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Yang F, Smith MJ. Metal profiling in coronary ischemia-reperfusion injury: Implications for KEAP1/NRF2 regulated redox signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 210:158-171. [PMID: 37989446 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Coronary ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury results from a blockage of blood supply to the heart followed by restoration of perfusion, leading to oxidative stress induced pathological processes. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a master antioxidant transcription factor, plays a key role in regulating redox signaling. Over the past decades, the field of metallomics has provided novel insights into the mechanism of pro-oxidant and antioxidant pathological processes. Both redox-active (e.g. Fe and Cu) and redox-inert (e.g. Zn and Mg) metals play unique roles in establishing redox balance under IR injury. Notably, Zn protects against oxidative stress in coronary IR injury by serving as a cofactor of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] (SOD1) and proteins such as metallothionein (MT) and KEAP1/NRF2 mediated antioxidant defenses. An increase in labile Zn2+ inhibits proteasomal degradation and ubiquitination of NRF2 by modifying KEAP1 and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) conformations. Fe and Cu catalyse the formation of reactive oxygen species via the Fenton reaction and also serve as cofactors of antioxidant enzymes and can activate NRF2 antioxidant signaling. We review the evidence that Zn and redox-active metals Fe and Cu affect redox signaling in coronary cells during IR and the mechanisms by which oxidative stress influences cellular metal content. In view of the unique double-edged characteristics of metals, we aim to bridge the role of metals and NRF2 regulated redox signaling to antioxidant defenses in IR injury, with a long-term aim of informing the design and application of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew J Smith
- MSD R&D Innovation Centre, 120 Moorgate, London EC2M 6UR, United Kingdom.
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2
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Liu Y, Che X, Yu X, Shang H, Cui P, Fu X, Lu X, Liu Y, Wu C, Yang J. Phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705 contributes to TFEB-mediated autophagy-lysosomal pathway dysfunction and leads to ischemic injury in rats. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:160. [PMID: 37210406 PMCID: PMC11072684 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that permanent ischemia induces marked dysfunction of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) in rats, which is possibly mediated by the transcription factor EB (TFEB). However, it is still unclear whether signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is responsible for the TFEB-mediated dysfunction of ALP in ischemic stroke. In the present study, we used AAV-mediated genetic knockdown and pharmacological blockade of p-STAT3 to investigate the role of p-STAT3 in regulating TFEB-mediated ALP dysfunction in rats subjected to permanent middle cerebral occlusion (pMCAO). The results showed that the level of p-STAT3 (Tyr705) in the rat cortex increased at 24 h after pMCAO and subsequently led to lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and ALP dysfunction. These effects can be alleviated by inhibitors of p-STAT3 (Tyr705) or by STAT3 knockdown. Additionally, STAT3 knockdown significantly increased the nuclear translocation of TFEB and the transcription of TFEB-targeted genes. Notably, TFEB knockdown markedly reversed STAT3 knockdown-mediated improvement in ALP function after pMCAO. This is the first study to show that the contribution of p-STAT3 (Tyr705) to ALP dysfunction may be partly associated with its inhibitory effect on TFEB transcriptional activity, which further leads to ischemic injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiaohang Che
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiangnan Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hanxiao Shang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Peirui Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xianda Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Chunfu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Cheng J, Zhang S, Yi Y, Qin Y, Chen ZH, Deng F, Zeng F. Hydrogen peroxide reduces root cadmium uptake but facilitates root-to-shoot cadmium translocation in rice through modulating cadmium transporters. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 200:107754. [PMID: 37236064 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soils has become a serious worldwide environmental problem threatening crop production and human health. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a critical second messenger in plant response to Cd exposure. However, its role in Cd accumulation in various organs of plants and the mechanistic basis of this regulation remains to be elucidated. In this study, we used electrophysiological and molecular approaches to understand how H2O2 regulates Cd uptake and translocation in rice plants. Our results showed that the pretreatment of H2O2 significantly reduced Cd uptake by rice roots, which was associated with the downregulation of OsNRAMP1 and OsNRAMP5. On the other hand, H2O2 promoted the root-to-shoot translocation of Cd, which might be attributed to the upregulation of OsHMA2 critical for Cd2+ phloem loading and the downregulation of OsHMA3 involved in the vacuolar compartmentalization of Cd2+, leading to the increased Cd accumulation in rice shoots. Furthermore, such regulatory effects of H2O2 on Cd uptake and translocation were notably amplified by the elevated level of exogenous calcium (Ca). Collectively, our results suggest that H2O2 can inhibit Cd uptake but increase root to shoot translocation through modulating the transcriptional levels of genes encoding Cd transporters, furthermore, application of Ca can amplify this effect. These findings will broaden our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of Cd transport in rice plants and provide theoretical foundation for breeding rice for low Cd accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yun Yi
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science & Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Fenglin Deng
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
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Hu Y, Zhang M, Liu B, Tang Y, Wang Z, Wang T, Zheng J, Zhang J. Honokiol prevents chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced astrocyte A1 polarization to alleviate neurotoxicity by targeting SIRT3-STAT3 axis. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 202:62-75. [PMID: 36997099 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Dementia (AD) and Vascular Dementia (VaD) are two main types of dementias for which no specific treatment is available. Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion (CCH) is a pathogenesis underlying AD and VaD that promotes neuroinflammatory responses and oxidative stress. Honokiol (HNK) is a natural compound isolated from magnolia leaves that can easily cross blood brain barrier and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In the present study, the effects of HNK on astrocyte polarization and neurological damage in in vivo and in vitro models of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion were explored. We found that HNK was able to inhibit the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT3, A1 polarization, and reduce conditioned medium's neuronal toxicity of astrocyte under chronic hypoxia induced by cobalt chloride; STAT3 phosphorylation inhibitor C188-9 was able to mimic the above effects of HNK, suggesting that HNK may inhibit chronic hypoxia-induced A1 polarization in astrocytes via STAT3. SIRT3 inhibitor 3-TYP reversed, while Sirt3 overexpression mimicked the inhibitory effects of HNK on oxidative stress, STAT3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, A1 polarization and neuronal toxicity of astrocyte under chronic hypoxic conditions. For in vivo research, continuous intraperitoneal injection of HNK (1mg/kg) for 21 days ameliorated the decrease in SIRT3 activity and oxidative stress, inhibited astrocytic STAT3 nuclear translocation and A1 polarization, and prevented neuron and synaptic loss in the hippocampal of CCH rats. Besides, HNK application improved the spatial memory impairment of CCH rats, as assessed with Morris Water Maze. In conclusion, these results suggest that the phytochemical HNK can inhibit astrocyte A1 polarization via regulating SIRT3-STAT3 axis, thus improving CCH-induced neurological damage. These results highlight HNK as novel treatment for dementia with underlying vascular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 169, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 169, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bihan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 169, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 169, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 169, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443003, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 169, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Junjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 169, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Wang Q, Wu X, Zhang J, Song M, Du J, Cui Y, Li Y. Role of ROS/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in di-n-butyl phthalate-induced testosterone synthesis inhibition and antagonism of lycopene. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113741. [PMID: 36958386 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) causes adverse effects on male reproduction, especially testosterone synthesis inhibition. However, the specific mechanism of DBP-induced testosterone synthesis inhibition and its effective intervention measures of prevention and treatment are scarce presently. Lycopene (LYC) plays beneficial roles in male infertility because of its antioxidant activity. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether LYC could prevent DBP-induced male reproductive toxicity. By in vitro and in vivo investigations, this study demonstrated that DBP activated ROS/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, promoted mitophagy and apoptosis, which in turn inhibited testosterone synthesis. Additionally, another major finding was that LYC supplement could reverse the above change, presenting as the restraint of ROS/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, reduction of mitophagy and apoptosis, and improvement of testosterone synthesis. Our study facilitates deeper understandings of the mechanism in DBP-induced testosterone synthesis inhibition, and identifies LYC as the effective prevention and control strategies for DBP poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xia Wu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Miao Song
