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Lef1 and Dlx3 May Facilitate the Maturation of Secondary Hair Follicles in the Skin of Gansu Alpine Merino. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081326. [PMID: 35893063 PMCID: PMC9394301 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic enhancer factor 1 (Lef1) and distal-less homeobox 3 (Dlx3) are the transcription factors involved in regulating hair follicle development in mice, goats, and other animals. Their deletion can lead to hair follicle deficiency. In this study, hematoxylin−eosin staining (HE), real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were used to analyze the expression, location, and biological functions of Lef1 and Dlx3 in the lateral skin of Gansu Alpine Merino aged 1, 30, 60, and 90 days. The results revealed that the number of hair follicles decreased with age and was significantly higher at 1 day than in the other three age groups (p < 0.05). The mRNA levels of Lef1 and Dlx3 in the skin of 30-day old Gansu Alpine Merino were significantly higher than those in the other three age groups (p < 0.05). Protein expression of Lef1 and Dlx3 was lowest at 1 day (p < 0.05) and peaked at 60 days. Lef1 and Dlx3 exhibited a high density and strong positive expression in the dermal papillae; additionally, Dlx3 exhibited a high density and strong positive expression in the inner and outer root sheaths. Collectively, Lef1 and Dlx3 may facilitate the maturation of secondary hair follicles, which is mainly achieved through the dermal papillae and inner and outer root sheaths.
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DLX Genes: Roles in Development and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123005. [PMID: 34203994 PMCID: PMC8232755 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary DLX homeobox family genes encode transcription factors that have indispensable roles in embryonic and postnatal development. These genes are critically linked to the morphogenesis of craniofacial structures, branchial arches, forebrain, and sensory organs. DLX genes are also involved in postnatal homeostasis, particularly hematopoiesis and, when dysregulated, oncogenesis. DLX1/2, DLX3/4, and DLX5/6 exist as bigenes on different chromosomes, sharing intergenic enhancers between gene pairs, which allows orchestrated spatiotemporal expression. Genomic alterations of human DLX gene enhancers or coding sequences result in congenital disorders such as split-hand/foot malformation. Aberrant postnatal expression of DLX genes is associated with hematological malignancies, including leukemias and lymphomas. In several mouse models of T-cell lymphoma, Dlx5 has been shown to act as an oncogene by cooperating with activated Akt, Notch1/3, and/or Wnt to drive tumor formation. In humans, DLX5 is aberrantly expressed in lung and ovarian carcinomas and holds promise as a therapeutic target. Abstract Homeobox genes control body patterning and cell-fate decisions during development. The homeobox genes consist of many families, only some of which have been investigated regarding a possible role in tumorigenesis. Dysregulation of HOX family genes have been widely implicated in cancer etiology. DLX homeobox genes, which belong to the NK-like family, exert dual roles in development and cancer. The DLX genes are the key transcription factors involved in regulating the development of craniofacial structures in vertebrates. The three DLX bigenes have overlapping expression in the branchial arches. Disruption of DLX function has destructive consequences in organogenesis and is associated with certain congenital disorders in humans. The role of DLX genes in oncogenesis is only beginning to emerge. DLX2 diminishes cellular senescence by regulating p53 function, whereas DLX4 has been associated with metastasis in breast cancer. In human ovarian cancer cells, DLX5 is essential for regulating AKT signaling, thereby promoting cell proliferation and survival. We previously implicated Dlx5 as an oncogene in murine T-cell lymphoma driven by a constitutively active form of Akt2. In this mouse model, overexpression of Dlx5 was caused by a chromosomal rearrangement that juxtaposed the Tcr-beta promoter region near the Dlx5 locus. Moreover, transgenic mice overexpressing Dlx5, specifically in immature T-cells, develop spontaneous thymic lymphomas. Oncogenesis in this mouse model involves binding of Dlx5 to the Notch1 and Notch3 gene loci to activate their transcription. Dlx5 also cooperates with Akt signaling to accelerate lymphomagenesis by activating Wnt signaling. We also discuss the fact that human DLX5 is aberrantly expressed in several human malignancies.
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Sun X, Ren Z, Cun Y, Zhao C, Huang X, Zhou J, Hu R, Su X, Ji L, Li P, Mak K, Gao F, Yang Y, Xu H, Ding J, Cao N, Li S, Zhang W, Lan P, Sun H, Wang J, Yuan P. Hippo-YAP signaling controls lineage differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells through modulating the formation of super-enhancers. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:7182-7196. [PMID: 32510157 PMCID: PMC7367178 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippo-YAP signaling pathway functions in early lineage differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, but the detailed mechanisms remain elusive. We found that knockout (KO) of Mst1 and Mst2, two key components of the Hippo signaling in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), resulted in a disruption of differentiation into mesendoderm lineage. To further uncover the underlying regulatory mechanisms, we performed a series of ChIP-seq experiments with antibodies against YAP, ESC master transcription factors and some characterized histone modification markers as well as RNA-seq assays using wild type and Mst KO samples at ES and day 4 embryoid body stage respectively. We demonstrate that YAP is preferentially co-localized with super-enhancer (SE) markers such as Nanog, Sox2, Oct4 and H3K27ac in ESCs. The hyper-activation of nuclear YAP in Mst KO ESCs facilitates the binding of Nanog, Sox2 and Oct4 as well as H3K27ac modification at the loci where YAP binds. Moreover, Mst depletion results in novel SE formation and enhanced liquid-liquid phase-separated Med1 condensates on lineage associated genes, leading to the upregulation of these genes and the distortion of ESC differentiation. Our study reveals a novel mechanism on how Hippo-YAP signaling pathway dictates ESC lineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yixian Cun
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Cai Zhao
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xianglin Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiajian Zhou
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoxi Su
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- China Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Lu Ji
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Peng Li
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - King Lun Kingston Mak
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - He Xu
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Junjun Ding
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Department of Histology and embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Nan Cao
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- Cam-Su Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ping Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jinkai Wang
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Jinkai Wang. Tel: +86 2087335142; Fax: +86 2087331209;
| | - Ping Yuan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 18819239657; Fax: +86 2038254166;
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Del Corvo M, Bongiorni S, Stefanon B, Sgorlon S, Valentini A, Ajmone Marsan P, Chillemi G. Genome-Wide DNA Methylation and Gene Expression Profiles in Cows Subjected to Different Stress Level as Assessed by Cortisol in Milk. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080850. [PMID: 32722461 PMCID: PMC7464205 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy cattle health, wellbeing and productivity are deeply affected by stress. Its influence on metabolism and immune response is well known, but the underlying epigenetic mechanisms require further investigation. In this study, we compared DNA methylation and gene expression signatures between two dairy cattle populations falling in the high- and low-variant tails of the distribution of milk cortisol concentration (MC), a neuroendocrine marker of stress in dairy cows. Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing was used to obtain a methylation map from blood samples of these animals. The high and low groups exhibited similar amounts of methylated CpGs, while we found differences among non-CpG sites. Significant methylation changes were detected in 248 genes. We also identified significant fold differences in the expression of 324 genes. KEGG and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that genes of both groups act together in several pathways, such as nervous system activity, immune regulatory functions and glucocorticoid metabolism. These preliminary results suggest that, in livestock, cortisol secretion could act as a trigger for epigenetic regulation and that peripheral changes in methylation can provide an insight into central nervous system functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Del Corvo
- Department of Animal Science Food and Nutrition—DIANA, Nutrigenomics and Proteomics Research Centre—PRONUTRIGEN, and Biodiversity and Ancient DNA Research Centre, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
- Istituto di Biologia e BiotecnologiaAgraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvia Bongiorni
- Department of Ecological and Biological sciences DEB, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Bruno Stefanon
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science–University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (B.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sandy Sgorlon
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science–University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (B.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Alessio Valentini
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems DIBAF, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Paolo Ajmone Marsan
- Department of Animal Science Food and Nutrition—DIANA, Nutrigenomics and Proteomics Research Centre—PRONUTRIGEN, and Biodiversity and Ancient DNA Research Centre, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems DIBAF, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.V.); (G.C.)
