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Ikeda S, Sato K, Fujita H, Ono-Minagi H, Miyaishi S, Nohno T, Ohuchi H. Harderian Gland Development and Degeneration in the Fgf10-Deficient Heterozygous Mouse. J Dev Biol 2024; 12:16. [PMID: 38921483 PMCID: PMC11205083 DOI: 10.3390/jdb12020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The mouse Harderian gland (HG) is a secretory gland that covers the posterior portion of the eyeball, opening at the base of the nictitating membrane. The HG serves to protect the eye surface from infection with its secretions. Mice open their eyelids at about 2 weeks of age, and the development of the HG primordium mechanically opens the eye by pushing the eyeball from its rear. Therefore, when HG formation is disturbed, the eye exhibits enophthalmos (the slit-eye phenotype), and a line of Fgf10+/- heterozygous loss-of-function mice exhibits slit-eye due to the HG atrophy. However, it has not been clarified how and when HGs degenerate and atrophy in Fgf10+/- mice. In this study, we observed the HGs in embryonic (E13.5 to E19), postnatal (P0.5 to P18) and 74-week-old Fgf10+/- mice. We found that more than half of the Fgf10+/- mice had markedly degenerated HGs, often unilaterally. The degenerated HG tissue had a melanized appearance and was replaced by connective tissue, which was observed by P10. The development of HGs was delayed or disrupted in the similar proportion of Fgf10+/- embryos, as revealed via histology and the loss of HG-marker expression. In situ hybridization showed Fgf10 expression was observed in the Harderian mesenchyme in wild-type as well as in the HG-lacking heterozygote at E19. These results show that the Fgf10 haploinsufficiency causes delayed or defective HG development, often unilaterally from the unexpectedly early neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Ikeda
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Medical School, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Keita Sato
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Fujita
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ono-Minagi
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyaishi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nohno
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Medical School, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hideyo Ohuchi
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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2
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Gong J, Ding G, Hao Z, Li Y, Deng A, Zhang C. Elucidating the mechanism of corneal epithelial cell repair: unraveling the impact of growth factors. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1384500. [PMID: 38638937 PMCID: PMC11024251 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1384500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The repair mechanism for corneal epithelial cell injuries encompasses migration, proliferation, and differentiation of corneal epithelial cells, and extracellular matrix remodeling of the stromal structural integrity. Furthermore, it involves the consequential impact of corneal limbal stem cells (LSCs). In recent years, as our comprehension of the mediating mechanisms underlying corneal epithelial injury repair has advanced, it has become increasingly apparent that growth factors play a pivotal role in this intricate process. These growth factors actively contribute to the restoration of corneal epithelial injuries by orchestrating responses and facilitating specific interactions at targeted sites. This article systematically summarizes the role of growth factors in corneal epithelial cell injury repair by searching relevant literature in recent years, and explores the limitations of current literature search, providing a certain scientific basis for subsequent basic research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Gong
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan Second People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Gang Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan Second People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Zhongkai Hao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan Second People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Yuchun Li
- Wuxi No. 2 Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Aijun Deng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Chenming Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan Second People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
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3
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Verma S, Moreno IY, Trapp ME, Ramirez L, Gesteira TF, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Meibomian gland development: Where, when and how? Differentiation 2023; 132:41-50. [PMID: 37202278 PMCID: PMC11259229 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Meibomian gland (MG) is an indispensable adnexal structure of eye that produces meibum, an important defensive component for maintaining ocular homeostasis. Normal development and maintenance of the MGs is required for ocular health since atrophic MGs and disturbances in composition and/or secretion of meibum result in major ocular pathologies, collectively termed as Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Currently available therapies for MGD merely provide symptomatic relief and do not treat the underlying deficiency of the MGs. Hence, a thorough understanding of the timeline of MG development, maturation and aging is required for regenerative purposes along with signaling molecules & pathways controlling proper differentiation of MG lineage in mammalian eye. Understanding the factors that contribute to the development of MGs, developmental abnormalities of MGs, and changes in the quality & quantity of meibum with developing phases of MGs are essential for developing potential treatments for MGD. In this review, we compiled a timeline of events and the factors involved in the structural and functional development of MGs and the associated developmental defects of MGs during development, maturation and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Verma
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Isabel Y Moreno
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Morgan E Trapp
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luis Ramirez
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Delcroix V, Mauduit O, Lee HS, Ivanova A, Umazume T, Knox SM, de Paiva CS, Dartt DA, Makarenkova HP. The First Transcriptomic Atlas of the Adult Lacrimal Gland Reveals Epithelial Complexity and Identifies Novel Progenitor Cells in Mice. Cells 2023; 12:1435. [PMID: 37408269 PMCID: PMC10216974 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The lacrimal gland (LG) secretes aqueous tears. Previous studies have provided insights into the cell lineage relationships during tissue morphogenesis. However, little is known about the cell types composing the adult LG and their progenitors. Using scRNAseq, we established the first comprehensive cell atlas of the adult mouse LG to investigate the cell hierarchy, its secretory repertoire, and the sex differences. Our analysis uncovered the complexity of the stromal landscape. Epithelium subclustering revealed myoepithelial cells, acinar subsets, and two novel acinar subpopulations: Tfrchi and Car6hi cells. The ductal compartment contained Wfdc2+ multilayered ducts and an Ltf+ cluster formed by luminal and intercalated duct cells. Kit+ progenitors were identified as: Krt14+ basal ductal cells, Aldh1a1+ cells of Ltf+ ducts, and Sox10+ cells of the Car6hi acinar and Ltf+ epithelial clusters. Lineage tracing experiments revealed that the Sox10+ adult populations contribute to the myoepithelial, acinar, and ductal lineages. Using scRNAseq data, we found that the postnatally developing LG epithelium harbored key features of putative adult progenitors. Finally, we showed that acinar cells produce most of the sex-biased lipocalins and secretoglobins detected in mouse tears. Our study provides a wealth of new data on LG maintenance and identifies the cellular origin of sex-biased tear components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Delcroix
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (V.D.); (H.S.L.); (A.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Olivier Mauduit
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (V.D.); (H.S.L.); (A.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (V.D.); (H.S.L.); (A.I.); (T.U.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Anastasiia Ivanova
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (V.D.); (H.S.L.); (A.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Takeshi Umazume
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (V.D.); (H.S.L.); (A.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Sarah M. Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cintia S. de Paiva
- The Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Darlene A. Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Helen P. Makarenkova
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (V.D.); (H.S.L.); (A.I.); (T.U.)
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5
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Yu S, Yang Y, Yang H, Peng L, Wu Z, Sun L, Wu Z, Yu X, Yin X. Pancancer analysis of oncogenic BARX2 identifying its prognostic value and immunological function in liver hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7560. [PMID: 37161008 PMCID: PMC10170086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor BarH-like homeobox 2 (BARX2), a member of the Bar-like homeobox gene family, is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, immune responses and tumorigenesis. However, the potential role of BARX2 in the development of liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to study the biological role of BARX2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Through the UALCAN, GTEx PORTAL, TIMER 2.0, LinkedOmics, SMART, MethSurv, Metascape, GSEA and STRING public databases, the BARX2 mRNA level, prognostic value, coexpressed genes, associated differentially expressed genes, DNA methylation and functional enrichment of LIHC patients were studied. The relationships between BARX2 expression and various clinical or genetic parameters of LIHC patients were determined using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and BEAT LIHC databases. In addition, the biological function of BARX2 in LIHC was studied in vitro. Through large-scale data mining, our study showed that BARX2 was differentially expressed between different normal and tumour tissues.BARX2 expression in LIHC tissues was significantly lower than that in corresponding controls, especially in patients with T2-4 stage disease. In patients with LIHC, overexpression of BARX2 was an independent poor prognostic factor associated with poor cytogenetic risk and gene mutations. Genomic hypermethylation of the BARX2 gene was associated with upregulated BARX2 expression and poor overall survival (OS) in LIHC. Functional enrichment analysis showed that BARX2 had an immunomodulatory role and was involved in the inflammatory response in LIHC occurrence. In conclusion, the oncogene BARX2 may serve as a new biomarker and prognostic factor for patients with LIHC. The immunomodulatory function of BARX2 deserves further validation in LIHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shian Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hanqing Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Long Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Zhipeng Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Zhengyi Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xuzhe Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xiangbao Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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6
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Secreted protease ADAMTS18 in development and disease. Gene 2023; 858:147169. [PMID: 36632911 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
ADAMTS18 was identified in 2002 as a member of the ADAMTS family of 19 secreted Zinc-dependent metalloproteinases. Prior to 2016, ADAMTS18 was known as a candidate gene associated with a wide range of pathologies, particularly various malignancies and eye disorders. However, functions and substrates of ADAMTS18 in normal conditions were unknown. Since 2016, with the development of Adamts18 knockout models, many studies had been conducted on the Adamts18 gene in vivo. These studies revealed that ADAMTS18 is essential for the morphology and organogenesis of several epithelial organs (e.g., lung, kidney, breast, salivary glands, and lacrimal glands), vascular and neuronal systems, adipose tissue, and reproductive tracts. In this review, we describe the current understanding of ADAMTS18 and its substrates and regulators. Limitations in translating new findings on ADAMTS18 to clinical practice are also discussed.