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jiayu Du
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yilong Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Liang Z, Lou Y, Hao Y, Li H, Feng J, Liu S. The Relationship of Astrocytes and Microglia with Different Stages of Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2465-2480. [PMID: 37464832 PMCID: PMC10616922 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230718104634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the predominant cause of severe morbidity and mortality worldwide. Post-stroke neuroinflammation has recently received increasing attention with the aim of providing a new effective treatment strategy for ischemic stroke. Microglia and astrocytes are major components of the innate immune system of the central nervous system. They can be involved in all phases of ischemic stroke, from the early stage, contributing to the first wave of neuronal cell death, to the late stage involving phagocytosis and repair. In the early stage of ischemic stroke, a vicious cycle exists between the activation of microglia and astrocytes (through astrocytic connexin 43 hemichannels), aggravating neuroinflammatory injury post-stroke. However, in the late stage of ischemic stroke, repeatedly activated microglia can induce the formation of glial scars by triggering reactive astrogliosis in the peri-infarct regions, which may limit the movement of activated microglia in reverse and restrict the diffusion of inflammation to healthy brain tissues, alleviating the neuroinflammatory injury poststroke. In this review, we elucidated the various roles of astrocytes and microglia and summarized their relationship with neuroinflammation. We also examined how astrocytes and microglia influence each other at different stages of ischemic stroke. Several potential therapeutic approaches targeting astrocytes and microglia in ischemic stroke have been reviewed. Understanding the details of astrocytemicroglia interaction processes will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying ischemic stroke, contributing to the identification of new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingyue Lou
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yulei Hao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Songyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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7
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Wang G, Chen Z, Song Y, Wu H, Chen M, Lai S, Wu X. Xueshuantong injection alleviates cerebral microcirculation disorder in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion rats by suppressing inflammation via JNK mediated JAK2/STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115592. [PMID: 35931304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the long history of traditional Chinese medicine, Panax notoginseng has been used as a key herb for the treatment of blood diseases. Brain microvessels support adequate blood circulation to maintain normal physiological function, therefore, brain microcirculation disorder is an important therapeutic target for various brain diseases. However, the role of Xueshuantong (XST) injection composed of saponins from P. Notoginseng (PNS) in the amelioration of cerebral microcirculation disorder is unclear. AIMS OF THE STUDY Cerebral microcirculation disorder and inflammation play a vital role in stroke. Capillary endothelial cells and adjacent tight junctions are fundamental to the structure and function of cerebrovascule. XST injection has been used clinically in the treatment of stroke, but no studies have reported its indication in cerebral microcirculation disorder. This study is to explore the action and mechanism of XST injection in the alleviation of cerebral microcirculation disorder in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS MCAO/R rats and LPS-induced bEnd.3 cells were employed for the investigation of effect and mechanism of XST injection. Brain damages were evaluated by neurobehavioral assessment, 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E), and Nissl staining. Morphology and density changes of cerebral microvessels were monitored by immunohistochemistry. Cell permeability was detected by measurement of trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and sodium fluorescein (NaF) leakage. The mRNA and protein expressions of inflammatory cytokines, tight junction proteins, adhesion molecules, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3), inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in brain microvessels and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bEnd.3 cells were measured by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS XST injection at 48 mg/kg significantly improved the neurological damage, inflammatory infiltration, and microvessel morphology, and increased microvessel density in brain of MCAO/R rats. The endothelial permeability was significantly mitigated by XST injection in LPS-induced bEnd.3 cells. Meanwhile, the tight junction proteins such as zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) and occludin were elevated remarkably in brain microvessel of MCAO/R rats and LPS-induced bEnd.3 cells. Moreover, the expression of inflammatory mediators including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cycloocygenases 2 (COX-2), vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 were inhibited by XST injection. In addition, XST injection suppressed the phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT3, IκB, NF-κB and JNK, which could be abolished by anisomycin, the JNK agonist. CONCLUSION XST injection improved cerebral microvescular structure damage and dysfunction in MCAO/R rats through inhibiting inflammation activated by JNK mediated JAK2/STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways. The novel findings may provide theoretical basis for the clinical application in the treatment of cerebral microcirculation disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaorui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ziyu Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingying Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization Technology of Pseudo-ginseng, Wu Zhou, China.
| | - Shusheng Lai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization Technology of Pseudo-ginseng, Wu Zhou, China.
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Khashab F, Al-Saleh F, Al-Kandari N, Fadel F, Al-Maghrebi M. JAK Inhibition Prevents DNA Damage and Apoptosis in Testicular Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via Modulation of the ATM/ATR/Chk Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413390. [PMID: 34948185 PMCID: PMC8706947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular ischemia reperfusion injury (tIRI) causes oxidative stress-induced DNA damage leading to germ cell apoptosis (GCA). The aim of the study is to establish a direct link between JAK2 activation and the DNA damage response (DDR) signaling pathways and their role in tIRI-induced GCA using AG490, a JAK2 specific inhibitor. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 36) were divided into three groups: sham, unilateral tIRI and tIRI + AG490 (40 mg/kg). During tIRI, augmentation in the phosphorylation levels of the JAK2/STAT1/STAT3 was measured by immunohistochemistry. Observed spermatogenic arrest was explained by the presence of considerable levels of DSB, AP sites and 8OHdG and activation of caspase 9, caspase 3 and PARP, which were measured by colorimetric assays and TUNEL. The ATM/Chk2/H2AX and ATR/Chk1 pathways were also activated as judged by their increased phosphorylation using Western blot. These observations were all prevented by AG490 inhibition of JAK2 activity. Our findings demonstrate that JAK2 regulates tIRI-induced GCA, oxidative DNA damage and activation of the ATM/Chk2/H2AX and ATR/Chk1 DDR pathways, but the cell made the apoptosis decision despite DDR efforts.
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Patabendige A, Singh A, Jenkins S, Sen J, Chen R. Astrocyte Activation in Neurovascular Damage and Repair Following Ischaemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4280. [PMID: 33924191 PMCID: PMC8074612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient or permanent loss of tissue perfusion due to ischaemic stroke can lead to damage to the neurovasculature, and disrupt brain homeostasis, causing long-term motor and cognitive deficits. Despite promising pre-clinical studies, clinically approved neuroprotective therapies are lacking. Most studies have focused on neurons while ignoring the important roles of other cells of the neurovascular unit, such as astrocytes and pericytes. Astrocytes are important for the development and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, brain homeostasis, structural support, control of cerebral blood flow and secretion of neuroprotective factors. Emerging data suggest that astrocyte activation exerts both beneficial and detrimental effects following ischaemic stroke. Activated astrocytes provide neuroprotection and contribute to neurorestoration, but also secrete inflammatory modulators, leading to aggravation of the ischaemic lesion. Astrocytes are more resistant than other cell types to stroke pathology, and exert a regulative effect in response to ischaemia. These roles of astrocytes following ischaemic stroke remain incompletely understood, though they represent an appealing target for neurovascular protection following stroke. In this review, we summarise the astrocytic contributions to neurovascular damage and repair following ischaemic stroke, and explore mechanisms of neuroprotection that promote revascularisation and neurorestoration, which may be targeted for developing novel therapies for ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adjanie Patabendige
- Brain Barriers Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2321, Australia;
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, and Priority Research Centre for Brain & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2321, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3EA, UK
| | - Ayesha Singh
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Stuart Jenkins
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (S.J.); (J.S.)
