1
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Wang Y, Li S, Cheng Z, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Zhang H, Xu T, Chen J, Yin D, Yan W, Huang H. Caspase-8 dependent apoptosis contributes to dyskinesia caused by muscle defects and neurotoxicity in zebrafish exposed to zearalenone. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114516. [PMID: 38382872 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), one of the usual mycotoxins, has been recognized in many areas and crops, posing a significant threat to the living organisms even to human beings. However, the mechanisms of locomotive defects remain unknown. Herein, zebrafish larvae was employed to investigate ZEA effects on developmental indexes, muscle and neural toxicity, apoptosis, transcriptome and motor behaviors of zebrafish larvae. Zebrafish larvae exposed to ZEA (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 μM) showed no change in survival rate, but the malformation rate of zebrafish larvae increased dramatically manifesting with severe body bending and accomplished with adverse effects on hatching rate and body length. Moreover, the larvae manifested with defective muscle and abnormal neural development, resulting in decreased swimming ability, which probably due to the abnormal overactivation of apoptosis. And this was confirmed by enriched caspase 8-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway in the following transcriptome analysis. Meanwhile, there was a recovery in swimming behaviors in the larvae co-exposed in ZEA and caspase 8 inhibitor. These findings provide an important evidence for risk assessment and potential treatment target of ZEA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Box 136, No. 3 Zhongshan RD, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuaiting Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Cheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziyuan Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Box 136, No. 3 Zhongshan RD, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing College of Humanities, Science & Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing College of Humanities, Science & Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Danyang Yin
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Huizhe Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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2
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Lu SHA, Wu YH, Su LY, Hsu ZT, Weng TH, Wang HY, Yu C, Hsu PWC, Tsai SY. Cardiac myofibrillogenesis is spatiotemporally modulated by the molecular chaperone UNC45B. Stem Cell Reports 2023:S2213-6711(23)00184-4. [PMID: 37295424 PMCID: PMC10362501 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcomeres are fundamental to cardiac muscle contraction. Their impairment can elicit cardiomyopathies, leading causes of death worldwide. However, the molecular mechanism underlying sarcomere assembly remains obscure. We used human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) to reveal stepwise spatiotemporal regulation of core cardiac myofibrillogenesis-associated proteins. We found that the molecular chaperone UNC45B is highly co-expressed with KINDLIN2 (KIND2), a marker of protocostameres, and later its distribution overlaps with that of muscle myosin MYH6. UNC45B-knockout CMs display essentially no contractility. Our phenotypic analyses further reveal that (1) binding of Z line anchor protein ACTN2 to protocostameres is perturbed because of impaired protocostamere formation, resulting in ACTN2 accumulation; (2) F-ACTIN polymerization is suppressed; and (3) MYH6 becomes degraded, so it cannot replace non-muscle myosin MYH10. Our mechanistic study demonstrates that UNC45B mediates protocostamere formation by regulating KIND2 expression. Thus, we show that UNC45B modulates cardiac myofibrillogenesis by interacting spatiotemporally with various proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Huei-An Lu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yu Su
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Ting Hsu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Han Weng
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chiao Yu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Paul Wei-Che Hsu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - Su-Yi Tsai
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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3
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Gene expression and functional analysis of Aha1a and Aha1b in stress response in zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 262:110777. [PMID: 35830921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Activator of heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) ATPase (Aha1) is a Hsp90 co-chaperone required for Hsp90 ATPase activation. Aha1 is essential for yeast survival and muscle development in C. elegans under elevated temperature and hsp90-deficeiency induced stress conditions. The roles of Aha1 in vertebrates are poorly understood. Here, we characterized the expression and function of Aha1 in zebrafish. We showed that zebrafish genome contains two aha1 genes, aha1a and aha1b, that show distinct patterns of expression during development. Under the normal physiological conditions, aha1a is primarily expressed in skeletal muscle cells of zebrafish embryos, while aha1b is strongly expressed in the head region. aha1a and aha1b expression increased dramatically in response to heat shock induced stress. In addition, Aha1a-GFP fusion protein exhibited a dynamic translocation in muscle cells in response to heat shock. Moreover, upregulation of aha1 expression was also observed in hsp90a1 knockdown embryos that showed a muscle defect. Genetic studies demonstrated that knockout of aha1a, aha1b or both had no detectable effect on embryonic development, survival, and growth in zebrafish. The aha1a and aha1b mutant embryos showed normal muscle development and stress response in response to heat shock. Single or double aha1a and aha1b mutants could grow into normal reproductive adults with normal skeletal muscle structure and morphology compared with wild type control. Together, data from these studies indicate that Aha1a and Aha1b are involved in stress response. However, they are dispensable in zebrafish embryonic development, growth, and survival.
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4
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Jin X, Liu W, Miao J, Tai Z, Li L, Guan P, Liu JX. Copper ions impair zebrafish skeletal myofibrillogenesis via epigenetic regulation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21686. [PMID: 34101239 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100183r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Unbalanced copper (Cu2+ ) homeostasis is associated with the developmental defects of vertebrate myogenesis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, it was found that Cu2+ stressed zebrafish embryos and larvae showed reduced locomotor speed as well as loose and decreased myofibrils in skeletal muscle, coupled with the downregulated expression of muscle fiber markers mylpfa and smyhc1l and the irregular arrangement of myofibril and sarcomere. Meanwhile, the Cu2+ stressed zebrafish embryos and larvae also showed significant reduction in the expression of H3K4 methyltransferase smyd1b transcripts and H3K4me3 protein as well as in the binding enrichment of H3K4me3 on gene mylpfa promoter in skeletal muscle cells, suggesting that smyd1b-H3K4me3 axis mediates the Cu2+ -induced myofibrils specification defects. Additionally, whole genome DNA methylation sequencing unveiled that the gene smyd5 exhibited significant promoter hyper-methylation and increased expression in Cu2+ stressed embryos, and the ectopic expression of smyd5 in zebrafish embryos also induced the myofibrils specification defects as those observed in Cu2+ stressed embryos. Moreover, Cu2+ was shown to suppress myofibrils specification and smyd1b promoter transcriptional activity directly independent of the integral function of copper transporter cox17 and atp7b. All these data may shed light on the linkage of unbalanced copper homeostasis with specific gene promoter methylation and epigenetic histone protein modification as well as the resultant signaling transduction and the myofibrillogenesis defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoDong Jin
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - WenYe Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Miao
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - ZhiPeng Tai
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - LingYa Li
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - PengPeng Guan
- College of Informatics, Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Big Data, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Xia Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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5
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Jiao S, Xu R, Du S. Smyd1 is essential for myosin expression and sarcomere organization in craniofacial, extraocular, and cardiac muscles. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:208-218. [PMID: 33958316 PMCID: PMC9234968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal and cardiac muscles are striated myofibers that contain highly organized sarcomeres for muscle contraction. Recent studies revealed that Smyd1, a lysine methyltransferase, plays a key role in sarcomere assembly in heart and trunk skeletal muscles. However, Smyd1 expression and function in craniofacial muscles are not known. Here, we analyze the developmental expression and function of two smyd1 paralogous genes, smyd1a and smyd1b, in craniofacial and cardiac muscles of zebrafish embryos. Our data show that loss of smyd1a (smyd1amb5) or smyd1b (smyd1bsa15678) has no visible effects on myogenic commitment and expression of myod and myosin heavy-chain mRNA transcripts in craniofacial muscles. However, myosin heavy-chain protein accumulation and sarcomere organization are dramatically reduced in smyd1bsa15678 single mutant, and almost completely diminish in smyd1amb5; smyd1bsa15678 double mutant, but not in smyd1amb5 mutant. Similar defects are also observed in cardiac muscles of smyd1bsa15678 mutant. Defective craniofacial and cardiac muscle formation is associated with an upregulation of hsp90α1 and unc45b mRNA expression in smyd1bsa15678 and smyd1amb5; smyd1bsa15678 mutants. Together, our studies indicate that Smyd1b, but not Smyd1a, plays a key role in myosin heavy-chain protein expression and sarcomere organization in craniofacial and cardiac muscles. Loss of smyd1b results in muscle-specific stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Shaojun Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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6
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Zhou Z, Zheng L, Tang C, Chen Z, Zhu R, Peng X, Wu X, Zhu P. Identification of Potentially Relevant Genes for Excessive Exercise-Induced Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy in Zebrafish. Front Physiol 2020; 11:565307. [PMID: 33329019 PMCID: PMC7734032 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.565307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced cardiac remodeling has aroused public concern for some time, as sudden cardiac death is known to occur in athletes; however, little is known about the underlying mechanism of exercise-induced cardiac injury. In the present study, we established an excessive exercise-induced pathologic cardiac hypertrophy model in zebrafish with increased myocardial fibrosis, myofibril disassembly, mitochondrial degradation, upregulated expression of the pathological hypertrophy marker genes in the heart, contractile impairment, and cardiopulmonary function impairment. High-throughput RNA-seq analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were enriched in the regulation of autophagy, protein folding, and degradation, myofibril development, angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, and insulin and FoxO signaling pathways. FOXO proteins may be the core mediator of the regulatory network needed to promote the pathological response. Further, PPI network analysis showed that pik3c3, gapdh, fbox32, fzr1, ubox5, lmo7a, kctd7, fbxo9, lonrf1l, fbxl4, nhpb2l1b, nhp2, fbl, hsp90aa1.1, snrpd3l, dhx15, mrto4, ruvbl1, hspa8b, and faub are the hub genes that correlate with the pathogenesis of pathological cardiac hypertrophy. The underlying regulatory pathways and cardiac pressure-responsive molecules identified in the present study will provide valuable insights for the supervision and clinical treatment of pathological cardiac hypertrophy induced by excessive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoqiong Zhou
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Changfa Tang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhanglin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Runkang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiyang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiushan Wu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Under construction: The dynamic assembly, maintenance, and degradation of the cardiac sarcomere. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 148:89-102. [PMID: 32920010 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of striated muscle and is a highly ordered protein complex with the actin and myosin filaments at its core. Assembling the sarcomere constituents into this organized structure in development, and with muscle growth as new sarcomeres are built, is a complex process coordinated by numerous factors. Once assembled, the sarcomere requires constant maintenance as its continuous contraction is accompanied by elevated mechanical, thermal, and oxidative stress, which predispose proteins to misfolding and toxic aggregation. To prevent protein misfolding and maintain sarcomere integrity, the sarcomere is monitored by an assortment of protein quality control (PQC) mechanisms. The need for effective PQC is heightened in cardiomyocytes which are terminally differentiated and must survive for many years while preserving optimal mechanical output. To prevent toxic protein aggregation, molecular chaperones stabilize denatured sarcomere proteins and promote their refolding. However, when old and misfolded proteins cannot be salvaged by chaperones, they must be recycled via degradation pathways: the calpain and ubiquitin-proteasome systems, which operate under basal conditions, and the stress-responsive autophagy-lysosome pathway. Mutations to and deficiency of the molecular chaperones and associated factors charged with sarcomere maintenance commonly lead to sarcomere structural disarray and the progression of heart disease, highlighting the necessity of effective sarcomere PQC for maintaining cardiac function. This review focuses on the dynamic regulation of assembly and turnover at the sarcomere with an emphasis on the chaperones involved in these processes and describes the alterations to chaperones - through mutations and deficient expression - implicated in disease progression to heart failure.