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7
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Finburgh EN, Mauduit O, Noguchi T, Bu JJ, Abbas AA, Hakim DF, Bellusci S, Meech R, Makarenkova HP, Afshari NA. Role of FGF10/FGFR2b Signaling in Homeostasis and Regeneration of Adult Lacrimal Gland and Corneal Epithelium Proliferation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:21. [PMID: 36715672 PMCID: PMC9896866 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) is involved in eye, meibomian, and lacrimal gland (LG) development, but its function in adult eye structures remains unknown. This study aimed to characterize the role of FGF10 in homeostasis and regeneration of adult LG and corneal epithelium proliferation. Methods Quantitative reverse transcription PCR was used for analysis of FGF10 expression in both early postnatal and adult mouse LG, and RNA sequencing was used to analyze gene expression during LG inflammation. FGF10 was injected into the LG of two mouse models of Sjögren's syndrome and healthy controls. Flow cytometry, BrdU cell proliferation assay, immunostaining, and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to evaluate the effects of FGF10 injection on inflammation and cell proliferation in vivo. Mouse and human epithelial cell cultures were treated with FGF10 in vitro, and cell viability was assessed using WST-8 and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) quantification assays. Results The level of Fgf10 mRNA expression was lower in adult LG compared to early postnatal LG and was downregulated in chronic inflammation. FGF10 injection into diseased LGs significantly increased cell proliferation and decreased the number of B cells. Mouse and human corneal epithelial cell cultures treated with FGF10 showed significantly higher cell viability and greater cell proliferation. Conclusions FGF10 appears to promote regeneration in damaged adult LGs. These findings have therapeutic potential for developing new treatments for dry eye disease targeting the ability of the cornea and LG to regenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma N Finburgh
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Olivier Mauduit
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Takako Noguchi
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Jennifer J Bu
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Anser A Abbas
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Dominic F Hakim
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute and Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Robyn Meech
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Helen P Makarenkova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Natalie A Afshari
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
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8
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Luo W, Liang P, Zhao T, Cheng Q, Liu H, He L, Zhang L, Huang B, Zhang Y, He T, Yang D. Reversely immortalized mouse salivary gland cells presented a promising metabolic and fibrotic response upon BMP9/Gdf2 stimulation. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:46. [PMID: 35690719 PMCID: PMC9188258 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The submandibular gland (SMG) and the sublingual gland (SLG) are two of the three major salivary glands in mammals. In mice, they are adjacent to each other and open into the oral cavity, producing saliva to lubricate the mouth and aid in food digestion. Though salivary gland dysfunction accompanied with fibrosis and metabolic disturbance is common in clinic, in-depth mechanistic research is lacking. Currently, research on how to rescue salivary function is challenging, as it must resort to using terminally differentiated acinar cells or precursor acinar cells with unknown differentiation. In this study, we established reversely immortalized mouse primary SMG cells (iSMGCs) and SLG cells (iSLGCs) on the first postnatal day (P0). The iSMGCs and iSLGCs grew well, exhibited many salivary gland characteristics, and retained the metabolism-related genes derived from the original tissue as demonstrated using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways of these two cell lines, which overlapped with those of the SMG and SLG, were enriched in cysteine and methionine metabolism. Furthermore, we investigated the role of bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), also known as growth differentiation factor 2(Gdf2), on metabolic and fibrotic functions in the SMG and SLG. We demonstrated that iSMGCs and iSLGCs presented promising adipogenic and fibrotic responses upon BMP9/Gdf2 stimulation. Thus, our findings indicate that iSMGCs and iSLGCs faithfully reproduce characteristics of SMG and SLG cells and present a promising prospect for use in future study of salivary gland metabolism and fibrosis upon BMP9/Gdf2 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue MC6035, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Panpan Liang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Qianyu Cheng
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Huikai Liu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Liwen He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue MC6035, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Linghuan Zhang
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 Min De Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Tongchuan He
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue MC6035, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Deqin Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China. .,Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China.
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9
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Liu J, Pedersen LC. Emerging chemical and biochemical tools for studying 3- O-sulfated heparan sulfate. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1166-C1175. [PMID: 35417268 PMCID: PMC9169821 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00110.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is a widely expressed polysaccharide in the extracellular matrix and on the cell surface. 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate represents only a small percentage of heparan sulfate from biological sources. However, this subpopulation is closely associated with biological functions of heparan sulfate. The 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate is biosynthesized by heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase, which exists in seven different isoforms. This review article summarizes the recent progress in the substrate specificity studies of different 3-O-sulfotransferase isoforms involving the use of homogeneous oligosaccharide substrates and crystal structural analysis. The article also reviews a newly developed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based method to analyze the level of 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate with high sensitivity and quantitative capability. This newly emerged technology will provide new tools to study the structure and function relationship of heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lars C Pedersen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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10
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Hayashi R, Okubo T, Kudo Y, Ishikawa Y, Imaizumi T, Suzuki K, Shibata S, Katayama T, Park SJ, Young RD, Quantock AJ, Nishida K. Generation of 3D lacrimal gland organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Nature 2022; 605:126-131. [PMID: 35444274 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lacrimal glands are the main exocrine glands of the eyes. Situated within the orbit, behind the upper eyelid and towards the temporal side of each eye, they secrete lacrimal fluid as a major component of the tear film. Here we identify cells with characteristics of lacrimal gland primordia that emerge in two-dimensional eye-like organoids cultured from human pluripotent stem cells1. When isolated by cell sorting and grown under defined conditions, the cells form a three-dimensional lacrimal-gland-like tissue organoid with ducts and acini, enabled by budding and branching. Clonal colony analyses indicate that the organoids originate from multipotent ocular surface epithelial stem cells. The organoids exhibit notable similarities to native lacrimal glands on the basis of their morphology, immunolabelling characteristics and gene expression patterns, and undergo functional maturation when transplanted adjacent to the eyes of recipient rats, developing lumina and producing tear-film proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Hayashi
- Department of Stem Cells and Applied Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Toru Okubo
- Department of Stem Cells and Applied Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Basic Research Development Division, ROHTO Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Kudo
- Department of Stem Cells and Applied Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Basic Research Development Division, ROHTO Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Ishikawa
- Department of Stem Cells and Applied Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Imaizumi
- Department of Stem Cells and Applied Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Basic Research Development Division, ROHTO Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Department of Stem Cells and Applied Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shun Shibata
- Department of Stem Cells and Applied Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Basic Research Development Division, ROHTO Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Informative Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Katayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sung-Joon Park
- Laboratory of Functional Analysis In Silico, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert D Young
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew J Quantock
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Rodboon T, Yodmuang S, Chaisuparat R, Ferreira JN. Development of high-throughput lacrimal gland organoid platforms for drug discovery in dry eye disease. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2022; 27:151-158. [PMID: 35058190 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction and damage of the lacrimal gland (LG) results in ocular discomfort and dry eye disease (DED). Current therapies for DED do not fully replenish the necessary lubrication to rescue optimal vision. New drug discovery for DED has been limited perhaps because in vitro models cannot mimic the biology of the native LG. The existing platforms for LG organoid culture are scarce and still not ready for consistency and scale up production towards drug screening. The magnetic three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting (M3DB) is a novel system for 3D in vitro biofabrication of cellularized tissues using magnetic nanoparticles to bring cells together. M3DB provides a scalable platform for consistent handling of spheroid-like cell cultures facilitating consistent biofabrication of organoids. Previously, we successfully generated innervated secretory epithelial organoids from human dental pulp stem cells with M3DB and found that this platform is feasible for epithelial organoid bioprinting. Research targeting LG organogenesis, drug discovery for DED has extensively used mouse models. However, certain inter-species differences between mouse and human must be considered. Porcine LG appear to have more similarities to human LG than the mouse counterparts. We have conducted preliminary studies with the M3DB for fabricating LG organoids from primary cells isolated from murine and porcine LG, and found that this platform provides robust LG organoids for future potential high-throughput analysis and drug discovery. The LG organoid holds promise to be a functional model of tearing, a platform for drug screening, and may offer clinical applications for DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerapat Rodboon
