1
|
Grzymkowski JK, Chiu YC, Jima DD, Wyatt BH, Jayachandran S, Stutts WL, Nascone-Yoder NM. Developmental regulation of cellular metabolism is required for intestinal elongation and rotation. Development 2024; 151:dev202020. [PMID: 38369735 PMCID: PMC10911142 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Malrotation of the intestine is a prevalent birth anomaly, the etiology of which remains poorly understood. Here, we show that late-stage exposure of Xenopus embryos to atrazine, a widely used herbicide that targets electron transport chain (ETC) reactions, elicits intestinal malrotation at high frequency. Interestingly, atrazine specifically inhibits the cellular morphogenetic events required for gut tube elongation, including cell rearrangement, differentiation and proliferation; insufficient gut lengthening consequently reorients the direction of intestine rotation. Transcriptome analyses of atrazine-exposed intestines reveal misexpression of genes associated with glycolysis and oxidative stress, and metabolomics shows that atrazine depletes key glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites. Moreover, cellular bioenergetics assays indicate that atrazine blocks a crucial developmental transition from glycolytic ATP production toward oxidative phosphorylation. Atrazine-induced defects are phenocopied by rotenone, a known ETC Complex I inhibitor, accompanied by elevated reactive oxygen species, and rescued by antioxidant supplementation, suggesting that malrotation may be at least partly attributable to redox imbalance. These studies reveal roles for metabolism in gut morphogenesis and implicate defective gut tube elongation and/or metabolic perturbations in the etiology of intestinal malrotation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia K. Grzymkowski
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Yu-Chun Chiu
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Dereje D. Jima
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Brent H. Wyatt
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Sudhish Jayachandran
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Whitney L. Stutts
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Nanette M. Nascone-Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yoder MD, Van Osten S, Weber GF. Gene expression analysis of the Tao kinase family of Ste20p-like map kinase kinase kinases during early embryonic development in Xenopus laevis. Gene Expr Patterns 2023; 48:119318. [PMID: 37011704 PMCID: PMC10453956 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2023.119318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Development of the vertebrate embryo requires strict coordination of a highly complex series of signaling cascades, that drive cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and the general morphogenetic program. Members of the Map kinase signaling pathway are repeatedly required throughout development to activate the downstream effectors, ERK, p38, and JNK. Regulation of these pathways occurs at many levels in the signaling cascade, with the Map3Ks playing an essential role in target selection. The thousand and one amino acid kinases (Taoks) are Map3Ks that have been shown to activate both p38 and JNK and are linked to neurodevelopment in both invertebrate and vertebrate organisms. In vertebrates, there are three Taok paralogs (Taok1, Taok2, and Taok3) which have not yet been ascribed a role in early development. Here we describe the spatiotemporal expression of Taok1, Taok2, and Taok3 in the model organism Xenopus laevis. The X. laevis Tao kinases share roughly 80% identity to each other, with the bulk of the conservation in the kinase domain. Taok1 and Taok3 are highly expressed in pre-gastrula and gastrula stage embryos, with initial expression localized to the animal pole and later expression in the ectoderm and mesoderm. All three Taoks are expressed in the neural and tailbud stages, with overlapping expression in the neural tube, notochord, and many anterior structures (including branchial arches, brain, otic vesicles, and eye). The expression patterns described here provide evidence that the Tao kinases may play a central role in early development, in addition to their function during neural development, and establish a framework to better understand the developmental roles of Tao kinase signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Yoder
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, 72035, USA.
| | - Steven Van Osten
- Sciences Division, Brandywine Campus, The Pennsylvania State University, Media, PA, 19063, USA.