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, IBIOM, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Cai BH, Chao CF, Huang HC, Lee HY, Kannagi R, Chen JY. Roles of p53 Family Structure and Function in Non-Canonical Response Element Binding and Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153681. [PMID: 31357595 PMCID: PMC6696488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 canonical consensus sequence is a 10-bp repeat of PuPuPuC(A/T)(A/T)GPyPyPy, separated by a spacer with up to 13 bases. C(A/T)(A/T)G is the core sequence and purine (Pu) and pyrimidine (Py) bases comprise the flanking sequence. However, in the p53 noncanonical sequences, there are many variations, such as length of consensus sequence, variance of core sequence or flanking sequence, and variance in number of bases making up the spacer or AT gap composition. In comparison to p53, the p53 family members p63 and p73 have been found to have more tolerance to bind and activate several of these noncanonical sequences. The p53 protein forms monomers, dimers, and tetramers, and its nonspecific binding domain is well-defined; however, those for p63 or p73 are still not fully understood. Study of p63 and p73 structure to determine the monomers, dimers or tetramers to bind and regulate noncanonical sequence is a new challenge which is crucial to obtaining a complete picture of structure and function in order to understand how p63 and p73 regulate genes differently from p53. In this review, we will summarize the rules of p53 family non-canonical sequences, especially focusing on the structure of p53 family members in the regulation of specific target genes. In addition, we will compare different software programs for prediction of p53 family responsive elements containing parameters with canonical or non-canonical sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-He Cai
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Faye Chao
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chi Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yi Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Reiji Kannagi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Jang-Yi Chen
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
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6
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Molecular Mechanisms of p63-Mediated Squamous Cancer Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143590. [PMID: 31340447 PMCID: PMC6678256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The p63 gene is a member of the p53/p63/p73 family of transcription factors and plays a critical role in development and homeostasis of squamous epithelium. p63 is transcribed as multiple isoforms; ΔNp63α, the predominant p63 isoform in stratified squamous epithelium, is localized to the basal cells and is overexpressed in squamous cell cancers of multiple organ sites, including skin, head and neck, and lung. Further, p63 is considered a stem cell marker, and within the epidermis, ΔNp63α directs lineage commitment. ΔNp63α has been implicated in numerous processes of skin biology that impact normal epidermal homeostasis and can contribute to squamous cancer pathogenesis by supporting proliferation and survival with roles in blocking terminal differentiation, apoptosis, and senescence, and influencing adhesion and migration. ΔNp63α overexpression may also influence the tissue microenvironment through remodeling of the extracellular matrix and vasculature, as well as by enhancing cytokine and chemokine secretion to recruit pro-inflammatory infiltrate. This review focuses on the role of ΔNp63α in normal epidermal biology and how dysregulation can contribute to cutaneous squamous cancer development, drawing from knowledge also gained by squamous cancers from other organ sites that share p63 overexpression as a defining feature.
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7
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Irmak D, Fatima A, Gutiérrez-Garcia R, Rinschen MM, Wagle P, Altmüller J, Arrigoni L, Hummel B, Klein C, Frese CK, Sawarkar R, Rada-Iglesias A, Vilchez D. Mechanism suppressing H3K9 trimethylation in pluripotent stem cells and its demise by polyQ-expanded huntingtin mutations. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:4117-4134. [PMID: 30452683 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are invaluable resources to study development and disease, holding a great promise for regenerative medicine. Here we use human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients with Huntington's disease (HD-iPSCs) to shed light into the normal function of huntingtin (HTT) and its demise in disease. We find that HTT binds ATF7IP, a regulator of the histone H3 methyltransferase SETDB1. HTT inhibits the interaction of the ATF7IP-SETDB1 complex with other heterochromatin regulators and transcriptional repressors, maintaining low levels of H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) in hESCs. Loss of HTT promotes global increased H3K9me3 levels and enrichment of H3K9me3 marks at distinct genes, including transcriptional regulators of neuronal differentiation. Although these genes are normally expressed at low amounts in hESCs, HTT knockdown (KD) reduces their induction during neural differentiation. Notably, mutant expanded polyglutamine repeats in HTT diminish its interaction with ATF7IP-SETDB1 complex and trigger H3K9me3 in HD-iPSCs. Conversely, KD of ATF7IP in HD-iPSCs reduces H3K9me3 alterations and ameliorates gene expression changes in their neural counterparts. Taken together, our results indicate ATF7IP as a potential target to correct aberrant H3K9me3 levels induced by mutant HTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilber Irmak
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany
| | - Azra Fatima
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ricardo Gutiérrez-Garcia
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus M Rinschen
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany
| | - Prerana Wagle
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura Arrigoni
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Hummel
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Klein
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian K Frese
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ritwick Sawarkar
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alvaro Rada-Iglesias
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Vilchez
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany
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Rosato B, Ranieri D, Nanni M, Torrisi MR, Belleudi F. Role of FGFR2b expression and signaling in keratinocyte differentiation: sequential involvement of PKCδ and PKCα. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:565. [PMID: 29752438 PMCID: PMC5948219 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor epithelial isoform of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2b) induces human keratinocyte early differentiation. Moreover, protein kinases C (PKCs) are known to regulate the differentiation program in several cellular contexts, including keratinocytes. Therefore, in this paper we propose to clarify if FGFR2b could play a role also in the late steps of keratinocyte differentiation and to assess if this receptor-induced process would sequentially involve PKCδ and PKCα isoforms. Immunofluorescence, biochemical, and molecular approaches, performed on 2D cultures or 3D organotypic rafts of human keratinocytes overexpressing FGFR2b by stable transduction, showed that receptor signaling induced the precocious onset and an accelerated progression of keratinocyte differentiation, indicating that FGFR2b is a crucial regulator of the entire program of keratinocyte differentiation. In addition, the use of specific inhibitors and gene silencing approaches through specific siRNA demonstrated that PKCδ controls the onset of FGFR2b-triggered differentiation, while PKCα plays a role restricted to the terminal stages of the process. Molecular analysis revealed that the two PKC isoforms sequentially act via induction of KLF4 and DLX3, two transcription factors linked by negative loops to p63, suggesting that p63 would represent the hub molecule at the crossroad of an intricate signaling network downstream FGFR2b, involving multiple PKC-induced transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Rosato
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine,Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Danilo Ranieri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine,Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Monica Nanni
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine,Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Torrisi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine,Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy.,S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Belleudi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine,Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy.