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supansa Yodmuang
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Risa Chaisuparat
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Joao N Ferreira
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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12
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Wang L, Sun M, Zhang Q, Dang S, Zhang W. ADAMTS18 regulates early branching morphogenesis of lacrimal gland and has a significant association with the risk of dry eye in mice. Exp Eye Res 2022; 218:109020. [PMID: 35240198 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ADAMTS18 is an orphan member of the ADAMTS family of metalloproteinase. ADAMTS18 mutation has been linked to developmental eye disorders, such as retinal dystrophies and ectopia lentis. Here, we report a new function of ADAMTS18 in modulating the lacrimal gland (LG) branching morphogenesis, and an association with dry eye in mice. Adamts18 mRNA was found to be enriched in the epithelium of branching tips of embryonic (E) LG, but its expression was barely detectable after 2 weeks of birth. Histological analyses of E16.5-E17.5 LG showed that ADAMTS18 deficiency resulted in a significant reduction of epithelial branching in embryonic LG. In vitro culture of E15.5 LG explants showed that the numbers of epithelial buds and branches in Adamts18 knockout (Adamts18-/-) LGs were significantly decreased when compared to those of wild type (Adamts18+/+) LGs after 0 h, 24 h, and 48 h of culture. Increased fibronectin deposition was detected in LG mesenchyme of E16.5 Adamts18-/- mice. At 14 months of age, Adamts18-/- mice manifested multiple LG pathological changes, including acinar atrophy and irregular duct ectasis with periductal fibrosis. The tear volume was significantly decreased in Adamts18-/- mice at 4 months of age, which corresponds to early adulthood in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suying Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Zhu J, Inomata T, Shih KC, Okumura Y, Fujio K, Huang T, Nagino K, Akasaki Y, Fujimoto K, Yanagawa A, Miura M, Midorikawa-Inomata A, Hirosawa K, Kuwahara M, Shokirova H, Eguchi A, Morooka Y, Chen F, Murakami A. Application of Animal Models in Interpreting Dry Eye Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:830592. [PMID: 35178415 PMCID: PMC8844459 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.830592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Different pathophysiologic mechanisms are involved in the initiation, development, and outcome of dry eye disease (DED). Animal models have proven valuable and efficient in establishing ocular surface microenvironments that mimic humans, thus enabling better understanding of the pathogenesis. Several dry eye animal models, including lacrimal secretion insufficiency, evaporation, neuronal dysfunction, and environmental stress models, are related to different etiological factors. Other models may be categorized as having a multifactorial DED. In addition, there are variations in the methodological classification, including surgical lacrimal gland removal, drug-induced models, irradiation impairment, autoimmune antibody-induced models, and transgenic animals. The aforementioned models may manifest varying degrees of severity or specific pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to the complexity of DED. This review aimed to summarize various dry eye animal models and evaluate their respective characteristics to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanism and identify therapeutic prospects for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Takenori Inomata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kendrick Co Shih
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuichi Okumura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Fujio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tianxiang Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Nagino
- Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutsugu Akasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fujimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Yanagawa
- Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria Miura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akie Midorikawa-Inomata
- Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Hirosawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizu Kuwahara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hurramhon Shokirova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Eguchi
- Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Morooka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Akira Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Abstract
Fluid secretion by exocrine glandular organs is essential to the survival of mammals. Each glandular unit within the body is uniquely organized to carry out its own specific functions, with failure to establish these specialized structures resulting in impaired organ function. Here, we review glandular organs in terms of shared and divergent architecture. We first describe the structural organization of the diverse glandular secretory units (the end-pieces) and their fluid transporting systems (the ducts) within the mammalian system, focusing on how tissue architecture corresponds to functional output. We then highlight how defects in development of end-piece and ductal architecture impacts secretory function. Finally, we discuss how knowledge of exocrine gland structure-function relationships can be applied to the development of new diagnostics, regenerative approaches and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameed Khan
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Fitch
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ripla Arora
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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15
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Jiang X, Tong T, Xia N, Wu L, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Li RX. Association study of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) rs399501 polymorphism with susceptibility to high myopia in a Chinese population. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:239-242. [PMID: 33620261 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1881980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Genetic association between the fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) gene rs339501 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and high myopia remains inconsistent in different studies. This study aimed to investigate the association between FGF10 rs339501 and high myopia in a Han Chinese population.Methods: A total of 675 patients with high myopia (HM), including 246 extreme myopia (EM) patients, and 800 healthy subjects with normal vision from the Chinese Han population were selected as the study subjects. The SNP of FGF10 rs399501 was genotyped by TaqMan allele discrimination assay on the 7300 real-time polymorphism chain reaction system, and the relationship between genotype and allele frequency of FGF10 rs399501 and high myopia was analyzed.Results: In our study, there are statistically significant differences between high myopia patients and controls in the allele frequencies (OR = 1.268, 95%CI = 1.030 ~ 1.560, P = .025), but not in genotype distributions (χ2 = 5.673, P = .059) of rs399501 SNP in the FGF10 gene. In addition, a weak association was found in recessive model (GG vs. AG+AA: OR = 1.929, 95%CI = 1.004 ~ 3.708, P = .045), but not in dominant model (AG+GG vs. AA: OR = 1.239, 95%CI = 0.981 ~ 1.566, P = .072). Moreover, significant associations were also found between FGF10 rs339501 polymorphism and the risk of extreme myopia in all genetic models.Conclusion: Our results do support that the genetic variant of FGF10 rs339501 is associated with susceptibility of high myopia, especially extreme myopia in a Chinese Han population, and further exploration is needed for myopia in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenyang Fourth People's Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Tian Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenyang Fourth People's Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Ning Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenyang Fourth People's Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Ling Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenyang Fourth People's Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenyang Fourth People's Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenyang Fourth People's Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Ruo-Xi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenyang Fourth People's Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
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16
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Hwang HS, Mikula E, Xie Y, Brown DJ, Jester JV. A novel transillumination meibography device for in vivo imaging of mouse meibomian glands. Ocul Surf 2020; 19:201-209. [PMID: 33075493 PMCID: PMC10388835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE While mouse models of dry eye disease (DED) have been developed, studies evaluating the role of the meibomian glands limited by the inability to temporally document changes. In this report we describe the development of a novel mouse transillumination meibography device and assess the ability of this device to detect age-related changes in the meibomian glands of young and old mice. METHODS The mouse meibography device was comprised of a 3 mm wide right angle prism attached to broad spectrum light source by an optical fiber. Eyelids were then pulled over the prism using double tooth forceps and imaged using a stereomicroscope and low light level camera. Meibomian glands from four young and four old male, BALB/c mice were then imaged and analyzed using ImageJ. RESULTS In young mice, meibography documented the presence of 7-8 meibomian glands appearing as black and distinct eyelid structures with the length shorter in the lower eyelid compared to the upper eyelids. Eyelids of old mice showed apparent dropout of meibomian glands along with smaller and more irregularly shaped acini. The mean acini area of one meibomian gland was 0.088 ± 0.025 mm2 in young mice and 0.080 ± 0.020 mm2 in old mice (p = 0.564), but the Meibomian gland density was significantly lower in older mice (41.7 ± 6.4%, 27.3 ± 4.2%) (p = 0.021). CONCLUSION We have developed an in vivo meibography device that may prove useful in sequentially documenting changes during development of meibomian gland dysfunction and following treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Sik Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Eric Mikula
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yilu Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Donald J Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - James V Jester
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.
