divided into six groups according to their ages. Each group consisted of 40 male and 40 female participants. Eye movements were recorded with infrared eye trackers.ResultsThe incidence of MSS increased as a function of age, whereas the incidence of CS first increased with age 20–49 and then decreased with age 50–79. The incidences of both MSS and CS did not show sex differences. The incidence of MSS in vertical saccades was significantly higher than that in horizontal saccades, and their difference increased with increasing age, whereas the incidence of CS showed a reversed pattern.ConclusionAge and saccadic direction affect the occurrences of MSS and CS differently, indicating that MSS and CS are different saccadic behaviors. In addition, measuring saccades could reliably reflect the function of human’s brain which is affected by aging.
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Habibi M, Oertel WH, White BJ, Brien DC, Coe BC, Riek HC, Perkins J, Yep R, Itti L, Timmermann L, Best C, Sittig E, Janzen A, Munoz DP. Eye tracking identifies biomarkers in α-synucleinopathies versus progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol 2022; 269:4920-4938. [PMID: 35501501 PMCID: PMC9363304 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study (1) describes and compares saccade and pupil abnormalities in patients with manifest alpha-synucleinopathies (αSYN: Parkinson's disease (PD), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)) and a tauopathy (progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)); (2) determines whether patients with rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD), a prodromal stage of αSYN, already have abnormal responses that may indicate a risk for developing PD or MSA. METHODS Ninety (46 RBD, 27 PD, 17 MSA) patients with an αSYN, 10 PSP patients, and 132 healthy age-matched controls (CTRL) were examined with a 10-min video-based eye-tracking task (Free Viewing). Participants were free to look anywhere on the screen while saccade and pupil behaviours were measured. RESULTS PD, MSA, and PSP spent more time fixating the centre of the screen than CTRL. All patient groups made fewer macro-saccades (> 2◦ amplitude) with smaller amplitude than CTRL. Saccade frequency was greater in RBD than in other patients. Following clip change, saccades were temporarily suppressed, then rebounded at a slower pace than CTRL in all patient groups. RBD had distinct, although discrete saccade abnormalities that were more marked in PD, MSA, and even more in PSP. The vertical saccade rate was reduced in all patients and decreased most in PSP. Clip changes produced large increases or decreases in screen luminance requiring pupil constriction or dilation, respectively. PSP elicited smaller pupil constriction/dilation responses than CTRL, while MSA elicited the opposite. CONCLUSION RBD patients already have discrete but less pronounced saccade abnormalities than PD and MSA patients. Vertical gaze palsy and altered pupil control differentiate PSP from αSYN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Habibi
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Wolfgang H Oertel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Brian J White
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Donald C Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Heidi C Riek
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Julia Perkins
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Rachel Yep
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Laurent Itti
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lars Timmermann
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Best
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sittig
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Annette Janzen
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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Saccadic premotor burst neurons and histochemical correlates of their firing patterns in rhesus monkey. J Neurol Sci 2022; 439:120328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Boini SY, Mahale R, Doniparthi Venkata S, Kamble N, Holla V, Pal PK, Kutty B, Yadav R. Oculomotor abnormalities and its association with sleep stages in progressive supranuclear palsy. Sleep Med 2022; 98:34-38. [PMID: 35779379 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oculomotor abnormalities are one of the cardinal clinical features of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Vertical saccadic slowing is an early sign of PSP. The association between oculomotor abnormalities and sleep architecture has not been studied so far. OBJECTIVES To study the association of oculomotor abnormalities of PSP with the sleep stages by using video polysomnography (vPSG). METHODS This was a cross-sectional single-center study. Twenty-two patients with PSP and 15 age and gender-matched controls were recruited. Saccades, vestibulo-ocular reflex, and optokinetic nystagmus were assessed and graded clinically in all patients and one overnight vPSG was done in all cases. RESULTS Vertical saccades, upward more than downwards, were affected in all cases. While horizontal saccades were normal only in 41% of cases. Vertical optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was affected in all cases. Horizontal OKN was normal in 36% of patients. The vertical upward saccades had a negative correlation with N1% and duration (r = -0.418; p = 0.05, r = -0.457; p = 0.03), N3% and duration (r = -0.486; p = 0.02, r = -0.510; p = 0.01), REM% (r = -0.449; p = 0.04), total sleep time (r = -0.487; p = 0.02) and sleep efficiency (r = -0.444; p = 0.04). There was a positive correlation between horizontal OKN and sleep onset latency (r = 0.432; p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Vertical saccadic restriction in PSP has significant negative correlation with total sleep time and sleep efficiency. The oculomotor and sleep abnormalities in PSP are probably interlinked and their assessment is useful in determining the characteristics of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Yadav Boini
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, 560029, India.
| | - Rohan Mahale
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, 560029, India.
| | | | - Nitish Kamble
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, 560029, India.
| | - Vikram Holla
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, 560029, India.
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, 560029, India.
| | - Bindu Kutty
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, 560029, India.
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, 560029, India.
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Kassavetis P, Kaski D, Anderson T, Hallett M. Eye Movement Disorders in Movement Disorders. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2022; 9:284-295. [PMID: 35402641 PMCID: PMC8974874 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculomotor assessment is an essential element of the neurological clinical examination and is particularly important when evaluating patients with movements disorders. Most of the brain is involved in oculomotor control, and thus many neurological conditions present with oculomotor abnormalities. Each of the different classes of eye movements and their features can provide important information that can facilitate differential diagnosis. This educational review presents a clinical approach to eye movement abnormalities that are commonly seen in parkinsonism, ataxia, dystonia, myoclonus, tremor, and chorea. In parkinsonism, subtle signs such as prominent square wave jerks, impaired vertical optokinetic nystagmus, and/or the "round the houses" sign suggest early progressive supranuclear gaze palsy before vertical gaze is restricted. In ataxia, nystagmus is common, but other findings such as oculomotor apraxia, supranuclear gaze palsy, impaired fixation, or saccadic pursuit can contribute to diagnoses such as ataxia with oculomotor apraxia, Niemann-Pick type C, or ataxia telangiectasia. Opsoclonus myoclonus and oculopalatal myoclonus present with characteristic phenomenology and are usually easy to identify. The oculomotor exam is usually unremarkable in isolated dystonia, but oculogyric crisis is a medical emergency and should be recognized and treated in a timely manner. Gaze impersistence in a patient with chorea suggests Huntington's disease, but in a patient with dystonia or tremor, Wilson's disease is more likely. Finally, functional eye movements can reinforce the clinical impression of a functional movement disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Kassavetis
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Diego Kaski
- Centre for Vestibular and Behavioural Neurosciences, Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUniversity College London, Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Tim Anderson
- New Zealand Brain Research InstituteChristchurchNew Zealand
- Department of MedicineUniversity of OtagoChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Mark Hallett
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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11
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Smith DT. A horizontal–vertical anisotropy in spatial short-term memory. VISUAL COGNITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2022.2042446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Ticku H, Fotedar N, Juncos J, Factor SA, Shaikh AG. Pseudonystagmus in progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol Sci 2022; 434:120157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Ocular Motor and Vestibular Characteristics of Antiglutamic Acid Decarboxylase-Associated Neurologic Disorders. J Neuroophthalmol 2021; 41:e665-e671. [PMID: 33105411 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiglutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-associated neurologic disorders are rare, with varied presentations, including stiff-person syndrome (SPS) and cerebellar ataxia (CA). Vestibular and ocular motor (VOM) dysfunction can be the main presentation in a subset of patients. METHODS Retrospective review of the Johns Hopkins Hospital medical records from 1997 to 2018 identified a total of 22 patients with a diagnosis of anti-GAD-associated SPS or CA who had detailed VOM assessments. Eight had prominent VOM dysfunction at the initial symptom onset and were referred to neurology from ophthalmology or otolaryngology ("early dominant"). Fourteen patients had VOM dysfunction that was not their dominant presentation and were referred later in their disease course from neurology to neuro-ophthalmology ("nondominant"). We reviewed clinical history, immunological profiles, and VOM findings, including available video-oculography. RESULTS In the 8 patients with early dominant VOM dysfunction, the average age of symptom onset was 53 years, and 5 were men. The most common symptom was dizziness, followed by diplopia. Seven had features of CA, and 4 had additional features of SPS. None had a structural lesion on brain MRI accounting for their symptoms. The most common VOM abnormalities were downbeating and gaze-evoked nystagmus and saccadic pursuit. All received immune therapy and most received symptomatic therapy. Most experienced improvement in clinical outcome measures (modified Rankin scale and/or timed 25-foot walk test) or VOM function. By contrast, in the 14 patients in whom VOM dysfunction was nondominant, most had an SPS phenotype and were women. VOM abnormalities, when present, were more subtle, although mostly still consistent with cerebellar and/or brainstem dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with anti-GAD-associated neurologic disorders may present with prominent VOM abnormalities at the initial symptom onset that localize to the cerebellum and/or brainstem. In our cohort, immune and symptomatic therapies improved clinical outcomes and symptomatology.
