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Kostović I. Development of the basic architecture of neocortical circuitry in the human fetus as revealed by the coupling spatiotemporal pattern of synaptogenesis along with microstructure and macroscale in vivo MR imaging. Brain Struct Funct 2024:10.1007/s00429-024-02838-9. [PMID: 39102068 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
In humans, a quantifiable number of cortical synapses appears early in fetal life. In this paper, we present a bridge across different scales of resolution and the distribution of synapses across the transient cytoarchitectonic compartments: marginal zone (MZ), cortical plate (CP), subplate (SP), and in vivo MR images. The tissue of somatosensory cortex (7-26 postconceptional weeks (PCW)) was prepared for electron microscopy, and classified synapses with a determined subpial depth were used for creating histograms matched to the histological sections immunoreacted for synaptic markers and aligned to in vivo MR images (1.5 T) of corresponding fetal ages (maternal indication). Two time periods and laminar patterns of synaptogenesis were identified: an early and midfetal two-compartmental distribution (MZ and SP) and a late fetal three-compartmental distribution (CP synaptogenesis). During both periods, a voluminous, synapse-rich SP was visualized on the in vivo MR. Another novel finding concerns the phase of secondary expansion of the SP (13 PCW), where a quantifiable number of synapses appears in the upper SP. This lamina shows a T2 intermediate signal intensity below the low signal CP. In conclusion, the early fetal appearance of synapses shows early differentiation of putative genetic mechanisms underlying the synthesis, transport and assembly of synaptic proteins. "Pioneering" synapses are likely to play a morphogenetic role in constructing of fundamental circuitry architecture due to interaction between neurons. They underlie spontaneous, evoked, and resting state activity prior to ex utero experience. Synapses can also mediate genetic and environmental triggers, adversely altering the development of cortical circuitry and leading to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Kostović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Barraclough BN, Stubbs WT, Bohic M, Upadhyay A, Abraira VE, Ramer MS. Direct comparison of Hoxb8-driven reporter distribution in the brains of four transgenic mouse lines: towards a spinofugal projection atlas. Front Neuroanat 2024; 18:1400015. [PMID: 38817241 PMCID: PMC11137224 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2024.1400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hox genes govern rostro-caudal identity along the developing spinal cord, which has a well-defined division of function between dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) halves. Here we exploit developmental Hoxb8 expression, normally restricted to the dorsal cord below the obex, to genetically label spinal cord-to-brain ("spinofugal") axons. Methods We crossed two targeted (knock-in) and two non-targeted recombinase-expressing lines (Hoxb8-IRES-Cre and Hoxb8-T2AFlpO; Hoxb8-Cre and Hoxb8-FlpO, respectively) with appropriate tdtomato-expressing reporter strains. Serial sectioning, confocal and superresolution microscopy, as well as light-sheet imaging was used to reveal robust labeling of ascending axons and their terminals in expected and unexpected regions. Results This strategy provides unprecedented anatomical detail of ascending spinal tracts anterior to the brainstem, and reveals a previously undescribed decussating tract in the ventral hypothalamus (the spinofugal hypothalamic decussating tract, or shxt). The absence of Hoxb8-suppressing elements led to multiple instances of ectopic reporter expression in Hoxb8-Cre mice (retinal ganglion and vomeronasal axons, anterior thalamic nuclei and their projections to the anterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices and subiculum, and a population of astrocytes at the cephalic flexure) and Hoxb8-FlpO mice (Cajal-Retzius cells of the dentate gyrus, and mesenchymal cells of the choroid plexus). While targeted transgenic lines were similar in terms of known spinofugal projections, Hoxb8-IRES-Cre reporters had an additional projection to the core of the facial motor nucleus, and more abundant Hoxb8-lineage microglia scattered throughout the brain than Hoxb8-T2A-FlpO (or any other) mice, suggesting dysregulated Hoxb8-driven reporter expression in one or both lines. Discussion This work complements structural and connectivity atlases of the mouse central nervous system, and provides a platform upon which their reactions to injury or disease can be studied. Ectopic Hoxb8-driven recombinase expression may also be a useful tool to study structure and function of other cell populations in non-targeted lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget N. Barraclough
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - W. Terrence Stubbs
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Manon Bohic
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Aman Upadhyay
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Victoria E. Abraira
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Matt S. Ramer
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Singh R, Ray A. Therapeutic potential of hedgehog signaling in advanced cancer types. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 386:49-80. [PMID: 38782501 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In this chapter, we have made an attempt to elucidate the relevance of hedgehog signaling pathway in tumorigenesis. Here, we have described different types of hedgehog signaling (canonical and non-canonical) with emphasis on the different mechanisms (mutation-driven, autocrine, paracrine and reverse paracrine) it adopts during tumorigenesis. We have discussed the role of hedgehog signaling in regulating cell proliferation, invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in both local and advanced cancer types, as reported in different studies based on preclinical and clinical models. We have specifically addressed the role of hedgehog signaling in aggressive neuroendocrine tumors as well. We have also elaborated on the studies showing therapeutic relevance of the inhibitors of hedgehog signaling in cancer. Evidence of the crosstalk of hedgehog signaling components with other signaling pathways and treatment resistance due to tumor heterogeneity have also been briefly discussed. Together, we have tried to put forward a compilation of the studies on therapeutic potential of hedgehog signaling in various cancers, specifically aggressive tumor types with a perspective into what is lacking and demands further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Anindita Ray
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Lin J, Zhang M, Liang F, Ni Y, Zhang J, Shi H, Hong M, Ding L. Morphological and transcriptomic analyses of embryonic development of red-eared slider Trachemys scripta elegans. Anim Reprod Sci 2024; 261:107395. [PMID: 38104500 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Embryology provides an understanding of individual's origin and developmental patterns. Turtles are among the oldest living reptiles and have unique body structure. However, the morphogenesis and mechanisms of turtles are not fully understood. In this study, we focused on the embryonic development of red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) which widely distributes in the world. At an incubation temperature of 28 °C, the turtle eggs had a 61-day incubation cycle, and the entire embryonic development process was divided into 27 stages and 3 phases according to variations in age, body size, and morphological characteristics. The early phase of embryonic development (the first 12 stages) were characterized by embryo growth, and the appearance of internal organ precursors. The middle phase (stages 13-20) involved prominent heart division at stage 13 and the appearance of carapace and plastron at stages 14 and 17, respectively. In the later phase (stages 21-27), the hatchlings formed, and the carapace and plastron thickened. Transcriptome analysis of embryos showed enrichment of the differential genes in pathways related to development, metabolism, disease, and cellular processes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment (KEGG) analysis implied the crucial regulatory role of the axon guidance pathway. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR indicated upregulated expression of wnt5a and bmp7 in stages 7 and 16 compared to that in stage 12. This study revealed the development process of red-eared slider embryo and the dynamics of the signaling pathway affecting its development, which supplemented the theory of embryo development, and provided new ideas for the molecular mechanism of turtle embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Fangbin Liang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Yunfang Ni
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Jiani Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Haitao Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Meiling Hong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China.
| | - Li Ding
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China.
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Fujikawa R, Okimura C, Kozawa S, Ikeda K, Inagaki N, Iwadate Y, Sakumura Y. Bayesian traction force estimation using cell boundary-dependent force priors. Biophys J 2023; 122:4542-4554. [PMID: 37915171 PMCID: PMC10719052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the principles of cell migration necessitates measurements of the forces generated by cells. In traction force microscopy (TFM), fluorescent beads are placed on a substrate's surface and the substrate strain caused by the cell traction force is observed as displacement of the beads. Mathematical analysis can estimate traction force from bead displacement. However, most algorithms estimate substrate stresses independently of cell boundary, which results in poor estimation accuracy in low-density bead environments. To achieve accurate force estimation at low density, we proposed a Bayesian traction force estimation (BTFE) algorithm that incorporates cell-boundary-dependent force as a prior. We evaluated the performance of the proposed algorithm using synthetic data generated with mathematical models of cells and TFM substrates. BTFE outperformed other methods, especially in low-density bead conditions. In addition, the BTFE algorithm provided a reasonable force estimation using TFM images from the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Fujikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Chika Okimura
- Department of Biology, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kozawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Kazushi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan; Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Inagaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Yuichi Sakumura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan; Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan.