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17
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Xiao S, Zhang Y. Establishment of long-term serum-free culture for lacrimal gland stem cells aiming at lacrimal gland repair. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:20. [PMID: 31915062 PMCID: PMC6951017 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aqueous-deficient dry eye disease (ADDED) resulting from dysfunction of the lacrimal gland (LG) is currently incurable. Although LG stem/progenitor cell-based therapy is considered to be a promising strategy for ADDED patients, the lack of a reliable serum-free culture method to obtain enough lacrimal gland stem cells (LGSCs) and the basic standard of LGSC transplantation are obstacles for further research. METHODS Adult mouse LGSCs were cultured in Matrigel-based 3D culture under serum-free culture condition, which contained EGF, FGF10, Wnt3A, and Y-27632. LGSCs were continuously passaged over 40 times every 7 days, and the morphology and cell numbers were recorded. LGSCs were induced to differentiate to ductal cells by reducing Matrigel rigidity, while fetal bovine serum was used for the induction of acinar cells. RT-PCR or qRT-PCR analysis, RNA-sequence analysis, H&E staining, and immunofluorescence were used for characterization and examining the differentiation of LGSCs. LGSCs were allotransplanted into diseased LGs to examine the ability of repairing the damage. The condition of eye orbits was recorded using a camera, the tear production was measured using phenol red-impregnated cotton threads, and the engraftments of LGSCs were examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We established an efficient 3D serum-free culture for adult mouse LGSCs, in which LGSCs could be continuously passaged for long-term expansion. LGSCs cultured from both the healthy and ADDED mouse LGs expressed stem/progenitor cell markers Krt14, Krt5, P63, and nestin, had the potential to differentiate into acinar or ductal-like cells in vitro and could engraft into diseased LGs and relieve symptoms of ADDED after orthotopic injection of LGSCs. CONCLUSION We successfully established an efficient serum-free culture for adult mouse LGSCs aiming at LG repair for the first time. Our approach provides an excellent theoretical and technical reference for future clinical research for ADDED stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Xiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Schneider AJ, Gawdzik J, Vezina CM, Baker TR, Peterson RE. Sox9 in mouse urogenital sinus epithelium mediates elongation of prostatic buds and expression of genes involved in epithelial cell migration. Gene Expr Patterns 2019; 34:119075. [PMID: 31669249 PMCID: PMC6927329 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2019.119075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies identified Sox9 as a critical mediator of prostate development but the precise stage when Sox9 acts had not been determined. A genetic approach was used to delete Sox9 from mouse urogenital sinus epithelium (UGE) prior to prostate specification. All prostatic bud types (anterior, dorsolateral and ventral) were stunted in Sox9 conditional knockouts (cKOs) even though the number of prostatic buds did not differ from that of controls. We concluded that Sox9 is required for prostatic bud elongation and compared control male, control female, Sox9 cKO male and Sox9 cKO female UGE transcriptomes to identify potential molecular mediators. We identified 702 sex-dependent and 95 Sox9-dependent genes. Thirty-one genes were expressed in both a sex- and Sox9-dependent pattern. A comparison of Sox9 cKO female vs control female UGE transcriptomes revealed 74 Sox9-dependent genes, some of which also function in cell migration. SOX9 regulates, directly or indirectly, a largely different profile of genes in male and female UGE. Eighty-three percent of Sox9-dependent genes in male UGE were not Sox9-dependent in female UGE. Only 16 genes were Sox9-dependent in the UGE of both sexes and seven had cell migration functions. These results support the notion that Sox9 promotes cell migration activities needed for prostate ductal elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Schneider
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Joseph Gawdzik
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Chad M Vezina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Tracie R Baker
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Richard E Peterson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive understanding of alterations in messenger RNAs (mRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in cartilage affected by osteoarthritis (OA). Methods The expression profiles of mRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in OA cartilage were assessed using whole-transcriptome sequencing. Bioinformatics analyses included prediction and reannotation of novel lncRNAs and circRNAs, their classification, and their placement into subgroups. Gene ontology and pathway analysis were performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs), and differentially expressed circRNAs (DECs). We focused on the overlap of DEGs and targets of DELs previously identified in seven high-throughput studies. The top ten DELs were verified by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in articular chondrocytes, both in vitro and in vivo. Results In total, 739 mRNAs, 1152 lncRNAs, and 42 circRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in OA cartilage tissue. Among these, we identified 18 overlapping DEGs and targets of DELs, and the top ten DELs were screened by expression profile analysis as candidate OA-related genes. WISP2, ATF3, and CHI3L1 were significantly increased in both normal versus OA tissues and normal versus interleukin (IL)-1β-induced OA-like cell models, while ADAM12, PRELP, and ASPN were shown to be significantly decreased. Among the identified DELs, we observed higher expression of ENST00000453554 and MSTRG.99593.3, and lower expression of MSTRG.44186.2 and NONHSAT186094.1 in normal versus OA cells and tissues. Conclusion This study revealed expression patterns of coding and noncoding RNAs in OA cartilage, which added sets of genes and noncoding RNAs to the list of candidate diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents for OA patients. Cite this article: H. Li, H. H. Yang, Z. G. Sun, H. B. Tang, J. K. Min. Whole-transcriptome sequencing of knee joint cartilage from osteoarthritis patients. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:290–303. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.87.BJR-2018-0297.R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, China
| | - H H Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, China
| | - Z G Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, China
| | - H B Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, China
| | - J K Min
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, China
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20
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Moore BA, Flenniken AM, Clary D, Moshiri AS, Nutter LMJ, Berberovic Z, Owen C, Newbigging S, Adissu H, Eskandarian M, McKerlie C, Thomasy SM, Lloyd KCK, Murphy CJ, Moshiri A. Genome-wide screening of mouse knockouts reveals novel genes required for normal integumentary and oculocutaneous structure and function. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11211. [PMID: 31371754 PMCID: PMC6672016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous syndromes are often due to mutations in single genes. In some cases, mouse models for these diseases exist in spontaneously occurring mutations, or in mice resulting from forward mutatagenesis screens. Here we present novel genes that may be causative for oculocutaneous disease in humans, discovered as part of a genome-wide screen of knockout-mice in a targeted single-gene deletion project. The International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) database (data release 10.0) was interrogated for all mouse strains with integument abnormalities, which were then cross-referenced individually to identify knockouts with concomitant ocular abnormalities attributed to the same targeted gene deletion. The search yielded 307 knockout strains from unique genes with integument abnormalities, 226 of which have not been previously associated with oculocutaneous conditions. Of the 307 knockout strains with integument abnormalities, 52 were determined to have ocular changes attributed to the targeted deletion, 35 of which represent novel oculocutaneous genes. Some examples of various integument abnormalities are shown, as well as two examples of knockout strains with oculocutaneous phenotypes. Each of the novel genes provided here are potentially relevant to the pathophysiology of human integumentary, or oculocutaneous conditions, such as albinism, phakomatoses, or other multi-system syndromes. The novel genes reported here may implicate molecular pathways relevant to these human diseases and may contribute to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret A Moore
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ann M Flenniken
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Dave Clary
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, and Mouse Biology Program, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ata S Moshiri
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lauryl M J Nutter
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Zorana Berberovic
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Celeste Owen
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Susan Newbigging
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Hibret Adissu
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Mohammad Eskandarian
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Colin McKerlie
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | | | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - K C Kent Lloyd
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, and Mouse Biology Program, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Ala Moshiri
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States.
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21
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Ocular mucins in dry eye disease. Exp Eye Res 2019; 186:107724. [PMID: 31325452 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye disease is a common and multifactorial disease with a high prevalence worldwide. Water loss, reduced expression of glycocalyx mucins, and loss of goblet cells secreting gel-forming mucins are hallmarks of dry eye disease. Mucins are large and complex heavily glycosylated proteins. Their organization in the tear film remains unclear, but they play a key role to protect and maintain integrity of the ocular surface. Mice have been extremely valuable mammalian models with which to study ocular physiology and disease, and to evaluate eye therapies. Genetically modified mice and spontaneously occurring mutants with eye defects have proven to be powerful tools for the pharmaceutical industry, clinicians, and basic researchers investigating dry eye disease. However, ocular mucins remain relatively under-studied and inadequately characterized. This review aims to summarize current knowledge about mucin production at the ocular surface in healthy individuals and in dry eye disease, and to compile an overview of mouse models available for the study of mucins in dry eye disease.
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22
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Kuony A, Ikkala K, Kalha S, Magalhães AC, Pirttiniemi A, Michon F. Ectodysplasin-A signaling is a key integrator in the lacrimal gland-cornea feedback loop. Development 2019; 146:dev.176693. [PMID: 31221639 DOI: 10.1242/dev.176693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A lack of ectodysplasin-A (Eda) signaling leads to dry eye symptoms, which have so far only been associated with altered Meibomian glands. Here, we used loss-of-function (Eda -/-) mutant mice to unravel the impact of Eda signaling on lacrimal gland formation, maturation and subsequent physiological function. Our study demonstrates that Eda activity is dispensable during lacrimal gland embryonic development. However, using a transcriptomic approach, we show that the Eda pathway is necessary for proper cell terminal differentiation in lacrimal gland epithelium and correlated with modified expression of secreted factors commonly found in the tear film. Finally, we discovered that lacrimal glands present a bilateral reduction of Eda signaling activity in response to unilateral corneal injury. This observation hints towards a role for the Eda pathway in controlling the switch from basal to reflex tears, to support corneal wound healing. Collectively, our data suggest a crucial implication of Eda signaling in the cornea-lacrimal gland feedback loop, both in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Our findings demonstrate that Eda downstream targets could help alleviate dry eye symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Kuony
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Developmental Biology Program, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Institut Jacques Monod, Université Denis Diderot - Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7592, Buffon building, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Kaisa Ikkala
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Developmental Biology Program, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Solja Kalha
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Developmental Biology Program, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ana Cathia Magalhães
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Developmental Biology Program, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM UMR1051, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Anniina Pirttiniemi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Developmental Biology Program, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frederic Michon
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Developmental Biology Program, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland .,Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM UMR1051, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
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23
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Corneal Sensory Experience via Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Accelerates the Maturation of Neonatal Tearing. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1699-1710. [PMID: 31220452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tearing maturates rapidly after birth, and external environmental challenges play a key role in promoting lacrimal functional maturation. However, little is known about the facilitative factors underlying this developmental process or the potential of application of these factors to treat hypofunction of the lacrimal gland. In this study, eye opening and the subsequent ocular surface sensory experience, which is thought to be involved in postnatal maturation of lacrimal function, were investigated. Our results demonstrated that eye opening after birth is essential for the maturation of neonatal tearing. The maturation process of lacrimal function is dependent on the ocular surface sensory experience via transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily member 1 after birth. This study provides, for the first time, important evidence of the sensory experience of the ocular surface in relation to the maturation of functional tear secretion during the postnatal period.