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8
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Swist S, Unger A, Li Y, Vöge A, von Frieling-Salewsky M, Skärlén Å, Cacciani N, Braun T, Larsson L, Linke WA. Maintenance of sarcomeric integrity in adult muscle cells crucially depends on Z-disc anchored titin. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4479. [PMID: 32900999 PMCID: PMC7478974 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The giant protein titin is thought to be required for sarcomeric integrity in mature myocytes, but direct evidence for this hypothesis is limited. Here, we describe a mouse model in which Z-disc-anchored TTN is depleted in adult skeletal muscles. Inactivation of TTN causes sarcomere disassembly and Z-disc deformations, force impairment, myocyte de-stiffening, upregulation of TTN-binding mechanosensitive proteins and activation of protein quality-control pathways, concomitant with preferential loss of thick-filament proteins. Interestingly, expression of the myosin-bound Cronos-isoform of TTN, generated from an alternative promoter not affected by the targeting strategy, does not prevent deterioration of sarcomere formation and maintenance. Finally, we demonstrate that loss of Z-disc-anchored TTN recapitulates muscle remodeling in critical illness ‘myosinopathy’ patients, characterized by TTN-depletion and loss of thick filaments. We conclude that full-length TTN is required to integrate Z-disc and A-band proteins into the mature sarcomere, a function that is lost when TTN expression is pathologically lowered. Titin is considered an integrator of muscle cell proteins but direct evidence is limited. Here, titin is inactivated in adult mouse muscles, which causes sarcomere disassembly, protein mis-expression and force impairment, recapitulating key alterations in critical illness myopathy patient muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Swist
- Department of Systems Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Andreas Unger
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Munster, D-48149, Munster, Germany
| | - Yong Li
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Munster, D-48149, Munster, Germany
| | - Anja Vöge
- Department of Systems Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Åsa Skärlén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Cacciani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Lars Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang A Linke
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Munster, D-48149, Munster, Germany.
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9
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Li B, Li S, He Q, Du S. Generation of MuRF-GFP transgenic zebrafish models for investigating murf gene expression and protein localization in Smyd1b and Hsp90α1 knockdown embryos. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 240:110368. [PMID: 31669374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Muscle-specific RING-finger proteins (MuRFs) are E3 ubiquitin ligases that play important roles in protein quality control in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Here we characterized murf gene expression and protein localization in zebrafish embryos. We found that the zebrafish genome contains six murf genes, including murf1a, murf1b, murf2a, murf2b, murf3 and a murf2-like gene that are specifically expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles of zebrafish embryos. To analyze the subcellular localization, we generated transgenic zebrafish models expressing MurF1a-GFP or MuRF2a-GFP fusion proteins. MuRF1a-GFP and MuRF2a-GFP showed distinct patterns of subcellular localization. MuRF1a-GFP displayed a striated pattern of localization in myofibers, whereas MuRF2a-GFP mainly exhibited a random pattern of punctate distribution. The MuRF1a-GFP signal appeared as small dots aligned along the M-lines of the sarcomeres in skeletal myofibers. To determine whether knockdown of smyd1b or hsp90α1 that increased myosin protein degradation could alter murf gene expression or MuRF protein localization, we knocked down smyd1b or hsp90α1 in wild type, Tg(ef1a:MurF1a-GFP) and Tg(ef1a:MuRF2a-GFP) transgenic zebrafish embryos. Knockdown of smyd1b or hsp90α1 had no effect on murf gene expression. However, the sarcomeric distribution of MuRF1a-GFP was abolished in the knockdown embryos. This was accompanied by an increased random punctate distribution of MuRF1a-GFP in muscle cells of zebrafish embryos. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that MuRFs are specifically expressed in developing muscles of zebrafish embryos. The M-line localization MuRF1a is altered by sarcomere disruption in smyd1b or hsp90α1 knockdown embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Siping Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Qiuxia He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Shaojun Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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10
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Cai M, Han L, Liu L, He F, Chu W, Zhang J, Tian Z, Du S. Defective sarcomere assembly in smyd1a and smyd1b zebrafish mutants. FASEB J 2019; 33:6209-6225. [PMID: 30817176 PMCID: PMC6463926 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801578r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two smyd1 paralogues, smyd1a and smyd1b, have been identified in zebrafish. Although Smyd1b function has been reported in fast muscle, its function in slow muscle and the function of Smyd1a, in general, are uncertain. In this study, we generated 2 smyd1a mutant alleles and analyzed the muscle defects in smyd1a and smyd1b single and double mutants in zebrafish. We demonstrated that knockout of smyd1a alone had no visible effect on muscle development and fish survival. This was in contrast to the smyd1b mutant, which exhibited skeletal and cardiac muscle defects, leading to early embryonic lethality. The smyd1a and smyd1b double mutants, however, showed a stronger muscle defect compared with smyd1a or smyd1b mutation alone, namely, the complete disruption of sarcomere organization in slow and fast muscles. Immunostaining revealed that smyd1a; smyd1b double mutations had no effect on myosin gene expression but resulted in a dramatic reduction of myosin protein levels in muscle cells of zebrafish embryos. This was accompanied by the up-regulation of hsp40 and hsp90-α1 gene expression. Together, our studies indicate that both Smyd1a and Smyd1b partake in slow and fast muscle development although Smyd1b plays a dominant role compared with Smyd1a.-Cai, M., Han, L., Liu, L., He, F., Chu, W., Zhang, J., Tian, Z., Du, S. Defective sarcomere assembly in smyd1a and smyd1b zebrafish mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;,Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lichen Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lusha Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Feng He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;,School of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wuying Chu
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianshe Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shaojun Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;,Correspondence: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 701 East Pratt St., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA. E-mail:
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11
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Winter L, Unger A, Berwanger C, Spörrer M, Türk M, Chevessier F, Strucksberg KH, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Wittig I, Goldmann WH, Marcus K, Linke WA, Clemen CS, Schröder R. Imbalances in protein homeostasis caused by mutant desmin. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 45:476-494. [PMID: 30179276 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated newly generated immortalized heterozygous and homozygous R349P desmin knock-in myoblasts in conjunction with the corresponding desminopathy mice as models for desminopathies to analyse major protein quality control processes in response to the presence of R349P mutant desmin. METHODS We used hetero- and homozygous R349P desmin knock-in mice for analyses and for crossbreeding with p53 knock-out mice to generate immortalized R349P desmin knock-in skeletal muscle myoblasts and myotubes. Skeletal muscle sections and cultured muscle cells were investigated by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, proteasomal activity measurements and immunoblotting addressing autophagy rate, chaperone-assisted selective autophagy and heat shock protein levels. Muscle sections were further analysed by transmission and immunogold electron microscopy. RESULTS We demonstrate that mutant desmin (i) increases proteasomal activity, (ii) stimulates macroautophagy, (iii) dysregulates the chaperone assisted selective autophagy and (iv) elevates the protein levels of αB-crystallin and Hsp27. Both αB-crystallin and Hsp27 as well as Hsp90 displayed translocation patterns from Z-discs as well as Z-I junctions, respectively, to the level of sarcomeric I-bands in dominant and recessive desminopathies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that the presence of R349P mutant desmin causes a general imbalance in skeletal muscle protein homeostasis via aberrant activity of all major protein quality control systems. The augmented activity of these systems and the subcellular shift of essential heat shock proteins may deleteriously contribute to the previously observed increased turnover of desmin itself and desmin-binding partners, which triggers progressive dysfunction of the extrasarcomeric cytoskeleton and the myofibrillar apparatus in the course of the development of desminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Winter
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Neuromuscular Research Department, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Unger
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - C Berwanger
- Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Spörrer
- Center for Medical Physics and Technology, Biophysics Group, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Türk
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - F Chevessier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - K-H Strucksberg