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Bremova-Ertl T, Abel L, Walterfang M, Salsano E, Ardissone A, Malinová V, Kolníková M, Gascón Bayarri J, Reza Tavasoli A, Reza Ashrafi M, Amraoui Y, Mengel E, Kolb SA, Brecht A, Bardins S, Strupp M. A cross-sectional, prospective ocular motor study in 72 patients with Niemann-Pick disease type C. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:3040-3050. [PMID: 34096670 PMCID: PMC8456972 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To characterize ocular motor function in patients with Niemann‐Pick disease type C (NPC). Methods In a multicontinental, cross‐sectional study we characterized ocular‐motor function in 72 patients from 12 countries by video‐oculography. Interlinking with disease severity, we also searched for ocular motor biomarkers. Our study protocol comprised reflexive and self‐paced saccades, smooth pursuit, and gaze‐holding in horizontal and vertical planes. Data were compared with those of 158 healthy controls (HC). Results Some 98.2% of patients generated vertical saccades below the 95% CI of the controls’ peak velocity. Only 46.9% of patients had smooth pursuit gain lower than that of 95% CI of HC. The involvement in both downward and upward directions was similar (51°/s (68.9, [32.7–69.3]) downward versus 78.8°/s (65.9, [60.8–96.8]) upward). Horizontal saccadic peak velocity and latency, vertical saccadic duration and amplitude, and horizontal position smooth pursuit correlated best to disease severity. Compensating strategies such as blinks to elicit saccades, and head and upper body movements to overcome the gaze palsy, were observed. Vertical reflexive saccades were more impaired and slower than self‐paced ones. Gaze‐holding was normal. Ocular‐motor performance depended on the age of onset and disease duration. Conclusions This is the largest cohort of NPC patients investigated for ocular‐motor function. Vertical supranuclear saccade palsy is the hallmark of NPC. Vertical upward and downward saccades are equally impaired. Horizontal saccadic peak velocity and latency, vertical saccadic duration and amplitude, and horizontal position smooth pursuit can be used as surrogate parameters for clinical trials. Compensating strategies can contribute to establishing a diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Bremova-Ertl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern (Inselspital) and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Center for Rare Diseases, University Hospital Bern (Inselspital) and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Larry Abel
- Optometry & Vision Science, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Walterfang
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne & NorthWestern Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ettore Salsano
- Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ardissone
- Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Věra Malinová
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miriam Kolníková
- Department of Child Neurology, Comenius University Children's Hospital, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jordi Gascón Bayarri
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ali Reza Tavasoli
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Myelin Disorders Clinic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Ashrafi
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Myelin Disorders Clinic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Eugen Mengel
- SphinCS Gmbh, Clinical Science for LSD, Hochheim, Germany
| | - Stefan A Kolb
- Actelion, a Janssen company of Johnson & Johnsons, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Brecht
- Actelion, a Janssen company of Johnson & Johnsons, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stanislavs Bardins
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Strupp
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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15
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Wunderlich J, Behler A, Dreyhaupt J, Ludolph AC, Pinkhardt EH, Kassubek J. Diagnostic value of video-oculography in progressive supranuclear palsy: a controlled study in 100 patients. J Neurol 2021; 268:3467-3475. [PMID: 33744980 PMCID: PMC8357639 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background The eponymous feature of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is oculomotor impairment which is one of the relevant domains in the Movement Disorder Society diagnostic criteria. Objective We aimed to investigate the value of specific video-oculographic parameters for the use as diagnostic markers in PSP. Methods An analysis of video-oculography recordings of 100 PSP patients and 49 age-matched healthy control subjects was performed. Gain of smooth pursuit eye movement and latency, gain, peak eye velocity, asymmetry of downward and upward velocities of saccades as well as rate of saccadic intrusions were analyzed. Results Vertical saccade velocity and saccadic intrusions allowed for the classification of about 70% and 56% of the patients, respectively. By combining both parameters, almost 80% of the PSP patients were covered, while vertical velocity asymmetry was observed in approximately 34%. All parameters had a specificity of above 95%. The sensitivities were lower with around 50–60% for the velocity and saccadic intrusions and only 27% for vertical asymmetry. Conclusions In accordance with oculomotor features in the current PSP diagnostic criteria, video-oculographic assessment of vertical saccade velocity and saccadic intrusions resulted in very high specificity. Asymmetry of vertical saccade velocities, in the opposite, did not prove to be useful for diagnostic purposes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00415-021-10522-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wunderlich
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Behler
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens Dreyhaupt
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elmar H Pinkhardt
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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16
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Deciphering the saccade velocity profile of progressive supranuclear palsy: A sign of latent cerebellar/brainstem dysfunction? Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 141:147-159. [PMID: 33632587 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study whether the velocity profile of horizontal saccades could be used as an indicator of brainstem and cerebellar output dysfunction, depending on progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) subtype. METHODS We compared the velocity profiles in 32 PSP patients of various subtypes with 38 age-matched normal subjects, including Richardson syndrome (RS), PSP-parkinsonism (PSPp), and pure akinesia (PAGF), and cerebellar subtypes of PSP (PSPc). RESULTS PSP patients showed reduced peak velocity along with increased duration, especially in the deceleration phase. This alteration was more prominent for larger target eccentricities (20-30 degrees), and correlated with disease severity. The changes were most pronounced in PSPc patients, with irregular increases and decreases in velocity profile, followed by RS patients, whereas the change was smaller in PSPp and normal in PAGF patients. CONCLUSIONS Saccade velocity profile can be an indicator of brainstem and/or cerebellar output. Altered velocity profile of PSP patients may reflect the pathology in the brainstem, but may also reflect cerebellar dysfunction, most prominently in PSPc. SIGNIFICANCE Saccade velocity profile may be used as an indicator of latent cerebellar/brainstem dysfunction.