- Neural Tissue Engineering: Keele (NTEK), Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Jon Sen
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (S.J.); (J.S.)
- Clinical Informatics and Neurosurgery Fellow, The Cleveland Clinic, 33 Grosvenor Square, London SW1X 7HY, UK
| | - Ruoli Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
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Mesencephalic Electrical Stimulation Reduces Neuroinflammation after Photothrombotic Stroke in Rats by Targeting the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031254. [PMID: 33514001 PMCID: PMC7865599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is crucial in the pathophysiology of stroke and thus a promising therapeutic target. High-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) reduces perilesional inflammation after photothrombotic stroke (PTS). However, the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. Since distinct neural and immune cells respond to electrical stimulation by releasing acetylcholine, we hypothesize that HFS might trigger the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway via activation of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAchR). To test this hypothesis, rats underwent PTS and implantation of a microelectrode into the MLR. Three hours after intervention, either HFS or sham-stimulation of the MLR was applied for 24 h. IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1α were quantified by cytometric bead array. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)+ CD4+-cells and α7nAchR+-cells were quantified visually using immunohistochemistry. Phosphorylation of NFĸB, ERK1/2, Akt, and Stat3 was determined by Western blot analyses. IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1α were decreased in the perilesional area of stimulated rats compared to controls. The number of ChAT+ CD4+-cells increased after MLR-HFS, whereas the amount of α7nAchR+-cells was similar in both groups. Phospho-ERK1/2 was reduced significantly in stimulated rats. The present study suggests that MLR-HFS may trigger anti-inflammatory processes within the perilesional area by modulating the cholinergic system, probably via activation of the α7nAchR.
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Park JH, Kim DW, Shin MJ, Park J, Han KH, Lee KW, Park JK, Choi YJ, Yeo HJ, Yeo EJ, Sohn EJ, Kim HC, Shin EJ, Cho SW, Kim DS, Cho YJ, Eum WS, Choi SY. Tat-indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 elicits neuroprotective effects on ischemic injury. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 32684242 PMCID: PMC7704220 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.11.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that oxidative stress participates in neuronal cell death caused production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The increased ROS is a major contributor to the development of ischemic injury. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) is involved in the kynurenine pathway in tryptophan metabolism and plays a role as an anti-oxidant. However, whether IDO-1 would inhibit hippocampal cell death is poorly known. Therefore, we explored the effects of cell permeable Tat-IDO-1 protein against oxidative stress-induced HT-22 cells and in a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury model. Transduced Tat-IDO-1 reduced cell death, ROS production, and DNA fragmentation and inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation in H2O2 exposed HT-22 cells. In the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury model, Tat-IDO-1 transduced into the brain and passing by means of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) significantly prevented hippocampal neuronal cell death. These results suggest that Tat-IDO-1 may present an alternative strategy to improve from the ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea
| | - Min Jea Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jinseu Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyung Han
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Keun Wook Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jong Kook Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Yeon Joo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Eun Ji Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Sohn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Duk-Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy and BK21 Plus Center, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31538, Korea
| | - Yong-Jun Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon 24253, Korea
| | - Won Sik Eum
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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12
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Dias Amoedo N, Dard L, Sarlak S, Mahfouf W, Blanchard W, Rousseau B, Izotte J, Claverol S, Lacombe D, Rezvani HR, Pierri CL, Rossignol R. Targeting Human Lung Adenocarcinoma with a Suppressor of Mitochondrial Superoxide Production. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:883-902. [PMID: 32475148 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aims: REDOX signaling from reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the mitochondria (mitochondrial reactive oxygen species [mtROS]) has been implicated in cancer growth and survival. Here, we investigated the effect of 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (AOL), a recently characterized member of the new class of mtROS suppressors (S1QELs), on human lung adenocarcinoma proteome reprogramming, bioenergetics, and growth. Results: AOL reduced steady-state cellular ROS levels in human lung cancer cells without altering the catalytic activity of complex I. AOL treatment induced dose-dependent inhibition of lung cancer cell proliferation and triggered a reduction in tumor growth in vivo. Molecular investigations demonstrated that AOL reprogrammed the proteome of human lung cancer cells. In particular, AOL suppressed the determinants of the Warburg effect and increased the expression of the complex I subunit NDUFV1 which was also identified as AOL binding site using molecular modeling computer simulations. Comparison of the molecular changes induced by AOL and MitoTEMPO, an mtROS scavenger that is not an S1QEL, identified a core component of 217 proteins commonly altered by the two treatments, as well as drug-specific targets. Innovation: This study provides proof-of-concept data on the anticancer effect of AOL on mouse orthotopic human lung tumors. A unique dataset on proteomic reprogramming by AOL and MitoTEMPO is also provided. Lastly, our study revealed the repression of NDUFV1 by S1QEL AOL. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate the preclinical anticancer properties of S1QEL AOL and delineate its mode of action on REDOX and cancer signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivea Dias Amoedo
- CELLOMET, Functional Genomics Center (CGFB), Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laetitia Dard
- CELLOMET, Functional Genomics Center (CGFB), Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Saharnaz Sarlak
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Walid Mahfouf
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm, BMGIC, UMR 1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Wendy Blanchard
- CELLOMET, Functional Genomics Center (CGFB), Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoît Rousseau
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Transgenic Animal Core Facility, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Izotte
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Transgenic Animal Core Facility, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Proteomics Core Facility, Functional Genomics Center (CGFB), Bordeaux, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CHU Bordeaux, Haut-Lévèque Hospital, Thoracic Surgery, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hamid Reza Rezvani
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm, BMGIC, UMR 1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ciro Leonardo Pierri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rodrigue Rossignol
- CELLOMET, Functional Genomics Center (CGFB), Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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13
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Shen S, Ma L, Shao F, Jin L, Bian Z. Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA) NEAT1 Aggravates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Suppressing the Inhibitory Effect of miR-214 on PTEN. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e924781. [PMID: 32815529 PMCID: PMC7453753 DOI: 10.12659/msm.924781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is a form of serious nervous system injury. Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway can effectively relieve cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. miR-214 can target and inhibit the expression of PTEN, thereby alleviating its inhibitory effect on the PI3K/Akt pathway. Moreover, lncRNA NEAT1 was reported to affect proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells by targeting and suppressing the expression of miR-214. However, whether lncRNA NEAT1 affects the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion-induced damage by regulating the miR-214/PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway is unclear. Material/Methods The miR-214 agomir and miR-214 antagomir were designed and injected into the encephalocele of MCAO rats. Next, the production of oxidative stress kinase and apoptosis of brain cells were detected using commercial kits. The levels of PTEN, PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, and VEGF in brain tissues were determined. Next, the targeting effect of lncRNA NEAT1 and miR-214 was determined with luciferase reporter assay. Results Overexpression of miR-214 relieved the apoptosis and oxidative stress of brain tissues. Overexpression of miR-214 promoted the expression of PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, and VEGF by inhibiting the production of PTEN. However, overexpression of lncRNA NEAT1 repressed the remission effect of miR-214 on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion-induced damage and inhibited the production of PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, and VEGF by rescuing the levels of PTEN. Conclusions lncRNA NEAT1 aggravates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by abolishing the activation effect of miR-214 on the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyin Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, The Third People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, The Third People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Feng Shao
- Department of Emergency, The Third People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Emergency, The Third People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Zhaolian Bian
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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14
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Wang N, Yang W, Li L, Tian M. MEF2D upregulation protects neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation-induced injury by enhancing Nrf2 activation. Brain Res 2020; 1741:146878. [PMID: 32407713 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D) is a pro-survival factor for neurons. However, whether MEF2D is involved in protecting neurons from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury remains unknown. The current study was designed to investigate the exact role and mechanism of MEF2D in regulating oxygen-glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R)-induced neuronal injury, an in vitro model used to study cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. MEF2D expression was significantly induced in neurons in response to OGD/R injury. Functional analysis demonstrated that MEF2D upregulation significantly rescued the decreased viability of OGD/R-injured neurons and suppressed OGD/R-induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. By contrast, MEF2D knockdown increased the sensitivity of neurons to OGD/R-induced injury. Moreover, MEF2D overexpression increased the expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and enhanced the activation of Nrf2 antioxidant signaling. However, Nrf2 knockdown partially blocked the MEF2D-mediated neuroprotective effect in OGD/R-exposed neurons. Overall, these results reveal that MEF2D overexpression attenuates OGD/R-induced injury by enhancing Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling. These findings suggest that MEF2D may serve as a neuroprotective target with a potential application for treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Ming Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China.