- Center for Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - I Wittig
- Functional Proteomics, SFB815 Core Unit, Medical School, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - W H Goldmann
- Center for Medical Physics and Technology, Biophysics Group, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - K Marcus
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - W A Linke
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - C S Clemen
- Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - R Schröder
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Qin C, Xie Y, Wang Y, Li S, Ran C, He S, Zhou Z. Impact of Lactobacillus casei BL23 on the Host Transcriptome, Growth and Disease Resistance in Larval Zebrafish. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1245. [PMID: 30233415 PMCID: PMC6131626 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, zebrafish were treated with Lactobacillus strains as probiotics from hatching to puberty, and the effect of treatment with L. casei BL23 on the development and immunity response of the host was investigated. Genes that were differentially expressed (DEGs) in the overall body and intestine were detected at 14 days post fertilization (dpf) and 35 dpf, respectively, using whole transcriptome sequencing (mRNAseq). We showed that zebrafish raised by continuous immersion with L. casei BL23 showed a higher final body weight at 14 dpf (P < 0.05), and 35 dpf (P < 0.01). DEGs between L. casei BL23 treatment and control group at 14 dpf were involved in myogenesis, cell adhesion, transcription regulation and DNA-binding and activator. At 35 dpf, 369 genes were DEGs in the intestine after treatment with L. casei BL23, which were involved in such categories as signaling, secretion, motor proteins, oxidoreductase and iron, tight junctions, lipid metabolism, growth regulation, proteases, and humoral and cellular effectors. KEGG analysis showed DEGs to be involved in such pathways as those associated with tight junctions and the PPAR signal pathway. RT-qPCR analysis showed that expression of insulin-like growth factors-I (igf1), peroxisome proliferator activated receptors-α (ppar-α) and -β (ppar-β), Vitamin D receptor-α (vdr-α), and retinoic acid receptor-γ (rar-γ) was up-regulated in fish treated with L. casei BL23 at 35 dpf. After 35 days of treatment, the mortality rate in L. casei BL23 treated group was lower than the control after challenge with A. hydrophila (P < 0.05), and the pro-inflammatory cytokine il-1β, anti-inflammatory cytokine il-10 and complement component 3a (c3a) showed more expression in L. casei BL23 group at 8h after challenge, 24 h after challenge, or both.. Together, these data suggest that specific Lactobacillus probiotic strains can accelerate the development profile and enhance immunity in zebrafish, which supports the rationale of early administration of probiotics in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chubin Qin
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yadong Xie
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuning Li
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ran
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Suxu He
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Xu QH, Guan P, Zhang T, Lu C, Li G, Liu JX. Silver nanoparticles impair zebrafish skeletal and cardiac myofibrillogenesis and sarcomere formation. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 200:102-113. [PMID: 29729476 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles from industries contaminate the environment and affect the normal development of fish even human health. However, little is known about their biological effects on fish embryogenesis and the potential mechanisms. In this study, zebrafish embryos exposed to/injected with silver nanopaticles (AgNPs) exhibited shorter body, reduced heartbeats, and dysfunctional movements. Less, loose, and unassembled myofibrils were observed in AgNPs-treated embryos, and genes in myofibrillogenesis and sarcomere formation were found to be down-regulated in treated embryos. Down-regulated calcium (Ca2+) signaling and loci-specific DNA methylation in specific muscle genes, such as bves, shroom1, and arpc1a, occurred in AgNPs-treated embryos, which might result in the down-regulated expression of myofibrillogenesis genes and muscle dysfunctions in the treated embryos. Our results for the first time reveal that through down-regulating Ca2+ signaling and myogenic loci-specific DNA methylation in zebrafish embryos, AgNPs might induce defects of myofibril assembly and sarcomere formation via their particles mostly, which may subsequently cause heartbeat reduction and behavior dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Han Xu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - PengPeng Guan
- College of Informatics, Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Chang Lu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - GuoLiang Li
- College of Informatics, Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Jing-Xia Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Hunan, Changde, 415000, China.
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14
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Thakur SS, Swiderski K, Ryall JG, Lynch GS. Therapeutic potential of heat shock protein induction for muscular dystrophy and other muscle wasting conditions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2016.0528. [PMID: 29203713 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common and severe of the muscular dystrophies, a group of inherited myopathies caused by different genetic mutations leading to aberrant expression or complete absence of cytoskeletal proteins. Dystrophic muscles are prone to injury, and regenerate poorly after damage. Remorseless cycles of muscle fibre breakdown and incomplete repair lead to progressive and severe muscle wasting, weakness and premature death. Many other conditions are similarly characterized by muscle wasting, including sarcopenia, cancer cachexia, sepsis, denervation, burns, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Muscle trauma and loss of mass and physical capacity can significantly compromise quality of life for patients. Exercise and nutritional interventions are unlikely to halt or reverse the conditions, and strategies promoting muscle anabolism have limited clinical acceptance. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that help proteins fold back to their original conformation and restore function. Since many muscle wasting conditions have pathophysiologies where inflammation, atrophy and weakness are indicated, increasing HSP expression in skeletal muscle may have therapeutic potential. This review will provide evidence supporting HSP induction for muscular dystrophy and other muscle wasting conditions.This article is part of the theme issue 'Heat shock proteins as modulators and therapeutic targets of chronic disease: an integrated perspective'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savant S Thakur
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristy Swiderski
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James G Ryall
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gordon S Lynch
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Cai M, Si Y, Zhang J, Tian Z, Du S. Zebrafish Embryonic Slow Muscle Is a Rapid System for Genetic Analysis of Sarcomere Organization by CRISPR/Cas9, but Not NgAgo. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 20:168-181. [PMID: 29374849 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish embryonic slow muscle cells, with their superficial localization and clear sarcomere organization, provide a useful model system for genetic analysis of muscle cell differentiation and sarcomere assembly. To develop a quick assay for testing CRISPR-mediated gene editing in slow muscles of zebrafish embryos, we targeted a red fluorescence protein (RFP) reporter gene specifically expressed in slow muscles of myomesin-3-RFP (Myom3-RFP) zebrafish embryos. We demonstrated that microinjection of RFP-sgRNA with Cas9 protein or Cas9 mRNA resulted in a mosaic pattern in loss of RFP expression in slow muscle fibers of the injected zebrafish embryos. To uncover gene functions in sarcomere organization, we targeted two endogenous genes, slow myosin heavy chain-1 (smyhc1) and heat shock protein 90 α1 (hsp90α1), which are specifically expressed in zebrafish muscle cells. We demonstrated that injection of Cas9 protein or mRNA with respective sgRNAs targeted to smyhc1 or hsp90a1 resulted in a mosaic pattern of myosin thick filament disruption in slow myofibers of the injected zebrafish embryos. Moreover, Myom3-RFP expression and M-line localization were also abolished in these defective myofibers. Given that zebrafish embryonic slow muscles are a rapid in vivo system for testing genome editing and uncovering gene functions in muscle cell differentiation, we investigated whether microinjection of Natronobacterium gregoryi Argonaute (NgAgo) system could induce genetic mutations and muscle defects in zebrafish embryos. Single-strand guide DNAs targeted to RFP, Smyhc1, or Hsp90α1 were injected with NgAgo mRNA into Myom3-RFP zebrafish embryos. Myom3-RFP expression was analyzed in the injected embryos. The results showed that, in contrast to the CRISPR/Cas9 system, injection of the NgAgo-gDNA system did not affect Myom3-RFP expression and sarcomere organization in myofibers of the injected embryos. Sequence analysis failed to detect genetic mutations at the target genes. Together, our studies demonstrate that zebrafish embryonic slow muscle is a rapid model for testing gene editing technologies in vivo and uncovering gene functions in muscle cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Cai
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 701 E. Pratt St, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Yufeng Si
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 701 E. Pratt St, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Jianshe Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Hunan, 250014, China.
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Shaojun Du
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 701 E. Pratt St, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Hunan, 250014, China.