| | - Gregory F Weber
- Department of Biology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46227, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Microtubules as a potential platform for energy transfer in biological systems: a target for implementing individualized, dynamic variability patterns to improve organ function. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:375-392. [PMID: 35829870 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Variability characterizes the complexity of biological systems and is essential for their function. Microtubules (MTs) play a role in structural integrity, cell motility, material transport, and force generation during mitosis, and dynamic instability exemplifies the variability in the proper function of MTs. MTs are a platform for energy transfer in cells. The dynamic instability of MTs manifests itself by the coexistence of growth and shortening, or polymerization and depolymerization. It results from a balance between attractive and repulsive forces between tubulin dimers. The paper reviews the current data on MTs and their potential roles as energy-transfer cellular structures and presents how variability can improve the function of biological systems in an individualized manner. The paper presents the option for targeting MTs to trigger dynamic improvement in cell plasticity, regulate energy transfer, and possibly control quantum effects in biological systems. The described system quantifies MT-dependent variability patterns combined with additional personalized signatures to improve organ function in a subject-tailored manner. The platform can regulate the use of MT-targeting drugs to improve the response to chronic therapies. Ongoing trials test the effects of this platform on various disorders.
Collapse
|
4
|
Somorjai IML, Ehebauer MT, Escrivà H, Garcia-Fernàndez J. JNK Mediates Differentiation, Cell Polarity and Apoptosis During Amphioxus Development by Regulating Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics and ERK Signalling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:749806. [PMID: 34778260 PMCID: PMC8586503 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.749806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a multi-functional protein involved in a diverse array of context-dependent processes, including apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, adhesion, and differentiation. It is integral to several signalling cascades, notably downstream of non-canonical Wnt and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways. As such, it is a key regulator of cellular behaviour and patterning during embryonic development across the animal kingdom. The cephalochordate amphioxus is an invertebrate chordate model system straddling the invertebrate to vertebrate transition and is thus ideally suited for comparative studies of morphogenesis. However, next to nothing is known about JNK signalling or cellular processes in this lineage. Pharmacological inhibition of JNK signalling using SP600125 during embryonic development arrests gastrula invagination and causes convergence extension-like defects in axial elongation, particularly of the notochord. Pharynx formation and anterior oral mesoderm derivatives like the preoral pit are also affected. This is accompanied by tissue-specific transcriptional changes, including reduced expression of six3/6 and wnt2 in the notochord, and ectopic wnt11 in neurulating embryos treated at late gastrula stages. Cellular delamination results in accumulation of cells in the gut cavity and a dorsal fin-like protrusion, followed by secondary Caspase-3-mediated apoptosis of polarity-deficient cells, a phenotype only partly rescued by co-culture with the pan-Caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk. Ectopic activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signalling in the neighbours of extruded notochord and neural cells, possibly due to altered adhesive and tensile properties, as well as defects in cellular migration, may explain some phenotypes caused by JNK inhibition. Overall, this study supports conserved functions of JNK signalling in mediating the complex balance between cell survival, apoptosis, differentiation, and cell fate specification during cephalochordate morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko M L Somorjai
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom.,Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.,Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Hector Escrivà
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Jordi Garcia-Fernàndez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wyatt BH, Amin NM, Bagley K, Wcisel DJ, Dush MK, Yoder JA, Nascone-Yoder NM. Single-minded 2 is required for left-right asymmetric stomach morphogenesis. Development 2021; 148:dev199265. [PMID: 34486651 PMCID: PMC8512893 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The morphogenesis of left-right (LR) asymmetry is a crucial phase of organogenesis. In the digestive tract, the development of anatomical asymmetry is first evident in the leftward curvature of the stomach. To elucidate the molecular events that shape this archetypal laterality, we performed transcriptome analyses of the left versus right sides of the developing stomach in frog embryos. Besides the known LR gene pitx2, the only gene found to be expressed asymmetrically throughout all stages of curvature was single-minded 2 (sim2), a Down Syndrome-related transcription factor and homolog of a Drosophila gene (sim) required for LR asymmetric looping of the fly gut. We demonstrate that sim2 functions downstream of LR patterning cues to regulate key cellular properties and behaviors in the left stomach epithelium that drive asymmetric curvature. Our results reveal unexpected convergent cooption of single-minded genes during the evolution of LR asymmetric morphogenesis, and have implications for dose-dependent roles of laterality factors in non-laterality-related birth defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brent H. Wyatt