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Sajid N. Topography and mechanical measurements of primary Schwann cells and neuronal cells with atomic force microscope for understanding and controlling nerve growth. Micron 2023; 167:103427. [PMID: 36805164 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries require a piece of substantial information for a satisfactory treatment. The prior peripheral nerve injury knowledge, can improve nerve repair, and its growth at molecular and cellular level. In this study, we employed an atomic force microscope (AFM) to investigate the topography and mechanical properties of the primary Schwann cells and neuronal cells. Tapping mode images and contact points force-volume maps provide the cells topography. Two different probes were used to acquire the micro and nanomechanical properties of the primary Schwann cells, NG-108-15 neuronal cells, and growth cones. Moreover, the sharp probe was only used to investigate neurites nanomechanics. A significant difference in the elastic moduli found between primary Schwann cells, and neuronal cells, with both probes, with consistent results. The elastic moduli of the growth cones were found higher, than the neuronal cells and primary Schwann cells, with both probes. Furthermore, the modulus variations were also found between neurites. These results have significant implications for a better understanding of the peripheral nerve system (PNS) in terms of defining the optimal pattern surface and nerve guidance conduits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Sajid
- Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
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Fernández‐Nogales M, López‐Cascales MT, Murcia‐Belmonte V, Escalante A, Fernández‐Albert J, Muñoz‐Viana R, Barco A, Herrera E. Multiomic Analysis of Neurons with Divergent Projection Patterns Identifies Novel Regulators of Axon Pathfinding. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200615. [PMID: 35988153 PMCID: PMC9561852 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Axon pathfinding is a key step in neural circuits formation. However, the transcriptional mechanisms regulating its progression remain poorly understood. The binary decision of crossing or avoiding the midline taken by some neuronal axons during development represents a robust model to investigate the mechanisms that control the selection of axonal trajectories. Here, to identify novel regulators of axon guidance, this work compares the transcriptome and chromatin occupancy profiles of two neuronal subpopulations, ipsilateral (iRGC) and contralateral retinal ganglion cells (cRGC), with similar functions but divergent axon trajectories. These analyses retrieved a number of genes encoding for proteins not previously implicated in axon pathfinding. In vivo functional experiments confirm the implication of some of these candidates in axonal navigation. Among the candidate genes, γ-synuclein is identified as essential for inducing midline crossing. Footprint and luciferase assays demonstrate that this small-sized protein is regulated by the transcription factor (TF) Pou4f1 in cRGCs. It is also shown that Lhx2/9 are specifically expressed in iRGCs and control a program that partially overlaps with that regulated by Zic2, previously described as essential for iRGC specification. Overall, the analyses identify dozens of new molecules potentially involved in axon guidance and reveal the regulatory logic behind the selection of axonal trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fernández‐Nogales
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas ‐Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, CSIC‐UMH)San Juan de AlicanteAv. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/nAlicante03550Spain
| | - Maria Teresa López‐Cascales
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas ‐Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, CSIC‐UMH)San Juan de AlicanteAv. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/nAlicante03550Spain
| | - Verónica Murcia‐Belmonte
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas ‐Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, CSIC‐UMH)San Juan de AlicanteAv. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/nAlicante03550Spain
| | - Augusto Escalante
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas ‐Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, CSIC‐UMH)San Juan de AlicanteAv. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/nAlicante03550Spain
| | - Jordi Fernández‐Albert
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas ‐Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, CSIC‐UMH)San Juan de AlicanteAv. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/nAlicante03550Spain
| | - Rafael Muñoz‐Viana
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas ‐Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, CSIC‐UMH)San Juan de AlicanteAv. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/nAlicante03550Spain
| | - Angel Barco
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas ‐Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, CSIC‐UMH)San Juan de AlicanteAv. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/nAlicante03550Spain
| | - Eloísa Herrera
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas ‐Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, CSIC‐UMH)San Juan de AlicanteAv. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/nAlicante03550Spain
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Fornaro M, Dipollina C, Giambalvo D, Garcia R, Sigerson C, Sharthiya H, Liu C, Nealey PF, Kristjansdottir K, Gasiorowski JZ. Submicron Topographically Patterned 3D Substrates Enhance Directional Axon Outgrowth of Dorsal Root Ganglia Cultured Ex Vivo. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081059. [PMID: 36008953 PMCID: PMC9405616 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A peripheral nerve injury results in disruption of the fiber that usually protects axons from the surrounding environment. Severed axons from the proximal nerve stump are capable of regenerating, but axons are exposed to a completely new environment. Regeneration recruits cells that produce and deposit key molecules, including growth factor proteins and fibrils in the extracellular matrix (ECM), thus changing the chemical and geometrical environment. The regenerating axons thus surf on a newly remodeled micro-landscape. Strategies to enhance and control axonal regeneration and growth after injury often involve mimicking the extrinsic cues that are found in the natural nerve environment. Indeed, nano- and micropatterned substrates have been generated as tools to guide axons along a defined path. The mechanical cues of the substrate are used as guides to orient growth or change the direction of growth in response to impediments or cell surface topography. However, exactly how axons respond to biophysical information and the dynamics of axonal movement are still poorly understood. Here we use anisotropic, groove-patterned substrate topography to direct and enhance sensory axonal growth of whole mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) transplanted ex vivo. Our results show significantly enhanced and directed growth of the DRG sensory fibers on the hemi-3D topographic substrates compared to a 0 nm pitch, flat control surface. By assessing the dynamics of axonal movement in time-lapse microscopy, we found that the enhancement was not due to increases in the speed of axonal growth, but to the efficiency of growth direction, ensuring axons minimize movement in undesired directions. Finally, the directionality of growth was reproduced on topographic patterns fabricated as fully 3D substrates, potentially opening new translational avenues of development incorporating these specific topographic feature sizes in implantable conduits in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fornaro
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (C.D.); (D.G.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (J.Z.G.)
| | - Christopher Dipollina
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (C.D.); (D.G.); (C.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (R.G.); (K.K.)
| | - Darryl Giambalvo
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (C.D.); (D.G.); (C.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (R.G.); (K.K.)
| | - Robert Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (R.G.); (K.K.)
| | - Casey Sigerson
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (C.D.); (D.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Harsh Sharthiya
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
| | - Claire Liu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (C.L.); (P.F.N.)
| | - Paul F. Nealey
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (C.L.); (P.F.N.)
| | - Kolbrun Kristjansdottir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (R.G.); (K.K.)
| | - Joshua Z. Gasiorowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (R.G.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (J.Z.G.)
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Chen J, Zhai Z, Lu L, Li S, Guo D, Bai L, Yu D. Identification and Characterization of miRNAs and Their Predicted mRNAs in the Larval Development of Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:303-319. [PMID: 35353261 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an important economic shellfish, the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata, and its larvae are an ideal model for studying molecular mechanisms of larval development in invertebrates. Larval development directly affects the quantity and quality of pearl oysters. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may play important roles in development, but the effects of miRNA expression on P. fucata early development remain unknown. In this study, miRNA and mRNA transcriptomics of seven different P. fucata developmental stages were analyzed using Illumina RNA sequencing. A total of 329 miRNAs, including 87 known miRNAs and 242 novel miRNAs, and 33,550 unigenes, including 26,333 known genes and 7217 predicted new genes, were identified in these stages. A cluster analysis showed that the difference in the numbers of miRNAs was greatest between fertilized eggs and trochophores. In addition, the integrated mRNA transcriptome was used to predict target genes for differentially expressed miRNAs between adjacent developmental stages, and the target genes were subjected to a gene ontology enrichment analysis. Using the gene ontology annotation, 100 different expressed genes and 95 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified as part of larval development regulation. Real-time PCR was used to identify eight mRNAs and three miRNAs related to larval development. The present findings will be helpful for further clarifying the regulatory mechanisms of miRNA in invertebrate larval development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi, Qinzhou, 535011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqin Zhai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi, Qinzhou, 535011, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi, Qinzhou, 535011, People's Republic of China
| | - Suping Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi, Qinzhou, 535011, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi, Qinzhou, 535011, People's Republic of China
| | - Lirong Bai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi, Qinzhou, 535011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dahui Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi, Qinzhou, 535011, People's Republic of China.