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9
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Lee J, Lee P, Wu X. Molecular and cytoskeletal regulations in epidermal development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:18-25. [PMID: 28577925 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
At the surface of the body, the epidermis covers great depth in its developmental regulation. While many genes have been shown to be important for skin development through their associations with disease phenotypes in mice and human, it is in the past decade that the intricate interplay between various molecules become gradually revealed through sophisticated genetic models and imaging analyses. In particular, there is increasing evidence suggesting that cytoskeleton-associated proteins, including adhesion proteins and the crosslinker proteins may play critical roles in regulating epidermis development. We here provide a broad overview of the various molecules involved in epidermal development with special emphasis on the cytoskeletal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Lee
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philbert Lee
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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10
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Palazzo E, Kellett MD, Cataisson C, Bible PW, Bhattacharya S, Sun HW, Gormley AC, Yuspa SH, Morasso MI. A novel DLX3-PKC integrated signaling network drives keratinocyte differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:717-730. [PMID: 28186503 PMCID: PMC5384032 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal homeostasis relies on a well-defined transcriptional control of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, which is critical to prevent skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis or cancer. We have recently shown that the homeobox transcription factor DLX3 and the tumor suppressor p53 co-regulate cell cycle-related signaling and that this mechanism is functionally involved in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma development. Here we show that DLX3 expression and its downstream signaling depend on protein kinase C α (PKCα) activity in skin. We found that following 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) topical treatment, DLX3 expression is significantly upregulated in the epidermis and keratinocytes from mice overexpressing PKCα by transgenic targeting (K5-PKCα), resulting in cell cycle block and terminal differentiation. Epidermis lacking DLX3 (DLX3cKO), which is linked to the development of a DLX3-dependent epidermal hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis and dermal leukocyte recruitment, displays enhanced PKCα activation, suggesting a feedback regulation of DLX3 and PKCα. Of particular significance, transcriptional activation of epidermal barrier, antimicrobial peptide and cytokine genes is significantly increased in DLX3cKO skin and further increased by TPA-dependent PKC activation. Furthermore, when inhibiting PKC activity, we show that epidermal thickness, keratinocyte proliferation and inflammatory cell infiltration are reduced and the PKC-DLX3-dependent gene expression signature is normalized. Independently of PKC, DLX3 expression specifically modulates regulatory networks such as Wnt signaling, phosphatase activity and cell adhesion. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis of primary suprabasal keratinocytes showed binding of DLX3 to the proximal promoter regions of genes associated with cell cycle regulation, and of structural proteins and transcription factors involved in epidermal differentiation. These results indicate that Dlx3 potentially regulates a set of crucial genes necessary during the epidermal differentiation process. Altogether, we demonstrate the existence of a robust DLX3–PKCα signaling pathway in keratinocytes that is crucial to epidermal differentiation control and cutaneous homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul W Bible
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna C Gormley
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stuart H Yuspa
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria I Morasso
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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11
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The homeoprotein DLX3 and tumor suppressor p53 co-regulate cell cycle progression and squamous tumor growth. Oncogene 2015; 35:3114-24. [PMID: 26522723 PMCID: PMC4853298 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal homeostasis depends on the coordinated control of keratinocyte cell cycle. Differentiation and the alteration of this balance can result in neoplastic development. Here we report on a novel DLX3-dependent network that constrains epidermal hyperplasia and squamous tumorigenesis. By integrating genetic and transcriptomic approaches, we demonstrate that DLX3 operates through a p53-regulated network. DLX3 and p53 physically interact on the p21 promoter to enhance p21 expression. Elevating DLX3 in keratinocytes produces a G1-S blockade associated with p53 signature transcriptional profiles. In contrast, DLX3 loss promotes a mitogenic phenotype associated with constitutive activation of ERK. DLX3 expression is lost in human skin cancers and is extinguished during progression of experimentally induced mouse squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Reinstatement of DLX3 function is sufficient to attenuate the migration of SCC cells, leading to decreased wound closure. Our data establish the DLX3-p53 interplay as a major regulatory axis in epidermal differentiation and suggest that DLX3 is a modulator of skin carcinogenesis.
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12
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Sethi I, Romano RA, Gluck C, Smalley K, Vojtesek B, Buck MJ, Sinha S. A global analysis of the complex landscape of isoforms and regulatory networks of p63 in human cells and tissues. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:584. [PMID: 26251276 PMCID: PMC4528692 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor p63 belongs to the p53/p63/p73 family and plays key functional roles during normal epithelial development and differentiation and in pathological states such as squamous cell carcinomas. The human TP63 gene, located on chromosome 3q28 is driven by two promoters that generate the full-length transactivating (TA) and N-terminal truncated (ΔN) isoforms. Furthermore alternative splicing at the C-terminus gives rise to additional α, β, γ and likely several other minor variants. Teasing out the expression and biological function of each p63 variant has been both the focus of, and a cause for contention in the p63 field. RESULTS Here we have taken advantage of a burgeoning RNA-Seq based genomic data-sets to examine the global expression profiles of p63 isoforms across commonly utilized human cell-lines and major tissues and organs. Consistent with earlier studies, we find ΔNp63 transcripts, primarily that of the ΔNp63α isoforms, to be expressed in most cells of epithelial origin such as those of skin and oral tissues, mammary glands and squamous cell carcinomas. In contrast, TAp63 is not expressed in the majority of normal cell-types and tissues; rather it is selectively expressed at moderate to high levels in a subset of Burkitt's and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines. We verify this differential expression pattern of p63 isoforms by Western blot analysis, using newly developed ΔN and TA specific antibodies. Furthermore using unsupervised clustering of human cell lines, tissues and organs, we show that ΔNp63 and TAp63 driven transcriptional networks involve very distinct sets of molecular players, which may underlie their different biological functions. CONCLUSIONS In this study we report comprehensive and global expression profiles of p63 isoforms and their relationship to p53/p73 and other potential transcriptional co-regulators. We curate publicly available data generated in part by consortiums such as ENCODE, FANTOM and Human Protein Atlas to delineate the vastly different transcriptomic landscapes of ΔNp63 and TAp63. Our studies help not only in dispelling prevailing myths and controversies on p63 expression in commonly used human cell lines but also augur new isoform- and cell type-specific activities of p63.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Sethi
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Rose-Anne Romano
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Christian Gluck
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Kirsten Smalley
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno, 656 53, Czech Republic
| | - Michael J Buck
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Satrajit Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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13
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Troiano A, Lomoriello IS, di Martino O, Fusco S, Pollice A, Vivo M, La Mantia G, Calabrò V. Y-box Binding Protein-1 Is Part of a Complex Molecular Network Linking ΔNp63α to the PI3K/akt Pathway in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2067-74. [PMID: 25639555 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) typically lack somatic oncogene-activating mutations and most of them contain p53 mutations. However, the presence of p53 mutations in skin premalignant lesions suggests that these represent early events during tumor progression and additional alterations may be required for SCC development. SCC cells frequently express high levels of ΔNp63α and Y-box binding 1 (YB-1 or YBX1) oncoproteins. Here, we show that knockdown of YB-1 in spontaneously immortalized HaCaT and non-metastatic SCC011 cells led to a dramatic decrease of ΔNp63α, cell detachment and death. In highly metastatic SCC022 cells, instead, YB-1 silencing induces PI3K/AKT signaling hyperactivation which counteracts the effect of YB-1 depletion and promotes cell survival. In summary, our results unveil a functional cross-talk between YB-1, ΔNp63α and the PI3K/AKT pathway critically governing survival of squamous carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaelena Troiano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II,', Naples, Italy
| | | | - Orsola di Martino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II,', Naples, Italy
| | - Sabato Fusco
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pollice
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II,', Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vivo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II,', Naples, Italy
| | - Girolama La Mantia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II,', Naples, Italy