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Nirav M. Amin
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Kristen Bagley
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Dustin J. Wcisel
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Michael K. Dush
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Nanette M. Nascone-Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Balaraju AK, Hu B, Rodriguez JJ, Murry M, Lin F. Glypican 4 regulates planar cell polarity of endoderm cells by controlling the localization of Cadherin 2. Development 2021; 148:dev199421. [PMID: 34131730 PMCID: PMC8313861 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Noncanonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) signaling has been implicated in endoderm morphogenesis. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of this process are unclear. We found that, during convergence and extension (C&E) in zebrafish, gut endodermal cells are polarized mediolaterally, with GFP-Vangl2 enriched at the anterior edges. Endoderm cell polarity is lost and intercalation is impaired in the absence of glypican 4 (gpc4), a heparan-sulfate proteoglycan that promotes Wnt/PCP signaling, suggesting that this signaling is required for endodermal cell polarity. Live imaging revealed that endoderm C&E is accomplished by polarized cell protrusions and junction remodeling, which are impaired in gpc4-deficient endodermal cells. Furthermore, in the absence of gpc4, Cadherin 2 expression on the endodermal cell surface is increased as a result of impaired Rab5c-mediated endocytosis, which partially accounts for the endodermal defects in these mutants. These findings indicate that Gpc4 regulates endodermal planar cell polarity during endoderm C&E by influencing the localization of Cadherin 2. Thus, our study uncovers a new mechanism by which Gpc4 regulates planar cell polarity and reveals the role of Wnt/PCP signaling in endoderm morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fang Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that forms the linings of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and their associated organs, during embryonic development. Xenopus embryology experiments have provided fundamental insights into how the endoderm develops in vertebrates, including the critical role of TGFβ-signaling in endoderm induction,elucidating the gene regulatory networks controlling germ layer development and the key molecular mechanisms regulating endoderm patterning and morphogenesis. With new genetic, genomic, and imaging approaches, Xenopus is now routinely used to model human disease, discover mechanisms underlying endoderm organogenesis, and inform differentiation protocols for pluripotent stem cell differentiation and regenerative medicine applications. In this chapter, we review historical and current discoveries of endoderm development in Xenopus, then provide examples of modeling human disease and congenital defects of endoderm-derived organs using Xenopus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Edwards
- Division of Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Forkosh E, Kenig A, Ilan Y. Introducing variability in targeting the microtubules: Review of current mechanisms and future directions in colchicine therapy. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00616. [PMID: 32608157 PMCID: PMC7327382 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are highly dynamic polymers that constitute the cellular cytoskeleton and play a role in multiple cellular functions. Variability characterizes biological systems and is considered a part of the normal function of cells and organs. Variability contributes to cell plasticity and is a mechanism for overcoming errors in cellular level assembly and function, and potentially the whole organ level. Dynamic instability is a feature of biological variability that characterizes the function of MTs. The dynamic behavior of MTs constitutes the basis for multiple biological processes that contribute to cellular plasticity and the timing of cell signaling. Colchicine is a MT-modifying drug that exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. This review discusses some of the functions of colchicine and presents a platform for introducing variability while targeting MTs in intestinal cells, the microbiome, the gut, and the systemic immune system. This platform can be used for implementing novel therapies, improving response to chronic MT-based therapies, overcoming drug resistance, exerting gut-based systemic immune responses, and generating patient-tailored dynamic therapeutic regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Forkosh
- Department of MedicineHebrew University‐Hadassah Medical CentreJerusalemIsrael
| | - Ariel Kenig
- Department of MedicineHebrew University‐Hadassah Medical CentreJerusalemIsrael