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Cheng P, Liao HY, Zhang HH. The role of Wnt/mTOR signaling in spinal cord injury. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2022; 25:101760. [PMID: 35070684 PMCID: PMC8762069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2022.101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the most common disabling spinal injury, a complex pathologic process that can eventually lead to severe neurological dysfunction. The Wnt/mTOR signaling pathway is a pervasive signaling cascade that regulates a wide range of physiological processes during embryonic development, from stem cell pluripotency to cell fate. Numerous studies have reported that Wnt/mTOR signaling pathway plays an important role in neural development, synaptogenesis, neuron growth, differentiation and survival after the central nervous system (CNS) is damaged. Wnt/mTOR also plays an important role in regulating various pathophysiological processes after spinal cord injury (SCI). After SCI, Wnt/mTOR signal regulates the physiological and pathological processes of neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation, neuronal axon regeneration, neuroinflammation and pain through multiple pathways. Due to the characteristics of the Wnt signal in SCI make it a potential therapeutic target of SCI. In this paper, the characteristics of Wnt/mTOR signal, the role of Wnt/mTOR pathway on SCI and related mechanisms are reviewed, and some unsolved problems are discussed. It is hoped to provide reference value for the research field of the role of Wnt/mTOR pathway in SCI, and provide a theoretical basis for biological therapy of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, LanZhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Yang Liao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, 342800, PR China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, LanZhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
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Havins L, Capel A, Christie SD, Lewis MP, Roach P. Gradient biomimetic platforms for neurogenesis studies. J Neural Eng 2021; 19. [PMID: 34942614 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac4639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for the development of new cellular therapies for the treatment of many diseases, with the central nervous system (CNS) currently an area of specific focus. Due to the complexity and delicacy of its biology, there is currently a limited understanding of neurogenesis and consequently a lack of reliable test platforms, resulting in several CNS based diseases having no cure. The ability to differentiate pluripotent stem cells into specific neuronal sub-types may enable scalable manufacture for clinical therapies, with a focus also on the purity and quality of the cell population. This focus is targeted towards an urgent need for the diseases that currently have no cure, e.g. Parkinson's disease. Differentiation studies carried out using traditional 2D cell culture techniques are designed using biological signals and morphogens known to be important for neurogenesis in vivo. However, such studies are limited by their simplistic nature, including a general poor efficiency and reproducibility, high reagent costs and an inability to scale-up the process to a manufacture-wide design for clinical use. Biomimetic approaches to recapitulate a more in vivo-like environment are progressing rapidly within this field, with application of bio(chemical) gradients presented both as 2D surfaces and within a 3D volume. This review focusses on the development and application of these advanced extracellular environments particularly for the neural niche. We emphasise the progress that has been made specifically in the area of stem cell derived neuronal differentiation. Increasing developments in biomaterial approaches to manufacture stem cells will enable the improvement of differentiation protocols, enhancing the efficiency and repeatability of the process with a move towards up-scaling. Progress in this area brings these techniques closer to enabling the development of therapies for the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurissa Havins
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Dept Chemistry, School of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Andrew Capel
- Loughborough University, 2National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Steven D Christie
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Dept Chemistry, School of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Mark P Lewis
- Loughborough University School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Paul Roach
- Chemistry, Loughborough University, Dept Chemistry, School of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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12
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Sahni V, Itoh Y, Shnider SJ, Macklis JD. Crim1 and Kelch-like 14 exert complementary dual-directional developmental control over segmentally specific corticospinal axon projection targeting. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109842. [PMID: 34686337 PMCID: PMC8697027 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex executes highly skilled movement, necessitating that it connects accurately with specific brainstem and spinal motor circuitry. Corticospinal neurons (CSN) must correctly target specific spinal segments, but the basis for this targeting remains unknown. In the accompanying report, we show that segmentally distinct CSN subpopulations are molecularly distinct from early development, identifying candidate molecular controls over segmentally specific axon targeting. Here, we functionally investigate two of these candidate molecular controls, Crim1 and Kelch-like 14 (Klhl14), identifying their critical roles in directing CSN axons to appropriate spinal segmental levels in the white matter prior to axon collateralization. Crim1 and Klhl14 are specifically expressed by distinct CSN subpopulations and regulate their differental white matter projection targeting-Crim1 directs thoracolumbar axon extension, while Klhl14 limits axon extension to bulbar-cervical segments. These molecular regulators of descending spinal projections constitute the first stages of a dual-directional set of complementary controls over CSN diversity for segmentally and functionally distinct circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhu Sahni
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Itoh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sara J Shnider
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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13
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Žunić Išasegi I, Kopić J, Smilović D, Krsnik Ž, Kostović I. Transient Subplate Sublayer Forms Unique Corridor for Differential Ingrowth of Associative Pulvinar and Primary Visual Projection in the Prospective Visual Cortical Areas of the Human Fetal Occipital Lobe. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:110-122. [PMID: 34255828 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoarchitectonical parcellation of the visual cortex into the striate and extrastriate cortex requires complex histogenetic events within a precise spatio-temporal frame to attain the specification of areal domains and associated thalamocortical connections during the fetal brain development. We analyzed a deep subplate cellular monolayer (subplate "corridor" cells) present during a restricted period of 13-15 postconceptional weeks, showing the 3D caudo-ventro-medial position in the human fetal occipital lobe, corresponding to the segregation point of pulvinocortical and geniculocortical fibers at the prospective area 17/18 border. Immunofluorescence stainings revealed subplate "corridor" cells as the specific class of the deepest subplate neurons (NeuN+, Tbr1+, Cplx3+) expressing axon guidance molecules (Sema-3A+, EphA6+), presumably for the attraction of pulvinocortical axons and the repulsion of geniculocortical axons growing at that time (SNAP25+, Syn+, FN+). Furthermore, quantitative analysis of the subplate "corridor" region of interest, considering cell number, immunofluorescence signal intensity per cell and per region, revealed significant differences to other regions across the tangential circumference of the developing cerebral wall. Thus, our study sheds new light on the deepest subplate sublayer, strategically aligned along the growing axon systems in the prospective visual system, suggesting the establishment of the area 17/18 border by differential thalamocortical input during the fetal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Žunić Išasegi
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Janja Kopić
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dinko Smilović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Krsnik
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Kostović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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Boolean Networks: A Primer. SYSTEMS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11518-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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15
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Alvarez S, Varadarajan SG, Butler SJ. Dorsal commissural axon guidance in the developing spinal cord. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 142:197-231. [PMID: 33706918 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Commissural axons have been a key model system for identifying axon guidance signals in vertebrates. This review summarizes the current thinking about the molecular and cellular mechanisms that establish a specific commissural neural circuit: the dI1 neurons in the developing spinal cord. We assess the contribution of long- and short-range signaling while sequentially following the developmental timeline from the birth of dI1 neurons, to the extension of commissural axons first circumferentially and then contralaterally into the ventral funiculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Alvarez
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Doctoral Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Samantha J Butler
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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16