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24
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Thotakura S, Basova L, Makarenkova HP. FGF Gradient Controls Boundary Position Between Proliferating and Differentiating Cells and Regulates Lacrimal Gland Growth Dynamics. Front Genet 2019; 10:362. [PMID: 31191595 PMCID: PMC6546953 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling plays an important role in controlling cell proliferation, survival, and cell movements during branching morphogenesis of many organs. In mammals branching morphogenesis is primarily regulated by members of the FGF7-subfamily (FGF7 and FGF10), which are expressed in the mesenchyme, and signal to the epithelial cells through the “b” isoform of fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR2). Our previous work demonstrated that FGF7 and FGF10 form different gradients in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and induce distinct cellular responses and gene expression profiles in the lacrimal and submandibular glands. The last finding was the most surprising since both FGF7 and FGF10 bind signal most strongly through the same fibroblast growth factor receptor-2b isoform (FGFR2b). Here we revisit this question to gain an explanation of how the different FGFs regulate gene expression. For this purpose, we employed our ex vivo epithelial explant migration assay in which isolated epithelial explants are grown near the FGF loaded beads. We demonstrate that the graded distribution of FGF induces activation of ERK1/2 MAP kinases that define the position of the boundary between proliferating “bud” and differentiating “stalk” cells of growing lacrimal gland epithelium. Moreover, we showed that gene expression profiles of the epithelial explants exposed to distinct FGFs strictly depend on the ratio between “bud” and “stalk” area. Our data also suggests that differentiation of “stalk” and “bud” regions within the epithelial explants is necessary for directional and persistent epithelial migration. Gaining a better understanding of FGF functions is important for development of new approaches to enhance tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suharika Thotakura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Liana Basova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Helen P Makarenkova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
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25
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Sun W, Li Y, Li J, Zhang X, Feng Q, Zhang Z, Kang J, Huang X. Cytokine fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) polymorphisms are associated with risk of myopia in young children. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:15241-15247. [PMID: 31021460 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myopia has become a major public health issue worldwide. Identification of genetic loci related to myopia in young children may advance our knowledge of the pathogenesis of myopia. Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) plays essential roles for the development of myopia through modulating extracellular matrix-associated genes. Studies revealed that genetic variants of FGF10 were associated with extreme myopia in adults. However, their associations with susceptibility of myopia in young children, which are less affected by confounding factors and more suitable for studying genetic factors of myopia, have not been explored. In the current study, we evaluated 13 tagSNPs that captured 100% of genetic variation in the FGF10 gene region for their associations with myopia in a large Chinese case-control study with 900 myopia children and 900 nonmyopia children. We found rs2973644 was significantly associated with increased risk of myopia (odds ratio [OR]: 1.26; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.06-1.49; P = 0.009). furthermore, rs339501 (OR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.18-2.53; P = 0.005), rs2973644 (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.13-2.19; P = 0.007), and rs79002828 (OR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.20-2.77; P = 0.005) were significantly associated with increased risk of high myopia in young children. Functional assessment of rs2973644 by luciferase assays revealed the risk G allele causes a higher expression level of FGF10 than the protective A allele. Our results do support that genetic variants of cytokine FGF10 are associated with susceptibility of myopia (as well as high myopia) in young children and further exploration are needed for myopia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Women And Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medcial University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Women And Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Women And Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingyang Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Women And Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Women And Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianfang Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huai'an Second People's Hospital, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuelin Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Women And Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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26
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Ye M, Xu L, Fu M, Chen D, Mattina T, Zufardi O, Rossi E, Bush KT, Nigam SK, Grossfeld P. Gene-targeted deletion in mice of the Ets-1 transcription factor, a candidate gene in the Jacobsen syndrome kidney "critical region," causes abnormal kidney development. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 179:71-77. [PMID: 30422383 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ets-1 is a member of the Ets family of transcription factors and has critical roles in multiple biological functions. Structural kidney defects occur at an increased frequency in Jacobsen syndrome (OMIM #147791), a rare chromosomal disorder caused by deletions in distal 11q, implicating at least one causal gene in distal 11q. In this study, we define an 8.1 Mb "critical region" for kidney defects in Jacobsen syndrome, which spans ~50 genes. We demonstrate that gene-targeted deletion of Ets-1 in mice results in some of the most common congenital kidney defects occurring in Jacobsen syndrome, including: duplicated kidney, hypoplastic kidney, and dilated renal pelvis and calyces. Taken together, our results implicate Ets-1 in normal mammalian kidney development and, potentially, in the pathogenesis of some of the most common types of human structural kidney defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoqing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxia Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongrui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Teresa Mattina
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Catania, Italy
| | - Orsetta Zufardi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Rossi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Kevin T Bush
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Sanjay K Nigam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Paul Grossfeld
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California
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27
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Hirayama M. Advances in Functional Restoration of the Lacrimal Glands. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:DES174-DES182. [PMID: 30481824 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lacrimal glands produce tears to support a healthy homeostatic environment on the ocular surface. The lacrimal gland dysfunction characteristic of dry eye disease causes ocular discomfort and visual disturbances and in severe cases can result in a loss of vision. The demand for adequate restoration of lacrimal gland function has been intensified due to advances in stem cell biology, developmental biology, and bioengineering technologies. In addition to conventional therapies, including artificial tears, tear alternatives (such as autologous serum eye drops) and salivary gland transplantation, a regenerative medicine approach has been identified as a novel strategy to restore the function of the lacrimal gland. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of progenitor cell injection therapy to repair the tissue of the lacrimal glands. A current three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering technique has been shown to regenerate a secretory gland structure by reproducing reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during ontogenesis in vitro and in vivo. A novel direct reprogramming method has suggested a possibility to induce markers in the lacrimal gland developmental process from human pluripotent stem cells. The development of this method is supported by advances in our understanding of gene expression and regulatory networks involved in the development and differentiation of the lacrimal glands. Engineering science has proposed a medical device to stimulate tearing and a bio-hybrid scaffold to reconstruct the 3D lacrimal gland structure. In this review, we will summarize recent bioengineering advances in lacrimal gland regeneration toward the functional restoration of the lacrimal glands as a future dry eye therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hirayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States
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28
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Molecular regulation of ocular gland development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 91:66-74. [PMID: 30266427 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The tear film is produced by two ocular glands, the lacrimal glands, which produce the aqueous component of this film, and the meibomian glands, which secrete the lipidic component that is key to reduce evaporation of the watery film at the surface of the eye. Embryonic development of these exocrine glands has been mostly studied in mice, which also develop Harderian glands, a third type of ocular gland whose role is still not well understood. This review provides an update on the signalling pathways, transcription factors andextracellular matrix components that have been shown to play a role in ocular gland development.
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29
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Toomey CB, Landowski M, Klingeborn M, Kelly U, Deans J, Dong H, Harrabi O, Van Blarcom T, Yeung YA, Grishanin R, Lin JC, Saban DR, Bowes Rickman C. Effect of Anti-C5a Therapy in a Murine Model of Early/Intermediate Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:662-673. [PMID: 29392311 PMCID: PMC5795897 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A large body of evidence supports a central role for complement activation in the pathobiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), including plasma complement component 5a (C5a). Interestingly, C5a is a chemotactic agent for monocytes, a cell type also shown to contribute to AMD. However, the role monocytes play in the pathogenesis of “dry” AMD and the pharmacologic potential of targeting C5a to regulate these cells are unclear. We addressed these questions via C5a blockade in a unique model of early/intermediate dry AMD and large panel flow cytometry to immunophenotype monocytic involvement. Methods Heterozygous complement factor H (Cfh+/−) mice aged to 90 weeks were fed a high-fat, cholesterol-enriched diet (Cfh+/−∼HFC) for 8 weeks and were given weekly intraperitoneal injections of 30 mg/kg anti-C5a (4C9, Pfizer). Flow cytometry, retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) flat mounts, and electroretinograms were used to characterize anti-C5a treatment. Results Aged Cfh+/− mice developed RPE damage, sub-RPE basal laminar deposits, and attenuation of visual function and immune cell recruitment to the choroid that was accompanied by expression of inflammatory and extracellular matrix remodeling genes following 8 weeks of HFC diet. Concomitant systemic administration of an anti-C5a antibody successfully inhibited local recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes to the choroid–RPE interface but did not ameliorate these AMD-like pathologies in this mouse model. Conclusions These results show that immunotherapy targeting C5a is not sufficient to block the development of the AMD-like pathologies observed in Cfh+/−∼HFC mice and suggest that other complement components or molecules/mechanisms may be driving “early” and “intermediate” AMD pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Toomey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States.,Shiley Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Michael Landowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Mikael Klingeborn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Una Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - John Deans
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Holly Dong
- Rinat, Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Ons Harrabi
- Rinat, Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States
| | | | - Yik Andy Yeung
- Rinat, Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Ruslan Grishanin
- Rinat, Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States
| | - John C Lin
- Rinat, Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Daniel R Saban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Catherine Bowes Rickman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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30
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Kuony A, Michon F. Epithelial Markers aSMA, Krt14, and Krt19 Unveil Elements of Murine Lacrimal Gland Morphogenesis and Maturation. Front Physiol 2017; 8:739. [PMID: 29033846 PMCID: PMC5627580 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As an element of the lacrimal apparatus, the lacrimal gland (LG) produces the aqueous part of the tear film, which protects the eye surface. Therefore, a defective LG can lead to serious eyesight impairment. Up to now, little is known about LG morphogenesis and subsequent maturation. In this study, we delineated elements of the cellular and molecular events involved in LG formation by using three epithelial markers, namely aSMA, Krt14, and Krt19. While aSMA marked a restricted epithelial population of the terminal end buds (TEBs) in the forming LG, Krt14 was found in the whole embryonic LG epithelial basal cell layer. Interestingly, Krt19 specifically labeled the presumptive ductal domain and subsequently, the luminal cell layer. By combining these markers, the Fucci reporter mouse strain and genetic fate mapping of the Krt14+ population, we demonstrated that LG epithelium expansion is fuelled by a patterned cell proliferation, and to a lesser extent by epithelial reorganization and possible mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. We pointed out that this epithelial reorganization, which is associated with apoptosis, regulated the lumen formation. Finally, we showed that the inhibition of Notch signaling prevented the ductal identity from setting, and led to a LG covered by ectopic TEBs. Taken together our results bring a deeper understanding on LG morphogenesis, epithelial domain identity, and organ expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Kuony
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Frederic Michon
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