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16
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Pfeiffer J, Tarbashevich K, Bandemer J, Palm T, Raz E. Rapid progression through the cell cycle ensures efficient migration of primordial germ cells - The role of Hsp90. Dev Biol 2018; 436:84-93. [PMID: 29477339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish primordial germ cells (PGCs) constitute a useful in vivo model to study cell migration and to elucidate the role of specific proteins in this process. Here we report on the role of the heat shock protein Hsp90aa1.2, a protein whose RNA level is elevated in the PGCs during their migration. Reducing Hsp90aa1.2 activity slows down the progression through the cell cycle and leads to defects in the control over the MTOC number in the migrating cells. These defects result in a slower migration rate and compromise the arrival of PGCs at their target, the region where the gonad develops. Our results emphasize the importance of ensuring rapid progression through the cell cycle during single-cell migration and highlight the role of heat shock proteins in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pfeiffer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Katsiaryna Tarbashevich
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Bandemer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Palm
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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17
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Paone C, Rudeck S, Etard C, Strähle U, Rottbauer W, Just S. Loss of zebrafish Smyd1a interferes with myofibrillar integrity without triggering the misfolded myosin response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:339-345. [PMID: 29331378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomeric protein turnover needs to be tightly balanced to assure proper assembly and renewal of sarcomeric units within muscle tissues. The mechanisms regulating these fundamental processes are only poorly understood, but of great clinical importance since many cardiac and skeletal muscle diseases are associated with defective sarcomeric organization. The SET- and MYND domain containing protein 1b (Smyd1b) is known to play a crucial role in myofibrillogenesis by functionally interacting with the myosin chaperones Unc45b and Hsp90α1. In zebrafish, Smyd1b, Unc45b and Hsp90α1 are part of the misfolded myosin response (MMR), a regulatory transcriptional response that is activated by disturbed myosin homeostasis. Genome duplication in zebrafish led to a second smyd1 gene, termed smyd1a. Morpholino- and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockdown of smyd1a led to significant perturbations in sarcomere structure resulting in decreased cardiac as well as skeletal muscle function. Similar to Smyd1b, we found Smyd1a to localize to the sarcomeric M-band in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Overexpression of smyd1a efficiently compensated for the loss of Smyd1b in flatline (fla) mutant zebrafish embryos, rescued the myopathic phenotype and suppressed the MMR in Smyd1b-deficient embryos, suggesting overlapping functions of both Smyd1 paralogs. Interestingly, Smyd1a is not transcriptionally activated in Smyd1b-deficient fla mutants, demonstrating lack of genetic compensation despite the functional redundancy of both zebrafish Smyd1 paralogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Paone
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Inner Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Steven Rudeck
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Inner Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christelle Etard
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Just
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Inner Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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18
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Carlisle C, Prill K, Pilgrim D. Chaperones and the Proteasome System: Regulating the Construction and Demolition of Striated Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:E32. [PMID: 29271938 PMCID: PMC5795982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein folding factors (chaperones) are required for many diverse cellular functions. In striated muscle, chaperones are required for contractile protein function, as well as the larger scale assembly of the basic unit of muscle, the sarcomere. The sarcomere is complex and composed of hundreds of proteins and the number of proteins and processes recognized to be regulated by chaperones has increased dramatically over the past decade. Research in the past ten years has begun to discover and characterize the chaperones involved in the assembly of the sarcomere at a rapid rate. Because of the dynamic nature of muscle, wear and tear damage is inevitable. Several systems, including chaperones and the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), have evolved to regulate protein turnover. Much of our knowledge of muscle development focuses on the formation of the sarcomere but recent work has begun to elucidate the requirement and role of chaperones and the UPS in sarcomere maintenance and disease. This review will cover the roles of chaperones in sarcomere assembly, the importance of chaperone homeostasis and the cooperation of chaperones and the UPS in sarcomere integrity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Carlisle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Kendal Prill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Dave Pilgrim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
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19
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Unger A, Beckendorf L, Böhme P, Kley R, von Frieling-Salewsky M, Lochmüller H, Schröder R, Fürst DO, Vorgerd M, Linke WA. Translocation of molecular chaperones to the titin springs is common in skeletal myopathy patients and affects sarcomere function. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:72. [PMID: 28915917 PMCID: PMC5603016 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopathies encompass a wide variety of acquired and hereditary disorders. The pathomechanisms include structural and functional changes affecting, e.g., myofiber metabolism and contractile properties. In this study, we observed increased passive tension (PT) of skinned myofibers from patients with myofibrillar myopathy (MFM) caused by FLNC mutations (MFM-filaminopathy) and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type-2A due to CAPN3 mutations (LGMD2A), compared to healthy control myofibers. Because the giant protein titin determines myofiber PT, we measured its molecular size and the titin-to-myosin ratio, but found no differences between myopathies and controls. All-titin phosphorylation and site-specific phosphorylation in the PEVK region were reduced in myopathy, which would be predicted to lower PT. Electron microscopy revealed extensive ultrastructural changes in myofibers of various hereditary myopathies and also suggested massive binding of proteins to the sarcomeric I-band region, presumably heat shock proteins (HSPs), which can translocate to elastic titin under stress conditions. Correlative immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy showed that two small HSPs (HSP27 and αB-crystallin) and the ATP-dependent chaperone HSP90 translocated to the titin springs in myopathy. The small HSPs, but not HSP90, were upregulated in myopathic versus control muscles. The titin-binding pattern of chaperones was regularly observed in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), LGMD2A, MFM-filaminopathy, MFM-myotilinopathy, titinopathy, and inclusion body myopathy due to mutations in valosin-containing protein, but not in acquired sporadic inclusion body myositis. The three HSPs also associated with elastic titin in mouse models of DMD and MFM-filaminopathy. Mechanical measurements on skinned human myofibers incubated with exogenous small HSPs suggested that the elevated PT seen in myopathy is caused, in part, by chaperone-binding to the titin springs. Whereas this interaction may be protective in that it prevents sarcomeric protein aggregation, it also has detrimental effects on sarcomere function. Thus, we identified a novel pathological phenomenon common to many hereditary muscle disorders, which involves sarcomeric alterations.
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20
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A Zebrafish Model for a Human Myopathy Associated with Mutation of the Unconventional Myosin MYO18B. Genetics 2016; 205:725-735. [PMID: 27879346 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.192864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosin 18B is an unconventional myosin that has been implicated in tumor progression in humans. In addition, loss-of-function mutations of the MYO18B gene have recently been identified in several patients exhibiting symptoms of nemaline myopathy. In mouse, mutation of Myo18B results in early developmental arrest associated with cardiomyopathy, precluding analysis of its effects on skeletal muscle development. The zebrafish, frozen (fro) mutant was identified as one of a group of immotile mutants in the 1996 Tübingen genetic screen. Mutant embryos display a loss of birefringency in their skeletal muscle, indicative of disrupted sarcomeric organization. Using meiotic mapping, we localized the fro locus to the previously unannotated zebrafish myo18b gene, the product of which shares close to 50% identity with its human ortholog. Transcription of myo18b is restricted to fast-twitch myocytes in the zebrafish embryo; consistent with this, fro mutant embryos exhibit defects specifically in their fast-twitch skeletal muscles. We show that sarcomeric assembly is blocked at an early stage in fro mutants, leading to the disorganized accumulation of actin, myosin, and α-actinin and a complete loss of myofibrillar organization in fast-twitch muscles.