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Gleco S, Romanyuk O, Gordeev I, Kuldová K, Paskova T, Ivanisevic A. Modification of the Surface Properties of Al x Ga 1-x N Substrates with Gradient Aluminum Composition Using Wet Chemical Treatments. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:11760-11769. [PMID: 31460283 PMCID: PMC6682072 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The surface properties of biomolecular gradients are widely known to be important for controlling cell dynamics, but there is a lack of platforms for studying them in vitro using inorganic materials. The changes in various surface properties of an Al x Ga1-x N film (0.173 ≤ x ≤ 0.220) with gradient aluminum content were quantified to demonstrate the ability to modify interfacial characteristics. Four wet chemical treatments were used to modify the surface of the film: (i) oxide passivation by hydrogen peroxide, (ii) two-step functionalization with a carboxylic acid following hydrogen peroxide pretreatment, (iii) phosphoric acid etch, and (iv) in situ functionalization with a phosphonic acid in phosphoric acid. The characterization confirmed changes in the topography, nanostructures, and hydrophobicity after chemical treatment. Additionally, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to confirm that the chemical composition of the surfaces, in particular, Ga2O3 and Al2O3 content, was dependent on both the chemical treatment and the Al content of the gradient. Spectroscopic evaluation showed red shifts in strain-sensitive Raman peaks as the Al content gradually increased, but the same peaks blue-shifted after chemical treatment. Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements demonstrated that one can modify the surface charge using the chemical treatments. There were no predictable or controllable surface charge trends because of the spontaneous oxide-based nanostructured formations of the bulk material that varied based on treatment and were defect-dependent. The reported methodology and characterization can be utilized in future interfacial studies that rely on water-based wet chemical functionalization of inorganic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gleco
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Oleksandr Romanyuk
- Institute
of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech
Republic, Cukrovarnická
10, Prague 6 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Gordeev
- Institute
of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech
Republic, Cukrovarnická
10, Prague 6 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Karla Kuldová
- Institute
of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech
Republic, Cukrovarnická
10, Prague 6 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tania Paskova
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Albena Ivanisevic
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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17
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McKenzie MG, Cobbs LV, Dummer PD, Petros TJ, Halford MM, Stacker SA, Zou Y, Fishell GJ, Au E. Non-canonical Wnt Signaling through Ryk Regulates the Generation of Somatostatin- and Parvalbumin-Expressing Cortical Interneurons. Neuron 2019; 103:853-864.e4. [PMID: 31257105 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons have many important functions in cortical circuitry, a reflection of their cell diversity. The developmental origins of this diversity are poorly understood. Here, we identify rostral-caudal regionality in Wnt exposure within the interneuron progenitor zone delineating the specification of the two main interneuron subclasses. Caudally situated medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) progenitors receive high levels of Wnt signaling and give rise to somatostatin (SST)-expressing cortical interneurons. By contrast, parvalbumin (PV)-expressing basket cells originate mostly from the rostral MGE, where Wnt signaling is attenuated. Interestingly, rather than canonical signaling through β-catenin, signaling via the non-canonical Wnt receptor Ryk regulates interneuron cell-fate specification in vivo and in vitro. Indeed, gain of function of Ryk intracellular domain signaling regulates SST and PV fate in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that Ryk signaling acts in a graded fashion. These data reveal an important role for non-canonical Wnt-Ryk signaling in establishing the correct ratios of cortical interneuron subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa G McKenzie
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lucy V Cobbs
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Patrick D Dummer
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Timothy J Petros
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael M Halford
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Department of Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Steven A Stacker
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Department of Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Yimin Zou
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gord J Fishell
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 04115, USA; The Stanley Center at the Broad, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Edmund Au
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative Scholar, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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18
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Salaritabar A, Berindan-Neagoe I, Darvish B, Hadjiakhoondi F, Manayi A, Devi KP, Barreca D, Orhan IE, Süntar I, Farooqi AA, Gulei D, Nabavi SF, Sureda A, Daglia M, Dehpour AR, Nabavi SM, Shirooie S. Targeting Hedgehog signaling pathway: Paving the road for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:466-480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Žunić Išasegi I, Radoš M, Krsnik Ž, Radoš M, Benjak V, Kostović I. Interactive histogenesis of axonal strata and proliferative zones in the human fetal cerebral wall. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:3919-3943. [PMID: 30094607 PMCID: PMC6267252 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Development of the cerebral wall is characterized by partially overlapping histogenetic events. However, little is known with regards to when, where, and how growing axonal pathways interact with progenitor cell lineages in the proliferative zones of the human fetal cerebrum. We analyzed the developmental continuity and spatial distribution of the axonal sagittal strata (SS) and their relationship with proliferative zones in a series of human brains (8-40 post-conceptional weeks; PCW) by comparing histological, histochemical, and immunocytochemical data with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Between 8.5 and 11 PCW, thalamocortical fibers from the intermediate zone (IZ) were initially dispersed throughout the subventricular zone (SVZ), while sizeable axonal "invasion" occurred between 12.5 and 15 PCW followed by callosal fibers which "delaminated" the ventricular zone-inner SVZ from the outer SVZ (OSVZ). During midgestation, the SS extensively invaded the OSVZ, separating cell bands, and a new multilaminar axonal-cellular compartment (MACC) was formed. Preterm period reveals increased complexity of the MACC in terms of glial architecture and the thinning of proliferative bands. The addition of associative fibers and the formation of the centrum semiovale separated the SS from the subplate. In vivo MRI of the occipital SS indicates a "triplet" structure of alternating hypointense and hyperintense bands. Our results highlighted the developmental continuity of sagittally oriented "corridors" of projection, commissural and associative fibers, and histogenetic interaction with progenitors, neurons, and glia. Histogenetical changes in the MACC, and consequently, delineation of the SS on MRI, may serve as a relevant indicator of white matter microstructural integrity in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Žunić Išasegi
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centar of Research Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Milan Radoš
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centar of Research Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Krsnik
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centar of Research Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Radoš
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vesna Benjak
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Kostović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centar of Research Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
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20
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He CW, Liao CP, Pan CL. Wnt signalling in the development of axon, dendrites and synapses. Open Biol 2018; 8:rsob.180116. [PMID: 30282660 PMCID: PMC6223216 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnts are a highly conserved family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in the morphogenesis and body patterning during the development of metazoan species. In recent years, mounting evidence has revealed important functions of Wnt signalling in diverse aspects of neural development, including neuronal polarization, guidance and branching of the axon and dendrites, as well as synapse formation and its structural remodelling. In contrast to Wnt signalling in cell proliferation and differentiation, which mostly acts through β-catenin-dependent pathways, Wnts engage a diverse array of non-transcriptional cascades in neuronal development, such as the planar cell polarity, cytoskeletal or calcium signalling pathways. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the mechanisms of Wnt signalling in the development of axon, dendrite and synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei He
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Po Liao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Liang Pan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan, Republic of China
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21
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Li H, Shuster SA, Li J, Luo L. Linking neuronal lineage and wiring specificity. Neural Dev 2018; 13:5. [PMID: 29653548 PMCID: PMC5899351 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain function requires precise neural circuit assembly during development. Establishing a functional circuit involves multiple coordinated steps ranging from neural cell fate specification to proper matching between pre- and post-synaptic partners. How neuronal lineage and birth timing influence wiring specificity remains an open question. Recent findings suggest that the relationships between lineage, birth timing, and wiring specificity vary in different neuronal circuits. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the cellular, molecular, and developmental mechanisms linking neuronal lineage and birth timing to wiring specificity in a few specific systems in Drosophila and mice, and review different methods employed to explore these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Li
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Andrew Shuster
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Jiefu Li
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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22