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31
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Garg A, Zhang X. Lacrimal gland development: From signaling interactions to regenerative medicine. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:970-980. [PMID: 28710815 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The lacrimal gland plays a pivotal role in keeping the ocular surface lubricated, and protecting it from environmental exposure and insult. Dysfunction of the lacrimal gland results in deficiency of the aqueous component of the tear film, which can cause dryness of the ocular surface, also known as the aqueous-deficient dry eye disease. Left untreated, this disease can lead to significant morbidity, including frequent eye infections, corneal ulcerations, and vision loss. Current therapies do not treat the underlying deficiency of the lacrimal gland, but merely provide symptomatic relief. To develop more sustainable and physiological therapies, such as in vivo lacrimal gland regeneration or bioengineered lacrimal gland implants, a thorough understanding of lacrimal gland development at the molecular level is of paramount importance. Based on the structural and functional similarities between rodent and human eye development, extensive studies have been undertaken to investigate the signaling and transcriptional mechanisms of lacrimal gland development using mouse as a model system. In this review, we describe the current understanding of the extrinsic signaling interactions and the intrinsic transcriptional network governing lacrimal gland morphogenesis, as well as recent advances in the field of regenerative medicine aimed at treating dry eye disease. Developmental Dynamics 246:970-980, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Garg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Xin Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
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32
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Bron AJ, de Paiva CS, Chauhan SK, Bonini S, Gabison EE, Jain S, Knop E, Markoulli M, Ogawa Y, Perez V, Uchino Y, Yokoi N, Zoukhri D, Sullivan DA. TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:438-510. [PMID: 28736340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 975] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The TFOS DEWS II Pathophysiology Subcommittee reviewed the mechanisms involved in the initiation and perpetuation of dry eye disease. Its central mechanism is evaporative water loss leading to hyperosmolar tissue damage. Research in human disease and in animal models has shown that this, either directly or by inducing inflammation, causes a loss of both epithelial and goblet cells. The consequent decrease in surface wettability leads to early tear film breakup and amplifies hyperosmolarity via a Vicious Circle. Pain in dry eye is caused by tear hyperosmolarity, loss of lubrication, inflammatory mediators and neurosensory factors, while visual symptoms arise from tear and ocular surface irregularity. Increased friction targets damage to the lids and ocular surface, resulting in characteristic punctate epithelial keratitis, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, filamentary keratitis, lid parallel conjunctival folds, and lid wiper epitheliopathy. Hybrid dry eye disease, with features of both aqueous deficiency and increased evaporation, is common and efforts should be made to determine the relative contribution of each form to the total picture. To this end, practical methods are needed to measure tear evaporation in the clinic, and similarly, methods are needed to measure osmolarity at the tissue level across the ocular surface, to better determine the severity of dry eye. Areas for future research include the role of genetic mechanisms in non-Sjögren syndrome dry eye, the targeting of the terminal duct in meibomian gland disease and the influence of gaze dynamics and the closed eye state on tear stability and ocular surface inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Bron
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunil K Chauhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute & Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - Eric E Gabison
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild & Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Sandeep Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erich Knop
- Departments of Cell and Neurobiology and Ocular Surface Center Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yoko Ogawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Victor Perez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yuichi Uchino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiko Yokoi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Driss Zoukhri
- Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Sullivan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute & Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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33
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Wang Z, Hsieh PH, Xu Y, Thieker D, Chai EJE, Xie S, Cooley B, Woods RJ, Chi L, Liu J. Synthesis of 3-O-Sulfated Oligosaccharides to Understand the Relationship between Structures and Functions of Heparan Sulfate. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5249-5256. [PMID: 28340300 PMCID: PMC5624809 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The sulfation at the 3-OH position of glucosamine is an important modification in forming structural domains for heparan sulfate to enable its biological functions. Seven 3-O-sulfotransferase isoforms in the human genome are involved in the biosynthesis of 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate. As a rare modification present in heparan sulfate, the availability of 3-O-sulfated oligosaccharides is very limited. Here, we report the use of a chemoenzymatic synthetic approach to synthesize six 3-O-sulfated oligosaccharides, including three hexasaccharides and three octasaccharides. The synthesis was achieved by rearranging the enzymatic modification sequence to accommodate the substrate specificity of 3-O-sulfotransferase 3. We studied the impact of 3-O-sulfation on the conformation of the pyranose ring of 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid using NMR, and on the correlation between ring conformation and anticoagulant activity. We identified a novel octasaccharide that interacts with antithrombin and displays anti factor Xa activity. Interestingly, the octasaccharide displays a faster clearance rate than fondaparinux, an FDA-approved pentasaccharide drug, in a rat model, making this octasaccharide a potential short-acting anticoagulant drug candidate that could reduce bleeding risk. Having access to a set of critically important 3-O-sulfated oligosaccharides offers the potential to develop new heparan sulfate-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, China
| | - Po-Hung Hsieh
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David Thieker
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Evangeline Juan En Chai
- School of Pharmacy, University College London , 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Shaoshuai Xie
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, China
| | - Brian Cooley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Lianli Chi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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The lacrimal gland: development, wound repair and regeneration. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:939-949. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Wang J, Call M, Mongan M, Kao WWY, Xia Y. Meibomian gland morphogenesis requires developmental eyelid closure and lid fusion. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:704-712. [PMID: 28284825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Meibomian glands (MGs) play an important role in the maintenance of ocular surface health, but the mechanisms of their development are still poorly understood. The MGs arise from the epithelium at the junction of eyelid fusion, raising the possibility that defective eyelid fusion disturbs the formation of MGs. METHODS We examined, histologically and functionally, the development of MGs in mice with either normal or defective eyelid fusion, displaying eye-closed at birth (ECB) or eye-open at birth (EOB) phenotypes, respectively. RESULTS The Meibomian anlage was detected in the epithelium at the eyelid fusion junction immediately after birth at postnatal day 0 (PD0), and it extended into the eyelid stroma at PD1 and started to branch and produce meibum at PD7 in the ECB mice. In contrast, few if any MG structures were detectable in the EOB mice in the early postnatal periods. The Meibomian gland ductile system was seen aligned along the eyelid margin in the adult ECB mice, but was absent or scarce in that of the EOB mice. While MG abnormalities were found in all EOB mice, the severity varied and corresponded to the position and the size of eye opening but not the genetic defects of the mice. CONCLUSION Proper Meibomian gland formation and development require eyelid closure and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
| | - Mindy Call
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
| | - Maureen Mongan
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
| | - Winston Whei-Yang Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA.
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Argüeso P. Proteolytic activity in the meibomian gland: Implications to health and disease. Exp Eye Res 2017; 163:53-57. [PMID: 28284957 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The function of the meibomian gland in the upper and lower eyelids is critical to maintaining homeostasis at the ocular surface. Highly specialized meibocytes within the gland must differentiate and accumulate intracellular lipid droplets that are released into the tear film following rupture of the cell membrane. Proteases and their inhibitors have been recognized as key players in remodeling extracellular matrices and promoting the normal integrity of glandular tissue. They modulate a wide range of biological processes, such as cell proliferation and differentiation, and can contribute to disease when aberrantly expressed. Deciphering the role of proteolytic activity in the meibomian gland offers an opportunity to gain a more comprehensive and fundamental understanding of the developmental, physiological, and pathological processes associated with this gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Hirayama M, Ko SB, Kawakita T, Akiyama T, Goparaju SK, Soma A, Nakatake Y, Sakota M, Chikazawa-Nohtomi N, Shimmura S, Tsubota K, Ko MS. Identification of transcription factors that promote the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into lacrimal gland epithelium-like cells. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2017; 3:1. [PMID: 28649419 PMCID: PMC5445629 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-016-0001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease is the most prevalent pathological condition in aging eyes. One potential therapeutic strategy is the transplantation of lacrimal glands, generated in vitro from pluripotent stem cells such as human embryonic stem cells, into patients. One of the preceding requirements is a method to differentiate human embryonic stem cells into lacrimal gland epithelium cells. As the first step for this approach, this study aims to identify a set of transcription factors whose overexpression can promote the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into lacrimal gland epithelium-like cells. We performed microarray analyses of lacrimal glands and lacrimal glands-related organs obtained from mouse embryos and adults, and identified transcription factors enriched in lacrimal gland epithelium cells. We then transfected synthetic messenger RNAs encoding human orthologues of these transcription factors into human embryonic stem cells and examined whether the human embryonic stem cells differentiate into lacrimal gland epithelium-like cells by assessing cell morphology and marker gene expression. The microarray analysis of lacrimal glands tissues identified 16 transcription factors that were enriched in lacrimal gland epithelium cells. We focused on three of the transcription factors, because they are expressed in other glands such as salivary glands and are also known to be involved in the development of lacrimal glands. We tested the overexpression of various combinations of the three transcription factors and PAX6, which is an indispensable gene for lacrimal glands development, in human embryonic stem cells. Combining PAX6, SIX1, and FOXC1 caused significant changes in morphology, i.e., elongated cell shape and increased expression (both RNAs and proteins) of epithelial markers such as cytokeratin15, branching morphogenesis markers such as BARX2, and lacrimal glands markers such as aquaporin5 and lactoferrin. We identified a set of transcription factors enriched in lacrimal gland epithelium cells and demonstrated that the simultaneous overexpression of these transcription factors can differentiate human embryonic stem cells into lacrimal gland epithelium-like cells. This study suggests the possibility of lacrimal glands regeneration from human pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hirayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
| | - Shigeru B.H. Ko
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kawakita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
| | - Tomohiko Akiyama
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
| | - Sravan K. Goparaju
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
| | - Atsumi Soma
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
| | - Yuhki Nakatake
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
| | - Miki Sakota
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
| | - Nana Chikazawa-Nohtomi
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
| | - Minoru S.H. Ko
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
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Hirayama M, Tsubota K, Tsuji T. Generation of a Bioengineered Lacrimal Gland by Using the Organ Germ Method. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1597:153-165. [PMID: 28361316 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6949-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In organogenesis including lacrimal gland development, cell arrangement within a tissue plays an important role. The lacrimal gland develops from embryonic ocular surface epithelium through reciprocal epithelial and mesenchymal interaction, which is organized by interactive regulation of various pathways of signaling molecules. Current development of an in vitro three-dimensional cell manipulation procedure to generate a bioengineered organ germ, named as the organ germ method, has shown the regeneration of a histologically correct and fully functional bioengineered lacrimal gland after engraftment in vivo. This method demonstrated a possibility of lacrimal gland organ replacement to treat dry eye disease, which has been a public health problem leading reduction of visual function. Here, we describe protocols for lacrimal gland germ regeneration using the organ germ method and methods for analyzing the function of the bioengineered lacrimal gland after its transplantation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hirayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
- Organ Technologies Inc., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0048, Japan.