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15
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Li H, Dong X, Yang Y, Jin M, Cheng W. The Neuroprotective Mechanism of Spinal Cord Stimulation in Spinal Cord Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Neuromodulation 2020; 24:43-48. [PMID: 32114698 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury following thoracoabdominal aneurysm surgery can lead to severe lower limb neurologic defect. The preliminary result of our study suggested that spinal cord stimulation (SCS) postconditioning effectively protected spinal cord from I/R injury on rabbits. But the mechanism is unknown. In this study, we further investigated the mechanism of SCS postconditioning. METHOD New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into sham, I/R, I/R + 2 Hz SCS, and I/R + 50 Hz SCS group (n = 24/group). Transient spinal cord ischemia was induced by infrarenal aortic balloon occlusion and performed on all rabbits except rabbits of sham group. Rabbits of I/R group received no further intervention. Rabbits of I/R + 2 Hz SCS and I/R + 50 Hz SCS group received 2 Hz or 50 Hz SCS for 30 min at the onset of reperfusion and then daily. The expression of Akt (serine-threonine kinase)/p-Akt, STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3)/p-STAT3 and GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase)/p-GSK-3β of spinal cord were measured by Western blot analysis at 8 h, 1 day, 3 day, and 7 day of reperfusion. RESULT The Akt expressions of sham, I/R, I/R + 2 Hz SCS, and I/R + 50 Hz SCS group were not significantly different at all prescribed time points, while the p-Akt expression of I/R + 2 Hz SCS group was significantly higher than that of I/R group and sham group at all prescribed time points; The STAT3 and p-STAT3 expression of I/R, I/R + 2 Hz SCS, and I/R + 50 Hz SCS group were not significantly different at all prescribed time points except that at 1day of reperfusion the p-STAT3 expression of I/R + 50 Hz SCS group was significantly lower than I/R group. The GSK-3β and p-GSK-3β expressions of I/R, I/R + 2 Hz SCS and I/R + 50 Hz SCS group were not significantly different at all prescribed time points. CONCLUSION The neuroprotective effect of 2 Hz SCS postconditioning in spinal cord I/R injury is related to Akt activation but not regulation of STAT3 and GSK-3β phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhua Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mu Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiping Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
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16
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Xu S, Lu J, Shao A, Zhang JH, Zhang J. Glial Cells: Role of the Immune Response in Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2020; 11:294. [PMID: 32174916 PMCID: PMC7055422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, which accounts for 75-80% of all strokes, is the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The post-stroke immune response has recently emerged as a new breakthrough target in the treatment strategy for ischemic stroke. Glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, are the primary components of the peri-infarct environment in the central nervous system (CNS) and have been implicated in post-stroke immune regulation. However, increasing evidence suggests that glial cells exert beneficial and detrimental effects during ischemic stroke. Microglia, which survey CNS homeostasis and regulate innate immune responses, are rapidly activated after ischemic stroke. Activated microglia release inflammatory cytokines that induce neuronal tissue injury. By contrast, anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors secreted by alternatively activated microglia are beneficial for recovery after ischemic stroke. Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis in ischemic stroke contribute to limiting brain injury and re-establishing CNS homeostasis. However, glial scarring hinders neuronal reconnection and extension. Neuroinflammation affects the demyelination and remyelination of oligodendrocytes. Myelin-associated antigens released from oligodendrocytes activate peripheral T cells, thereby resulting in the autoimmune response. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells, which can differentiate into oligodendrocytes, follow an ischemic stroke and may result in functional recovery. Herein, we discuss the mechanisms of post-stroke immune regulation mediated by glial cells and the interaction between glial cells and neurons. In addition, we describe the potential roles of various glial cells at different stages of ischemic stroke and discuss future intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenbin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Sun Y, Cheng M, Liang X, Chen S, Wang M, Zhang X. JAK2/STAT3 involves oxidative stress-induced cell injury in N2a cells and a rat MCAO model. Int J Neurosci 2020; 130:1142-1150. [PMID: 32064985 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1730829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: In this study, we sought to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress injury in ischemic brains and H2O2-treated mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cells (N2a) was related to STAT3 activation.Materials and methods: Rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and H2O2-treated mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cells (N2a) were used to investigate the relationship between oxidative stress injury and STAT3 activation.Results: 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) content and STAT3 protein phosphorylation level were significantly increased after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. H2O2 treatment inhibited the cell viability, induced the apoptosis, and further raised pSTAT3 protein level in N2a cells. Moreover, the addition of AG490, the protein inhibitor of JAK2, significantly alleviated cerebral ischemic damage in vivo and H2O2-induced injury in vitro, and JAK2 siRNA also alleviated H2O2-induced injury in N2a cell.Conclusions: JAK2/STAT3 pathway may play a crucial role in mediating reactive oxidative species (ROS)-induced cell injury in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and N2a cells. ROS scavenging and down-regulation of STAT3 activation might be a candidate design of therapeutic strategies against oxidative stress-related neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Man Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoshan Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengying Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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18
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Kamel EO, Hassanein EHM, Ahmed MA, Ali FEM. Perindopril Ameliorates Hepatic Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
Via
Regulation of NF‐κB‐p65/TLR‐4, JAK1/STAT‐3, Nrf‐2, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathways. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1935-1949. [PMID: 31606943 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esam O. Kamel
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of MedicineAl‐Azhar University Assiut Egypt
| | - Emad H. M. Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of PharmacyAl‐Azhar University Assiut Egypt
| | - Marwa A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of MedicineAssiut University Asyut Egypt
| | - Fares E. M. Ali
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of PharmacyAl‐Azhar University Assiut Egypt
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19
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Wang P, Sun J, Lv S, Xie T, Wang X. Apigenin Alleviates Myocardial Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Downregulating miR-15b. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:2764-2776. [PMID: 30983593 PMCID: PMC6481235 DOI: 10.12659/msm.912014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated whether apigenin could mitigate myocardial reperfusion injury in rats, and a possible mechanism was proposed. Material/Methods The I-R injury model was established in rats along with a sham group as control, and the expressions of microRNA-15b (miR-15b), JAK2, and p-JAK2 in the myocardia of the 2 groups were detected. Apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also detected. Rats in the I-R injury model were divided into 3 groups in vivo: the 1I-R group, the 2I-R+solvent group, and the 3I-R+apigenin group. Expression of miR-15b, JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT3, and p-STAT3 in the myocardia of the 3 groups were detected. ROS content, apoptosis, MDA content, SOD, and CAT activities were detected. Rat myocardial H9C2 cells were cultured in vitro and divided into 5 treatment groups in vitro; expressions of miR-15b, JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT3, and p-STAT3 in H9C2 cells were detected, and the apoptosis and ROS content were detected by flow cytometry. Results We found that the increased miR-15b expression during myocardial I-R injury in rats downregulated the expression of JAK2 and activity of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway, promoted myocardial apoptosis and ROS production, and aggravated myocardial I-R injury. Apigenin treatment can downregulate miR-15b expression, increase the expression of JAK2 and the activity of JAK2-STAT3 pathway, reduce myocardial apoptosis and ROS production, and alleviate myocardial I-R injury. Conclusions Api treatment downregulated the expression of miR-15b and upregulated the expression of JAK2 and the activity of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway, thereby alleviating myocardial I-R injury, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and ROS production in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- PeiPei Wang
- Department of Nursing, Medical College, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Nursing, Medical College, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - SuJun Lv
- Department of Oncology, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Tao Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - XueDan Wang