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21
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Jee H. Size dependent classification of heat shock proteins: a mini-review. J Exerc Rehabil 2016; 12:255-9. [PMID: 27656620 PMCID: PMC5031383 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1632642.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are ubiquitous and abundant within cellular environments, functioning as a defense mechanism against outer environment. The range of molecular chaperones varies from 10 to over 100 kDa. Depending on the size, the specific locations and physiological roles of molecular chaperones vary within the cell. Multifunctionality of heat shock proteins (HSPs) expressed via various cyto-stress including heat shock have been spotlighted as a reliable prognostic target biomarker for therapeutic purpose in neuromuscular disease or cancer related studies. HSP also plays a critical role in the maintenance of proteins and cellular homeostasis in exercise-induced adaptation. Such various functions of HSPs give scientists insights into intracellular protective mechanisms in the living body thus HSPs can be target molecules to know the defense mechanism in cellular environment. Based on experimental results regarding small to large scaled HSPs, this review aims to provide updated important information regarding the modality of responses of intracellular HSPs towards extracellular stimulations. Further, the expressive mechanisms of HSPs data from tremendous in vivo and in vitro studies underlying the enhancement of the functionality of living body will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunseok Jee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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22
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Ogino K, Hirata H. Defects of the Glycinergic Synapse in Zebrafish. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:50. [PMID: 27445686 PMCID: PMC4925712 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine mediates fast inhibitory synaptic transmission. Physiological importance of the glycinergic synapse is well established in the brainstem and the spinal cord. In humans, the loss of glycinergic function in the spinal cord and brainstem leads to hyperekplexia, which is characterized by an excess startle reflex to sudden acoustic or tactile stimulation. In addition, glycinergic synapses in this region are also involved in the regulation of respiration and locomotion, and in the nociceptive processing. The importance of the glycinergic synapse is conserved across vertebrate species. A teleost fish, the zebrafish, offers several advantages as a vertebrate model for research of glycinergic synapse. Mutagenesis screens in zebrafish have isolated two motor defective mutants that have pathogenic mutations in glycinergic synaptic transmission: bandoneon (beo) and shocked (sho). Beo mutants have a loss-of-function mutation of glycine receptor (GlyR) β-subunit b, alternatively, sho mutant is a glycinergic transporter 1 (GlyT1) defective mutant. These mutants are useful animal models for understanding of glycinergic synaptic transmission and for identification of novel therapeutic agents for human diseases arising from defect in glycinergic transmission, such as hyperekplexia or glycine encephalopathy. Recent advances in techniques for genome editing and for imaging and manipulating of a molecule or a physiological process make zebrafish more attractive model. In this review, we describe the glycinergic defective zebrafish mutants and the technical advances in both forward and reverse genetic approaches as well as in vivo visualization and manipulation approaches for the study of the glycinergic synapse in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoyo Ogino
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University Sagamihara, Japan
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Hu J, Guo T, Pan WQ, Gan T, Wei J, Wang JP, Leng XJ, Li XQ. Cloning, molecular characterization, and expression analysis of the unc45 myosin chaperone b(unc45b)gene of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2016; 37:71-81. [PMID: 27334505 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-016-9445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Unc45 myosin chaperone b(unc45b)gene is a molecular chaperone that mediates the folding, assembly and accumulation of thick-filament myosin in the formation of sarcomere, which plays an important role in the development of striated muscle and the stability of sarcomere. In this study, the complete cDNA sequence of unc45b gene of grass carp was obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), and the characteristics of the unc45b protein predicted from gene sequence was analyzed by bioinformatics methods. The differential expression pattern in tissues was also detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that the full-length of unc45b gene of grass carp is 3163 bp, which contains a 60 bp 5'UTR, a 298 bp 3'UTR, and a 2865 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 934 amino acid peptide. The deduced unc45b protein exhibits a homology of 92, 86, 86 % with the protein of zebrafish (Danio rerio), channel catfish (Ietalurus punctatus) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) respectively, and the protein contains UCS myosin head binding domain and TPR peptide repeat domain. The protein is a hydrophilic and non-secretory protein with a molecular mass and isoeletronic point of 103,699.8 and 7.39 Da. The structural elements of the protein includes α-helixes and loops, and the unc45b gene highly expresses in skeletal muscle and heart in grass carp. This study laid a foundation for further research in explaining the myofibril accumulation in crisped grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- The College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999, Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ting Guo
- The College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999, Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Wen-Qian Pan
- The College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999, Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Tian Gan
- The College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999, Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jing Wei
- The College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999, Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jun-Peng Wang
- The College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999, Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Leng
- The College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999, Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Xiao-Qin Li
- The College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999, Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 999, Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, No. 999, Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Shanghai University Knowledge Service Platform, Shanghai Ocean University Aquatic Animal Breeding Center, No. 999, Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Armant O, Gourain V, Etard C, Strähle U. Whole transcriptome data analysis of zebrafish mutants affecting muscle development. Data Brief 2016; 8:61-8. [PMID: 27274534 PMCID: PMC4885013 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of the contractile myofibril of the skeletal muscle is a complex process which when perturbed leads to muscular dystrophy. Herein, we provide a mRNAseq dataset on three different zebrafish mutants affecting muscle organization during embryogenesis. These comprise the myosin folding chaperone unc45b (unc45b−/−), heat shock protein 90aa1.1 (hsp90aa1.1−/−) and the acetylcholine esterase (ache−/−) gene. The transcriptome analysis was performed in duplicate experiments at 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) for all three mutants, with two additional times of development (24 hpf and 48 hpf) for unc45b−/−. A total of 20 samples were analyzed by hierarchical clustering for differential gene expression. The data from this study support the observation made in Etard et al. (2015) [1] (http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-015-0825-8) that a failure to fold myosin activates a unique transcriptional program in the skeletal muscles that is different from that induced in stressed muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Armant
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Nord, PO box, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Victor Gourain
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Nord, PO box, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christelle Etard
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Nord, PO box, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Nord, PO box, Karlsruhe, Germany
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25
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Etard C, Armant O, Roostalu U, Gourain V, Ferg M, Strähle U. Loss of function of myosin chaperones triggers Hsf1-mediated transcriptional response in skeletal muscle cells. Genome Biol 2015; 16:267. [PMID: 26631063 PMCID: PMC4668643 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in myosin chaperones Unc45b and Hsp90aa1.1 as well as in the Unc45b-binding protein Smyd1b impair formation of myofibrils in skeletal muscle and lead to the accumulation of misfolded myosin. The concomitant transcriptional response involves up-regulation of the three genes encoding these proteins, as well as genes involved in muscle development. The transcriptional up-regulation of unc45b, hsp90aa1.1 and smyd1b is specific to zebrafish mutants with myosin folding defects, and is not triggered in other zebrafish myopathy models. Results By dissecting the promoter of unc45b, we identify a Heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1) binding element as a mediator of unc45b up-regulation in myofibers lacking myosin folding proteins. Loss-of-function of Hsf1 abolishes unc45b up-regulation in mutants with defects in myosin folding. Conclusions Taken together, our data show that skeletal muscle cells respond to defective myosin chaperones with a complex gene program and suggest that this response is mediated by Hsf1 activation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0825-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Etard
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Nord, PO box, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Olivier Armant
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Nord, PO box, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Urmas Roostalu
- Present address: Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Michael Smith Bldg, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Victor Gourain
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Nord, PO box, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marco Ferg
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Nord, PO box, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Nord, PO box, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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26
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He Q, Liu K, Tian Z, Du SJ. The Effects of Hsp90α1 Mutations on Myosin Thick Filament Organization. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142573. [PMID: 26562659 PMCID: PMC4642942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90α plays a key role in myosin folding and thick filament assembly in muscle cells. To assess the structure and function of Hsp90α and its potential regulation by post-translational modification, we developed a combined knockdown and rescue assay in zebrafish embryos to systematically analyze the effects of various mutations on Hsp90α function in myosin thick filament organization. DNA constructs expressing the Hsp90α1 mutants with altered putative ATP binding, phosphorylation, acetylation or methylation sites were co-injected with Hsp90α1 specific morpholino into zebrafish embryos. Myosin thick filament organization was analyzed in skeletal muscles of the injected embryos by immunostaining. The results showed that mutating the conserved D90 residue in the Hsp90α1 ATP binding domain abolished its function in thick filament organization. In addition, phosphorylation mimicking mutations of T33D, T33E and T87E compromised Hsp90α1 function in myosin thick filament organization. Similarly, K287Q acetylation mimicking mutation repressed Hsp90α1 function in myosin thick filament organization. In contrast, K206R and K608R hypomethylation mimicking mutations had not effect on Hsp90α1 function in thick filament organization. Given that T33 and T87 are highly conserved residues involved post-translational modification (PTM) in yeast, mouse and human Hsp90 proteins, data from this study could indicate that Hsp90α1 function in myosin thick filament organization is potentially regulated by PTMs involving phosphorylation and acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia He
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21202, United States of America
- Biology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Shao Jun Du
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21202, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Prill K, Windsor Reid P, Wohlgemuth SL, Pilgrim DB. Still Heart Encodes a Structural HMT, SMYD1b, with Chaperone-Like Function during Fast Muscle Sarcomere Assembly. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142528. [PMID: 26544721 PMCID: PMC4636364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate sarcomere is a complex and highly organized contractile structure whose assembly and function requires the coordination of hundreds of proteins. Proteins require proper folding and incorporation into the sarcomere by assembly factors, and they must also be maintained and replaced due to the constant physical stress of muscle contraction. Zebrafish mutants affecting muscle assembly and maintenance have proven to be an ideal tool for identification and analysis of factors necessary for these processes. The still heart mutant was identified due to motility defects and a nonfunctional heart. The cognate gene for the mutant was shown to be smyd1b and the still heart mutation results in an early nonsense codon. SMYD1 mutants show a lack of heart looping and chamber definition due to a lack of expression of heart morphogenesis factors gata4, gata5 and hand2. On a cellular level, fast muscle fibers in homozygous mutants do not form mature sarcomeres due to the lack of fast muscle myosin incorporation by SMYD1b when sarcomeres are first being assembled (19hpf), supporting SMYD1b as an assembly protein during sarcomere formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendal Prill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pamela Windsor Reid