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17
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Tokushige SI, Matsuda S, Inomata-Terada S, Hamada M, Ugawa Y, Tsuji S, Terao Y. Premature saccades: A detailed physiological analysis. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 132:63-76. [PMID: 33254099 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Premature saccades (PSs) are those made with latencies too short for the direction and amplitude to be specifically programmed. We sought to determine the minimum latency needed to establish accurate direction and amplitude, and observed what occurs when saccades are launched before this minimum latency. METHODS In Experiment 1, 249 normal subjects performed the gap saccade task with horizontal targets. In Experiment 2, 28 normal subjects performed the gap saccade task with the targets placed in eight directions. In Experiment 3, 38 normal subjects, 49 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and 10 patients with spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD) performed the gap saccade task with horizontal targets. RESULTS In Experiment 1, it took 100 ms to accurately establish saccade amplitudes and directions. In Experiment 2, however, the latencies needed for accurate amplitude and direction establishment were both approximately 150 ms. In Experiment 3, the frequencies of PSs in patients with PD and SCD were lower than those of normal subjects. CONCLUSIONS The saccade amplitudes and directions are determined simultaneously, 100-150 ms after target presentation. PSs may result from prediction of the oncoming target direction or latent saccade activities in the superior colliculus. SIGNIFICANCE Saccade direction and amplitude are determined simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Tokushige
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shunichi Matsuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Neurology, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, 5-9-22, Higashigotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0022, Japan
| | - Satomi Inomata-Terada
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Masashi Hamada
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of NeuroRegeneration, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Molecular Neurology, The University of Tokyo and International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3, Kozunomori, Narita-shi, Chiba-ken 286-8686, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan.
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18
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Fearon C, Field R, Donlon E, Murphy OC, Cronin S, Buckley C, Williams L, Llamas Y, O'Dowd S, O'Sullivan SS, Gold DR, Gold DR, Walsh R, Healy DG, Quinn N, Lynch T. The "round the houses" sign and "zig-zag" sign in progressive supranuclear palsy and other conditions. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 81:94-95. [PMID: 33120075 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conor Fearon
- Centre for Brain Health, Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital - UHN, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Field
- Centre for Brain Health, Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoghan Donlon
- Centre for Brain Health, Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Olwen C Murphy
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, USA
| | - Simon Cronin
- Department of Neurology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cliona Buckley
- Centre for Brain Health, Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Williams
- Centre for Brain Health, Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yudy Llamas
- Centre for Brain Health, Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean O'Dowd
- Department of Neurology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Daniel R Gold
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, USA
| | - Daniel R Gold
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, USA
| | - Richard Walsh
- Centre for Brain Health, Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Neurology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel G Healy
- Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall Quinn
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Timothy Lynch
- Centre for Brain Health, Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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19
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Kodama S, Tokushige SI, Sugiyama Y, Sato K, Otsuka J, Shirota Y, Hamada M, Iwata A, Toda T, Tsuji S, Terao Y. Rituximab improves not only back stiffness but also "stiff eyes" in stiff person syndrome: Implications for immune-mediated treatment. J Neurol Sci 2019; 408:116506. [PMID: 31734550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.116506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stiff person syndrome (SPS) is usually characterized by truncal muscle rigidity and episodic painful spasms, but it sometimes appears with ocular symptoms called "stiff eyes". We recorded saccade movements in an SPS patient manifesting with "stiff eyes" conditions with slow saccade velocity and evaluated the effect of immunotherapy including rituximab on saccade parameters. METHODS We repeatedly conducted saccade eye recordings using video-based eye tracking system on a 42-year-old male SPS patient with slow saccade. The velocity and onset latency of visual guided saccades (VGS) were measured at each recording. Because VGS velocity is affected by saccade amplitude, estimated peak velocity (Vmax) was also calculated by taking the relationship between the velocity and the amplitude of saccade into account. RESULTS The mean VGS velocity improved significantly after two courses of rituximab administration compared with its lowest value. The estimated Vmax decreased as the clinical manifestations worsened, but it increased after rituximab administration. Other neurological symptoms in this patient such as muscle rigidity and gait instability also improved after the treatment. CONCLUSION Slow saccade in a "stiff eyes" patient improved after rituximab administration. Our study also indicated that the saccade eye recording is useful for evaluating the clinical condition of SPS when it is complicated with ocular symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kodama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichi Tokushige
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Neurology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sugiyama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuya Sato
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Juuri Otsuka
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Shirota
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masashi Hamada
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwata
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Cell Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Müller MLTM, Marusic U, van Emde Boas M, Weiss D, Bohnen NI. Treatment options for postural instability and gait difficulties in Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:1229-1251. [PMID: 31418599 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1656067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Gait and balance disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD) represent a major therapeutic challenge as frequent falls and freezing of gait impair quality of life and predict mortality. Limited dopaminergic therapy responses implicate non-dopaminergic mechanisms calling for alternative therapies.Areas covered: The authors provide a review that encompasses pathophysiological changes involved in axial motor impairments in PD, pharmacological approaches, exercise, and physical therapy, improving physical activity levels, invasive and non-invasive neurostimulation, cueing interventions and wearable technology, and cognitive interventions.Expert opinion: There are many promising therapies available that, to a variable degree, affect gait and balance disorders in PD. However, not one therapy is the 'silver bullet' that provides full relief and ultimately meaningfully improves the patient's quality of life. Sedentariness, apathy, and emergence of frailty in advancing PD, especially in the setting of medical comorbidities, are perhaps the biggest threats to experience sustained benefits with any of the available therapeutic options and therefore need to be aggressively treated as early as possible. Multimodal or combination therapies may provide complementary benefits to manage axial motor features in PD, but selection of treatment modalities should be tailored to the individual patient's needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn L T M Müller
- Functional Neuroimaging, Cognitive and Mobility Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Uros Marusic
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre of Koper, Koper, Slovenia.,Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea - ECM, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Miriam van Emde Boas
- Functional Neuroimaging, Cognitive and Mobility Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Weiss
- Centre for Neurology, Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Functional Neuroimaging, Cognitive and Mobility Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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21
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Douglass A, Walterfang M, Velakoulis D, Abel L. Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia Performance on a Range of Saccadic Tasks. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 65:231-242. [PMID: 30040708 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccadic paradigms display changes across a number of degenerative conditions reflecting changes in the oculomotor pathway which in some conditions have been linked to disease presentation. OBJECTIVE To examine a novel range of saccadic paradigms in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). METHODS Prosaccade, predictive, self-paced, memory-guided, and anti-saccade tasks were examined in bvFTD patients and controls. RESULTS A significant increase in latency for the bvFTD group was seen in all tasks. Self-paced saccades are reduced in number, memory-guided saccades display an increase in errors. Predictive saccades show an increased latency that does not remain when prosaccade latency changes are accounted for. While changes were seen across a range of paradigms, no individual task completely separated bvFTD from control participants. CONCLUSION bvFTD patients as a group display a number of changes on saccadic testing which may reflect the frontal lobe changes seen in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Douglass