- Department of Nursing, Medical College, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
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20
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Li Y, Meng F. Effects of icariside II on brain tissue oxidative stress and Nrf2/HO-1 expression in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury1. Acta Cir Bras 2019; 34:e201900208. [PMID: 30843941 PMCID: PMC6585918 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-8650201900208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of icariside II on brain tissue oxidative stress and Nrf2/HO-1 expression in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). METHODS One hundred SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operated, model, and 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg icariside II groups, 20 rats in each group. The middle cerebral artery occlusion model (ischemia for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 24 h) was established in the later 4 groups. In later 3 groups, at reperfusion beginning, the rats were intragastrically administrated with 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg icariside II, respectively. After 24 h of reperfusion, the neurological severity score, cerebral water content and cerebral infarction volume, brain tissue oxidative stress indexes and Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expressions were determined. RESULTS Compared with model group, in 20 mg/kg icariside II group the neurological severity score, cerebral water content and cerebral infarction volume, brain tissue ROS content and MDA level were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the brain tissue SOD, GSH-Px and catalase levels and Nrf2 and HO-1 protein levels were significantly increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Icariside II can alleviate the CIRI in rats through reducing brain tissue oxidative stress and improving Nrf2/HO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Jinan City Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, P.R. China. Technical procedures, acquisition of data, statistics analysis, critical revision, final approval
| | - Fanjun Meng
- MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Jinan City Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, P.R. China. Design of the study, manuscript preparation, critical revision, final approval
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21
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You D, You H. Repression of long non-coding RNA MEG3 restores nerve growth and alleviates neurological impairment after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:1447-1457. [PMID: 30841460 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to investigate effect of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MEG3 on nerve growth and neurological impairment in a rat model after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. METHODS Rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were established to stimulate an environment of cerebral IRI. The modeled rats were subjected to negative control (NC), MEG3, si-MEG3, classical Wnt pathway inhibitor DKK1 or classical Wnt pathway activator LiCl to validate the effect of MEG3 on neurological impairment and nerve growth. Neurological deficit scoring, fault-foot test and balance beam test were performed to assess neurological impairment. TTC staining, dry-wet weight method and Evan's blue (EB) staining were employed to determine infarct area, water content of brain tissues and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, respectively. Neuronal apoptosis and necrosis were observed by TUNEL staining and Fluoro-Jade C staining. ELISA was adopted to identify levels of nerve growth factors to identify neurogenesis conditions, including brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Nissl staining was used to detect the survival of neurons in brain tissues of rats. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of key proteins in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in brain tissues. RESULTS High expression of MEG3 was identified in rat models of MACAO, the brain tissues of which manifested obvious neurological impairment, increased infarct area, water content, BBB permeability, accelerated neuronal apoptosis and necrosis, increased surviving neurons, upregulated expression of key proteins in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and elevated levels of BDNF, NGF and bFGF. With the treatment of si-MEG3, the MEG3 expression was reduced; whereby, modeled rats showed ameliorated neurological impairment, reduced infarct area, water content, BBB permeability, neuronal apoptosis and necrosis and significantly enhanced neurogenesis. The treatment of MEG3 exhibited an opposite trend. After treatment with DKK1, the effect of si-MEG3 was reversed. After treatment with LiCl, the effect of MEG3 was reversed. CONCLUSION Based on the findings of this study, down-regulation of lncRNA MEG3 expression enhanced nerve growth and alleviated neurological impairment of rats after cerebral IRI through the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong You
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Hong You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Yang J, Qi J, Xiu B, Yang B, Niu C, Yang H. Reactive Oxygen Species Play a Biphasic Role in Brain Ischemia. J INVEST SURG 2018; 32:97-102. [PMID: 29420085 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2017.1376131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jinchong Qi
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Baoxin Xiu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Bei Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Caihong Niu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
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Fukui T, Ishida K, Mizukami Y, Shiramoto K, Harada H, Yamashita A, Yamashita S, Matsumoto M. Comparison of the protective effects of direct ischemic preconditioning and remote ischemic preconditioning in a rabbit model of transient spinal cord ischemia. J Anesth 2017; 32:3-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-017-2420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Misawa H, Ohashi W, Tomita K, Hattori K, Shimada Y, Hattori Y. Prostacyclin mimetics afford protection against lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 334:55-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chen S, Dong Z, Zhao Y, Sai N, Wang X, Liu H, Huang G, Zhang X. Homocysteine induces mitochondrial dysfunction involving the crosstalk between oxidative stress and mitochondrial pSTAT3 in rat ischemic brain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6932. [PMID: 28761070 PMCID: PMC5537278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07112-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) has been shown to have a neurotoxic effect on ischemic brain cells; however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we examined whether Hcy treatment influences mitochondria injury, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial STAT3 (mitoStat3) expression in rat ischemic brain. Our results demonstrated that Hcy treatment aggravated the damage of mitochondrial ultrastructure in the brain cortex and the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus after focal cerebral ischemia. An elevated Hcy level was also accompanied by the significant inhibition of mitochondrial complex I–III enzymatic activities in addition to an increase in cytochrome c release. 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) content and mitoStat3 protein phosphorylation level were increased in Hcy-treated animals, whereas AG490, a Jak2 inhibitor, inhibited mitoStat3 phosphorylation as well as 8-OHdG levels induced by Hcy. In vitro studies revealed that Hcy also markedly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitoStat3 levels. In addition, the inhibition of pSTAT3 reduced Hcy-mediated increase in ROS levels, whereas quenching ROS using the ROS inhibitor glutathione ethyl ester inhibited Hcy-mediated pSTAT3 overactivation in Neuro2a cells. These findings suggest that the development of therapies that interfere with the ROS/pSTAT3 pathway may be helpful for treating cerebral infarction-related diseases associated with Hcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiping Dong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Sai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guowei Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Tang QP, Shen Q, Wu LX, Feng XL, Liu H, Wu B, Huang XS, Wang GQ, Li ZH, Liu ZJ. STAT3 signal that mediates the neural plasticity is involved in willed-movement training in focal ischemic rats. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 17:493-502. [PMID: 27381726 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Willed-movement training has been demonstrated to be a promising approach to increase motor performance and neural plasticity in ischemic rats. However, little is known regarding the molecular signals that are involved in neural plasticity following willed-movement training. To investigate the potential signals related to neural plasticity following willed-movement training, littermate rats were randomly assigned into three groups: middle cerebral artery occlusion, environmental modification, and willed-movement training. The infarct volume was measured 18 d after occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the changes in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mRNA and protein, respectively. A chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to investigate whether STAT3 bound to plasticity-related genes, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), synaptophysin, and protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1). In this study, we demonstrated that STAT3 mRNA and protein were markedly increased following 15-d willed-movement training in the ischemic hemispheres of the treated rats. STAT3 bound to BDNF, PICK1, and synaptophysin promoters in the neocortical cells of rats. These data suggest that the increased STAT3 levels after willed-movement training might play critical roles in the neural plasticity by directly regulating plasticity-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ping Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Qin Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Li-Xiang Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiang-Ling Feng