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Serene L. Wohlgemuth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David B. Pilgrim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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28
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Bujalowski PJ, Nicholls P, Oberhauser AF. UNC-45B chaperone: the role of its domains in the interaction with the myosin motor domain. Biophys J 2015; 107:654-661. [PMID: 25099804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper folding of many proteins can only be achieved by interaction with molecular chaperones. The molecular chaperone UNC-45B is required for the folding of striated muscle myosin II. However, the precise mechanism by which it contributes to proper folding of the myosin head remains unclear. UNC-45B contains three domains: an N-terminal TPR domain known to bind Hsp90, a Central domain of unknown function, and a C-terminal UCS domain known to interact with the myosin head. Here we used fluorescence titrations methods, dynamic light scattering, and single-molecule atomic force microscopy (AFM) unfolding/refolding techniques to study the interactions of the UCS and Central domains with the myosin motor domain. We found that both the UCS and the Central domains bind to the myosin motor domain. Our data show that the domains bind to distinct subsites on the myosin head, suggesting distinct roles in forming the myosin-UNC-45B complex. To determine the chaperone activity of the UCS and Central domains, we used two different methods: 1), prevention of misfolding using single-molecule AFM, and 2), prevention of aggregation using dynamic light scattering. Using the first method, we found that the UCS domain is sufficient to prevent misfolding of a titin mechanical reporter. Application of the second method showed that the UCS domain but not the Central domain prevents the thermal aggregation of the myosin motor domain. We conclude that while both the UCS and the Central domains bind the myosin head with high affinity, only the UCS domain displays chaperone activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Bujalowski
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Paul Nicholls
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Andres F Oberhauser
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
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29
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Du SJ, Tan X, Zhang J. SMYD proteins: key regulators in skeletal and cardiac muscle development and function. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 297:1650-62. [PMID: 25125178 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Muscle fibers are composed of myofibrils, one of the most highly ordered macromolecular assemblies in cells. Recent studies demonstrate that members of the Smyd family play critical roles in myofibril assembly of skeletal and cardiac muscle during development. The Smyd family consists of five members including Smyd1, Smyd2, Smyd3, Smyd4, and Smyd5. They share two highly conserved structural and functional domains, namely the SET and MYND domains involved in lysine methylation and protein-protein interaction, respectively. Smyd1 is specifically expressed in muscle cells under the regulation of myogenic transcriptional factors of the MyoD and Mef2 families and the serum responsive factor. Loss of function studies reveal that Smyd1 is required for cardiomyogenesis and sarcomere assembly in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Smyd2, on another hand, is dispensable for heart development in mice. However, Smyd2 appears to play a role in myofilament organization in both skeletal and cardiac muscles via Hsp90 methylation. A Drosophila Smyd4 homologue is a muscle-specific transcriptional modulator involved in the development or function of adult muscle. The molecular mechanisms by which Smyd family proteins function in muscle cells are not well understood. It has been suggested that members of the Smyd family may use multiple mechanisms to control muscle development and cell differentiation, including transcriptional regulation, epigenetic regulation via histone methylation, and methylation of proteins other than histones, such as molecular chaperone Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Jun Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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30
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Gurevich D, Siegel A, Currie PD. Skeletal myogenesis in the zebrafish and its implications for muscle disease modelling. Results Probl Cell Differ 2015; 56:49-76. [PMID: 25344666 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-44608-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that post-embryonic muscle growth and regeneration in amniotes is mediated almost entirely by stem cells derived from muscle progenitor cells (MPCs), known as satellite cells. Exhaustion and impairment of satellite cell activity is involved in the severe muscle loss associated with degenerative muscle diseases such as Muscular Dystrophies and is the main cause of age-associated muscle wasting. Understanding the molecular and cellular basis of satellite cell function in muscle generation and regeneration (myogenesis) is critical to the broader goal of developing treatments that may ameliorate such conditions. Considerable knowledge exists regarding the embryonic stages of amniote myogenesis. Much less is known about how post-embryonic amniote myogenesis proceeds, how adult myogenesis relates to embryonic myogenesis on a cellular or genetic level. Of the studies focusing on post-embryonic amniote myogenesis, most are post-mortem and in vitro analyses, precluding the understanding of cellular behaviours and genetic mechanisms in an undisturbed in vivo setting. Zebrafish are optically clear throughout much of their post-embryonic development, facilitating their use in live imaging of cellular processes. Zebrafish also possess a compartment of MPCs, which appear similar to satellite cells and persist throughout the post-embryonic development of the fish, permitting their use in examining the contribution of these cells to muscle tissue growth and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gurevich
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Level 1, Building 75, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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31
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Smith DA, Carland CR, Guo Y, Bernstein SI. Getting Folded: Chaperone Proteins in Muscle Development, Maintenance and Disease. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1637-49. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Smith
- Department of Biology, The Molecular Biology Institute; San Diego State University; San Diego California
| | - Carmen R. Carland
- Department of Biology, The Molecular Biology Institute; San Diego State University; San Diego California
| | - Yiming Guo
- Department of Biology, The Molecular Biology Institute; San Diego State University; San Diego California
| | - Sanford I. Bernstein
- Department of Biology, The Molecular Biology Institute; San Diego State University; San Diego California
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Lee CF, Melkani GC, Bernstein SI. The UNC-45 myosin chaperone: from worms to flies to vertebrates. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 313:103-44. [PMID: 25376491 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800177-6.00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNC-45 (uncoordinated mutant number 45) is a UCS (UNC-45, CRO1, She4p) domain protein that is critical for myosin stability and function. It likely aides in folding myosin during cellular differentiation and maintenance, and protects myosin from denaturation during stress. Invertebrates have a single unc-45 gene that is expressed in both muscle and nonmuscle tissues. Vertebrates possess one gene expressed in striated muscle (unc-45b) and another that is more generally expressed (unc-45a). Structurally, UNC-45 is composed of a series of α-helices connected by loops. It has an N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat domain that binds to Hsp90 and a central domain composed of armadillo repeats. Its C-terminal UCS domain, which is also comprised of helical armadillo repeats, interacts with myosin. In this chapter, we present biochemical, structural, and genetic analyses of UNC-45 in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and various vertebrates. Further, we provide insights into UNC-45 functions, its potential mechanism of action, and its roles in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi F Lee
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Girish C Melkani
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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33
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Eckl JM, Richter K. Functions of the Hsp90 chaperone system: lifting client proteins to new heights. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 4:157-165. [PMID: 24380020 PMCID: PMC3867702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The molecular chaperone Hsp90 is an essential protein in eukaryotic organisms and is highly conserved throughout all kingdoms of life. It serves as a platform for the folding and maturation of many client proteins including protein kinases and steroid hormone receptors. To fulfill this task Hsp90 performs conformational changes driven by the hydrolysis of ATP. Further, it can resort to a broad set of co-chaperones, which fit the Hsp90 machinery to the needs of specific client proteins. During the last years the number of identified co-chaperones has been consistently rising, implying that the client spectrum of Hsp90 may be much more diverse and larger than currently known. Many cofactors contain a TPR-domain for interactions at the C-terminus of Hsp90 and in many cases their functions and client sets remain to be uncovered. Hsp90 is also a putative target to interfere with cancerous and infectious diseases. Thus the knowledge on more of its cellular functions would provide also more therapeutic options for the future. In this review we compile the current knowledge on the Hsp90 ATPase mechanism, cofactor regulation and prospects of Hsp90 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Eckl
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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34
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Smith LL, Beggs AH, Gupta VA. Analysis of skeletal muscle defects in larval zebrafish by birefringence and touch-evoke escape response assays. J Vis Exp 2013:e50925. [PMID: 24378748 DOI: 10.3791/50925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become a particularly effective tool for modeling human diseases affecting skeletal muscle, including muscular dystrophies, congenital myopathies, and disruptions in sarcomeric assembly, due to high genomic and structural conservation with mammals. Muscular disorganization and locomotive impairment can be quickly assessed in the zebrafish over the first few days post-fertilization. Two assays to help characterize skeletal muscle defects in zebrafish are birefringence (structural) and touch-evoked escape response (behavioral). Birefringence is a physical property in which light is rotated as it passes through ordered matter, such as the pseudo-crystalline array of muscle sarcomeres. It is a simple, noninvasive approach to assess muscle integrity in translucent zebrafish larvae early in development. Wild-type zebrafish with highly organized skeletal muscle appear very bright amidst a dark background when visualized between two polarized light filters, whereas muscle mutants have birefringence patterns specific to the primary muscular disorder they model. Zebrafish modeling muscular dystrophies, diseases characterized by myofiber degeneration followed by repeated rounds of regeneration, exhibit degenerative dark patches in skeletal muscle under polarized light. Nondystrophic myopathies are not associated with necrosis or regenerative changes, but result in disorganized myofibers and skeletal muscle weakness. Myopathic zebrafish typically show an overall reduction in birefringence, reflecting the disorganization of sarcomeres. The touch-evoked escape assay involves observing an embryo's swimming behavior in response to tactile stimulation. In comparison to wild-type larvae, mutant larvae frequently display a weak escape contraction, followed by slow swimming or other type of impaired motion that fails to propel the larvae more than a short distance. The advantage of these assays is that disease progression in the same fish type can be monitored in vivo for several days, and that large numbers of fish can be analyzed in a short time relative to higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Smith
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
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35
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Hellerschmied D, Clausen T. Myosin chaperones. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 25:9-15. [PMID: 24440450 PMCID: PMC4045384 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The folding and assembly of myosin motor proteins is essential for most movement processes at the cellular, but also at the organism level. Importantly, myosins, which represent a very diverse family of proteins, require the activity of general and specialized folding factors to develop their full motor function. The activities of the myosin-specific UCS (UNC-45/Cro1/She4) chaperones range from assisting acto-myosin dependent transport processes to scaffolding multi-subunit chaperone complexes, which are required to assemble myofilaments. Recent structure-function studies revealed the structural organization of TPR (tetratricopeptide repeat)-containing and TPR-less UCS chaperones. The observed structural differences seem to reflect the specialized and remarkably versatile working mechanisms of myosin-directed chaperones, as will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Hellerschmied