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Optometry, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Mark Walterfang
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Larry Abel
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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22
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Phokaewvarangkul O, Bhidayasiri R. How to spot ocular abnormalities in progressive supranuclear palsy? A practical review. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:20. [PMID: 31333840 PMCID: PMC6617936 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For parkinsonian disorders, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) continues to be significant for differential diagnosis. PSP presents a range of ocular abnormalities that have been suggested as optional tools for its early detection, apart from the principal characteristic of postural unsteadiness. Nonetheless, such symptoms may be difficult to identify, particularly during the early onset stage of the disorder. It may also be problematic to recognize these symptoms for general practitioners who lack the required experience or physicians who are not specifically educated and proficient in ophthalmology or neurology. Main body Thus, here, a methodical evaluation was carried out to identify seven oculomotor abnormalities occurring in PSP, comprising square wave jerks, the speed and range of saccades (slow saccades and vertical supranuclear gaze palsy), ‘round the houses’ sign, decreased blink rate, blepharospasm, and apraxia of eyelid opening. Inspections were conducted using direct visual observation. An approach to distinguish these signs during a bedside examination was also established. When presenting in a patient with parkinsonism or dementia, the existence of such ocular abnormalities could increase the risk of PSP. For the distinction between PSP and other parkinsonian disorders, these signs hold significant value for physicians. Conclusion The authors urge all concerned physicians to check for such abnormalities with the naked eye in patients with parkinsonism. This method has advantages, including ease of application, reduced time-consumption, and requirement of minimal resources. It will also help physicians to conduct efficient diagnoses since many patients with PSP could intially present with ocular symptoms in busy outpatient clinics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40035-019-0160-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onanong Phokaewvarangkul
- Chulalongkorn Center of Excellence for Parkinson Disease & Related Disorders, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roongroj Bhidayasiri
- Chulalongkorn Center of Excellence for Parkinson Disease & Related Disorders, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
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Irving EL, Lillakas L. Difference between vertical and horizontal saccades across the human lifespan. Exp Eye Res 2019; 183:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Eghbali A, Hassan S, Seehra G, FitzGibbon E, Sidransky E. Ophthalmological findings in Gaucher disease. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 127:23-27. [PMID: 31047801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the gene GBA1, which encodes the lysosomal protein glucocerebrosidase. Patients with Gaucher disease generally have a variety of clinical manifestations ranging from visceral to neurological involvement and some develop ocular involvement. The most commonly affected organs include the spleen, liver, and bone. Moreover, patients often have hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and bone involvement related to deficient glucocerebrosidase and the subsequent accumulation of glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine in cells. A subset of patients develops neurological manifestations, including seizures, myoclonic epilepsy, and progressive neurodegeneration. Eye involvement tends to be less common and presents with diverse clinical findings. These rare and variable ocular manifestations, involving the vitreous, retina, cornea, uvea, conjunctiva and eye movements, can pose a diagnostic challenge for clinicians, especially those not familiar with the disorder. In this review, we explore the different ophthalmologic findings reported in patients with Gaucher disease, aiming to facilitate diagnosis and expedite treatment for patients presenting with ocular manifestations of this rare disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areian Eghbali
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shahzeb Hassan
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gurpreet Seehra
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edmond FitzGibbon
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Jensen K, Beylergil SB, Shaikh AG. Slow saccades in cerebellar disease. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2019; 6:1. [PMID: 30680221 PMCID: PMC6337813 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-018-0095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Eye movements are frequently considered diagnostic markers indicating involvement of the cerebellum. Impaired amplitude of saccades (saccade dysmetria), impaired gaze holding function (horizontal or downbeat nystagmus), and interrupted (choppy) pursuit are typically considered hallmarks of cerebellar disorders. While saccade dysmetria is a frequently considered abnormality, the velocity of saccades are rarely considered part of the constellation of cerebellar involvement. Reduced saccade velocity, frequently called “slow saccades” are typically seen in a classic disorder of the midbrain called progressive supranuclear palsy. It is also traditionally diagnostic of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2. In addition to its common causes, the slowness of vertical saccades is not rare in cerebellar disorders. Frequently this phenomenology is seen in multisystem involvement that substantially involves the cerebellum. In this review we will first discuss the physiological basis and the biological need for high saccade velocities. In subsequent sections we will discuss disorders of cerebellum that are known to cause slowing of saccades. We will then discuss possible pathology and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Jensen
- 1Neurological Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH USA.,2Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44022 USA.,3Neurology Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Sinem Balta Beylergil
- 1Neurological Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH USA.,2Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44022 USA.,3Neurology Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Aasef G Shaikh
- 1Neurological Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH USA.,2Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44022 USA.,3Neurology Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
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26
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Winter AW, Salimi A, Ospina LH, Roos JCP. Ophthalmic manifestations of Gaucher disease: the most common lysosomal storage disorder. Br J Ophthalmol 2019; 103:315-326. [PMID: 30612093 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) results from a deficiency of glucocerebrosidase activity and the subsequent accumulation of the enzyme's metabolites, principally glucosylsphingosine and glucosylceramide. There are three principal forms: Type I, which is the most common, is usually considered non-neuronopathic. Type II, III and IIIc manifest earlier and have neurological sequelae due to markedly reduced enzyme activity. Gaucher's can be associated with ophthalmological sequelae but these have not been systematically reviewed. We therefore performed a comprehensive literature review of all such ophthalmic abnormalities associated with the different types of Gaucher disease. We systematically searched the literature (1950 - present) for functional and structural ocular abnormalities arising in patients with Gaucher disease and found that all subtypes can be associated with ophthalmic abnormalities; these range from recently described intraocular lesions to disease involving the adnexae, peripheral nerves and brain. In summary, Gaucher can affect most parts of the eye. Rarely is it sight-threatening; some but not all manifestations are amenable to treatment, including with enzyme replacement and substrate reduction therapy. Retinal involvement is rare but patients with ocular manifestations should be monitored and treated early to reduce the risk of progression and further complications. As Gaucher disease is also associated with Parkinsons disease and may also confer an increased risk of malignancy (particularly haematological forms and melanoma), any ocular abnormalities should be fully investigated to exclude these potential underlying conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W Winter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ali Salimi
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Luis H Ospina
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Neuro-Ophthalmology, Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jonathan C P Roos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospitals, Norfolk, UK .,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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27
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Jung I, Kim JS. Abnormal Eye Movements in Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders. J Mov Disord 2019; 12:1-13. [PMID: 30732429 PMCID: PMC6369379 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.18034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal eye movements are commonly observed in movement disorders. Ocular motility examination should include bedside evaluation and laboratory recording of ocular misalignment, involuntary eye movements, including nystagmus and saccadic intrusions/oscillations, triggered nystagmus, saccades, smooth pursuit (SP), and the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) mostly show hypometric saccades, especially for the selfpaced saccades, and impaired SP. Early vertical saccadic palsy is characteristic of progressive supranuclear palsy-Richardson's syndrome. Patients with cortico-basal syndrome typically show a delayed onset of saccades. Downbeat and gaze-evoked nystagmus and hypermetric saccades are characteristic ocular motor findings in ataxic disorders due to cerebellar dysfunction. In this review, we discuss various ocular motor findings in movement disorders, including PD and related disorders, ataxic syndromes, and hyperkinetic movement disorders. Systemic evaluation of the ocular motor functions may provide valuable information for early detection and monitoring of movement disorders, despite an overlap in the abnormal eye movements among different movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileok Jung