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Ehrmann C, Schneider MR. Genetically modified laboratory mice with sebaceous glands abnormalities. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4623-4642. [PMID: 27457558 PMCID: PMC11108334 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sebaceous glands (SG) are exocrine glands that release their product by holocrine secretion, meaning that the whole cell becomes a secretion following disruption of the membrane. SG may be found in association with a hair follicle, forming the pilosebaceous unit, or as modified SG at different body sites such as the eyelids (Meibomian glands) or the preputial glands. Depending on their location, SG fulfill a number of functions, including protection of the skin and fur, thermoregulation, formation of the tear lipid film, and pheromone-based communication. Accordingly, SG abnormalities are associated with several diseases such as acne, cicatricial alopecia, and dry eye disease. An increasing number of genetically modified laboratory mouse lines develop SG abnormalities, and their study may provide important clues regarding the molecular pathways regulating SG development, physiology, and pathology. Here, we summarize in tabulated form the available mouse lines with SG abnormalities and, focusing on selected examples, discuss the insights they provide into SG biology and pathology. We hope this survey will become a helpful information source for researchers with a primary interest in SG but also as for researchers from unrelated fields that are unexpectedly confronted with a SG phenotype in newly generated mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ehrmann
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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CLIP-GENE: a web service of the condition specific context-laid integrative analysis for gene prioritization in mouse TF knockout experiments. Biol Direct 2016; 11:57. [PMID: 27776539 PMCID: PMC5078909 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-016-0158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Transcriptome data from the gene knockout experiment in mouse is widely used to investigate functions of genes and relationship to phenotypes. When a gene is knocked out, it is important to identify which genes are affected by the knockout gene. Existing methods, including differentially expressed gene (DEG) methods, can be used for the analysis. However, existing methods require cutoff values to select candidate genes, which can produce either too many false positives or false negatives. This hurdle can be addressed either by improving the accuracy of gene selection or by providing a method to rank candidate genes effectively, or both. Prioritization of candidate genes should consider the goals or context of the knockout experiment. As of now, there are no tools designed for both selecting and prioritizing genes from the mouse knockout data. Hence, the necessity of a new tool arises. RESULTS In this study, we present CLIP-GENE, a web service that selects gene markers by utilizing differentially expressed genes, mouse transcription factor (TF) network, and single nucleotide variant information. Then, protein-protein interaction network and literature information are utilized to find genes that are relevant to the phenotypic differences. One of the novel features is to allow researchers to specify their contexts or hypotheses in a set of keywords to rank genes according to the contexts that the user specify. We believe that CLIP-GENE will be useful in characterizing functions of TFs in mouse experiments. AVAILABILITY http://epigenomics.snu.ac.kr/CLIP-GENE REVIEWERS: This article was reviewed by Dr. Lee and Dr. Pongor.
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Gromova A, Voronov DA, Yoshida M, Thotakura S, Meech R, Dartt DA, Makarenkova HP. Lacrimal Gland Repair Using Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:88-98. [PMID: 28170196 PMCID: PMC5442743 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the lacrimal gland (LG) is the primary contributor to the aqueous layer of the tear film. Production of tears in insufficient quantity or of inadequate quality may lead to aqueous‐deficiency dry eye (ADDE). Currently there is no cure for ADDE. The development of strategies to reliably isolate LG stem/progenitor cells from the LG tissue brings great promise for the design of cell replacement therapies for patients with ADDE. We analyzed the therapeutic potential of epithelial progenitor cells (EPCPs) isolated from adult wild‐type mouse LGs by transplanting them into the LGs of TSP‐1−/− mice, which represent a novel mouse model for ADDE. TSP‐1−/− mice are normal at birth but progressively develop a chronic form of ocular surface disease, characterized by deterioration, inflammation, and secretory dysfunction of the lacrimal gland. Our study shows that, among c‐kit‐positive epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM+) populations sorted from mouse LGs, the c‐kit+dim/EpCAM+/Sca1−/CD34−/CD45− cells have the hallmarks of an epithelial cell progenitor population. Isolated EPCPs express pluripotency factors and markers of the epithelial cell lineage Runx1 and EpCAM, and they form acini and ducts when grown in reaggregated three‐dimensional cultures. Moreover, when transplanted into injured or “diseased” LGs, they engraft into acinar and ductal compartments. EPCP‐injected TSP‐1−/− LGs showed reduction of cell infiltration, differentiation of the donor EPCPs within secretory acini, and substantial improvement in LG structural integrity and function. This study provides the first evidence for the effective use of adult EPCP cell transplantation to rescue LG dysfunction in a model system. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:88–98
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Gromova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dmitry A. Voronov
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences and A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico‐Chemical Biology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Miya Yoshida
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Suharika Thotakura
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robyn Meech
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Darlene A. Dartt
- Department of Ophthalmology Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helen P. Makarenkova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Liu H, Liu Q, Ge Y, Zhao Q, Zheng X, Zhao Y. hTERT promotes cell adhesion and migration independent of telomerase activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22886. [PMID: 26971878 PMCID: PMC4789728 DOI: 10.1038/srep22886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
hTERT, a catalytic component of human telomerase, is undetectable in normal somatic cells but up-regulated in cancer and stem cells where telomere length is maintained by telomerase. Accumulated evidence indicates that hTERT may have noncanonical functions beyond telomerase by regulating the expression of particular genes. However, comprehensive identification of the genes regulated by hTERT is unavailable. In this report, we expressed WT hTERT and hTERTmut which displays dysfunctional catalytic activity, in human U2OS cancer cells and VA-13 immortalized fibroblast cells, both of which lack endogenous hTERT and hTR expression. Changes in gene expression induced by hTERT and hTERT-mut expression were determined by genome-wide RNA-seq and verified by qPCR. Our results showed that hTERT affects different genes in two cell lines, implying that the regulation of gene expression by hTERT is indirect and cell type dependent. Moreover, functional analysis identifies cell adhesion-related genes that have been changed by hTERT in both cell lines. Adhesion experiments revealed that hTERT expression significantly increases cell adhesion. Monolayer wound healing and transwell assays demonstrated increased cell migration upon hTERT expression. These results provide new evidence to support a noncanonical function for hTERT in promoting tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Yuanlong Ge
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
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Abstract
Background Study of human lacrimal cell biology is limited by poor access to tissue samples, heterogeneous cell composition of tissue and a lack of established lacrimal epithelial markers. In order to further our understanding of lacrimal cell biology, we sought to find a better marker for human lacrimal epithelial cells, compared to what has been reported in the literature. Methods We utilized human Muller’s muscle conjunctival resection (MMCR) specimens containing accessory lacrimal gland (ALG) and cadaveric main lacrimal gland (MLG) as sources of lacrimal tissue. Candidate markers were sought using human ALG tissue from MMCR specimens, isolated by laser capture microdissection (LCM). Affymetrix® analysis was performed on total RNA isolated from FFPE samples to profile transcription in ALG. MMCR tissue sections were assessed by immunofluorescence using antibodies for histatin-1, lactoferrin, E-cadherin (E-cad) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA). Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was performed to analyze the expression of histatin-1, E-cad and lactoferrin from cadaveric MLG. Results Histatin-1 is expressed in ALG and MLG, localizes to lacrimal epithelium, and to a greater degree than do other putative lacrimal epithelial markers. Conclusions Histatin-1 is a good marker for human lacrimal epithelium in ALG and MLG and can be used to identify lacrimal cells in future studies.