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Yang C, Li X, Li Q, Li H, Qiao L, Guo Z, Lin J. Sonic Hedgehog Regulation of the Neural Precursor Cell Fate During Chicken Optic Tectum Development. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 64:287-299. [PMID: 29285739 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-1019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During nervous system development, neurons project axons over long distances to reach the appropriate targets for correct neural circuit formation. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted protein and plays a key role in regulating vertebrate embryogenesis, especially in central nervous system (CNS) patterning, including neuronal migration and axonal projection in the brain and spinal cord. In the developing ventral midbrain, Shh is sufficient to specify a striped pattern of cell fates. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the Shh regulation of the neural precursor cell fate during the optic tectum development. Here, we aimed at studying how Shh might regulate chicken optic tectum patterning. In the present study, in ovo electroporation methods were employed to achieve the overexpression of Shh in the optic tectum during chicken embryo development. Besides, the study combined in ovo electroporation and neuron isolation culturing to study the function of Shh in vivo and in vitro. The fluorescent immunohistochemistry methods were used to check the related indicators. The results showed that Shh overexpression caused 87.8% of cells to be distributed to the stratum griseum central (SGC) layer, while only 39.3% of the GFP-transfected cells resided in the SGC layer in the control group. Shh overexpression also reduced the axon length in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, we provide evidence that Shh regulates the neural precursor cell fate during chicken optic tectum development. Shh overexpression impairs neuronal migration and may affect the fate determination of transfected neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciqing Yang
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Qiuling Li
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Han Li
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, University Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Liang Qiao
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Juntang Lin
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China. .,College of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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23
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Katic J, Loers G, Tosic J, Schachner M, Kleene R. The cell adhesion molecule CHL1 interacts with patched-1 to regulate apoptosis during postnatal cerebellar development. J Cell Sci 2017. [PMID: 28630165 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.194563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulin superfamily adhesion molecule close homolog of L1 (CHL1) plays important roles during nervous system development. Here, we identified the hedgehog receptor patched-1 (PTCH1) as a novel CHL1-binding protein and showed that CHL1 interacts with the first extracellular loop of PTCH1 via its extracellular domain. Colocalization and co-immunoprecipitation of CHL1 with PTCH1 suggest an association of CHL1 with this major component of the hedgehog signaling pathway. The trans-interaction of CHL1 with PTCH1 promotes neuronal survival in cultures of dissociated cerebellar granule cells and of organotypic cerebellar slices. An inhibitor of the PTCH1-regulated hedgehog signal transducer, smoothened (SMO), and inhibitors of RhoA and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) 1 and 2 prevent CHL1-dependent survival of cultured cerebellar granule cells and survival of cerebellar granule and Purkinje cells in organotypic cultures. In histological sections from 10- and 14-day-old CHL1-deficient mice, enhanced apoptosis of granule, but not Purkinje, cells was observed. The results of the present study indicate that CHL1 triggers PTCH1-, SMO-, RhoA- and ROCK-dependent signal transduction pathways to promote neuronal survival after cessation of the major morphogenetic events during mouse cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Katic
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jelena Tosic
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA .,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Riveiro AR, Mariani L, Malmberg E, Amendola PG, Peltonen J, Wong G, Salcini AE. JMJD-1.2/PHF8 controls axon guidance by regulating Hedgehog-like signaling. Development 2017; 144:856-865. [PMID: 28126843 DOI: 10.1242/dev.142695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Components of the KDM7 family of histone demethylases are implicated in neuronal development and one member, PHF8, is often found to be mutated in cases of X-linked mental retardation. However, how PHF8 regulates neurodevelopmental processes and contributes to the disease is still largely unknown. Here, we show that the catalytic activity of a PHF8 homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans, JMJD-1.2, is required non-cell-autonomously for proper axon guidance. Loss of JMJD-1.2 dysregulates transcription of the Hedgehog-related genes wrt-8 and grl-16, the overexpression of which is sufficient to induce the axonal defects. Deficiency of either wrt-8 or grl-16, or reduced expression of homologs of genes promoting Hedgehog signaling, restores correct axon guidance in jmjd-1.2 mutants. Genetic and overexpression data indicate that Hedgehog-related genes act on axon guidance through actin remodelers. Thus, our study highlights a novel function of jmjd-1.2 in axon guidance that might be relevant for the onset of X-linked mental retardation and provides compelling evidence of a conserved function of the Hedgehog pathway in C. elegans axon migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Redo Riveiro
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luca Mariani
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emily Malmberg
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pier Giorgio Amendola
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juhani Peltonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Garry Wong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macau, China
| | - Anna Elisabetta Salcini
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark .,Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Planar cell polarity genes Frizzled3a, Vangl2, and Scribble are required for spinal commissural axon guidance. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:83. [PMID: 27955617 PMCID: PMC5154073 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0318-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A fundamental feature of early nervous system development is the guidance of axonal projections to their targets in order to assemble neural circuits that control behavior. Spinal commissural neurons are an attractive model to investigate the multiple guidance cues that control growth cone navigation both pre- and post-midline crossing, as well as along both the dorsal-ventral (D-V) and anterior-posterior (A-P) axes. Accumulating evidence suggests that guidance of spinal commissural axons along the A-P axis is dependent on components of the planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway. In the zebrafish, the earliest born spinal commissural neuron to navigate the midline and turn rostrally is termed commissural primary ascending (CoPA). Unlike mammalian systems, CoPA axons cross the midline as a single axon and allow an analysis of the role of PCP components in anterior pathfinding in single pioneering axons. RESULTS Here, we establish CoPA cells in the zebrafish spinal cord as a model system for investigating the molecular function of planar cell polarity signaling in axon guidance. Using mutant analysis, we show that the functions of Fzd3a and Vangl2 in the anterior turning of commissural axons are evolutionarily conserved in teleosts. We extend our findings to reveal a role for the PCP gene scribble in the anterior guidance of CoPA axons. Analysis of single CoPA axons reveals that these commissural axons become responsive to PCP-dependent anterior guidance cues even prior to midline crossing. When midline crossing is prevented by dcc gene knockdown, ipsilateral CoPA axons still extend axons anteriorly in response to A-P guidance cues. We show that this ipsilateral anterior pathfinding that occurs in the absence of midline crossing is dependent on PCP signaling. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that anterior guidance decisions by CoPA axons are dependent on the function of planar cell polarity genes both prior to and after midline crossing.
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Kiecker C, Graham A, Logan M. Differential Cellular Responses to Hedgehog Signalling in Vertebrates-What is the Role of Competence? J Dev Biol 2016; 4:jdb4040036. [PMID: 29615599 PMCID: PMC5831800 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A surprisingly small number of signalling pathways generate a plethora of cellular responses ranging from the acquisition of multiple cell fates to proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis and cell death. These diverse responses may be due to the dose-dependent activities of signalling factors, or to intrinsic differences in the response of cells to a given signal—a phenomenon called differential cellular competence. In this review, we focus on temporal and spatial differences in competence for Hedgehog (HH) signalling, a signalling pathway that is reiteratively employed in embryos and adult organisms. We discuss the upstream signals and mechanisms that may establish differential competence for HHs in a range of different tissues. We argue that the changing competence for HH signalling provides a four-dimensional framework for the interpretation of the signal that is essential for the emergence of functional anatomy. A number of diseases—including several types of cancer—are caused by malfunctions of the HH pathway. A better understanding of what provides differential competence for this signal may reveal HH-related disease mechanisms and equip us with more specific tools to manipulate HH signalling in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Kiecker
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Anthony Graham
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Malcolm Logan
- Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Differential Gene Expression during Larval Metamorphic Development in the Pearl Oyster, Pinctada fucata, Based on Transcriptome Analysis. Int J Genomics 2016; 2016:2895303. [PMID: 27843935 PMCID: PMC5097826 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2895303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
P. fucata experiences a series of transformations in appearance, from swimming larvae to sessile juveniles, during which significant changes in gene expression likely occur. Thus, P. fucata could be an ideal model in which to study the molecular mechanisms of larval metamorphosis during development in invertebrates. To study the molecular driving force behind metamorphic development in larvae of P. fucata, transcriptomes of five larval stages (trochophore, D-shape, umbonal, eyespots, and spats) were sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 system and assembled and characterized with the transcripts of six tissues. As a result, a total of 174,126 unique transcripts were assembled and 60,999 were annotated. The number of unigenes varied among the five larval stages. Expression profiles were distinctly different between trochophore, D-shape, umbonal, eyespots, and spats larvae. As a result, 29 expression trends were sorted, of which eight were significant. Among others, 80 development-related, differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) were identified, of which the majority were homeobox-containing genes. Most DEGs occurred among trochophore, D-shaped, and UES (umbonal, eyespots, and spats) larvae as verified by qPCR. Principal component analysis (PCA) also revealed significant differences in expression among trochophore, D-shaped, and UES larvae with ten transcripts identified but no matching annotations.