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Bei Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiao-Song Huang
- Department of Neurology, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Gai-Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Zhong-Hao Li
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zun-Jing Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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Sevoflurane Postconditioning Reduces Apoptosis by Activating the JAK-STAT Pathway After Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2017; 29:37-45. [DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Huang C, Dai C, Gong K, Zuo H, Chu H. Apelin-13 protects neurovascular unit against ischemic injuries through the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor. Neuropeptides 2016; 60:67-74. [PMID: 27592408 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Apelin-13 has protective effects on many neurological diseases, including cerebral ischemia. Here, we aimed to test Apelin-13's effects on ischemic neurovascular unit (NVU) injuries and investigate whether the effects were dependent on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We detected the expression of VEGF and its receptors (VEGFRs) induced by Apelin-13 injection at 1d, 3d, 7d and 14d after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Meanwhile, we examined the effects of Apelin-13 on NVU in both in vivo and in vitro experiments as well as whether the effects were VEGF dependent by using VEGF antibody. We also assessed the related signal transduction pathways via multiple inhibitors. We demonstrated Apelin-13 highly increased VEGF and VEGFR-2 expression, not VEGFR-1. Importantly, Apelin-13 led to neurological functions improvement by associating with promotion of angiogenesis as well as reduction of neuronal death and astrocyte activation, which was markedly blocked by VEGF antibody. In cell cultures, Apelin-13 protected neurons, astrocytes and endothelial cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) injuries. Moreover, the effect of Apelin-13 to up-regulate VEGF was suppressed by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor U0126 and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002. Our data suggest protective effects of Apelin-13 on ischemic NVU injuries are highly associated with the increase of VEGF binding to VEGFR-2, possibly acting through activation of ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyi Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Chuanfu Dai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Kai Gong
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, No. 30 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huancong Zuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsinghua University Yuquan Hospital, No. 5 Shijingshan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Heling Chu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Mid. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China.
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicines against Ischemic Injury in In Vivo Models of Cerebral Ischemia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:5739434. [PMID: 27703487 PMCID: PMC5040804 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5739434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of acute ischemic stroke. In the ischemic cascade, resident microglia are rapidly activated in the brain parenchyma and subsequently trigger inflammatory mediator release, which facilitates leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in inflammation. Activated leukocytes invade the endothelial cell junctions and destroy the blood-brain barrier integrity, leading to brain edema. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) stimulation in microglia/macrophages through the activation of intercellular signaling pathways secretes various proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes and then aggravates cerebral ischemic injury. The secreted cytokines activate the proinflammatory transcription factors, which subsequently regulate cytokine expression, leading to the amplification of the inflammatory response and exacerbation of the secondary brain injury. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), including TCM-derived active compounds, Chinese herbs, and TCM formulations, exert neuroprotective effects against inflammatory responses by downregulating the following: ischemia-induced microglial activation, microglia/macrophage-mediated cytokine production, proinflammatory enzyme production, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, matrix metalloproteinases, TLR expression, and deleterious transcription factor activation. TCMs also aid in upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokine expression and neuroprotective transcription factor activation in the ischemic lesion in the inflammatory cascade during the acute phase of cerebral ischemia. Thus, TCMs exert potent anti-inflammatory properties in ischemic stroke and warrant further investigation.
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Wang F, Li M, Li X, Kinden R, Zhou H, Guo F, Wang Q, Xiong L. 2-Arachidonylglycerol Protects Primary Astrocytes Exposed to Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation Through a Blockade of NDRG2 Signaling and STAT3 Phosphorylation. Rejuvenation Res 2016; 19:215-22. [PMID: 26414218 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2015.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The human N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is expressed in astrocytes, and may be involved in the modulation of gliacyte function in the central nervous system. Our previous study found suppression of NDRG2 up-regulation in reactive astrocytes in cerebral ischemic tolerance. 2-Arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) can induce cerebral ischemic tolerance. However, the underlying mechanism of NDRG2 in cytoprotection induced by 2-AG in primary astrocytesis still unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of NDRG2 in cerebral ischemic tolerance induced by 2-AG after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in primary astrocytes. The results showed that primary astrocytes exposed to OGD resulted in marked increase of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and decrease of methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) reduction activity in comparison to control cultures. The levels of NDRG2 and phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) in the OGD group were comparably higher than those in the control group, and the up-regulation of NDRG2 and pSTAT3 was suppressed in NDRG2 siRNA group. The cell viability in the 2-AG group was higher than that in the OGD group, and transfecting the NDRG2 pSRL-CDH1-GFP vector reversed the protective effects of 2-AG. The levels of NDRG2 and pSTAT3 in the 2-AG group were lower than those in the OGD group. 2-AG suppressed STAT3 phosphorylation by decreased expression of NDRG2. In conclusion, 2-AG protects primary astrocytes exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation through a blockade of NDRG2 signaling and STAT3 phosphorylation. These findings bring insight to the roles of NDRG2 in ischemic-hypoxic injury and provide novel potential targets for future potent clinical therapies on cerebral ischemia injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Mo Li
- 2 Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xin Li
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Renee Kinden
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at the Royal , Ottawa, Canada
| | - Heng Zhou
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fan Guo
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lize Xiong
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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The emerging role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in cerebral ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 137:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Hristova M, Rocha-Ferreira E, Fontana X, Thei L, Buckle R, Christou M, Hompoonsup S, Gostelow N, Raivich G, Peebles D. Inhibition of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) reduces neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain damage. J Neurochem 2016; 136:981-94. [PMID: 26669927 PMCID: PMC4843952 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy is a leading cause of child death, with high mortality and morbidity, including cerebral palsy, epilepsy and cognitive disabilities. Hypoxia‐ischaemia (HI) strongly up‐regulates Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) in the immature brain. Our aim was to establish whether STAT3 up‐regulation is associated with neonatal HI‐brain damage and evaluate the phosphorylated STAT3‐contribution from different cell types in eliciting damage. We subjected postnatal day seven mice to unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by 60 min hypoxia. Neuronal STAT3‐deletion reduced cell death, tissue loss, microglial and astroglial activation in all brain regions. Astroglia‐specific STAT3‐deletion also reduced cell death, tissue loss and microglial activation, although not as strongly as the deletion in neurons. Systemic pre‐insult STAT3‐blockade at tyrosine 705 (Y705) with JAK2‐inhibitor WP1066 reduced microglial and astroglial activation to a more moderate degree, but in a pattern similar to the one produced by the cell‐specific deletions. Our results suggest that STAT3 is a crucial factor in neonatal HI‐brain damage and its removal in neurons or astrocytes, and, to some extent, inhibition of its phosphorylation via JAK2‐blockade reduces inflammation and tissue loss. Overall, the protective effects of STAT3 inactivation make it a possible target for a therapeutic strategy in neonatal HI.