- Department of Neurology, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Dizziness Center, Clinical Neuroscience Center, and Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Bhidayasiri R, Rattanachaisit W, Phokaewvarangkul O, Lim TT, Fernandez HH. Exploring bedside clinical features of parkinsonism: A focus on differential diagnosis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018; 59:74-81. [PMID: 30502095 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The proper diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders usually involves three steps: identifying core features of parkinsonism; excluding other causes; and collating supportive evidence based on clinical signs or investigations. While the recognition of cardinal parkinsonian features is usually straightforward, the appreciation of clinical features suggestive of specific parkinsonian disorders can be challenging, and often requires greater experience and skills. In this review, we outline the clinical features that are relevant to the differential diagnosis of common neurodegenerative parkinsonian disorders, including Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. We aim to make this process relatable to clinicians-in-practice, therefore, have categorised the list of clinical features into groups according to the typical sequence on how clinicians would elicit them during the examination, starting with observation of facial expression and clinical signs of the face, spotting eye movement abnormalities, examination of tremors and jerky limb movements, and finally, examination of posture and gait dysfunction. This review is not intended to be comprehensive. Rather, we have focused on the most common clinical signs that are potentially key to making the correct diagnosis and those that do not require special skills or training for interpretation. Evidence is also provided, where available, such as diagnostic criteria, consensus statements, clinicopathological studies or large multi-centre registries. Pitfalls are also discussed when relevant to the diagnosis. While no clinical signs are pathognomonic for certain parkinsonian disorders, certain clinical clues may assist in narrowing a differential diagnosis and tailoring focused investigations for the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roongroj Bhidayasiri
- Chulalongkorn Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease & Related Disorders, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Watchara Rattanachaisit
- Chulalongkorn Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease & Related Disorders, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Onanong Phokaewvarangkul
- Chulalongkorn Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease & Related Disorders, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Hubert H Fernandez
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Bhidayasiri R, Sringean J, Reich SG, Colosimo C. Red flags phenotyping: A systematic review on clinical features in atypical parkinsonian disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018; 59:82-92. [PMID: 30409560 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To establish a clinical diagnosis of a parkinsonian disorder, physicians rely on their ability to identify relevant red flags, in addition to cardinal features, to support or refute their working diagnosis in an individual patient. The term 'red flag', was originally coined in 1989 to define the presence of non-cardinal features that may raise a suspicion of multiple system atrophy (MSA), or at least suggest alternative diagnosis to Parkinson's disease (PD). Since then, the term 'red flag', has been consistently used in the literature to denote the clinical history or signs that may signal to physicians the possibility of an atypical parkinsonian disorder (APD). While most red flags were originally based on expert opinion, many have gained acceptance and are now included in validated clinical diagnostic criteria of PD and APDs. The clinical appreciation of red flags, in conjunction with standard criteria, may result in a more accurate and earlier diagnosis compared to standard criteria alone. However, red flags can be clinical signs that are non-neurological, making the systematic assessment for them a real challenge in clinical practice. Here, we have conducted a systematic review to identify red flags and their clinical evidence in the differential diagnosis of common degenerative parkinsonism, including PD, MSA, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), and dementia with Lewy body (DLB). Increasing awareness and appropriate use of red flags in clinical practice may benefit physicians in the diagnosis and management of their patients with parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roongroj Bhidayasiri
- Chulalongkorn Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease & Related Disorders, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jirada Sringean
- Chulalongkorn Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease & Related Disorders, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Stephen G Reich
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Carlo Colosimo
- Department of Neurology, Santa Maria University Hospital, Terni, Italy
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Gorges M, Müller HP, Kassubek J. Structural and Functional Brain Mapping Correlates of Impaired Eye Movement Control in Parkinsonian Syndromes: A Systems-Based Concept. Front Neurol 2018; 9:319. [PMID: 29867729 PMCID: PMC5949537 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigation of the human oculomotor system by eye movement recordings provides an approach to behavior and its alterations in disease. The neurodegenerative process underlying parkinsonian syndromes, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and multisystem atrophy (MSA) changes structural and functional brain organization, and thus affects eye movement control in a characteristic manner. Video-oculography has been established as a non-invasive recording device for eye movements, and systematic investigations of eye movement control in a clinical framework have emerged as a functional diagnostic tool in neurodegenerative parkinsonism. Disease-specific brain atrophy in parkinsonian syndromes has been reported for decades, these findings were refined by studies utilizing diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and task-based/task-free functional MRI—both MRI techniques revealed disease-specific patterns of altered structural and functional brain organization. Here, characteristic disturbances of eye movement control in parkinsonian syndromes and their correlations with the structural and functional brain network alterations are reviewed. On this basis, we discuss the growing field of graph-based network analysis of the structural and functional connectome as a promising candidate for explaining abnormal phenotypes of eye movement control at the network level, both in health and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gorges
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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31
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Consensus Paper: Neurophysiological Assessments of Ataxias in Daily Practice. THE CEREBELLUM 2018; 17:628-653. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Terao Y, Fukuda H, Sugiyama Y, Inomata-Terada S, Tokushige SI, Hamada M, Ugawa Y. Recording Horizontal Saccade Performances Accurately in Neurological Patients Using Electro-oculogram. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29608147 DOI: 10.3791/56934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Electro-oculogram (EOG) has been widely used for clinical eye movement recording, especially horizontal saccades, although the video-oculography (VOG) has largely taken the place of it nowadays due to its higher spatial accuracy. However, there are situations in which EOG has clear advantages over VOG, e.g., subjects with narrow eye clefts or having cataract lenses, and patients with movement disorders. The present article shows that if properly implemented, EOG can achieve an accuracy almost as good as VOG with substantial stability for recording, while circumventing problems associated with VOG recording. The present paper describes a practical method for recording horizontal saccades using oculomotor paradigms with high accuracy and stability by EOG in neurological patients. The necessary measures are to use an Ag-AgCl electrode with a wide plastic fringe capable of reducing noise, and to wait for sufficient light adaptation to occur. This waiting period also helps to lower the impedance between the electrodes and the skin, thereby ensuring stable signal recorded as time goes by. Furthermore, re-calibration is performed as needed during the task performance. Using this method, the experimenter can avoid drifts of signals, as well as contamination of artifacts or noise from the electromyogram and electroencephalogram, and can collect sufficient data for clinical evaluation of saccades. Thus when implemented, EOG can still be a method of high practicability that can be widely applied to neurological patients, but may be effective also for studies in normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Terao
- Department of Cell Physiology, Kyorin University;