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Meibomian Gland Absence Related Dry Eye in Ectodysplasin A Mutant Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hirayama M, Kawakita T, Tsubota K, Shimmura S. Challenges and Strategies for Regenerating the Lacrimal Gland. Ocul Surf 2015; 14:135-43. [PMID: 26738799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The lacrimal gland produces the aqueous component of tears, including electrolytes, peptides, and glycoproteins necessary to maintain homeostasis and optical properties of the ocular surface. Stem cells that contribute to the homeostasis of the lacrimal gland are under extensive study. It is still unclear whether such stem cells are of mesenchymal or epithelial origin. It is also possible that a unique epithelial stem cell undergoes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and contributes to the mesenchyme. Developmental studies in mice have shown that a network of growth factors contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during morphogenesis of the lacrimal gland. Recently, the developmental process was successfully recapitulated in vitro, providing a valuable tool for study of lacrimal gland development and possibly opening doors to regenerative therapy. While further studies are required to identify and appreciate the potential of lacrimal gland stem cells, advances in stem cell biology in general should become a catalyst towards developing regenerative therapy of the lacrimal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hirayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kawakita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hirayama M, Liu Y, Kawakita T, Shimmura S, Tsubota K. Cytokeratin expression in mouse lacrimal gland germ epithelium. Exp Eye Res 2015; 146:54-59. [PMID: 26658712 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The lacrimal gland secretes tear fluids that protect the ocular surface epithelium, and its dysfunction leads to dry eye disease (DED). The functional restoration of the lacrimal gland by engraftment of a bioengineered lacrimal gland using lacrimal gland germ epithelial cells has been proposed to cure DED in mice. Here, we investigate the expression profile of cytokeratins in the lacrimal gland germ epithelium to clarify their unique characteristics. METHODS We performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis to clarify the expression profile of cytokeratin in the lacrimal gland germ epithelium. RESULTS The mRNA expression of keratin (KRT) 5, KRT8, KRT14, KRT15, and KRT18 in the lacrimal gland germ epithelium was increased compared with that in mouse embryonic stem cells and the lacrimal gland germ mesenchyme, as analyzed by Q-PCR. The expression level of KRT15 increased in the transition from stem cells to lacrimal gland germ epithelium, then decreased as the lacrimal gland matured. IHC revealed that the expression set of these cytokeratins in the lacrimal gland germ epithelium was different from that in the adult lacrimal gland. The expression of KRT15 was observed in the lacrimal gland germ epithelium, and it segmentalized into some of the basal cells in the intercanulated duct in mature gland. CONCLUSION We determined the expression profile of cytokeratins in the lacrimal gland epithelium, and identified KRT15 as a candidate unique cellular marker for the lacrimal gland germ epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hirayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kawakita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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Bioengineered Lacrimal Gland Organ Regeneration in Vivo. J Funct Biomater 2015; 6:634-49. [PMID: 26264034 PMCID: PMC4598675 DOI: 10.3390/jfb6030634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The lacrimal gland plays an important role in maintaining a homeostatic environment for healthy ocular surfaces via tear secretion. Dry eye disease, which is caused by lacrimal gland dysfunction, is one of the most prevalent eye disorders and causes ocular discomfort, significant visual disturbances, and a reduced quality of life. Current therapies for dry eye disease, including artificial tear eye drops, are transient and palliative. The lacrimal gland, which consists of acini, ducts, and myoepithelial cells, develops from its organ germ via reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during embryogenesis. Lacrimal tissue stem cells have been identified for use in regenerative therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring lacrimal gland functions. Fully functional organ replacement, such as for tooth and hair follicles, has also been developed via a novel three-dimensional stem cell manipulation, designated the Organ Germ Method, as a next-generation regenerative medicine. Recently, we successfully developed fully functional bioengineered lacrimal gland replacements after transplanting a bioengineered organ germ using this method. This study represented a significant advance in potential lacrimal gland organ replacement as a novel regenerative therapy for dry eye disease. In this review, we will summarize recent progress in lacrimal regeneration research and the development of bioengineered lacrimal gland organ replacement therapy.
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Mauris J, Dieckow J, Schob S, Pulli B, Hatton MP, Jeong S, Bauskar A, Gabison E, Nowak R, Argüeso P. Loss of CD147 results in impaired epithelial cell differentiation and malformation of the meibomian gland. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1726. [PMID: 25880093 PMCID: PMC4650560 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction is a leading cause of ocular surface disease. However, little is known about the regulatory processes that control the development and maintenance of this sebaceous gland. Here, we identify a novel function for CD147, a transmembrane protein that promotes tissue remodeling through induction of matrix metalloproteinases, in regulating meibocyte differentiation and activity. We found that CD147 localized along basal cells and within discrete membrane domains of differentiated meibocytes in glandular acini containing gelatinolytic activity. Induction of meibocyte differentiation in vitro promoted CD147 clustering and MMP9 secretion, whereas RNAi-mediated abrogation of CD147 impaired MMP9 secretion, concomitant with a reduction in the number of proliferative cells and cytoplasmic lipids. Meibomian glands of CD147 knockout mice had a lower number of acini in both the superior and inferior tarsal plates of the eyelids, and were characterized by loss of lipid-filled meibocytes compared with control mice. Together, our data provide evidence showing that gelatinolytic activity in meibocytes is dependent on CD147, and supports a role for CD147 in maintaining the normal development and function of the meibomian gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mauris
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Dieckow
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Schob
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Pulli
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M P Hatton
- 1] Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [2] Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Jeong
- Institute for Genetic Medicine and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Bauskar
- Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate Program in Medical Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - E Gabison
- Cornea and External Diseases, Fondation A. De Rothschild, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, Université Paris VII Diderot, Paris, France
| | - R Nowak
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - P Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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49
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Zhang Y, Zhang JX, Huang LL, He LJ, Liao YJ, Lai YR, Deng HX, Tian XP, Kung HF, Xie D, Zhu SL. Low expression of BARX2 in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma correlates with metastasis and predicts poor prognosis. Hepatol Res 2015; 45:228-37. [PMID: 24716715 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM The homeobox gene Barx2 was recently identified as a regulator of ovarian and breast cancer; however, the expression level of BARX2 and its significance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unknown. METHODS Protein and mRNA expression levels of Barx2 were examined using Western blotting and real-time PCR respectively, in paired HCC tissue and matched adjacent non-cancerous tissue from 12 patients. The expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were also detected in relation to BARX2 expression. Lastly, immunohistochemistry for BARX2 was also performed on a tissue microarray containing 231 HCC tissue samples. RESULTS We observed that BARX2 expression was lower in HCC tissues compared to matching adjacent non-cancerous tissue. The low expression level of BARX2 was significantly correlated with metrics of tumor size, tumor differentiation, clinical stage, metastasis and relapse. Furthermore, the patients with low BARX2 expression had adverse survival outcomes. Importantly, multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that low BARX2 expression was an independent marker for lower overall survival (P = 0.007). Moreover, a significant negative relationship was observed between the expression of BARX2 and markers of EMT. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence that the low expression level of BARX2 in HCC is significantly correlated with tumor metastasis, and that BARX2 may be an independent prognostic biomarker for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
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50
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Patel VN, Lombaert IMA, Cowherd SN, Shworak NW, Xu Y, Liu J, Hoffman MP. Hs3st3-modified heparan sulfate controls KIT+ progenitor expansion by regulating 3-O-sulfotransferases. Dev Cell 2014; 29:662-73. [PMID: 24960693 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The exquisite control of growth factor function by heparan sulfate (HS) is dictated by tremendous structural heterogeneity of sulfated modifications. How specific HS structures control growth factor-dependent progenitor expansion during organogenesis is unknown. We isolated KIT+ progenitors from fetal salivary glands during a stage of rapid progenitor expansion and profiled HS biosynthetic enzyme expression. Enzymes generating a specific type of 3-O-sulfated-HS (3-O-HS) are enriched, and fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10)/FGF receptor 2b (FGFR2b) signaling directly regulates their expression. Bioengineered 3-O-HS binds FGFR2b and stabilizes FGF10/FGFR2b complexes in a receptor- and growth factor-specific manner. Rapid autocrine feedback increases 3-O-HS, KIT, and progenitor expansion. Knockdown of multiple Hs3st isoforms limits fetal progenitor expansion but is rescued with bioengineered 3-O-HS, which also increases adult progenitor expansion. Altering specific 3-O-sulfated epitopes provides a mechanism to rapidly respond to FGFR2b signaling and control progenitor expansion. 3-O-HS may expand KIT+ progenitors in vitro for regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Isabelle M A Lombaert
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samuel N Cowherd
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas W Shworak
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03756, USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matthew P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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