| | - Viola Calabrò
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II,', Naples, Italy
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14
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Tadeu AMB, Lin S, Hou L, Chung L, Zhong M, Zhao H, Horsley V. Transcriptional profiling of ectoderm specification to keratinocyte fate in human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122493. [PMID: 25849374 PMCID: PMC4388500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have shed light into the processes that regulate epidermal specification and homeostasis. We previously showed that a broad-spectrum γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT promoted early keratinocyte specification in human embryonic stem cells triggered to undergo ectoderm specification. Here, we show that DAPT accelerates human embryonic stem cell differentiation and induces expression of the ectoderm protein AP2. Furthermore, we utilize RNA sequencing to identify several candidate regulators of ectoderm specification including those involved in epithelial and epidermal development in human embryonic stem cells. Genes associated with transcriptional regulation and growth factor activity are significantly enriched upon DAPT treatment during specification of human embryonic stem cells to the ectoderm lineage. The human ectoderm cell signature identified in this study contains several genes expressed in ectodermal and epithelial tissues. Importantly, these genes are also associated with skin disorders and ectodermal defects, providing a platform for understanding the biology of human epidermal keratinocyte development under diseased and homeostatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mafalda Baptista Tadeu
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States of America
| | - Samantha Lin
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States of America
| | - Lin Hou
- Yale University, Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States of America
| | - Lisa Chung
- Yale University, Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States of America
| | - Mei Zhong
- Yale University, Yale Stem Cell Center, Genomics Facility, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States of America
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Yale University, Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States of America
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Kouwenhoven EN, van Bokhoven H, Zhou H. Gene regulatory mechanisms orchestrated by p63 in epithelial development and related disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:590-600. [PMID: 25797018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 belongs to the p53 family and is a key regulator in epithelial commitment and development. Mutations in p63 give rise to several epithelial related disorders with defects in skin, limb and orofacial structures. Since the discovery of p63, efforts have been made to identify its target genes using individual gene approaches and to understand p63 function in normal epithelial development and related diseases. Recent genome-wide approaches have identified tens of thousands of potential p63-regulated target genes and regulatory elements, and reshaped the concept of gene regulation orchestrated by p63. These data also provide insights into p63-related disease mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the regulatory role of p63 in normal and diseased epithelial development in light of these novel findings. We also propose future perspectives for dissecting the molecular mechanism of p63-mediated epithelial development and related disorders as well as for potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn N Kouwenhoven
- Radboud University, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Radboud University, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud university medical center, Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Eisenkraft A, Pode-Shakked B, Goldstein N, Shpirer Z, van Bokhoven H, Anikster Y. Clinical Variability in a Family with an Ectodermal Dysplasia Syndrome and a Nonsense Mutation in the TP63 Gene. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2015; 34:400-6. [PMID: 26470833 DOI: 10.3109/15513815.2015.1095261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the TP63 gene have been associated with a variety of ectodermal dysplasia syndromes, among which the clinically overlapping Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal defects-Cleft lip/palate (AEC) and the Rapp-Hodgkin syndromes. We report a multiplex nonconsanguineous family of Ashkenazi-Jewish descent, in which the index patient presented with a persistent scalp skin lesion, dystrophic nails and light thin hair. Further evaluation revealed over 10 affected individuals in the kindred, over four generations, exhibiting varying degrees of ectodermal involvement. Analysis of the TP63 gene from four of the patients and from two healthy individuals of the same family was performed. Gene sequencing of the patients revealed a nonsense mutation leading to a premature termination codon (PTC) (p.Gln16X). The same mutation was found in all tested affected individuals in the family, but gave rise to marked phenotypic variability with minor clinical manifestations in some individuals, underscoring the clinical heterogeneity associated with the recently described PTC-causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Eisenkraft
- a Department of Pediatrics, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital , Sheba Medical Center , Tel-Hashomer , Israel.,b The Institute for Research in Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Israel , and IDF Medical Corps
| | - Ben Pode-Shakked
- a Department of Pediatrics, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital , Sheba Medical Center , Tel-Hashomer , Israel.,c Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel.,d The Dr. Pinchas Borenstein Talpiot Medical Leadership Program , Sheba Medical Center , Tel-Hashomer , Israel
| | - Nurit Goldstein
- e Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital , Sheba Medical Center , Tel-Hashomer , Israel
| | - Zvi Shpirer
- a Department of Pediatrics, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital , Sheba Medical Center , Tel-Hashomer , Israel.,c Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- f Department of Human Genetics , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Yair Anikster
- c Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel.,e Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital , Sheba Medical Center , Tel-Hashomer , Israel
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17
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Yang G, Yuan G, Li X, Liu P, Chen Z, Fan M. BMP-2 Induction of Dlx3 Expression Is Mediated by p38/Smad5 Signaling Pathway in Osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 Cells. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:943-54. [PMID: 24647893 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Guohua Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Pingxian Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Zhi Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Mingwen Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
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18
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Restelli M, Lopardo T, Lo Iacono N, Garaffo G, Conte D, Rustighi A, Napoli M, Del Sal G, Perez-Morga D, Costanzo A, Merlo GR, Guerrini L. DLX5, FGF8 and the Pin1 isomerase control ΔNp63α protein stability during limb development: a regulatory loop at the basis of the SHFM and EEC congenital malformations. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3830-42. [PMID: 24569166 PMCID: PMC4065156 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectrodactyly, or Split-Hand/Foot Malformation (SHFM), is a congenital condition characterized by the loss of central rays of hands and feet. The p63 and the DLX5;DLX6 transcription factors, expressed in the embryonic limb buds and ectoderm, are disease genes for these conditions. Mutations of p63 also cause the ectodermal dysplasia–ectrodactyly–cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome, comprising SHFM. Ectrodactyly is linked to defects of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) of the developing limb buds. FGF8 is the key signaling molecule in this process, able to direct proximo-distal growth and patterning of the skeletal primordial of the limbs. In the limb buds of both p63 and Dlx5;Dlx6 murine models of SHFM, the AER is poorly stratified and FGF8 expression is severely reduced. We show here that the FGF8 locus is a downstream target of DLX5 and that FGF8 counteracts Pin1–ΔNp63α interaction. In vivo, lack of Pin1 leads to accumulation of the p63 protein in the embryonic limbs and ectoderm. We show also that ΔNp63α protein stability is negatively regulated by the interaction with the prolyl-isomerase Pin1, via proteasome-mediated degradation; p63 mutant proteins associated with SHFM or EEC syndromes are resistant to Pin1 action. Thus, DLX5, p63, Pin1 and FGF8 participate to the same time- and location-restricted regulatory loop essential for AER stratification, hence for normal patterning and skeletal morphogenesis of the limb buds. These results shed new light on the molecular mechanisms at the basis of the SHFM and EEC limb malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Restelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Teresa Lopardo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Nadia Lo Iacono
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Giulia Garaffo
- Telethon Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino I-10126, Italy
| | - Daniele Conte
- Telethon Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino I-10126, Italy
| | | | - Marco Napoli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics & Genomics, and Center for Stem Cell & Developmental Biology, MD Anderson, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giannino Del Sal
- Molecular Oncology Unit, LNCIB Area Science Park, Trieste I-34149, Italy
| | - David Perez-Morga
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, IBMM-DBM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies B-6041, Belgium and
| | - Antonio Costanzo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome I-00133, Italy
| | - Giorgio Roberto Merlo
- Telethon Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino I-10126, Italy
| | - Luisa Guerrini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano I-20133, Italy
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19