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Department of MedicineHebrew University‐Hadassah Medical CentreJerusalemIsrael
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ya J, Li X, Wang L, Kou H, Wang H, Zhao H. The effects of chronic cadmium exposure on the gut of Bufo gargarizans larvae at metamorphic climax: Histopathological impairments, microbiota changes and intestinal remodeling disruption. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 195:110523. [PMID: 32222598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is carcinogenic to human and it also has adverse effects on aquatic life such as amphibian larvae. However, its influences on amphibian gut morphology and development as well as intestinal microbiota are still hardly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of chronic cadmium exposure on the gut of tadpoles at Gosner stage 42 of metamorphic climax by using Bufo gargarizans as a model species. Tadpoles were exposed to cadmium concentrations at 0, 5, 100 and 200 μg L-1 from Gosner stage 26-42. The results showed that high cadmium (100 and 200 μg L-1) exposure caused significant decrease of body length and weight but significant increase of intestinal length and weight. Moreover, severe histopathological damages were induced by high Cd exposure. In addition, microbial communities in the gut of tadpoles in high cadmium exposure groups were remarkably different from those in control group. Unexpectedly, species diversity and richness were higher in the intestinal microbiota of 200 μg L-1 cadmium exposure group. Furthermore, the abundance of prevalent phyla, families and genera of intestinal microbiota were changed by cadmium exposure. Meanwhile, cadmium exposure perturbed gut renewal functions and the relative mRNA expression of genes involved in canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway was seriously affected by high cadmium exposure. We concluded that cadmium could be harmful to tadpole health by inducing intestinal histopathological damages, gut remodeling inhibition and intestinal microbiota alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ya
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Honghong Kou
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
This review is a comprehensive analysis of the cell biology and biomechanics of Convergent Extension in Xenopus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ray Keller
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| | - Ann Sutherland
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ilan-Ber T, Ilan Y. The role of microtubules in the immune system and as potential targets for gut-based immunotherapy. Mol Immunol 2019; 111:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
12
|
Dush MK, Nascone-Yoder NM. Vangl2 coordinates cell rearrangements during gut elongation. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:569-582. [PMID: 31081963 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The embryonic gut tube undergoes extensive lengthening to generate the surface area required for nutrient absorption across the digestive epithelium. In Xenopus, narrowing and elongation of the tube is driven by radial rearrangements of its core of endoderm cells, a process that concomitantly opens the gut lumen and facilitates epithelial morphogenesis. How endoderm rearrangements are properly oriented and coordinated to achieve this complex morphogenetic outcome is unknown. RESULTS We find that, prior to gut elongation, the core Wnt/PCP component Vangl2 becomes enriched at both the anterior and apical aspects of individual endoderm cells. In Vangl2-depleted guts, the cells remain unpolarized, down-regulate cell-cell adhesion proteins, and, consequently, fail to rearrange, leading to a short gut with an occluded lumen and undifferentiated epithelium. In contrast, endoderm cells with ectopic Vangl2 protein acquire abnormal polarity and adhesive contacts. As a result, endoderm cells also fail to rearrange properly and undergo ectopic differentiation, resulting in guts with multiple torturous lumens, irregular epithelial architecture, and variable intestinal topologies. CONCLUSIONS Asymmetrical enrichment of Vangl2 in individual gut endoderm cells orients polarity and adhesion during radial rearrangements, coordinating digestive epithelial morphogenesis and lumen formation with gut tube elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Dush
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Nanette M Nascone-Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ulu A, Frost JA. Regulation of RhoA activation and cell motility by c-Jun N-terminal kinases and Net1. Small GTPases 2018; 11:385-391. [PMID: 30332929 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2018.1536638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Jnks are mitogen activated protein kinases that are best known for regulating transcription and apoptotic signaling. However, they also play important roles in controlling cell motility and invasion by phosphorylating many actin and microtubule regulatory proteins. These mechanisms have important implications for normal cell motility as well as cancer metastasis. Jnks are activated by growth factors and cytokines that stimulate cell motility, and this often requires upstream activation of Rho GTPases. Our recent work indicates that Jnks may also regulate Rho GTPase activation. Specifically, we found that Jnk-dependent phosphorylation of the RhoA guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF) Net1A promotes its cytosolic accumulation to drive RhoA activation and actin cytoskeletal reorganization. Net1A is unusual among RhoGEFs in that it is sequestered in the nucleus to prevent aberrant RhoA activation. Importantly, Jnk-stimulated cytosolic localization of Net1A is sufficient to stimulate cell motility and extracellular matrix invasion in non-invasive breast cancer cells. Since Net1A expression is critical for cancer cell motility and invasion in vitro, and breast cancer metastasis in vivo, these data uncover a previously unappreciated regulatory mechanism that may contribute to metastasis in multiple types of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Ulu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Frost