Current data show that neuronal and astroglial STAT3 molecules are involved in the pathways underlying cell death, tissue loss and gliosis following neonatal hypoxia‐ischaemia, but differ with respect to the target of their effect. Y705‐phosphorylation contributes to hypoxic‐ischaemic histopathology. Protective effects of STAT3 inactivation make it a possible target for a therapeutic strategy in neonatal hypoxia‐ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Hristova
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Xavier Fontana
- Cell Growth and Regeneration Lab, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Laura Thei
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Rheanan Buckle
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Melina Christou
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Supanida Hompoonsup
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Naomi Gostelow
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Gennadij Raivich
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Donald Peebles
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London WC1E 6HX, UK
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Initial research on the relationship between let-7 family members in the serum and massive cerebral infarction. J Neurol Sci 2015; 361:150-7. [PMID: 26810534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Eighty-eight ischemic stroke patients with massive cerebral infarction (MCI) who met our selection criteria were included in this study. MCI was assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) at hospital admission and at 2 weeks. The sera of all patients and controls were sampled at 48 h after the patients' attacks, and the sera of patients with MCI who had no severe cardiopulmonary complications, including those with hemorrhagic transformation (HT), were sampled again at 2 weeks. The relative expression of let-7 miRNA in the serum was determined by real-time qRT-PCR, and the blood levels of lipids, glucose, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), homocysteine and blood pressure were measured at admission. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were detected by ELISA, and a luciferase assay was performed to confirm that IL-6 was a gene target of let-7. The relative expression of let-7f was significantly down-regulated in MCI without HT patients compared with controls (P<0.001), and it was positively correlated with GCS (P<0.01) and negatively correlated with hs-CRP (P<0.01). The relative expression of let-7f was significantly up-regulated in MCI patients with HT (P<0.01). IL-6 is a direct target gene for let-7f, and IL-6 expression was increased in MCI without HT patients compared to controls (P<0.01). The expression of let-7f in serum is associated with MCI without HT, which specifically inhibits IL-6. This suggests that let-7f may control inflammation in patients with MCI without HT.
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Zhu W, Lu Q, Wan L, Feng J, Chen HW. Sodium tanshinone II A sulfonate ameliorates microcirculatory disturbance of small intestine by attenuating the production of reactie oxygen species in rats with sepsis. Chin J Integr Med 2015; 22:745-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-2083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lei X, Chao H, Zhang Z, Lv J, Li S, Wei H, Xue R, Li F, Li Z. Neuroprotective effects of quercetin in a mouse model of brain ischemic/reperfusion injury via anti-apoptotic mechanisms based on the Akt pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3688-3696. [PMID: 26016839 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study provided experimental evidence for the neuroprotective effects of quercetin using a rat model of global brain ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Pre‑treatment with quercetin (5 or 10 mg/kg orally (p.o.); once daily) induced a dose‑dependent reduction in I/R‑induced hippocampal neuron cell loss, with 10 mg/kg/day being the lowest dose that achieved maximal neuroprotection. Administration of 10 mg/kg quercetin over at least 3 days prior to I/R was required to improve the survival rate of I/R rats. Fluorescence‑assisted cell sorting, hematoxylin and eosin staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling indicated neuronal cell loss in the CA1 hippocampus. Rats that had undergone transient global cerebral ischemia for 15 min followed by 1 h of reperfusion exhibited a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the hippocampus. The I/R‑induced ROS overproduction in the hippocampus at 1, 12 and 24 h following I/R was significantly decreased by quercetin pre‑treatment. Western blot analysis revealed that the neuroprotective effects of quercetin (5 and 10 mg/kg/day, p.o.) were associated with an upregulation of the I/R‑induced suppression of B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2), Bcl extra large and survivin expression as well as phosphorylation of Bcl‑2‑associated death promoter. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects of quercetin (5, 10 mg/kg/day) in the brain were associated with an upregulation of Akt signaling. These findings suggested that the inhibition of I/R‑induced brain injury by quercetin likely involves a transcriptional mechanism to enhance anti‑apoptotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Hailian Chao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Zhenni Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jianrui Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Haidong Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Rongliang Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Zongfang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Choudhury GR, Ding S. Reactive astrocytes and therapeutic potential in focal ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:234-244. [PMID: 25982835 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are specialized and the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). They play important roles in the physiology of the brain. Astrocytes are also critically involved in many CNS disorders including focal ischemic stroke, the leading cause of brain injury and death in patients. One of the prominent pathological features of a focal ischemic stroke is reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation. Reactive astrogliosis is accompanied with changes in morphology, proliferation, and gene expression in the reactive astrocytes. This study provides an overview of the most recent advances in astrocytic Ca(2+) signaling, spatial, and temporal dynamics of the morphology and proliferation of reactive astrocytes as well as signaling pathways involved in the reactive astrogliosis after ischemic stroke based on results from experimental studies performed in various animal models. This review also discusses the therapeutic potential of reactive astrocytes in focal ischemic stroke. As reactive astrocytes exhibit high plasticity, we suggest that modulation of local reactive astrocytes is a promising strategy for cell-based stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shinghua Ding
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Gong J, Muñoz AR, Chan D, Ghosh R, Kumar AP. STAT3 down regulates LC3 to inhibit autophagy and pancreatic cancer cell growth. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2529-41. [PMID: 24796733 PMCID: PMC4058024 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The dismal 5-year survival (<5%) for pancreatic cancer (PanCA) underscores the need for developing effective therapeutic options. Recent studies from our laboratory have shown that Nexrutine® (Nx), a bark extract from Phellodendron amurense exhibits excellent anticancer activity in human pancreatic cancer cells through inhibition of inflammatory signaling via STAT3/NFκB/Cox-2. Given the apparent high oxidative stress and autophagic activity in pancreatic tumors, we investigated the potential of Nx to modulate autophagy, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and their crosstalk. Our results show that Nx inhibits autophagy and decreases ROS generation. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy led to decreased ROS generation and proliferation with no significant effect on apoptosis. Further, using combination index analysis we also found that combination of late-stage autophagy inhibitor with Nx exhibited a moderate synergistic to additive effect. Additionally, genetic or pharmacological inactivation of STAT3 reduced LC3-II levels and expression indicating a possible role for STAT3 in transcriptional regulation of autophagy. Since both inflammatory and oxidative stress signaling activate STAT3, our data implicates that STAT3 plays a vital role in the regulation of autophagy through its contributions to the positive feedback loop between ROS and autophagy. Overall, our findings reveal an important role for STAT3/LC3/ROS in Nx-mediated anti-pancreatic cancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Gong
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | | | | | | | - Addanki P Kumar
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