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Puri S, Shaikh AG. Basic and translational neuro-ophthalmology of visually guided saccades: disorders of velocity. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2017; 12:457-473. [PMID: 30774705 PMCID: PMC6377082 DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2017.1395695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Saccades are rapid, yoked eye movements in an effort to direct a target over fovea. The complex circuitry of saccadic eye movements has been exhaustively described. As a result clinicians can elegantly localize the pathology if it falls on the neuraxis responsible for saccades. Traditionally saccades are studied with their quantitative characteristics such as amplitude, velocity, duration, direction, latency and accuracy. AREAS COVERED Amongst all subtypes, the physiology of the visually guided saccades is most extensively studied. Here we will review the basic and pertinent neuro-anatomy and physiology of visually guided saccade and then discuss common or classic disorders affecting the velocity of visually guided saccades. We will then discuss the basic mechanism for saccade slowing in these disorders. EXPERT COMMENTARY Prompt appreciation of disorders of saccade velocity is critical to reach appropriate diagnosis. Disorders of midbrain, cerebellum, or basal ganglia can lead to prolonged transition time during gaze shift and decreased saccade velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Puri
- Dept. of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Aasef G. Shaikh
- Dept. of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Daroff-DelOsso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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Pan P, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Ye X, Xu Y. Brain gray matter abnormalities in progressive supranuclear palsy revisited. Oncotarget 2017; 8:80941-80955. [PMID: 29113357 PMCID: PMC5655252 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) have demonstrated heterogeneous findings regarding gray matter (GM) abnormalities. Here, we used Seed-based d Mapping, a coordinate-based meta-analytic approach to identify consistent regions of GM anomalies across studies of PSP. Totally, 18 original VBM studies, comprising 284 patients with PSP and 367 healthy controls were included. As compared to healthy controls, patients with PSP demonstrated significant GM reductions in both cortical and subcortical regions, including the frontal motor cortices, medial (including anterior cingulate cortex) and lateral frontal cortices, insula, superior temporal gyrus, striatum (putamen and caudate nucleus), thalamus, midbrain, and anterior cerebellum. Our study further suggests that many confounding factors, such as age, male ratio, motor severity, cognitive impairment severity, and illness duration of PSP patients, and scanner field-strength, could contribute to the heterogeneity of GM alterations in PSP across studies. Our comprehensive meta-analysis demonstrates a specific neuroanatomical pattern of GM atrophy in PSP with the involvement of the cortical-subcortical circuitries that mediate vertical supranuclear gaze palsy, motor disabilities (postural instability with falls and parkinsonism), and cognitive-behavioral disturbances. Confounding factors merit attention in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- PingLei Pan
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yancheng Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Yancheng, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, PR China
- Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, PR China
- Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, PR China
- Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xing Ye
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, PR China
- Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, PR China
- Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, PR China
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Shaikh AG, Factor SA, Juncos JL. Saccades in progressive supranuclear palsy - maladapted, irregular, curved, and slow. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2017; 4:671-681. [PMID: 29333474 PMCID: PMC5764187 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Slowed and curved rapid eye movements, saccades, are the well-known features of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). We hypothesized that the saccades in PSP are not only slow and curved, but they are also irregular and have timing deficits. METHODS We tested this hypothesis in 12 patients with PSP by measuring vertical and horizontal visually guided saccades using a limbus tracker. RESULTS Both, horizontal and vertical saccades were slow and had irregular trajectory and velocity profiles, but deficits were much more robust in vertical saccades. The irregularity in the saccade velocity was due to premature interruptions that either completely stopped the eyes, or moved the eyes at much slower velocity along or in the opposite direction of the ongoing saccade. The direction of the eyes' trajectory was often changed after the interruption. We simulated a conductance based single-compartment model of the burst neurons embedded in local feedback circuit for saccade generation. This model mimicked anatomical and physiological realism, while allowing the liberty to selectively change the activation of individual burst neurons or the pause neurons. The PSP saccades were comparable to the simulations during reduced activity of the inhibitory and excitatory burst neurons. CONCLUSION PSP saccades are due to the paucity in burst generation at the excitatory and imprecise timing signal from the inhibitory burst neurons. Premature discharge of the inhibitory burst neuron further leads to breaks in the saccade trajectory, and maladaptive superior colliculus activity leading to aberrant saccades changing the intended trajectory of the ongoing saccade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasef G. Shaikh
- Department of NeurologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhio
- Daroff‐Dell'Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory and Neurology ServiceLouis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical CenterClevelandOhio
| | - Stewart A. Factor
- Department of NeurologyMovement Disorders ProgramEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Jorge L. Juncos
- Department of NeurologyMovement Disorders ProgramEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
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Hainque E, Blancher A, Mesnage V, Rivaud-Pechoux S, Bertrand A, Dupont S, Navarro V, Roze E, Gourfinkel-An I, Apartis E. A clinical and neurophysiological motor signature of Unverricht-Lundborg disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2017; 174:56-65. [PMID: 28688606 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Unverricht-Lundborg disease (ULD) is the most common form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Cerebellar dysfunction may appear over time, contributing along with myoclonus to motor disability. The purpose of the present work was to clarify the motor and neurophysiological characteristics of ULD patients. METHODS Nine patients with genetically proven ULD were evaluated clinically (medical history collected from patient charts, the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia and Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale). Neurophysiological investigations included EEG, surface polymyography, long-loop C-reflexes, somatosensory evoked potentials, EEG jerk-locked back-averaging (JLBA) and oculomotor recordings. All patients underwent brain MRI. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare ULD patients' oculomotor parameters with those of a matched group of healthy volunteers (HV). RESULTS Myoclonus was activated by action but was virtually absent at rest and poorly induced by stimuli. Positive myoclonus was multifocal, often rhythmic and of brief duration, with top-down pyramidal temporospatial propagation. Cortical neurophysiology revealed a transient wave preceding myoclonus on EEG JLBA (n=8), enlarged somatosensory evoked potentials (n=7) and positive long-loop C-reflexes at rest (n=5). Compared with HV, ULD patients demonstrated decreased saccadic gain, increased gain dispersion and a higher frequency of hypermetric saccades associated with decreased peak velocity. CONCLUSION A homogeneous motor pattern was delineated that may represent a ULD clinical and neurophysiological signature. Clinical and neurophysiological findings confirmed the pure cortical origin of the permanent myoclonus. Also, oculomotor findings shed new light on ULD pathophysiology by evidencing combined midbrain and cerebellar dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hainque
- Unité de neurophysiologie, département DéPAS, hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, 184, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France; Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, ICM, Paris Sorbonne universités, UPMC, université de Paris 06, UMR S1127, 47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - A Blancher
- Unité de neurophysiologie, département DéPAS, hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, 184, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - V Mesnage
- Service de neurologie, hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, 184, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - S Rivaud-Pechoux
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, ICM, Paris Sorbonne universités, UPMC, université de Paris 06, UMR S1127, 47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - A Bertrand
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, ICM, Paris Sorbonne universités, UPMC, université de Paris 06, UMR S1127, 47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France; Service de neuroradiologie diagnostique et fonctionnelle, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - S Dupont
- Unité d'épileptologie, neurologie 1, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - V Navarro
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, ICM, Paris Sorbonne universités, UPMC, université de Paris 06, UMR S1127, 47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France; Unité d'épileptologie, neurologie 1, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - E Roze
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, ICM, Paris Sorbonne universités, UPMC, université de Paris 06, UMR S1127, 47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France; Département de neurologie, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - I Gourfinkel-An
- Unité d'épileptologie, neurologie 1, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France; Centre de référence épilepsie rare, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - E Apartis
- Unité de neurophysiologie, département DéPAS, hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, 184, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France; Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, ICM, Paris Sorbonne universités, UPMC, université de Paris 06, UMR S1127, 47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France.