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Womble M, Amin NM, Nascone-Yoder N. The left-right asymmetry of liver lobation is generated by Pitx2c-mediated asymmetries in the hepatic diverticulum. Dev Biol 2018; 439:80-91. [PMID: 29709601 PMCID: PMC5988353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Internal organs exhibit left-right asymmetric sizes, shapes and anatomical positions, but how these different lateralities develop is poorly understood. Here we use the experimentally tractable Xenopus model to uncover the morphogenetic events that drive the left-right asymmetrical lobation of the liver. On the right side of the early hepatic diverticulum, endoderm cells become columnar and apically constricted, forming an expanded epithelial surface and, ultimately, an enlarged right liver lobe. In contrast, the cells on the left side become rounder, and rearrange into a compact, stratified architecture that produces a smaller left lobe. Side-specific gain- and loss-of-function studies reveal that asymmetric expression of the left-right determinant Pitx2c elicits distinct epithelial morphogenesis events in the left side of the diverticulum. Surprisingly, the cellular events induced by Pitx2c during liver development are opposite those induced in other digestive organs, suggesting divergent cellular mechanisms underlie the formation of different lateralities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Womble
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Nirav M Amin
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Nanette Nascone-Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bushnell HL, Feiler CE, Ketosugbo KF, Hellerman MB, Nazzaro VL, Johnson RI. JNK is antagonized to ensure the correct number of interommatidial cells pattern the Drosophila retina. Dev Biol 2018; 433:94-107. [PMID: 29133184 PMCID: PMC6010229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is crucial during the morphogenesis of most organs and tissues, and is utilized for tissues to achieve their proper size, shape and patterning. Many signaling pathways contribute to the precise regulation of apoptosis. Here we show that Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) activity contributes to the coordinated removal of interommatidial cells via apoptosis in the Drosophila pupal retina. This is consistent with previous findings that JNK activity promotes apoptosis in other epithelia. However, we found that JNK activity is repressed by Cindr (the CIN85 and CD2AP ortholog) in order to promote cell survival. Reducing the amount of Cindr resulted in ectopic cell death. Increased expression of the Drosophila JNK basket in the setting of reduced cindr expression was found to result in even more severe apoptosis, whilst ectopic death was found to be reduced if retinas were heterozygous for basket. Hence Cindr is required to properly restrict JNK-mediated apoptosis in the pupal eye, resulting in the correct number of interommatidial cells. A lack of precise control over developmental apoptosis can lead to improper tissue morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry L Bushnell
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Christina E Feiler
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Kwami F Ketosugbo
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Mark B Hellerman
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Valerie L Nazzaro
- Quantitative Analysis Center, Wesleyan University, 222 Church Street, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Ruth I Johnson
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pickett MA, Dush MK, Nascone-Yoder NM. Acetylcholinesterase plays a non-neuronal, non-esterase role in organogenesis. Development 2017; 144:2764-2770. [PMID: 28684626 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is crucial for degrading acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. In vitro studies suggest that, in addition to its role in nervous system signaling, AChE can also modulate non-neuronal cell properties, although it remains controversial whether AChE functions in this capacity in vivo Here, we show that AChE plays an essential non-classical role in vertebrate gut morphogenesis. Exposure of Xenopus embryos to AChE-inhibiting chemicals results in severe defects in intestinal development. Tissue-targeted loss-of-function assays (via microinjection of antisense morpholino or CRISPR-Cas9) confirm that AChE is specifically required in the gut endoderm tissue, a non-neuronal cell population, where it mediates adhesion to fibronectin and regulates cell rearrangement events that drive gut lengthening and digestive epithelial morphogenesis. Notably, the classical esterase activity of AChE is dispensable for this activity. As AChE is deeply conserved, widely expressed outside of the nervous system, and the target of many environmental chemicals, these results have wide-reaching implications for development and toxicology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Pickett