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Duverger O, Morasso MI. To grow or not to grow: hair morphogenesis and human genetic hair disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 25-26:22-33. [PMID: 24361867 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models have greatly helped in elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in hair formation and regeneration. Recent publications have reviewed the genes involved in mouse hair development based on the phenotype of transgenic, knockout and mutant animal models. While much of this information has been instrumental in determining molecular aspects of human hair development and cycling, mice exhibit a specific pattern of hair morphogenesis and hair distribution throughout the body that cannot be directly correlated to human hair. In this mini-review, we discuss specific aspects of human hair follicle development and present an up-to-date summary of human genetic disorders associated with abnormalities in hair follicle morphogenesis, structure or regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Duverger
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Maria I Morasso
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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20
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Vieux-Rochas M, Bouhali K, Mantero S, Garaffo G, Provero P, Astigiano S, Barbieri O, Caratozzolo MF, Tullo A, Guerrini L, Lallemand Y, Robert B, Levi G, Merlo GR. BMP-mediated functional cooperation between Dlx5;Dlx6 and Msx1;Msx2 during mammalian limb development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51700. [PMID: 23382810 PMCID: PMC3558506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dlx and Msx homeodomain transcription factors play important roles in the control of limb development. The combined disruption of Msx1 and Msx2, as well as that of Dlx5 and Dlx6, lead to limb patterning defects with anomalies in digit number and shape. Msx1;Msx2 double mutants are characterized by the loss of derivatives of the anterior limb mesoderm which is not observed in either of the simple mutants. Dlx5;Dlx6 double mutants exhibit hindlimb ectrodactyly. While the morphogenetic action of Msx genes seems to involve the BMP molecules, the mode of action of Dlx genes still remains elusive. Here, examining the limb phenotypes of combined Dlx and Msx mutants we reveal a new Dlx-Msx regulatory loop directly involving BMPs. In Msx1;Dlx5;Dlx6 triple mutant mice (TKO), beside the expected ectrodactyly, we also observe the hallmark morphological anomalies of Msx1;Msx2 double mutants suggesting an epistatic role of Dlx5 and Dlx6 over Msx2. In Msx2;Dlx5;Dlx6 TKO mice we only observe an aggravation of the ectrodactyly defect without changes in the number of the individual components of the limb. Using a combination of qPCR, ChIP and bioinformatic analyses, we identify two Dlx/Msx regulatory pathways: 1) in the anterior limb mesoderm a non-cell autonomous Msx-Dlx regulatory loop involves BMP molecules through the AER and 2) in AER cells and, at later stages, in the limb mesoderm the regulation of Msx2 by Dlx5 and Dlx6 occurs also cell autonomously. These data bring new elements to decipher the complex AER-mesoderm dialogue that takes place during limb development and provide clues to understanding the etiology of congenital limb malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Vieux-Rochas
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR-7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Kamal Bouhali
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR-7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Mantero
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Garaffo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simonetta Astigiano
- Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Azienda Ospedale Università San Martino, IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
| | - Ottavia Barbieri
- Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Azienda Ospedale Università San Martino, IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Apollonia Tullo
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Guerrini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Yvan Lallemand
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental Biology, Centre national de la recherche scientifique URA-2578, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Robert
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental Biology, Centre national de la recherche scientifique URA-2578, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Levi
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR-7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Giorgio R. Merlo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- * E-mail:
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21
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Di Costanzo A, Troiano A, di Martino O, Cacace A, Natale CF, Ventre M, Netti P, Caserta S, Pollice A, La Mantia G, Calabrò V. The p63 protein isoform ΔNp63α modulates Y-box binding protein 1 in its subcellular distribution and regulation of cell survival and motility genes. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30170-80. [PMID: 22787154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.349951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) belongs to the cold-shock domain protein superfamily, one of the most evolutionarily conserved nucleic acid-binding proteins currently known. YB-1 performs a wide variety of cellular functions, including transcriptional and translational regulation, DNA repair, drug resistance, and stress responses to extracellular signals. Inasmuch as the level of YB-1 drastically increases in tumor cells, this protein is considered to be one of the most indicative markers of malignant tumors. Here, we present evidence that ΔNp63α, the predominant p63 protein isoform in squamous epithelia and YB-1, can physically interact. Into the nucleus, ΔNp63α and YB-1 cooperate in PI3KCA gene promoter activation. Moreover, ΔNp63α promotes YB-1 nuclear accumulation thereby reducing the amount of YB-1 bound to its target transcripts such as that encoding the SNAIL1 protein. Accordingly, ΔNp63α enforced expression was associated with a reduction of the level of SNAIL1, a potent inducer of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, ΔNp63α depletion causes morphological change and enhanced formation of actin stress fibers in squamous cancer cells. Mechanistic studies indicate that ΔNp63α affects cell movement and can reverse the increase of cell motility induced by YB-1 overexpression. These data thus suggest that ΔNp63α provides inhibitory signals for cell motility. Deficiency of ΔNp63α gene expression promotes cell mobilization, at least partially, through a YB-1-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Costanzo
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80126, Italy
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22
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Cobourne MT, Sharpe PT. Diseases of the tooth: the genetic and molecular basis of inherited anomalies affecting the dentition. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:183-212. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Tríbulo C, Guadalupe Barrionuevo M, Agüero TH, Sánchez SS, Calcaterra NB, Aybar MJ. ΔNp63is regulated by BMP4 signaling and is required for early epidermal development inXenopus. Dev Dyn 2011; 241:257-69. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Chung J, Grant RI, Kaplan DR, Irwin MS. Special AT-rich binding protein-2 (SATB2) differentially affects disease-causing p63 mutant proteins. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40671-80. [PMID: 21965674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.271189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
p63, a p53 family member, is critical for proper skin and limb development and directly regulates gene expression in the ectoderm. Mice lacking p63 exhibit skin and craniofacial defects including cleft palate. In humans p63 mutations are associated with several distinct developmental syndromes. p63 sterile-α-motif domain, AEC (ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting)-associated mutations are associated with a high prevalence of orofacial clefting disorders, which are less common in EEC (ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting) patients with DNA binding domain p63 mutations. However, the mechanisms by which these mutations differentially influence p63 function remain unclear, and interactions with other proteins implicated in craniofacial development have not been identified. Here, we show that AEC p63 mutations affect the ability of the p63 protein to interact with special AT-rich binding protein-2 (SATB2), which has recently also been implicated in the development of cleft palate. p63 and SATB2 are co-expressed early in development in the ectoderm of the first and second branchial arches, two essential sites where signaling is required for craniofacial patterning. SATB2 attenuates p63-mediated gene expression of perp (p53 apoptosis effector related to PMP-22), a critical downstream target gene during development, and specifically decreases p63 perp promoter binding. Interestingly, AEC but not EEC p63 mutations affect the ability of p63 to interact with SATB2 and the inhibitory effects of SATB2 on p63 transactivation of perp are most pronounced for AEC-associated p63 mutations. Our findings reveal a novel gain-of-function property of AEC-causing p63 mutations and identify SATB2 as the first p63 binding partner that differentially influences AEC and EEC p63 mutant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Chung
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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25
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Essafi A, Webb A, Berry RL, Slight J, Burn SF, Spraggon L, Velecela V, Martinez-Estrada OM, Wiltshire JH, Roberts SGE, Brownstein D, Davies JA, Hastie ND, Hohenstein P. A wt1-controlled chromatin switching mechanism underpins tissue-specific wnt4 activation and repression. Dev Cell 2011; 21:559-74. [PMID: 21871842 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wt1 regulates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the epicardium and the reverse process (MET) in kidney mesenchyme. The mechanisms underlying these reciprocal functions are unknown. Here, we show in both embryos and cultured cells that Wt1 regulates Wnt4 expression dichotomously. In kidney cells, Wt1 recruits Cbp and p300 as coactivators; in epicardial cells it enlists Basp1 as a corepressor. Surprisingly, in both tissues, Wt1 loss reciprocally switches the chromatin architecture of the entire Ctcf-bounded Wnt4 locus, but not the flanking regions; we term this mode of action "chromatin flip-flop." Ctcf and cohesin are dispensable for Wt1-mediated chromatin flip-flop but essential for maintaining the insulating boundaries. This work demonstrates that a developmental regulator coordinates chromatin boundaries with the transcriptional competence of the flanked region. These findings also have implications for hierarchical transcriptional regulation in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader Essafi