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Lemos J, Pereira D, Almendra L, Rebelo D, Patrício M, Castelhano J, Cunha G, Januário C, Cunha L, Freire A, Castelo-Branco M. Cortical control of vertical and horizontal saccades in progressive supranuclear palsy: An exploratory fMRI study. J Neurol Sci 2017; 373:157-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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TERAO Y, FUKUDA H, HIKOSAKA O. What do eye movements tell us about patients with neurological disorders? - An introduction to saccade recording in the clinical setting. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:772-801. [PMID: 29225306 PMCID: PMC5790757 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive and readily implemented in the clinical setting, eye movement studies have been conducted extensively not only in healthy human subjects but also in patients with neurological disorders. The purpose of saccade studies is to "read out" the pathophysiology underlying neurological disorders from the saccade records, referring to known primate physiology. In the current review, we provide an overview of studies in which we attempted to elucidate the patterns of saccade abnormalities in over 250 patients with neurological disorders, including cerebellar ataxia and brainstem pathology due to neurodegenerative disorders, and what they tell about the pathophysiology of patients with neurological disorders. We also discuss how interventions, such as deep brain stimulation, affect saccade performance and provide further insights into the workings of the oculomotor system in humans. Finally, we argue that it is important to understand the functional significance and behavioral correlate of saccade abnormalities in daily life, which could require eye tracking methodologies to be performed in settings similar to daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo TERAO
- Department of Cell Physiology, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Okihide HIKOSAKA
- Section of Neuronal Networks, Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, U.S.A.
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Weil RS, Schrag AE, Warren JD, Crutch SJ, Lees AJ, Morris HR. Visual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2016; 139:2827-2843. [PMID: 27412389 PMCID: PMC5091042 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease have a number of specific visual disturbances. These include changes in colour vision and contrast sensitivity and difficulties with complex visual tasks such as mental rotation and emotion recognition. We review changes in visual function at each stage of visual processing from retinal deficits, including contrast sensitivity and colour vision deficits to higher cortical processing impairments such as object and motion processing and neglect. We consider changes in visual function in patients with common Parkinson's disease-associated genetic mutations including GBA and LRRK2 . We discuss the association between visual deficits and clinical features of Parkinson's disease such as rapid eye movement sleep behavioural disorder and the postural instability and gait disorder phenotype. We review the link between abnormal visual function and visual hallucinations, considering current models for mechanisms of visual hallucinations. Finally, we discuss the role of visuo-perceptual testing as a biomarker of disease and predictor of dementia in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimona S. Weil
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- 3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Anette E. Schrag
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Jason D. Warren
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- 4 Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian J. Crutch
- 4 Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J. Lees
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Huw R. Morris
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- 3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
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Wang G, Wang J, Zhan J, Nie B, Li P, Fan L, Zhu H, Feng T, Shan B. Quantitative assessment of cerebral gray matter density change in progressive supranuclear palsy using voxel based morphometry analysis and cerebral MR T1-weighted FLAIR imaging. J Neurol Sci 2015; 359:367-72. [PMID: 26671144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the gray matter (GM) atrophy in Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) using T1-weighted Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) images based on voxel based morphometry (VBM) method. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we firstly modified the conventional VBM method to make it can process the T1-weighted FLAIR brain images. Then, we used this method on the 24 PSP patients and 23 healthy age- and sex-matched control subjects to find the local gray matter density changes of PSP patients. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, GM reductions of PSP patients mainly located in the thalamus, basal ganglia, pons, midbrain, insular cortex, frontal cortex, temporal lobe, cerebellum, cingulate cortex and hippocampus. CONCLUSION We used the modified VBM technique into T1 FLAIR data to study the brain gray matter atrophy in PSP, and found some new atrophy areas, including pallidum, middle and posterior cingulum, lingual, fusiform gyrus and the post part of inferior temporal gyrus. These areas have not been described in the former VBM studies, but they revealed abnormity in the pathologic and other studies on PSP. Our results might be expected to provide significant underlining neurology information and diagnostic value for PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Wang
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jingjuan Wang
- Division of Nuclear Technology and Applications, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiong Zhan
- Neuroscience Imaging Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Binbin Nie
- Division of Nuclear Technology and Applications, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Panlong Li
- Division of Nuclear Technology and Applications, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Beijing 100049, China; Physical Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Lidan Fan
- Division of Nuclear Technology and Applications, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Beijing 100049, China; Physical Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Division of Nuclear Technology and Applications, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China; Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Baoci Shan
- Division of Nuclear Technology and Applications, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Beijing 100049, China.
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Termsarasab P, Thammongkolchai T, Rucker JC, Frucht SJ. The diagnostic value of saccades in movement disorder patients: a practical guide and review. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MOVEMENT DISORDERS 2015; 2:14. [PMID: 26788350 PMCID: PMC4710978 DOI: 10.1186/s40734-015-0025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Saccades are rapid eye movements designed to shift the fovea to objects of visual interest. Abnormalities of saccades offer important clues in the diagnosis of a number of movement disorders. In this review, we explore the anatomy of horizontal and vertical saccades, discuss practical aspects of their examination, and review how saccadic abnormalities in hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders aid in diagnosis, with video demonstration of classic examples. Documentation of the ease of saccade initiation, range of motion and conjugacy of saccades, speed and accuracy of saccades, dynamic saccadic trajectory, and the presence or absence of saccadic intrusions and oscillations are important components of this exam. We also provide a practical algorithm to demonstrate the value of saccades in the differential diagnosis of the movement disorders patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichet Termsarasab
- Movement Disorder Division, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 East 98th St, New York, 10029 USA
| | | | - Janet C Rucker
- Division of Neuro-ophthalmology, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Steven J Frucht
- Movement Disorder Division, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 East 98th St, New York, 10029 USA
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Saccadic Palsy following Cardiac Surgery: Possible Role of Perineuronal Nets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132075. [PMID: 26135580 PMCID: PMC4489868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Perineuronal nets (PN) form a specialized extracellular matrix around certain highly active neurons within the central nervous system and may help to stabilize synaptic contacts, promote local ion homeostasis, or play a protective role. Within the ocular motor system, excitatory burst neurons and omnipause neurons are highly active cells that generate rapid eye movements – saccades; both groups of neurons contain the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin and are ensheathed by PN. Experimental lesions of excitatory burst neurons and omnipause neurons cause slowing or complete loss of saccades. Selective palsy of saccades in humans is reported following cardiac surgery, but such cases have shown normal brainstem neuroimaging, with only one clinicopathological study that demonstrated paramedian pontine infarction. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that lesions of PN surrounding these brainstem saccade-related neurons may cause saccadic palsy. Methods Together with four controls we studied the brain of a patient who had developed a permanent selective saccadic palsy following cardiac surgery and died several years later. Sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded brainstem blocks were applied to double-immunoperoxidase staining of parvalbumin and three different components of PN. Triple immunofluorescence labeling for all PN components served as internal controls. Combined immunostaining of parvalbumin and synaptophysin revealed the presence of synapses. Results Excitatory burst neurons and omnipause neurons were preserved and still received synaptic input, but their surrounding PN showed severe loss or fragmentation. Interpretation Our findings support current models and experimental studies of the brainstem saccade-generating neurons and indicate that damage to PN may permanently impair the function of these neurons that the PN ensheathe. How a postulated hypoxic mechanism could selectively damage the PN remains unclear. We propose that the well-studied saccadic eye movement system provides an accessible model to evaluate the role of PN in health and disease.