- Department of Biology, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Michael K Dush
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Nanette M Nascone-Yoder
- Department of Biology, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA .,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Davis A, Amin NM, Johnson C, Bagley K, Ghashghaei HT, Nascone-Yoder N. Stomach curvature is generated by left-right asymmetric gut morphogenesis. Development 2017; 144:1477-1483. [PMID: 28242610 PMCID: PMC5399665 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Left-right (LR) asymmetry is a fundamental feature of internal anatomy, yet the emergence of morphological asymmetry remains one of the least understood phases of organogenesis. Asymmetric rotation of the intestine is directed by forces outside the gut, but the morphogenetic events that generate anatomical asymmetry in other regions of the digestive tract remain unknown. Here, we show in mouse and Xenopus that the mechanisms that drive the curvature of the stomach are intrinsic to the gut tube itself. The left wall of the primitive stomach expands more than the right wall, as the left epithelium becomes more polarized and undergoes radial rearrangement. These asymmetries exist across several species, and are dependent on LR patterning genes, including Foxj1, Nodal and Pitx2 Our findings have implications for how LR patterning manifests distinct types of morphological asymmetries in different contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Davis
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Nirav M Amin
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Caroline Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Kristen Bagley
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - H Troy Ghashghaei
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Nanette Nascone-Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chin AM, Hill DR, Aurora M, Spence JR. Morphogenesis and maturation of the embryonic and postnatal intestine. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:81-93. [PMID: 28161556 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestine is a vital organ responsible for nutrient absorption, bile and waste excretion, and a major site of host immunity. In order to keep up with daily demands, the intestine has evolved a mechanism to expand the absorptive surface area by undergoing a morphogenetic process to generate finger-like units called villi. These villi house specialized cell types critical for both absorbing nutrients from food, and for protecting the host from commensal and pathogenic microbes present in the adult gut. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms that coordinate intestinal development, growth, and maturation of the small intestine, starting from the formation of the early gut tube, through villus morphogenesis and into early postnatal life when the intestine must adapt to the acquisition of nutrients through food intake, and to interactions with microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alana M Chin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - David R Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Megan Aurora
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Houssin NS, Bharathan NK, Turner SD, Dickinson AJG. Role of JNK during buccopharyngeal membrane perforation, the last step of embryonic mouth formation. Dev Dyn 2016; 246:100-115. [PMID: 28032936 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The buccopharyngeal membrane is a thin layer of cells covering the embryonic mouth. The perforation of this structure creates an opening connecting the external and the digestive tube which is essential for oral cavity formation. In humans, persistence of the buccopharyngeal membrane can lead to orofacial defects such as choanal atresia, oral synechiaes, and cleft palate. Little is known about the causes of a persistent buccopharyngeal membrane and, importantly, how this structure ruptures. RESULTS We have determined, using antisense and pharmacological approaches, that Xenopus embryos deficient c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling have a persistent buccopharyngeal membrane. JNK deficient embryos have decreased cell division and increased cellular stress and apoptosis. However, altering these processes independently of JNK did not affect buccopharyngeal membrane perforation. JNK deficient embryos also have increased intercellular adhesion and defects in e-cadherin localization. Conversely, embryos with overactive JNK have epidermal fragility, increased E-cadherin internalization, and increased membrane localized clathrin. In the buccopharyngeal membrane, clathrin is colocalized with active JNK. Furthermore, inhibition of endocytosis results in a persistent buccopharyngeal membrane, mimicking the JNK deficient phenotype. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that JNK has a role in the disassembly adherens junctions by means of endocytosis that is required during buccopharyngeal membrane perforation. Developmental Dynamics 246:100-115, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie S Houssin