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Lee SH, Kim YJ, Choi SY. BMP signaling modulates the probability of neurotransmitter release and readily releasable pools in Drosophila neuromuscular junction synapses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:440-446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jiang X, Nardelli J. Cellular and molecular introduction to brain development. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 92:3-17. [PMID: 26184894 PMCID: PMC4720585 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the study of brain development over the last decades, especially recent findings regarding the evolutionary expansion of the human neocortex, and large-scale analyses of the proteome/transcriptome in the human brain, have offered novel insights into the molecular mechanisms guiding neural maturation, and the pathophysiology of multiple forms of neurological disorders. As a preamble to reviews of this issue, we provide an overview of the cellular, molecular and genetic bases of brain development with an emphasis on the major mechanisms associated with landmarks of normal neural development in the embryonic stage and early postnatal life, including neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation, cortical neuronal migration, evolution and folding of the cerebral cortex, synaptogenesis and neural circuit development, gliogenesis and myelination. We will only briefly depict developmental disorders that result from perturbations of these cellular or molecular mechanisms, and the most common perinatal brain injuries that could disturb normal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangning Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeannette Nardelli
- Inserm, U1141, Paris 75019, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1141, Paris 75019, France.
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Paksa A, Bandemer J, Hoeckendorf B, Razin N, Tarbashevich K, Minina S, Meyen D, Biundo A, Leidel SA, Peyrieras N, Gov NS, Keller PJ, Raz E. Repulsive cues combined with physical barriers and cell-cell adhesion determine progenitor cell positioning during organogenesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11288. [PMID: 27088892 PMCID: PMC4837475 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise positioning of organ progenitor cells constitutes an essential, yet poorly understood step during organogenesis. Using primordial germ cells that participate in gonad formation, we present the developmental mechanisms maintaining a motile progenitor cell population at the site where the organ develops. Employing high-resolution live-cell microscopy, we find that repulsive cues coupled with physical barriers confine the cells to the correct bilateral positions. This analysis revealed that cell polarity changes on interaction with the physical barrier and that the establishment of compact clusters involves increased cell–cell interaction time. Using particle-based simulations, we demonstrate the role of reflecting barriers, from which cells turn away on contact, and the importance of proper cell–cell adhesion level for maintaining the tight cell clusters and their correct positioning at the target region. The combination of these developmental and cellular mechanisms prevents organ fusion, controls organ positioning and is thus critical for its proper function. The precise positioning of organ progenitor cells is essential for organ development and function. Here the authors use live imaging and mathematical modelling to show that the confinement of a motile progenitor cell population results from coupled physical barriers and cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Paksa
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jan Bandemer
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Nitzan Razin
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Sofia Minina
- Germ Cell Development, Max-Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dana Meyen
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Antonio Biundo
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 54, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sebastian A Leidel
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 54, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Nadine Peyrieras
- USR3695 BioEmergences, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nir S Gov
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Erez Raz
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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Hassan BA, Hiesinger PR. Beyond Molecular Codes: Simple Rules to Wire Complex Brains. Cell 2016; 163:285-91. [PMID: 26451480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular codes, like postal zip codes, are generally considered a robust way to ensure the specificity of neuronal target selection. However, a code capable of unambiguously generating complex neural circuits is difficult to conceive. Here, we re-examine the notion of molecular codes in the light of developmental algorithms. We explore how molecules and mechanisms that have been considered part of a code may alternatively implement simple pattern formation rules sufficient to ensure wiring specificity in neural circuits. This analysis delineates a pattern-based framework for circuit construction that may contribute to our understanding of brain wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem A Hassan
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven School of Medicine, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - P Robin Hiesinger
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Araújo SJ. The Hedgehog Signalling Pathway in Cell Migration and Guidance: What We Have Learned from Drosophila melanogaster. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:2012-22. [PMID: 26445062 PMCID: PMC4695873 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7040873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration and guidance are complex processes required for morphogenesis, the formation of tumor metastases, and the progression of human cancer. During migration, guidance molecules induce cell directionality and movement through complex intracellular mechanisms. Expression of these molecules has to be tightly regulated and their signals properly interpreted by the receiving cells so as to ensure correct navigation. This molecular control is fundamental for both normal morphogenesis and human disease. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved and known to be crucial for normal cellular growth and differentiation throughout the animal kingdom. The relevance of Hh signaling for human disease is emphasized by its activation in many cancers. Here, I review the current knowledge regarding the involvement of the Hh pathway in cell migration and guidance during Drosophila development and discuss its implications for human cancer origin and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia J Araújo
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Cientific de Barcelona, C. Baldiri Reixac 10,08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Wong CT, Wais J, Crawford DA. Prenatal exposure to common environmental factors affects brain lipids and increases risk of developing autism spectrum disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine T. Wong
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Joshua Wais
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Dorota A. Crawford
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
- Department of Biology; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
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Ricolo D, Butí E, Araújo SJ. Drosophila melanogaster Hedgehog cooperates with Frazzled to guide axons through a non-canonical signalling pathway. Mech Dev 2015; 137:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bansal R, Hao X, Peterson BS. Morphological covariance in anatomical MRI scans can identify discrete neural pathways in the brain and their disturbances in persons with neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuroimage 2015; 111:215-27. [PMID: 25700952 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesize that coordinated functional activity within discrete neural circuits induces morphological organization and plasticity within those circuits. Identifying regions of morphological covariation that are independent of morphological covariation in other regions therefore may therefore allow us to identify discrete neural systems within the brain. Comparing the magnitude of these variations in individuals who have psychiatric disorders with the magnitude of variations in healthy controls may allow us to identify aberrant neural pathways in psychiatric illnesses. We measured surface morphological features by applying nonlinear, high-dimensional warping algorithms to manually defined brain regions. We transferred those measures onto the surface of a unit sphere via conformal mapping and then used spherical wavelets and their scaling coefficients to simplify the data structure representing these surface morphological features of each brain region. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to calculate covariation in these morphological measures, as represented by their scaling coefficients, across several brain regions. We then assessed whether brain subregions that covaried in morphology, as identified by large eigenvalues in the PCA, identified specific neural pathways of the brain. To do so, we spatially registered the subnuclei for each eigenvector into the coordinate space of a Diffusion Tensor Imaging dataset; we used these subnuclei as seed regions to track and compare fiber pathways with known fiber pathways identified in neuroanatomical atlases. We applied these procedures to anatomical MRI data in a cohort of 82 healthy participants (42 children, 18 males, age 10.5 ± 2.43 years; 40 adults, 22 males, age 32.42 ± 10.7 years) and 107 participants with Tourette's Syndrome (TS) (71 children, 59 males, age 11.19 ± 2.2 years; 36 adults, 21 males, age 37.34 ± 10.9 years). We evaluated the construct validity of the identified covariation in morphology using DTI data from a different set of 20 healthy adults (10 males, mean age 29.7 ± 7.7 years). The PCA identified portions of structures that covaried across the brain, the eigenvalues measuring the magnitude of the covariation in morphology along the respective eigenvectors. Our results showed that the eigenvectors, and the DTI fibers tracked from their associated brain regions, corresponded with known neural pathways in the brain. In addition, the eigenvectors that captured morphological covariation across regions, and the principal components along those eigenvectors, identified neural pathways with aberrant morphological features associated with TS. These findings suggest that covariations in brain morphology can identify aberrant neural pathways in specific neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Bansal
- Institute for the Developing Mind, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Xuejun Hao
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bradley S Peterson
- Institute for the Developing Mind, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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Deng Y, Ai J, Guan X, Wang Z, Yan B, Zhang D, Liu C, Wilbanks MS, Escalon BL, Meyers SA, Yang MQ, Perkins EJ. MicroRNA and messenger RNA profiling reveals new biomarkers and mechanisms for RDX induced neurotoxicity. BMC Genomics 2014; 15 Suppl 11:S1. [PMID: 25559034 PMCID: PMC4304176 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-s11-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RDX is a well-known pollutant to induce neurotoxicity. MicroRNAs (miRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) profiles are useful tools for toxicogenomics studies. It is worthy to integrate MiRNA and mRNA expression data to understand RDX-induced neurotoxicity. Results Rats were treated with or without RDX for 48 h. Both miRNA and mRNA profiles were conducted using brain tissues. Nine miRNAs were significantly regulated by RDX. Of these, 6 and 3 miRNAs were up- and down-regulated respectively. The putative target genes of RDX-regulated miRNAs were highly nervous system function genes and pathways enriched. Fifteen differentially genes altered by RDX from mRNA profiles were the putative targets of regulated miRNAs. The induction of miR-71, miR-27ab, miR-98, and miR-135a expression by RDX, could reduce the expression of the genes POLE4, C5ORF13, SULF1 and ROCK2, and eventually induce neurotoxicity. Over-expression of miR-27ab, or reduction of the expression of unknown miRNAs by RDX, could up-regulate HMGCR expression and contribute to neurotoxicity. RDX regulated immune and inflammation response miRNAs and genes could contribute to RDX- induced neurotoxicity and other toxicities as well as animal defending reaction response to RDX exposure. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that integrating miRNA and mRNA profiles is valuable to indentify novel biomarkers and molecular mechanisms for RDX-induced neurological disorder and neurotoxicity.