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Eggers SDZ, Horn AKE, Roeber S, Härtig W, Nair G, Reich DS, Leigh RJ. Saccadic palsy following cardiac surgery: a review and new hypothesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1343:113-9. [PMID: 25721480 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The ocular motor system provides several advantages for studying the brain, including well-defined populations of neurons that contribute to specific eye movements. Generation of rapid eye movements (saccades) depends on excitatory burst neurons (EBN) and omnipause neurons (OPN) within the brainstem, both types of cells are highly active. Experimental lesions of EBN and OPN cause slowing or complete loss of saccades. We report a patient who developed a permanent, selective saccadic palsy following cardiac surgery. When she died several years later, surprisingly, autopsy showed preservation of EBN and OPN. We therefore considered other mechanisms that could explain her saccadic palsy. Recent work has shown that both EBN and OPN are ensheathed by perineuronal nets (PN), which are specialized extracellular matrix structures that may help stabilize synaptic contacts, promote local ion homeostasis, or play a protective role in certain highly active neurons. Here, we review the possibility that damage to PN, rather than to the neurons they support, could lead to neuronal dysfunction-such as saccadic palsy. We also suggest how future studies could test this hypothesis, which may provide insights into the vulnerability of other active neurons in the nervous system that depend on PN.
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Acquired pendular nystagmus and its therapy in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) due to inferior olivary hypertrophy. J Neurol 2013; 260:2424-6. [PMID: 23893003 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-7059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Leigh RJ, Martinez-Conde S. Tremor of the eyes, or of the head, in Parkinson's disease? Mov Disord 2013; 28:691-3. [PMID: 23629728 PMCID: PMC3739927 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R John Leigh
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical CenterCleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neurology, Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, Ohio, USA
- *Correspondence to: Dr. R. John Leigh, M.D. Department of Neurology, Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106;
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Otero-Millan J, Schneider R, Leigh RJ, Macknik SL, Martinez-Conde S. Saccades during attempted fixation in parkinsonian disorders and recessive ataxia: from microsaccades to square-wave jerks. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58535. [PMID: 23516502 PMCID: PMC3596296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During attempted visual fixation, saccades of a range of sizes occur. These “fixational saccades” include microsaccades, which are not apparent in regular clinical tests, and “saccadic intrusions”, predominantly horizontal saccades that interrupt accurate fixation. Square-wave jerks (SWJs), the most common type of saccadic intrusion, consist of an initial saccade away from the target followed, after a short delay, by a “return saccade” that brings the eye back onto target. SWJs are present in most human subjects, but are prominent by their increased frequency and size in certain parkinsonian disorders and in recessive, hereditary spinocerebellar ataxias. Here we asked whether fixational saccades showed distinctive features in various parkinsonian disorders and in recessive ataxia. Although some saccadic properties differed between patient groups, in all conditions larger saccades were more likely to form SWJs, and the intervals between the first and second saccade of SWJs were similar. These findings support the proposal of a common oculomotor mechanism that generates all fixational saccades, including microsaccades and SWJs. The same mechanism also explains how the return saccade in SWJs is triggered by the position error that occurs when the first saccadic component is large, both in the healthy brain and in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Otero-Millan
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
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Anderson TJ, MacAskill MR. Eye movements in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2013; 9:74-85. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Terao Y, Fukuda H, Shirota Y, Yugeta A, Yoshioka M, Suzuki M, Hanajima R, Nomura Y, Segawa M, Tsuji S, Ugawa Y. Deterioration of horizontal saccades in progressive supranuclear palsy. Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 124:354-63. [PMID: 22883477 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate horizontal saccade changes according to disease stage in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). METHODS We studied visually and memory guided saccades (VGS and MGS) in 36 PSP patients at various disease stages, and compared results with those in 66 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and 58 age-matched normal controls. RESULTS Both vertical and horizontal saccades were affected in PSP patients, usually manifesting as "slow saccades" but sometimes as a sequence of small amplitude saccades with relatively well preserved velocities. Disease progression caused saccade amplitude reduction in PSP but not PD patients. In contrast, VGS and MGS latencies were comparable between PSP and PD patients, as were the frequencies of saccades to cue, suggesting that voluntary initiation and inhibitory control of saccades are similar in both disorders. Hypermetria was rarely observed in PSP patients with cerebellar ataxia (PSPc patients). CONCLUSIONS The progressively reduced accuracy of horizontal saccades in PSP suggests a brainstem oculomotor pathology that includes the superior colliculus and/or paramedian pontine reticular formation. In contrast, the functioning of the oculomotor system above the brainstem was similar between PSP and PD patients. SIGNIFICANCE These findings may reflect a brainstem oculomotor pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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Boxer AL, Garbutt S, Seeley WW, Jafari A, Heuer HW, Mirsky J, Hellmuth J, Trojanowski JQ, Huang E, DeArmond S, Neuhaus J, Miller BL. Saccade abnormalities in autopsy-confirmed frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 69:509-17. [PMID: 22491196 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in the generation and control of saccades have been described in clinically defined frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer disease (AD). OBJECTIVE To determine the saccade abnormalities associated with autopsy-defined cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and of AD, because clinical FTD syndromes can correspond to a number of different underlying neuropathologic FTD and non-FTD diagnoses. DESIGN An infrared eye tracker was used to record visually guided saccades to 10° targets and antisaccades in subjects with autopsy-confirmed FTD and subjects with autopsy-confirmed AD, a mean (SE) of 35.6 (10.0) months prior to death, and age-matched normal controls. Twelve subjects with FTD had an FTLD-TAR DNA-binding protein 43 pathology, 15 had an FTLD-tau pathology, and 1 subject showed an FTLD-fused in sarcoma protein pathology. Receiver operating curve statistics were used to determine the diagnostic value of the oculomotor variables. Neuroanatomical correlates of oculomotor abnormalities were investigated using voxel-based morphometry. SETTING Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco. PARTICIPANTS A total of 28 subjects with autopsy-confirmed FTD, 10 subjects with autopsy-confirmed AD, and 27 age-matched normal controls. RESULTS All subjects with FTD or AD were impaired relative to normal controls on the antisaccade task. However, only FTLD-tau and AD cases displayed reflexive visually guided saccade abnormalities. The AD cases displayed prominent increases in horizontal saccade latency that differentiated them from the FTD cases. Impairments in velocity and gain were most severe in individuals with progressive supranuclear palsy but were also present in other tauopathies. By using vertical and horizontal saccade velocity and gain as our measures, we were able to differentiate patients with progressive supranuclear palsy from other patients. Vertical saccade velocity was strongly correlated with dorsal midbrain volume. CONCLUSION Decreased visually guided saccade velocity and gain are suggestive of underlying tau pathology in FTD, with vertical saccade abnormalities most diagnostic of progressive supranuclear palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, CA 94143-1207, USA.
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Jang W, Kim JS, Ahn JY, Kim HT. Reversible progressive supranuclear palsy-like phenotype as an initial manifestation of HIV infection. Neurol Sci 2011; 33:1169-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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