- MRC Human Genetics Unit and Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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26
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Compagnucci C, Fish JL, Schwark M, Tarabykin V, Depew MJ. Pax6 regulates craniofacial form through its control of an essential cephalic ectodermal patterning center. Genesis 2011; 49:307-25. [PMID: 21309073 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Normal patterning and morphogenesis of the complex skeletal structures of the skull requires an exquisite, reciprocal cross-talk between the embryonic cephalic epithelia and mesenchyme. The mesenchyme associated with the jaws and the optic and olfactory capsules is derived from a Hox-negative cranial neural crest (CNC) population that acts much as an equivalence group in its interactions with specific local cephalic epithelial signals. Craniofacial pattern and morphogenesis is therefore controlled in large part through the regulation of these local cephalic epithelial signals. Here, we demonstrate that Pax6 is essential to the formation and maturation of the complex cephalic ectodermal patterning centers that govern the development and morphogenesis of the upper jaws and associated nasal capsules. Previous examinations of the craniofacial skeletal defects associated with Pax6 mutations have suggested that they arise from an optic-associated blockage in the migration of a specific subpopulation of midbrain CNC to the lateral frontonasal processes. We have addressed an alternative explanation for the craniofacial skeletal defects. We show that in Pax6(SeyN/SeyN) mutants regional CNC is present by E9.25 while there is already specific disruption in the early ontogenetic elaboration of cephalic ectodermal expression, associated with the nascent lambdoidal junction, of secreted signaling factors (including Fgf8 and Bmp4) and transcription factors (including Six1 and Dlx5) essential for upper jaw and/or nasal capsular development. Pax6 therefore regulates craniofacial form, at stages when CNC has just arrived in the frontonasal region, through its control of surface cephalic ectodermal competence to form an essential craniofacial patterning center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Compagnucci
- Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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27
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Browne G, Cipollone R, Lena AM, Serra V, Zhou H, van Bokhoven H, Dötsch V, Merico D, Mantovani R, Terrinoni A, Knight RA, Candi E, Melino G. Differential altered stability and transcriptional activity of ΔNp63 mutants in distinct ectodermal dysplasias. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:2200-7. [PMID: 21652629 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.079327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations of p63, a key transcription factor in epithelial development, are causative in a variety of human ectodermal dysplasia disorders. Although the mutation spectrum of these disorders displays a striking genotype-phenotype association, the molecular basis for this association is only superficially known. Here, we characterize the transcriptional activity and protein stability of ΔNp63 mutants (that is, mutants of a p63 isoform that lacks the N-terminal transactivation domain) that are found in ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft syndrome (EEC), ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome (AEC) and nonsyndromic split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM). DNA-binding and sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain mutants accumulate in the skin of EEC and AEC syndrome patients, respectively, and show extended half lives in vitro. By contrast, C-terminal mutations found in SHFM patients have half-lives similar to that of the wild-type protein. The increased half-life of EEC and AEC mutant proteins was reverted by overexpression of wild-type ΔNp63. Interestingly, the mutant proteins exhibit normal binding to and degradation by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch. Finally, EEC and AEC mutant proteins have reduced transcriptional activity on several skin-specific gene promoters, whereas SHFM mutant proteins are transcriptionally active. Our results, therefore, provide evidence for a regulatory feedback mechanism for p63 that links transcriptional activity to regulation of protein homeostasis by an unknown mechanism. Disruption of this regulatory mechanism might contribute to the pathology of p63-related developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Browne
- Medical Research Council, Leicester University, Leicester LE19HN, UK
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28
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A symphony of regulations centered on p63 to control development of ectoderm-derived structures. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:864904. [PMID: 21716671 PMCID: PMC3118300 DOI: 10.1155/2011/864904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53-related transcription factor p63 is critically important for basic cellular functions during development of the ectoderm and derived structure and tissues, including skin, limb, palate, and hair. On the one side, p63 is required to sustain the proliferation of keratinocyte progenitors, while on the other side it is required for cell stratification, commitment to differentiate, cell adhesion, and epithelial-mesenchymal signaling. Molecules that are components or regulators of the p63 pathway(s) are rapidly being identified, and it comes with no surprise that alterations in the p63 pathway lead to congenital conditions in which the skin and other ectoderm-derived structures are affected. In this paper, we summarize the current knowledge of the molecular and cellular regulations centered on p63, derived from the comprehension of p63-linked human diseases and the corresponding animal models, as well as from cellular models and high-throughput molecular approaches. We point out common themes and features, that allow to speculate on the possible role of p63 downstream events and their potential exploitation in future attempts to correct the congenital defect in preclinical studies.
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Di Costanzo A, Festa L, Roscigno G, Vivo M, Pollice A, Morasso M, La Mantia G, Calabrò V. A dominant mutation etiologic for human tricho-dento-osseous syndrome impairs the ability of DLX3 to downregulate ΔNp63α. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2189-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Acquafreda T, Nunes FD, Soprano DR, Soprano KJ. Expression of homeobox genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines treated with all-trans retinoic acid. J Cell Biochem 2011; 111:1437-44. [PMID: 20830740 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) may arise from potentially malignant oral lesions. All-trans retinoic acid (atRA), which plays a role in cell growth and differentiation, has been studied as a possible chemotherapeutic agent in the prevention of this progression. While the mechanism by which atRA suppresses cell growth has not been completely elucidated, it is known that homeobox genes are atRA targets. To determine if these genes are involved in the atRA-mediated OSCC growth inhibition, PCR array was performed to evaluate the expression of 84 homeobox genes in atRA-sensitive SCC-25 cells compared to atRA-resistant SCC-9 cells following 7 days with atRA treatment. Results showed that the expression of 8 homeobox genes was downregulated and expression of 4 was upregulated in SCC-25 cells but not in SCC-9 cells. Gene expression levels were confirmed for seven of these genes by RT-qPCR. Expression of three genes that showed threefold downregulation was evaluated in SCC-25 cells treated with atRA for 3, 5, and 7 days. Three different patterns of atRA-dependent gene expression were observed. ALX1 showed downregulation only on day 7. DLX3 showed reduced expression on day 3 and further reduced on day 7. TLX1 showed downregulation only on days 5 and 7. Clearly the expression of homeobox genes is modulated by atRA in OSCC cell lines. However, the time course of this modulation suggests that these genes are not direct targets of atRA mediating OSCC growth suppression. Instead they appear to act as downstream effectors of atRA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Acquafreda
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Vieux-Rochas M, Mantero S, Heude E, Barbieri O, Astigiano S, Couly G, Kurihara H, Levi G, Merlo GR. Spatio-temporal dynamics of gene expression of the Edn1-Dlx5/6 pathway during development of the lower jaw. Genesis 2010; 48:262-373. [PMID: 20333701 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The morphogenesis of the vertebrate skull results from highly dynamic integrated processes involving the exchange of signals between the ectoderm, the endoderm, and cephalic neural crest cells (CNCCs). Before migration CNCCs are not committed to form any specific skull element, molecular signals exchanged in restricted regions of tissue interaction are crucial in providing positional identity to the CNCCs mesenchyme and activate the specific morphogenetic process of different skeletal components of the head. In particular, the endothelin-1 (Edn1)-dependent activation of Dlx5 and Dlx6 in CNCCs that colonize the first pharyngeal arch (PA1) is necessary and sufficient to specify maxillo-mandibular identity. Here, to better analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics of this process, we associate quantitative gene expression analysis with detailed examination of skeletal phenotypes resulting from combined allelic reduction of Edn1, Dlx5, and Dlx6. We show that Edn1-dependent and -independent regulatory pathways act at different developmental times in distinct regions of PA1. The Edn1-->Dlx5/6-->Hand2 pathway is already active at E9.5 during early stages of CNCCs colonization. At later stages (E10.5) the scenario is more complex: we propose a model in which PA1 is subdivided into four adjacent territories in which distinct regulations are taking place. This new developmental model may provide a conceptual framework to interpret the craniofacial malformations present in several mouse mutants and in human first arch syndromes. More in general, our findings emphasize the importance of quantitative gene expression in the fine control of morphogenetic events.