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Stephen D Turner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Niu W, Wang Y, Wang Z, Xin Q, Wang Y, Feng L, Zhao L, Wen J, Zhang H, Wang C, Xia G. JNK signaling regulates E-cadherin junctions in germline cysts and determines primordial follicle formation in mice. Development 2016; 143:1778-87. [PMID: 27013242 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically, the size of the primordial follicle pool determines the reproductive lifespan of female mammals, while its establishment largely depends on a process of germline cyst breakdown during the perinatal period. The mechanisms regulating this process are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling is crucial for germline cyst breakdown and primordial follicle formation. JNK was specifically localized in oocytes and its activity increased as germline cyst breakdown progressed. Importantly, disruption of JNK signaling with a specific inhibitor (SP600125) or knockdown technology (Lenti-JNK-shRNAs) resulted in significantly suppressed cyst breakdown and primordial follicle formation in cultured mouse ovaries. Our results show that E-cadherin is intensely expressed in germline cysts, and that its decline is necessary for oocyte release from the cyst. However, inhibition of JNK signaling leads to aberrantly enhanced localization of E-cadherin at oocyte-oocyte contact sites. WNT4 expression is upregulated after SP600125 treatment. Additionally, similar to the effect of SP600125 treatment, WNT4 overexpression delays cyst breakdown and is accompanied by abnormal E-cadherin expression patterns. In conclusion, our results suggest that JNK signaling, which is inversely correlated with WNT4, plays an important role in perinatal germline cyst breakdown and primordial follicle formation by regulating E-cadherin junctions between oocytes in mouse ovaries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanbao Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhengpin Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qiliang Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yijing Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lizhao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jia Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Womble M, Pickett M, Nascone-Yoder N. Frogs as integrative models for understanding digestive organ development and evolution. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 51:92-105. [PMID: 26851628 PMCID: PMC4798877 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The digestive system comprises numerous cells, tissues and organs that are essential for the proper assimilation of nutrients and energy. Many aspects of digestive organ function are highly conserved among vertebrates, yet the final anatomical configuration of the gut varies widely between species, especially those with different diets. Improved understanding of the complex molecular and cellular events that orchestrate digestive organ development is pertinent to many areas of biology and medicine, including the regeneration or replacement of diseased organs, the etiology of digestive organ birth defects, and the evolution of specialized features of digestive anatomy. In this review, we highlight specific examples of how investigations using Xenopus laevis frog embryos have revealed insight into the molecular and cellular dynamics of digestive organ patterning and morphogenesis that would have been difficult to obtain in other animal models. Additionally, we discuss recent studies of gut development in non-model frog species with unique feeding strategies, such as Lepidobatrachus laevis and Eleutherodactylous coqui, which are beginning to provide glimpses of the evolutionary mechanisms that may generate morphological variation in the digestive tract. The unparalleled experimental versatility of frog embryos make them excellent, integrative models for studying digestive organ development across multiple disciplines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Womble
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States
| | - Melissa Pickett
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States
| | - Nanette Nascone-Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
van der Werf CS, Halim D, Verheij JB, Alves MM, Hofstra RM. Congenital Short Bowel Syndrome: from clinical and genetic diagnosis to the molecular mechanisms involved in intestinal elongation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2352-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
23
|
Abstract
Diseases affecting endodermal organs like the pancreas, lung and gastrointestinal (GI) tract have a substantial impact on human welfare. Since many of these are congenital defects that arise as a result of defects during development broad efforts are focused on understanding the development of these organs so as to better identify risk factors, disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Studies implementing model systems, like the amphibian Xenopus, have contributed immensely to our understanding of signaling (e.g. Wnt, FGF, BMP, RA) pathways and gene regulation (e.g. hhex, ptf1a, ngn3) that underlie normal development as well as disease progression. Recent advances in genome engineering further enhance the capabilities of the Xenopus model system for pursuing biomedical research, and will undoubtedly result in a boom of new information underlying disease mechanisms ultimately leading to advancements in diagnosis and therapy.