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Fibroblast growth factor signaling affects vascular outgrowth and is required for the maintenance of blood vessel integrity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:1310-1317. [PMID: 25200605 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis contributes to the development of numerous disorders. Even though fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) were discovered as mediators of angiogenesis more than 30 years ago, their role in developmental angiogenesis still remains elusive. We use a recently described chemical probe, SSR128129E (SSR), that selectively inhibits the action of multiple FGF receptors (FGFRs), in combination with the zebrafish model to examine the role of FGF signaling in vascular development. We observe that while FGFR signaling is less important for vessel guidance, it affects vascular outgrowth and is especially required for the maintenance of blood vessel integrity by ensuring proper cell-cell junctions between endothelial cells. In conclusion, our work illustrates the power of a small molecule probe to reveal insights into blood vessel formation and stabilization and thus of broad interest to the vascular biology community.
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Crawford BD, Po MD, Saranyan PV, Forsberg D, Schulz R, Pilgrim DB. Mmp25β facilitates elongation of sensory neurons during zebrafish development. Genesis 2014; 52:833-48. [PMID: 25074687 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large and complex family of zinc-dependent endoproteinases widely recognized for their roles in remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM) during embryonic development, wound healing, and tissue homeostasis. Their misregulation is central to many pathologies, and they have therefore been the focus of biomedical research for decades. These proteases have also recently emerged as mediators of neural development and synaptic plasticity in vertebrates, however, understanding of the mechanistic basis of these roles and the molecular identities of the MMPs involved remains far from complete. We have identified a zebrafish orthologue of mmp25 (a.k.a. leukolysin; MT6-MMP), a membrane-type, furin-activated MMP associated with leukocytes and invasive carcinomas, but which we find is expressed by a subset of the sensory neurons during normal embryonic development. We detect high levels of Mmp25β expression in the trigeminal, craniofacial, and posterior lateral line ganglia in the hindbrain, and in Rohon-Beard cells in the dorsal neural tube during the first 48 h of embryonic development. Knockdown of Mmp25β expression with morpholino oligonucleotides results in larvae that are uncoordinated and insensitive to touch, and which exhibit defects in the development of sensory neural structures. Using in vivo zymography, we observe that Mmp25β morphant embryos show reduced Type IV collagen degradation in regions of the head traversed by elongating axons emanating from the trigeminal ganglion, suggesting that Mmp25β may play a pivotal role in mediating ECM remodeling in the vicinity of these elongating axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Crawford
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
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Cai D, Montell DJ. Diverse and dynamic sources and sinks in gradient formation and directed migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 30:91-8. [PMID: 25022255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The traditional view of directional cell migration within a tissue is that it requires a gradient of a soluble attractive chemical that is stable in space and time due to the presence of a source and a sink. However, advances in live imaging technology and the ability to study cell migration in vivo have revealed that endogenous sources and sinks are typically far more varied and complex. Both sources and sinks can be made up of multiple tissues. During long-range migrations, cells tend to divide up their trajectories and follow different source signals in each segment. When a single source signal is used repeatedly in each segment, its expression is dynamically controlled. Source signals can also originate locally from neighboring migrating cells. Sinks are important in some cases but not all, to sculpt a permissive migratory path or allow cells to move from one intermediate target to another. Migrating cells themselves can function as sinks to create a gradient out of an initially uniform chemoattractant. These diverse ways of building sources and sinks allow different cell types to navigate distinct trajectories through the same embryo even as the whole embryo undergoes the dramatic changes in cell number, position, arrangement and fate that are the essence of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Cai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA
| | - Denise J Montell
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA.
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Castillo D, Seidel K, Salcedo E, Ahn C, de Sauvage FJ, Klein OD, Barlow LA. Induction of ectopic taste buds by SHH reveals the competency and plasticity of adult lingual epithelium. Development 2014; 141:2993-3002. [PMID: 24993944 DOI: 10.1242/dev.107631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Taste buds are assemblies of elongated epithelial cells, which are innervated by gustatory nerves that transmit taste information to the brain stem. Taste cells are continuously renewed throughout life via proliferation of epithelial progenitors, but the molecular regulation of this process remains unknown. During embryogenesis, sonic hedgehog (SHH) negatively regulates taste bud patterning, such that inhibition of SHH causes the formation of more and larger taste bud primordia, including in regions of the tongue normally devoid of taste buds. Here, using a Cre-lox system to drive constitutive expression of SHH, we identify the effects of SHH on the lingual epithelium of adult mice. We show that misexpression of SHH transforms lingual epithelial cell fate, such that daughter cells of lingual epithelial progenitors form cell type-replete, onion-shaped taste buds, rather than non-taste, pseudostratified epithelium. These SHH-induced ectopic taste buds are found in regions of the adult tongue previously thought incapable of generating taste organs. The ectopic buds are composed of all taste cell types, including support cells and detectors of sweet, bitter, umami, salt and sour, and recapitulate the molecular differentiation process of endogenous taste buds. In contrast to the well-established nerve dependence of endogenous taste buds, however, ectopic taste buds form independently of both gustatory and somatosensory innervation. As innervation is required for SHH expression by endogenous taste buds, our data suggest that SHH can replace the need for innervation to drive the entire program of taste bud differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Castillo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kerstin Seidel
- Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
| | - Ernesto Salcedo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christina Ahn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
| | - Linda A Barlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Stanic K, Vera A, González M, Recabal A, Astuya A, Torrejón M, Montecinos H, Caprile T. Complementary expression of EphA7 and SCO-spondin during posterior commissure development. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:49. [PMID: 25009468 PMCID: PMC4068196 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilaterally symmetric organisms need to exchange information between the two sides of their bodies in order to integrate sensory inputs and coordinate motor control. This exchange occurs through commissures formed by neurons that project axons across the midline to the contralateral side of the central nervous system. The posterior commissure is the first transversal axonal tract of the embryonic vertebrate brain. It is located in the dorsal portion of the prosomere 1, at the caudal diencephalon. The axons of the posterior commissure principally come from neurons of ventrolateral and dorsolateral pretectal nuclei (parvocellular and magnocellular nucleus of the posterior commissure, respectively) that extend their axons toward the dorsal region. The trajectory of these axons can be divided into the following three stages: (1) dorsal axon extension towards the lateral roof plate; (2) fasciculation in the lateral roof plate; and (3) midline decision of turning to the ipsilateral side or continuing to the opposite side. The mechanisms and molecules that guide the axons during these steps are unknown. In the present work, immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analyses were performed, with results suggesting the participation of EphA7 in guiding axons from the ventral to the dorsal region of the prosomere 1 through the generation of an axonal corridor limited by repulsive EphA7 walls. At the lateral roof plate, the axons became fasciculated in presence of SCO-spondin until reaching the midline. Finally, EphA7 expression was observed in the diencephalic midline roof plate, specifically in the region where some axons turn to the ipsilateral side, suggesting its participation in this decision. In summary, the present work proposes a mechanism of posterior commissure formation orchestrated by the complementary expression of the axon guidance cues SCO-spondin and EphA7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Stanic
- Axon Guidance Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción , Chile
| | - América Vera
- Axon Guidance Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción , Chile
| | - Melissa González
- Axon Guidance Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción , Chile
| | - Antonia Recabal
- Axon Guidance Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción , Chile
| | - Allison Astuya
- Laboratory of Cell Culture and Marine Genomics, Marine Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences and Program COPAS Sur-Austral, University of Concepción, Concepción , Chile
| | - Marcela Torrejón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción , Chile
| | - Hernán Montecinos
- Axon Guidance Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción , Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Axon Guidance Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción , Chile