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32
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Lee GS, Liao X, Shimizu H, Collins MD. Genetic and pathologic aspects of retinoic acid-induced limb malformations in the mouse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:863-82. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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33
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Abstract
The transcription factor p63 is critically important for skin development and maintenance. Processes that require p63 include epidermal lineage commitment, epidermal differentiation, cell adhesion, and basement membrane formation. Not surprisingly, alterations in the p63 pathway underlie a subset of ectodermal dysplasias, developmental syndromes in which the skin and skin appendages do not develop normally. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of p63 in normal development and ectodermal dysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maranke I Koster
- Department of Dermatology, Charles C. Gates Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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34
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Moretti F, Marinari B, Lo Iacono N, Botti E, Giunta A, Spallone G, Garaffo G, Vernersson-Lindahl E, Merlo G, Mills AA, Ballarò C, Alemà S, Chimenti S, Guerrini L, Costanzo A. A regulatory feedback loop involving p63 and IRF6 links the pathogenesis of 2 genetically different human ectodermal dysplasias. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1570-7. [PMID: 20424325 DOI: 10.1172/jci40267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human congenital syndromes ectrodactyly ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip/palate syndrome, ankyloblepharon ectodermal dysplasia clefting, and split-hand/foot malformation are all characterized by ectodermal dysplasia, limb malformations, and cleft lip/palate. These phenotypic features are a result of an imbalance between the proliferation and differentiation of precursor cells during development of ectoderm-derived structures. Mutations in the p63 and interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) genes have been found in human patients with these syndromes, consistent with phenotypes. Here, we used human and mouse primary keratinocytes and mouse models to investigate the role of p63 and IRF6 in proliferation and differentiation. We report that the DeltaNp63 isoform of p63 activated transcription of IRF6, and this, in turn, induced proteasome-mediated DeltaNp63 degradation. This feedback regulatory loop allowed keratinocytes to exit the cell cycle, thereby limiting their ability to proliferate. Importantly, mutations in either p63 or IRF6 resulted in disruption of this regulatory loop: p63 mutations causing ectodermal dysplasias were unable to activate IRF6 transcription, and mice with mutated or null p63 showed reduced Irf6 expression in their palate and ectoderm. These results identify what we believe to be a novel mechanism that regulates the proliferation-differentiation balance of keratinocytes essential for palate fusion and skin differentiation and links the pathogenesis of 2 genetically different groups of ectodermal dysplasia syndromes into a common molecular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Moretti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Priolo M. Ectodermal dysplasias: an overview and update of clinical and molecular-functional mechanisms. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 149A:2003-13. [PMID: 19504607 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The ectodermal dysplasias (EDs) are a large and complex group of disorders. In various combinations, they all share anomalies in hair, teeth, nails, and sweat gland function. The anomalies affecting the epidermis and epidermal appendages are extremely variable. Many are associated with malformations in other organs and systems. Clinical overlap is present among EDs. Few causative genes have been identified, to date. Most of the EDs present multisystem involvement with abnormal development of structures also derived from mesoderm. In the last few years, it has become evident that gene expression in the EDs is not limited to the ectoderm and that there is a concomitant effect on developing mesenchymal structures, with modification or abolition of ectodermal-mesenchymal signaling. It is possible to approach this group of diseases basing on functional and molecular findings and to begin to explain the complex clinical consequences of mutations affecting specific developmental pathways. We have reviewed the molecular basis of ectodermal dysplasias applying this new clinical-functional classification. For each subset of the identified ED, we will now describe the genes and related proteins involved in terms of: (1) structure of the genes and their role in differentiation of the epidermis and the ectodermal derivatives; (2) genotype-phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Priolo
- Operative Unit of Medical Genetics Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
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36
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Sandilands A, Sutherland C, Irvine AD, McLean WHI. Filaggrin in the frontline: role in skin barrier function and disease. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:1285-94. [PMID: 19386895 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.033969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, loss-of-function mutations in FLG, the human gene encoding profilaggrin and filaggrin, have been identified as the cause of the common skin condition ichthyosis vulgaris (which is characterised by dry, scaly skin). These mutations, which are carried by up to 10% of people, also represent a strong genetic predisposing factor for atopic eczema, asthma and allergies. Profilaggrin is the major component of the keratohyalin granules within epidermal granular cells. During epidermal terminal differentiation, the approximately 400 kDa profilaggrin polyprotein is dephosphorylated and rapidly cleaved by serine proteases to form monomeric filaggrin (37 kDa), which binds to and condenses the keratin cytoskeleton and thereby contributes to the cell compaction process that is required for squame biogenesis. Within the squames, filaggrin is citrullinated, which promotes its unfolding and further degradation into hygroscopic amino acids, which constitute one element of natural moisturising factor. Loss of profilaggrin or filaggrin leads to a poorly formed stratum corneum (ichthyosis), which is also prone to water loss (xerosis). Recent human genetic studies strongly suggest that perturbation of skin barrier function as a result of reduction or complete loss of filaggrin expression leads to enhanced percutaneous transfer of allergens. Filaggrin is therefore in the frontline of defence, and protects the body from the entry of foreign environmental substances that can otherwise trigger aberrant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Sandilands
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Division of Molecular Medicine, Colleges of Life Sciences and Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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37
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Di Costanzo A, Festa L, Duverger O, Vivo M, Guerrini L, La Mantia G, Morasso MI, Calabrò V. Homeodomain protein Dlx3 induces phosphorylation-dependent p63 degradation. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:1185-95. [PMID: 19282665 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.8.8202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis is a stratified epithelium which develops depending on the transcription factor p63, a member of the p53 family of transcription factors. p63 is strongly expressed in the innermost basal layer where highly proliferative epithelial cells reside. p63 functions as a molecular switch that initiates epithelial stratification or cell fate determination while regulating proliferation and differentiation of developmentally mature keratinocytes. p63 acts upstream of Dlx3 homeobox gene in a transcriptional regulatory pathway relevant to ectodermal dysplasia. Here we show that Dlx3 triggers p63 protein degradation by a proteasome-dependent pathway. Mutant DeltaNp63alpha in which Threonine397 and Serine383 were replaced with Alanine as well as C-terminal truncated versions of DeltaNp63alpha are resistant to Dlx3-mediated degradation. Transient expression of Dlx3 is associated with Raf1 phosphorylation. Dlx3 is unable to promote p63 degradation in Raf1 depleted MEF cells or upon pharmacological knockdown of Raf1. Our data support a previously unrecognized role for Dlx3 in posttranslational regulation of DeltaNp63alpha protein level, a mechanism that may contribute to reduce the abundance of DeltaNp63alpha during differentiation of stratified epithelia.