Collapse
|
24
|
Siedlik MJ, Nelson CM. Regulation of tissue morphodynamics: an important role for actomyosin contractility. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 32:80-5. [PMID: 25748251 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Forces arising from contractile actomyosin filaments help shape tissue form during morphogenesis. Developmental events that result from actomyosin contractility include tissue elongation, bending, budding, and collective migration. Here, we highlight recent insights into these morphogenetic processes from the perspective of actomyosin contractility as a key regulator. Emphasis is placed on a range of results obtained through live imaging, culture, and computational methods. Combining these approaches in the future has the potential to generate a robust, quantitative understanding of tissue morphodynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Siedlik
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tang QQ, Feng L, Jiang WD, Liu Y, Jiang J, Li SH, Kuang SY, Tang L, Zhou XQ. Effects of dietary copper on growth, digestive, and brush border enzyme activities and antioxidant defense of hepatopancreas and intestine for young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 155:370-80. [PMID: 24052363 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of dietary copper (Cu) on fish growth, digestive and absorptive enzyme activities, and antioxidant status in the hepatopancreas and intestine, young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) (282±2.8 g) were fed six diets containing 0.74 (basal diet), 2.26, 3.75, 5.25, 6.70, and 8.33 mg Cu /kg diet for 8 weeks. Results showed that percentage weight gain (PWG) and feed intake were increased with dietary Cu levels up to 3.75 mg/kg diet. In addition, the positive effects of dietary Cu at a level 3.75 or 5.25 mg/kg diet on trypsin, chymotrypsin, and lipase activities in the hepatopancreas and of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activities in three intestine segments produced significantly (P<0.05) better feed efficiency (FE). However, amylase activity in the hepatopancreas was decreased by dietary Cu levels up to 3.75 mg/kg diet (P<0.05). In addition, dietary Cu at 3.75 or 5.25 mg/kg diet decreased malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl content partly by significantly (P<0.05) increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione content in the hepatopancreas and intestine. Collectively, dietary Cu improved growth and digestive and absorptive capacity and decreased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation partly by enhancing antioxidant defense in the hepatopancreas and intestine. The dietary Cu requirement for PWG, plasma ceruloplasmin activity, and FE of young grass carp (282-688 g) were 4.78, 4.95, and 4.70 mg/kg diet, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Q Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan,, Cheng Du, 625014, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ivanovitch K, Cavodeassi F, Wilson S. Precocious acquisition of neuroepithelial character in the eye field underlies the onset of eye morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2013; 27:293-305. [PMID: 24209576 PMCID: PMC3898423 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using high-resolution live imaging in zebrafish, we show that presumptive eye cells acquire apicobasal polarity and adopt neuroepithelial character prior to other regions of the neural plate. Neuroepithelial organization is first apparent at the margin of the eye field, whereas cells at its core have mesenchymal morphology. These core cells subsequently intercalate between the marginal cells contributing to the bilateral expansion of the optic vesicles. During later evagination, optic vesicle cells shorten, drawing their apical surfaces laterally relative to the basal lamina, resulting in further laterally directed evagination. The early neuroepithelial organization of the eye field requires Laminin1, and ectopic Laminin1 can redirect the apicobasal orientation of eye field cells. Furthermore, disrupting cell polarity through combined abrogation of the polarity protein Pard6γb and Laminin1 severely compromises optic vesicle evagination. Our studies elucidate the cellular events underlying early eye morphogenesis and provide a framework for understanding epithelialization and complex tissue formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Ivanovitch
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Florencia Cavodeassi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephen W. Wilson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dush MK, Nascone-Yoder NM. Jun N-terminal kinase maintains tissue integrity during cell rearrangement in the gut. J Cell Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.133322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|