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Axon guidance effects of classical morphogens Shh and BMP7 in the hypothalamo-pituitary system. Neurosci Lett 2014; 562:108-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cerri F, Salvatore L, Memon D, Boneschi FM, Madaghiele M, Brambilla P, Del Carro U, Taveggia C, Riva N, Trimarco A, Lopez ID, Comi G, Pluchino S, Martino G, Sannino A, Quattrini A. Peripheral nerve morphogenesis induced by scaffold micropatterning. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4035-4045. [PMID: 24559639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Several bioengineering approaches have been proposed for peripheral nervous system repair, with limited results and still open questions about the underlying molecular mechanisms. We assessed the biological processes that occur after the implantation of collagen scaffold with a peculiar porous micro-structure of the wall in a rat sciatic nerve transection model compared to commercial collagen conduits and nerve crush injury using functional, histological and genome wide analyses. We demonstrated that within 60 days, our conduit had been completely substituted by a normal nerve. Gene expression analysis documented a precise sequential regulation of known genes involved in angiogenesis, Schwann cells/axons interactions and myelination, together with a selective modulation of key biological pathways for nerve morphogenesis induced by porous matrices. These data suggest that the scaffold's micro-structure profoundly influences cell behaviors and creates an instructive micro-environment to enhance nerve morphogenesis that can be exploited to improve recovery and understand the molecular differences between repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cerri
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Salvatore
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Danish Memon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way CB2 0PY, UK
| | | | - Marta Madaghiele
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Paola Brambilla
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Del Carro
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Nilo Riva
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Amelia Trimarco
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ignazio D Lopez
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sannino
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Tonazzini I, Pellegrini M, Pellegrino M, Cecchini M. Interaction of leech neurons with topographical gratings: comparison with rodent and human neuronal lines and primary cells. Interface Focus 2014; 4:20130047. [PMID: 24501675 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2013.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling and improving neuronal cell migration and neurite outgrowth are critical elements of tissue engineering applications and development of artificial neuronal interfaces. To this end, a promising approach exploits nano/microstructured surfaces, which have been demonstrated to be capable of tuning neuronal differentiation, polarity, migration and neurite orientation. Here, we investigate the neurite contact guidance of leech neurons on plastic gratings (GRs; anisotropic topographies composed of alternating lines of grooves and ridges). By high-resolution microscopy, we quantitatively evaluate the changes in tubulin cytoskeleton organization and cell morphology and in the neurite and growth cone development. The topography-reading process of leech neurons on GRs is mediated by filopodia and is more responsive to 4-µm-period GRs than to smaller period GRs. Leech neuron behaviour on GRs is finally compared and validated with several other neuronal cells, from murine differentiated embryonic stem cells and primary hippocampal neurons to differentiated human neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Tonazzini
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127 , Italy
| | - Monica Pellegrini
- Scuola Normale Superiore , Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa 56126 , Italy
| | - Mario Pellegrino
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e Delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia , Università di Pisa , Via S. Zeno 31, 56127 Pisa , Italy
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127 , Italy
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45
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Chiang MC, Cheng YC, Chen HM, Liang YJ, Yen CH. Rosiglitazone promotes neurite outgrowth and mitochondrial function in N2A cells via PPARgamma pathway. Mitochondrion 2014; 14:7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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46
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Yam PT, Charron F. Signaling mechanisms of non-conventional axon guidance cues: the Shh, BMP and Wnt morphogens. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:965-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Zanin JP, Battiato NL, Rovasio RA. Neurotrophic factor NT-3 displays a non-canonical cell guidance signaling function for cephalic neural crest cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2013; 92:264-79. [PMID: 24252516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotactic cell migration is triggered by extracellular concentration gradients of molecules segregated by target fields. Neural crest cells (NCCs), paradigmatic as an accurately moving cell population, undergo wide dispersion along multiple pathways, invading with precision defined sites of the embryo to differentiate into many derivatives. This report addresses the involvement of NT-3 in early colonization by cephalic NCCs invading the optic vesicle region. The results of in vitro and in vivo approaches showed that NCCs migrate directionally up an NT-3 concentration gradient. We also demonstrated the expression of NT-3 in the ocular region as well as their functional TrkB, TrkC and p75 receptors on cephalic NCCs. On whole-mount embryo, a perturbed distribution of NCCs colonizing the optic vesicle target field was shown after morpholino cancelation of cephalic NT-3 or TrkC receptor on NCCs, as well as in situ blocking of TrkC receptor of mesencephalic NCCs by specific antibody released from inserted microbeads. The present results strongly suggest that, among other complementary cell guidance factor(s), the chemotactic response of NCCs toward the ocular region NT-3 gradient is essential for spatiotemporal cell orientation, amplifying the functional scope of this neurotrophic factor as a molecular guide for the embryo cells, besides its well-known canonical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Zanin
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology - IIBYT (CONICET, UNC), FCEFN, National University of Cordoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
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48
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McFadden K, Minshew NJ. Evidence for dysregulation of axonal growth and guidance in the etiology of ASD. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:671. [PMID: 24155705 PMCID: PMC3804918 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current theories concerning the cause of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have converged on the concept of abnormal development of brain connectivity. This concept is supported by accumulating evidence from functional imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and high definition fiber tracking studies which suggest altered microstructure in the axonal tracts connecting cortical areas may underly many of the cognitive manifestations of ASD. Additionally, large-scale genomic studies implicate numerous gene candidates known or suspected to mediate neuritic outgrowth and axonal guidance in fetal and perinatal life. Neuropathological observations in postmortem ASD brain samples further support this model and include subtle disturbances of cortical lamination and subcortical axonal morphology. Of note is the relatively common finding of poor differentiation of the gray–white junction associated with an excess superficial white matter or “interstitial” neurons (INs). INs are thought to be remnants of the fetal subplate, a transient structure which plays a key role in the guidance and morphogenesis of thalamocortical and cortico-cortical connections and the organization of cortical columnar architecture. While not discounting the importance of synaptic dysfunction in the etiology of ASD, this paper will briefly review the cortical abnormalities and genetic evidence supporting a model of dysregulated axonal growth and guidance as key developmental processes underlying the clinical manifestations of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn McFadden
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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49
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Mizumoto K, Shen K. Two Wnts instruct topographic synaptic innervation in C. elegans. Cell Rep 2013; 5:389-96. [PMID: 24139806 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gradients of topographic cues play essential roles in the organization of sensory systems by guiding axonal growth cones. Little is known about whether there are additional mechanisms for precise topographic mapping of synaptic connections. Whereas the C. elegans DA8 and DA9 neurons have similar axonal trajectories, their synapses are positioned in distinct but adjacent domains in the anterior-posterior axis. We found that two Wnts, LIN-44 and EGL-20, are responsible for this spatial organization of synapses. Both Wnts form putative posterior-high, anterior-low gradients. The posteriorly expressed LIN-44 inhibits synapse formation in both DA9 and DA8, and creates a synapse-free domain on both axons via LIN-17 /Frizzled. EGL-20, a more anteriorly expressed Wnt, inhibits synapse formation through MIG-1/Frizzled, which is expressed in DA8 but not in DA9. The Wnt-Frizzled specificity and selective Frizzled expression dictate the stereotyped, topographic positioning of synapses between these two neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Mizumoto
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, 385 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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50
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Bayesian Cell Force Estimation Considering Force Directions. Neural Process Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11063-013-9320-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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