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38
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Scapoli L, Martinelli M, Arlotti M, Palmieri A, Masiero E, Pezzetti F, Carinci F. Genes causing clefting syndromes as candidates for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate: a family-based association study. Eur J Oral Sci 2008; 116:507-11. [PMID: 19049519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2008.00574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Clefts of the orofacial region are among the most common congenital defects, caused by abnormal facial development during gestation. Non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) is a complex trait most probably caused by multiple interacting loci, with possible additional environmental factors. As facial clefts form part of more than 300 syndromes, one strategy for identifying the genetic causes of NSCLP could be to study candidate genes responsible for clefting syndromes. Three genes were selected for this investigation: TP63, which codes for the tumour protein p63 and causes Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal dysplasia-orofacial Cleft syndrome; JAG2, a downstream gene of TP63; and MID1, which is responsible for Opitz syndrome. A linkage disequilibrium investigation was performed with intragenic single nucleotide polymorphisms on each of these genes in a sample study of 239 patients/parents trios. Evidence which suggests that JAG2 and MID1 may play a role in NSCLP was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Scapoli
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Centre of Molecular Genetics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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39
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Hwang J, Mehrani T, Millar SE, Morasso MI. Dlx3 is a crucial regulator of hair follicle differentiation and cycling. Development 2008; 135:3149-59. [PMID: 18684741 DOI: 10.1242/dev.022202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dlx homeobox transcription factors regulate epidermal, neural and osteogenic cellular differentiation. Here, we demonstrate the central role of Dlx3 as a crucial transcriptional regulator of hair formation and regeneration. The selective ablation of Dlx3 in the epidermis results in complete alopecia owing to failure of the hair shaft and inner root sheath to form, which is caused by the abnormal differentiation of the cortex. Significantly, we elucidate the regulatory cascade that positions Dlx3 downstream of Wnt signaling and as an upstream regulator of other transcription factors that regulate hair follicle differentiation, such as Hoxc13 and Gata3. Colocalization of phospho-Smad1/5/8 and Dlx3 is consistent with a regulatory role for BMP signaling to Dlx3 during hair morphogenesis. Importantly, mutant catagen follicles undergo delayed regression and display persistent proliferation. Moreover, ablation of Dlx3 expression in the telogen bulge stem cells is associated with a loss of BMP signaling, precluding re-initiation of the hair follicle growth cycle. Taken together with hair follicle abnormalities in humans with Tricho-Dento-Osseous (TDO) syndrome, an autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia linked to mutations in the DLX3 gene, our results establish that Dlx3 is essential for hair morphogenesis, differentiation and cycling programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonsung Hwang
- Developmental Skin Biology Unit, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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40
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Lo Iacono N, Mantero S, Chiarelli A, Garcia E, Mills AA, Morasso MI, Costanzo A, Levi G, Guerrini L, Merlo GR. Regulation of Dlx5 and Dlx6 gene expression by p63 is involved in EEC and SHFM congenital limb defects. Development 2008; 135:1377-88. [PMID: 18326838 DOI: 10.1242/dev.011759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The congenital malformation Split Hand-Foot Malformation (SHFM, or ectrodactyly) is characterized by a medial cleft of hands and feet, and missing central fingers. Five genetically distinct forms are known in humans; the most common (type-I) is linked to deletions of DSS1 and the distalless-related homeogenes DLX5 and DLX6. As Dlx5;Dlx6 double-knockout mice show a SHFM-like phenotype, the human orthologs are believed to be the disease genes. SHFM-IV and Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal dysplasia-Cleft lip (EEC) are caused by mutations in p63, an ectoderm-specific p53-related transcription factor. The similarity in the limb phenotype of different forms of SHFM may underlie the existence of a regulatory cascade involving the disease genes. Here, we show that p63 and Dlx proteins colocalize in the nuclei of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). In homozygous p63- (null) and p63EEC (R279H) mutant limbs, the AER fails to stratify and the expression of four Dlx genes is strongly reduced; interestingly, the p63+/EEC and p63+/- hindlimbs, which develop normally and have a normally stratified AER, show reduced Dlx gene expression. The p63+/EEC mutation combined with an incomplete loss of Dlx5 and Dlx6 alleles leads to severe limb phenotypes, which are not observed in mice with either mutation alone. In vitro, DeltaNp63alpha induces transcription from the Dlx5 and Dlx6 promoters, an activity abolished by EEC and SHFM-IV mutations, but not by Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal defects-Cleft lip/palate (AEC) mutations. ChIP analysis shows that p63 is directly associated with the Dlx5 and Dlx6 promoters. Thus, our data strongly implicate p63 and the Dlx5-Dlx6 locus in a pathway relevant in the aetio-pathogenesis of SHFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Lo Iacono
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino, 10126, Italy
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41
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Lee SK, Lee Z, Lee SJ, Ahn BD, Kim YJ, Lee SH, Kim JW. DLX3 Mutation in a New Family and Its Phenotypic Variations. J Dent Res 2008; 87:354-7. [DOI: 10.1177/154405910808700402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tricho-dento-osseous syndrome (TDO) is an autosomal-dominant disease characterized by curly hair at birth, enamel hypoplasia, taurodontism, and a thick cortical bone. A common DLX3 gene mutation (c.571_574delGGGG) has been identified in multiple families with variable clinical phenotypes. Recently, another DLX3 gene mutation (c.561_562delCT) was reported to cause amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism (AIHHT). We identified a Korean family with overlapping phenotypes of TDO and AIHHT. We performed mutational analysis to discover its genetic etiology. The identified mutation was c.561_562delCT mutation in the DLX3 gene. The enamel was hypomature and hypoplastic. The characteristic taurodontic features were not identified. Increased bone density or thickness could not be revealed by cephalometric, hand-wrist, and panoramic radiographs. Affected individuals reported that their nails were brittle, and they had curly hair at birth. This study clearly showed that the c.561_562delCT mutation had not only enamel defects, but also other clinical phenotypes resembling those of TDO syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.-K. Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & Dental Research Institute,
- Dental Genetics Laboratory, and
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 275-1 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-768, Korea
| | - Z.H. Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & Dental Research Institute,
- Dental Genetics Laboratory, and
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 275-1 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-768, Korea
| | - S.-J. Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & Dental Research Institute,
- Dental Genetics Laboratory, and
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 275-1 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-768, Korea
| | - B.-D. Ahn
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & Dental Research Institute,
- Dental Genetics Laboratory, and
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 275-1 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-768, Korea
| | - Y.-J. Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & Dental Research Institute,
- Dental Genetics Laboratory, and
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 275-1 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-768, Korea
| | - S.-H. Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & Dental Research Institute,
- Dental Genetics Laboratory, and
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 275-1 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-768, Korea
| | - J.-W. Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & Dental Research Institute,
- Dental Genetics Laboratory, and
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 275-1 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-768, Korea
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42
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Shimomura Y, Wajid M, Shapiro L, Christiano AM. P-cadherin is a p63 target gene with a crucial role in the developing human limb bud and hair follicle. Development 2008; 135:743-53. [PMID: 18199584 DOI: 10.1242/dev.006718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
P-cadherin is a member of the classical cadherin family that forms the transmembrane core of adherens junctions. Recently, mutations in the P-cadherin gene (CDH3) have been shown to cause two inherited diseases in humans: hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy (HJMD) and ectodermal dysplasia, ectrodactyly, macular dystrophy (EEM syndrome). The common features of both diseases are sparse hair and macular dystrophy of the retina, while only EEM syndrome shows the additional finding of split hand/foot malformation (SHFM). We identified five consanguineous Pakistani families with either HJMD or EEM syndrome, and detected pathogenic mutations in the CDH3 gene of all five families. In order to define the role of P-cadherin in hair follicle and limb development, we performed expression studies on P-cadherin in the mouse embryo, and demonstrated the predominant expression of P-cadherin not only in the hair follicle placode, but also at the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) of the limb bud. Based on the evidence that mutations in the p63 gene also result in hypotrichosis and SHFM, and that the expression patterns of p63 and P-cadherin overlap in the hair follicle placode and AER, we postulated that CDH3 could be a direct transcriptional target gene of p63. We performed promoter assays and ChIP, which revealed that p63 directly interacts with two distinct regions of the CDH3 promoter. We conclude that P-cadherin is a newly defined transcriptional target gene of p63, with a crucial role in hair follicle morphogenesis as well as the AER during limb bud outgrowth in humans, whereas it is not required for either in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Shimomura
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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43
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King KE, Weinberg WC. p63: defining roles in morphogenesis, homeostasis, and neoplasia of the epidermis. Mol Carcinog 2007; 46:716-24. [PMID: 17477357 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
p63 is a member of a gene family also including the p53 tumor suppressor and p73. In contrast to p53, p63 is rarely mutated in human cancers. Rather, gene amplification and dysregulated expression of p63 protein have been observed, particularly in squamous cell carcinomas. p63 is essential for development of stratified squamous epithelium, including the epidermis. The p63 gene is expressed as multiple protein isoforms with different functional capacities, and the balance of these isoforms, along with the presence or absence of the other family members, p53 and p73, can impact biological outcome. Both gene silencing and overexpression approaches have been utilized to elucidate the contributions of specific p63 isoforms to normal epidermal morphogenesis and tissue maintenance. While numerous studies have established the essential nature of p63 in the epidermis, the basis of this requirement, and the unique, as well as, overlapping functions of the individual isoforms, remain controversial. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of roles played by specific p63 isoforms within the context of epidermal morphogenesis and homeostasis of the established epidermis, and the potential impact of p63 dysregulation on cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E King
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
The epidermis is a stratified epithelium that functions as a barrier protecting the organism from dehydration, mechanical trauma, and microbial insults. This barrier function is established during embryogenesis through a complex and tightly controlled stratification program. Whereas the morphological changes that occur during epidermal development have been extensively studied, the molecular mechanisms that govern this process remain poorly understood. In this review we summarize the current advances that have been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate epidermal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maranke I Koster
- Department of Dermatology and Charles C. Gates Program in Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80010, USA.
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