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Reducing Effect of IL-32α in the Development of Stroke Through Blocking of NF-κB, but Enhancement of STAT3 Pathways. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:648-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Hashimoto T, Shibata K, Ohata H, Hasumi K, Honda K. Altered gene expression in an embolic stroke model after thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator and Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol-7. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 125:99-106. [PMID: 24784876 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.14019fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study compares gene expression and infarct area in a mouse model of embolic stroke after thrombolysis with t-PA and SMTP-7. Embolic occlusion was induced by transfer of acetic acid-induced embolus into the brain. t-PA or SMTP-7 was administered 3 h after embolization. Changes in gene expression were evaluated using microarray and RT-PCR analysis. To determine the involvement of reactive oxygen species in the response to t-PA, the free radical scavenger edaravone was infused immediately before t-PA administration. The expressions of 459 genes involved in the inflammatory response, cell-to-cell signaling, cell movement, and inflammatory disease were altered by embolic occlusion. Twenty-two of those genes were upregulated after t-PA but not SMTP-7 administration. Differences between the t-PA- and SMTP-7-treated groups in the expression of genes including the proinflammatory genes Il6, Stat3, S100a8, and Mmp9 were confirmed with RT-PCR. Edaravone ameliorated the overexpression of these genes. Our data demonstrate differences in gene expression following treatment with SMTP-7 or t-PA that likely explain the difference in therapeutic time windows of the two drugs. ROS are involved in the overexpression of proinflammatory genes. The wide therapeutic time window may be achieved through an anti-oxidative effect and inhibition of proinflammatory gene overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terumasa Hashimoto
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Japan
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Ström JO, Ingberg E, Theodorsson A, Theodorsson E. Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in rat stroke experiments: a meta-analysis. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:41. [PMID: 23548160 PMCID: PMC3637133 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though more than 600 stroke treatments have been shown effective in preclinical studies, clinically proven treatment alternatives for cerebral infarction remain scarce. Amongst the reasons for the discrepancy may be methodological shortcomings, such as high mortality and outcome variability, in the preclinical studies. A common approach in animal stroke experiments is that A) focal cerebral ischemia is inflicted, B) some type of treatment is administered and C) the infarct sizes are assessed. However, within this paradigm, the researcher has to make numerous methodological decisions, including choosing rat strain and type of surgical procedure. Even though a few studies have attempted to address the questions experimentally, a lack of consensus regarding the optimal methodology remains. Methods We therefore meta-analyzed data from 502 control groups described in 346 articles to find out how rat strain, procedure for causing focal cerebral ischemia and the type of filament coating affected mortality and infarct size variability. Results The Wistar strain and intraluminal filament procedure using a silicone coated filament was found optimal in lowering infarct size variability. The direct and endothelin methods rendered lower mortality rate, whereas the embolus method increased it compared to the filament method. Conclusions The current article provides means for researchers to adjust their middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) protocols to minimize infarct size variability and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob O Ström
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
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Mattagajasingh SN, Yang XP, Irani K, Mattagajasingh I, Becker LC. Activation of Stat3 in endothelial cells following hypoxia-reoxygenation is mediated by Rac1 and protein Kinase C. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:997-1006. [PMID: 22791907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stat3 is an important transcription factor that regulates both proinflammatory and anit-apoptotic pathways in the heart. This study examined the mechanisms of activation of Stat3 in human endothelial cells following hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). By expression of constitutively active Rac1 mutant protein, and by RNA silencing of Rac1, we found that Stat3 forms a multiprotein complex with Rac1 and PKC in an H/R-dependent manner, which at least in part, appears to regulate Stat3 S727 phosphorylation. Selective inhibition of PKC with calphostin C produces a marked suppression of Stat3 S727 phosphorylation. The association of Stat3 with Rax1 occurs predominantly at the cell membrane, but also inside the nucleus, and occurs through the binding of the coiled-coil domain of Stat3 to the 54 NH(2)-terminal residues of Rac1. Transfection with a peptide comprising the NH(2)-terminal 17 amino acid residues of Rac1-dependent signaling pathways resulting in physical association between Rac1 and Stat3 and the formation of a novel multiprotein complex with PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhendra N Mattagajasingh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Wang L, Lu Y, Deng S, Zhang Y, Yang L, Guan Y, Matozaki T, Ohnishi H, Jiang H, Li H. SHPS-1 deficiency induces robust neuroprotection against experimental stroke by attenuating oxidative stress. J Neurochem 2012; 122:834-43. [PMID: 22671569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase substrate-1 (SHPS-1), also known as Signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) or SIRPA is a transmembrane protein that is predominantly expressed in neurons, dendritic cells, and macrophages. This study was conducted to investigate the role of SHPS-1 in the oxidative stress and brain damage induced by acute focal cerebral ischemia. Wild-type (WT) and SHPS-1 mutant (MT) mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (60 min) followed by reperfusion. SHPS-1 MT mice had significantly reduced infarct volumes and improved neurological function after brain ischemia. In addition, neural injury and oxidative stress were inhibited in SHPS-1 MT mice. The mRNA and protein levels of the antioxidant genes nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 were up-regulated in SHPS-1 MT mice. The SHPS-1 mutation suppressed the phosphorylation of SHP-1 and SHP-2 and increased the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β. These results provide the first demonstration that SHPS-1 plays an important role in the oxidative stress and brain injury induced by acute cerebral ischemia. The activation of Akt signaling and the up-regulation of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase 1 likely account for the protective effects that were observed in the SHPS-1 MT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
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Di Domenico F, Casalena G, Jia J, Sultana R, Barone E, Cai J, Pierce WM, Cini C, Mancuso C, Perluigi M, Davis CM, Alkayed NJ, Butterfield DA, Butterfield AD. Sex differences in brain proteomes of neuron-specific STAT3-null mice after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. J Neurochem 2012; 121:680-92. [PMID: 22394374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) plays an important role in neuronal survival, regeneration and repair after brain injury. We previously demonstrated that STAT3 is activated in brain after cerebral ischemia specifically in neurons. The effect was sex-specific and modulated by sex steroids, with higher activation in females than males. In the current study, we used a proteomics approach to identify downstream proteins affected by ischemia in male and female wild-type (WT) and neuron-specific STAT3 knockout (KO) mice. We established four comparison groups based on the transgenic condition and the hemisphere analyzed, respectively. Moreover, the sexual variable was taken into account and male and female animals were analyzed independently. Results support a role for STAT3 in metabolic, synaptic, structural and transcriptional responses to cerebral ischemia, indeed the adaptive response to ischemia/reperfusion injury is delayed in neuronal-specific STAT3 KO mice. The differences observed between males and females emphasize the importance of sex-specific neuronal survival and repair mechanisms, especially those involving antioxidant and energy-related activities, often caused by sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Tanabe K, Kozawa O, Iida H. Midazolam suppresses interleukin-1β-induced interleukin-6 release from rat glial cells. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:68. [PMID: 21682888 PMCID: PMC3131232 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) expression levels are low in normal human brain, but their levels increase in inflammation, brain injury, neurodegenerative states and gliomas. It has been reported that PBR functions as an immunomodulator. The mechanisms of action of midazolam, a benzodiazepine, in the immune system in the CNS remain to be fully elucidated. We previously reported that interleukin (IL)-1β stimulates IL-6 synthesis from rat C6 glioma cells and that IL-1β induces phosphorylation of inhibitory kappa B (IκB), p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3. It has been shown that p38 MAP kinase is involved in IL-1β-induced IL-6 release from these cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of midazolam on IL-1β-induced IL-6 release from C6 cells, and the mechanisms of this effect. Methods Cultured C6 cells were stimulated by IL-1β. IL-6 release from C6 cells was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and phosphorylation of IκB, the MAP kinase superfamily, and STAT3 was analyzed by Western blotting. Results Midazolam, but not propofol, inhibited IL-1β-stimulated IL-6 release from C6 cells. The IL-1β-stimulated levels of IL-6 were suppressed by wedelolactone (an inhibitor of IκB kinase), SP600125 (an inhibitor of SAPK/JNK), and JAK inhibitor I (an inhibitor of JAK 1, 2 and 3). However, IL-6 levels were not affected by PD98059 (an inhibitor of MEK1/2). Midazolam markedly suppressed IL-1β-stimulated STAT3 phosphorylation without affecting the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, SAPK/JNK or IκB. Conclusion These results strongly suggest that midazolam inhibits IL-1β-induced IL-6 release in rat C6 glioma cells via suppression of STAT3 activation. Midazolam may affect immune system function in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Tanabe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
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