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohrgasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Clausen
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohrgasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
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Li H, Zhong Y, Wang Z, Gao J, Xu J, Chu W, Zhang J, Fang S, Du SJ. Smyd1b is required for skeletal and cardiac muscle function in zebrafish. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:3511-21. [PMID: 24068325 PMCID: PMC3826989 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-06-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibrillogenesis is critical for muscle cell differentiation and contraction. This study shows that Smyd1b plays a key role in myofibrillogenesis in muscle cells. Knockdown of smyd1b results in up-regulation of hsp90α1 and unc45b gene expression, increased myosin degradation, and disruption of sarcomere organization in zebrafish embryos. Smyd1b is a member of the Smyd family that is specifically expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Smyd1b plays a key role in thick filament assembly during myofibrillogenesis in skeletal muscles of zebrafish embryos. To better characterize Smyd1b function and its mechanism of action in myofibrillogenesis, we analyzed the effects of smyd1b knockdown on myofibrillogenesis in skeletal and cardiac muscles of zebrafish embryos. The results show that knockdown of smyd1b causes significant disruption of myofibril organization in both skeletal and cardiac muscles of zebrafish embryos. Microarray and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analyses show that knockdown of smyd1b up-regulates heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) and unc45b gene expression. Biochemical analysis reveals that Smyd1b can be coimmunoprecipitated with heat shock protein 90 α-1 and Unc45b, two myosin chaperones expressed in muscle cells. Consistent with its potential function in myosin folding and assembly, knockdown of smyd1b significantly reduces myosin protein accumulation without affecting mRNA expression. This likely results from increased myosin degradation involving unc45b overexpression. Together these data support the idea that Smyd1b may work together with myosin chaperones to control myosin folding, degradation, and assembly into sarcomeres during myofibrillogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202 Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Hunan 410003, China
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Expression of heat shock protein (Hsp90) paralogues is regulated by amino acids in skeletal muscle of Atlantic salmon. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74295. [PMID: 24040223 PMCID: PMC3765391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins 90 (Hsp90) have an essential role in sarcomere formation and differentiation in skeletal muscle and also act as molecular chaperones during protein folding impacting a wide range of physiological processes. We characterised and provided a phylogenetically consistent nomenclature for the complete repertoire of six Hsp90 paralogues present in duplicated salmonid fish genomes (Hsp90α1a, Hsp90α1b, Hsp90α2a, Hsp90α2b, Hsp90ß1a and Hsp90ß1b). The expression of paralogues in fast skeletal muscle was investigated using in vivo fasting-feeding experiments and primary myogenic cultures. Fasted juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) showed a transient 2 to 8-fold increase in the expression of all 4 Hsp90α paralogues within 24h of satiation feeding. Hsp90α1a and hsp90α1b also showed a pronounced secondary increase in expression after 10 days, concomitant with muscle differentiation and the expression of myogenin and sarcomeric proteins (mlc2, myhc). Hsp90ß1b was constitutively expressed whereas Hsp90ß1a expression was downregulated 10-fold between fasted and fed individuals. Hsp90α1a and Hsp90α1b were upregulated 10 to 15-fold concomitant with myotube formation and muscle differentiation in vitro whereas other Hsp90 paralogues showed no change in expression. In cells starved of amino acid (AA) and serum for 72h the addition of AA, but not insulin-like growth factor 1, increased phosphorylation of mTor and expression of all 4 hsp90α paralogues and associated co-chaperones including hsp30, tbcb, pdia4, pdia6, stga and fk504bp1, indicating a general activation of the protein folding response. In contrast, Hsp90ß1a expression in vitro was unresponsive to AA treatment indicating that some other as yet uncharacterised signal(s) regulate its expression in response to altered nutritional state.
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Pokrzywa W, Hoppe T. Chaperoning myosin assembly in muscle formation and aging. WORM 2013; 2:e25644. [PMID: 24778937 PMCID: PMC3875649 DOI: 10.4161/worm.25644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The activity and assembly of various myosin subtypes is coordinated by conserved UCS (UNC-45/CRO1/She4p) domain proteins. One founding member of the UCS family is the Caenorhabditis elegans UNC-45 protein important for the organization of striated muscle filaments. Our recent structural and biochemical results demonstrated that UNC-45 forms a protein chain with defined periodicity of myosin interaction domains. Intriguingly, the UNC-45 chain serves as docking platform for myosin molecules, which promotes ordered spacing and incorporation of myosin into contractile muscle sarcomeres. The physiological relevance of this observation was demonstrated in C. elegans by transgenic expression of UNC-45 chain formation mutants, which provokes defects in muscle structure and size. Collaborating with the molecular chaperones, Hsp70 and Hsp90, chain formation of UNC-45 links myosin folding with myofilament assembly. Here, we discuss our recent findings on the dynamic regulation of UNC-45 structure and stability in the context of muscle regeneration mechanisms that are affected in myopathic diseases and during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Pokrzywa
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD); University of Cologne; Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoppe
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD); University of Cologne; Cologne, Germany
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Berger J, Currie PD. Zebrafish models flex their muscles to shed light on muscular dystrophies. Dis Model Mech 2013; 5:726-32. [PMID: 23115202 PMCID: PMC3484855 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are a group of genetic disorders that specifically affect skeletal muscle and are characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakening. To develop therapies and treatments for these diseases, a better understanding of the molecular basis of muscular dystrophies is required. Thus, identification of causative genes mutated in specific disorders and the study of relevant animal models are imperative. Zebrafish genetic models of human muscle disorders often closely resemble disease pathogenesis, and the optical clarity of zebrafish embryos and larvae enables visualization of dynamic molecular processes in vivo. As an adjunct tool, morpholino studies provide insight into the molecular function of genes and allow rapid assessment of candidate genes for human muscular dystrophies. This unique set of attributes makes the zebrafish model system particularly valuable for the study of muscle diseases. This review discusses how recent research using zebrafish has shed light on the pathological basis of muscular dystrophies, with particular focus on the muscle cell membrane and the linkage between the myofibre cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Berger
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, EMBL Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Voelkel T, Andresen C, Unger A, Just S, Rottbauer W, Linke WA. Lysine methyltransferase Smyd2 regulates Hsp90-mediated protection of the sarcomeric titin springs and cardiac function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:812-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Quinlan RA, Ellis RJ. Chaperones: needed for both the good times and the bad times. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20130091. [PMID: 23530265 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue, we explore the assembly roles of protein chaperones, mainly through the portal of their associated human diseases (e.g. cardiomyopathy, cataract, neurodegeneration, cancer and neuropathy). There is a diversity to chaperone function that goes beyond the current emphasis in the scientific literature on their undoubted roles in protein folding and refolding. The focus on chaperone-mediated protein folding needs to be broadened by the original Laskey discovery that a chaperone assists the assembly of an oligomeric structure, the nucleosome, and the subsequent suggestion by Ellis that other chaperones may function in assembly processes, as well as in folding. There have been a number of recent discoveries that extend this relatively neglected aspect of chaperone biology to include proteostasis, maintenance of the cellular redox potential, genome stability, transcriptional regulation and cytoskeletal dynamics. So central are these processes that we propose that chaperones stand at the crossroads of life and death because they mediate essential functions, not only during the bad times, but also in the good times. We suggest that chaperones facilitate the success of a species, and hence the evolution of individuals within populations, because of their contributions to so many key cellular processes, of which protein folding is only one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Quinlan
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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The myosin chaperone UNC-45 is organized in tandem modules to support myofilament formation in C. elegans. Cell 2013; 152:183-95. [PMID: 23332754 PMCID: PMC3549490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The UCS (UNC-45/CRO1/She4) chaperones play an evolutionarily conserved role in promoting myosin-dependent processes, including cytokinesis, endocytosis, RNA transport, and muscle development. To investigate the protein machinery orchestrating myosin folding and assembly, we performed a comprehensive analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans UNC-45. Our structural and biochemical data demonstrate that UNC-45 forms linear protein chains that offer multiple binding sites for cooperating chaperones and client proteins. Accordingly, Hsp70 and Hsp90, which bind to the TPR domain of UNC-45, could act in concert and with defined periodicity on captured myosin molecules. In vivo analyses reveal the elongated canyon of the UCS domain as a myosin-binding site and show that multimeric UNC-45 chains support organization of sarcomeric repeats. In fact, expression of transgenes blocking UNC-45 chain formation induces dominant-negative defects in the sarcomere structure and function of wild-type worms. Together, these findings uncover a filament assembly factor that directly couples myosin folding with myofilament formation.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Zebrafish is an amenable vertebrate model useful for the study of development and genetics. Small molecule screenings in zebrafish have successfully identified several drugs that affect developmental process. OBJECTIVE This review covers the basics of zebrafish muscle system such as muscle development and muscle defects. It also reviews the potential use of zebrafish for chemical screening with regards to muscle disorders. CONCLUSION During embryogenesis, zebrafish start to coil their body by contracting trunk muscles 17 h postfertilization, indicating that a motor circuit and skeletal muscle are functionally developed at early stages. Mutagenesis screens in zebrafish have identified many motility mutants that display morphological or functional defects in the CNS, clustering defects of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junctions or pathological defects of muscles. Most of the muscular mutants are useful as animal models of human muscle disease such as muscle dystrophy. As zebrafish live in water, pharmacological drugs are easily assayable during development, and thus zebrafish may be used to determine novel drugs that mitigate muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Hirata
- Nagoya University, Graduate School of Science, Proof to Hiromi Hirata Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan +81 52 789 2980 ; +81 52 789 2979 ;
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Hsp70/Hsp90 chaperone machinery is involved in the assembly of the purinosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:2528-33. [PMID: 23359685 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300173110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The de novo biosynthesis of purines is carried out by a highly conserved metabolic pathway that includes several validated targets for anticancer, immunosuppressant, and anti-inflammatory chemotherapeutics. The six enzymes in humans that catalyze the 10 chemical steps from phosphoribosylpyrophosphate to inosine monophosphate were recently shown to associate into a dynamic multiprotein complex called the purinosome. Here, we demonstrate that heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), and several cochaperones functionally colocalize with this protein complex. Knockdown of expression levels of the identified cochaperones leads to disruption of purinosomes. In addition, small molecule inhibitors of Hsp90 and Hsp70 reversibly disrupt purinosomes and are shown to have a synergistic effect with methotrexate, an anticancer agent that targets purine biosynthesis. These data implicate the Hsp90/Hsp70 chaperone machinery in the assembly of the purinosome and provide a strategy for the development of improved anticancer therapies that disrupt purine biosynthesis.
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Comyn SA, Pilgrim D. Lack of developmental redundancy between Unc45 proteins in zebrafish muscle development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48861. [PMID: 23144999 PMCID: PMC3492250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the majority of protein-coding genes in vertebrates have intra-genomic homologues, it has been difficult to eliminate the potential of functional redundancy from analyses of mutant phenotypes, whether produced by genetic lesion or transient knockdown. Further complicating these analyses, not all gene products have activities that can be assayed in vitro, where the efficiency of the various family members can be compared against constant substrates. Two vertebrate UNC-45 homologues, unc45a and unc45b, affect distinct stages of muscle differentiation when knocked down in cell culture and are functionally redundant in vitro. UNC-45 proteins are members of the UCS (UNC-45/CRO1/She4p) protein family that has been shown to regulate myosin-dependent functions from fungi to vertebrates through direct interaction with the myosin motor domain. To test whether the same functional relationship exists between these unc45 paralogs in vivo, we examined the developmental phenotypes of doubly homozygous unc45b−/−; unc45a−/− mutant zebrafish embryos. We focused specifically on the combined effects on morphology and gene expression resulting from the zygotic lack of both paralogs. We found that unc45b−/− and unc45b−/−; unc45a−/− embryos were phenotypically indistinguishable with both mutants displaying identical cardiac, skeletal muscle, and jaw defects. We also found no evidence to support a role for zygotic Unc45a function in myoblast differentiation. In contrast to previous in vitro work, this rules out a model of functional redundancy between Unc45a and Unc45b in vivo. Instead, our phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses provide evidence for the role of functional divergence in the evolution of the UCS protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Pilgrim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Lin YY. Muscle diseases in the zebrafish. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 22:673-84. [PMID: 22647769 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Animal models in biomedical research are important for understanding the pathological mechanisms of human diseases at a molecular and cellular level. Several aspects of mammalian animals, however, may limit their use in modelling neuromuscular disorders. Many attributes of zebrafish (Danio rerio) are complementary to mammalian experimental systems, establishing the zebrafish as a powerful model organism in disease biology. This review focuses on a number of key studies using the zebrafish to model hereditary muscle diseases with additional emphasis on recent advances in zebrafish functional genomics and drug discovery. Increasing research in zebrafish disease models, combined with knowledge from mammalian models, will bring novel insights into the disease pathogenesis of neuromuscular disorders, as well as facilitate the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Yao Lin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, United Kingdom.
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Stooke-Vaughan GA, Huang P, Hammond KL, Schier AF, Whitfield TT. The role of hair cells, cilia and ciliary motility in otolith formation in the zebrafish otic vesicle. Development 2012; 139:1777-87. [PMID: 22461562 DOI: 10.1242/dev.079947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Otoliths are biomineralised structures required for the sensation of gravity, linear acceleration and sound in the zebrafish ear. Otolith precursor particles, initially distributed throughout the otic vesicle lumen, become tethered to the tips of hair cell kinocilia (tether cilia) at the otic vesicle poles, forming two otoliths. We have used high-speed video microscopy to investigate the role of cilia and ciliary motility in otolith formation. In wild-type ears, groups of motile cilia are present at the otic vesicle poles, surrounding the immotile tether cilia. A few motile cilia are also found on the medial wall, but most cilia (92-98%) in the otic vesicle are immotile. In mutants with defective cilia (iguana) or ciliary motility (lrrc50), otoliths are frequently ectopic, untethered or fused. Nevertheless, neither cilia nor ciliary motility are absolutely required for otolith tethering: a mutant that lacks cilia completely (MZovl) is still capable of tethering otoliths at the otic vesicle poles. In embryos with attenuated Notch signalling [mindbomb mutant or Su(H) morphant], supernumerary hair cells develop and otolith precursor particles bind to the tips of all kinocilia, or bind directly to the hair cells' apical surface if cilia are absent [MZovl injected with a Su(H)1+2 morpholino]. However, if the first hair cells are missing (atoh1b morphant), otolith formation is severely disrupted and delayed. Our data support a model in which hair cells produce an otolith precursor-binding factor, normally localised to tether cell kinocilia. We also show that embryonic movement plays a minor role in the formation of normal otoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina A Stooke-Vaughan
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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At the Start of the Sarcomere: A Previously Unrecognized Role for Myosin Chaperones and Associated Proteins during Early Myofibrillogenesis. Biochem Res Int 2012; 2012:712315. [PMID: 22400118 PMCID: PMC3287041 DOI: 10.1155/2012/712315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of striated muscle in vertebrates requires the assembly of contractile myofibrils, consisting of highly ordered bundles of protein filaments. Myofibril formation occurs by the stepwise addition of complex proteins, a process that is mediated by a variety of molecular chaperones and quality control factors. Most notably, myosin of the thick filament requires specialized chaperone activity during late myofibrillogenesis, including that of Hsp90 and its cofactor, Unc45b. Unc45b has been proposed to act exclusively as an adaptor molecule, stabilizing interactions between Hsp90 and myosin; however, recent discoveries in zebrafish and C. elegans suggest the possibility of an earlier role for Unc45b during myofibrillogenesis. This role may involve functional control of nonmuscle myosins during the earliest stages of myogenesis, when premyofibril scaffolds are first formed from dynamic cytoskeletal actin. This paper will outline several lines of evidence that converge to build a model for Unc45b activity during early myofibrillogenesis.
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Xu J, Gao J, Li J, Xue L, Clark KJ, Ekker SC, Du SJ. Functional analysis of slow myosin heavy chain 1 and myomesin-3 in sarcomere organization in zebrafish embryonic slow muscles. J Genet Genomics 2012; 39:69-80. [PMID: 22361506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Myofibrillogenesis, the process of sarcomere formation, requires close interactions of sarcomeric proteins and various components of sarcomere structures. The myosin thick filaments and M-lines are two key components of the sarcomere. It has been suggested that myomesin proteins of M-lines interact with myosin and titin proteins and keep the thick and titin filaments in order. However, the function of myomesin in myofibrillogenesis and sarcomere organization remained largely enigmatic. No knockout or knockdown animal models have been reported to elucidate the role of myomesin in sarcomere organization in vivo. In this study, by using the gene-specific knockdown approach in zebrafish embryos, we carried out a loss-of-function analysis of myomesin-3 and slow myosin heavy chain 1 (smyhc1) expressed specifically in slow muscles. We demonstrated that knockdown of smyhc1 abolished the sarcomeric localization of myomesin-3 in slow muscles. In contrast, loss of myomesin-3 had no effect on the sarcomeric organization of thick and thin filaments as well as M- and Z-line structures. Together, these studies indicate that myosin thick filaments are required for M-line organization and M-line localization of myomesin-3. In contrast, myomesin-3 is dispensable for sarcomere organization in slow muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
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Donlin LT, Andresen C, Just S, Rudensky E, Pappas CT, Kruger M, Jacobs EY, Unger A, Zieseniss A, Dobenecker MW, Voelkel T, Chait BT, Gregorio CC, Rottbauer W, Tarakhovsky A, Linke WA. Smyd2 controls cytoplasmic lysine methylation of Hsp90 and myofilament organization. Genes Dev 2012; 26:114-9. [PMID: 22241783 DOI: 10.1101/gad.177758.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein lysine methylation is one of the most widespread post-translational modifications in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. Methylated lysines on histones and nonhistone proteins promote the formation of protein complexes that control gene expression and DNA replication and repair. In the cytoplasm, however, the role of lysine methylation in protein complex formation is not well established. Here we report that the cytoplasmic protein chaperone Hsp90 is methylated by the lysine methyltransferase Smyd2 in various cell types. In muscle, Hsp90 methylation contributes to the formation of a protein complex containing Smyd2, Hsp90, and the sarcomeric protein titin. Deficiency in Smyd2 results in the loss of Hsp90 methylation, impaired titin stability, and altered muscle function. Collectively, our data reveal a cytoplasmic protein network that employs lysine methylation for the maintenance and function of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura T Donlin
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Epigenetics and Signaling, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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