1
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Hermant C, Matias NR, Michel-Hissier P, Huynh JR, Mathieu J. Lethal Giant Disc is a target of Cdk1 and regulates ESCRT-III localization during germline stem cell abscission. Development 2024; 151:dev202306. [PMID: 38546617 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Abscission is the final step of cytokinesis that allows the physical separation of sister cells through the scission of the cellular membrane. This deformation is driven by ESCRT-III proteins, which can bind membranes and form dynamic helices. A crucial step in abscission is the recruitment of ESCRT-III proteins at the right time and place. Alix is one of the best characterized proteins that recruits ESCRT-III proteins from yeast to mammals. However, recent studies in vivo have revealed that pathways acting independently or redundantly with Alix are also required at abscission sites in different cellular contexts. Here, we show that Lgd acts redundantly with Alix to properly localize ESCRT-III to the abscission site in germline stem cells (GSCs) during Drosophila oogenesis. We further demonstrate that Lgd is phosphorylated at multiple sites by the CycB/Cdk1 kinase. We found that these phosphorylation events potentiate the activity of Shrub, a Drosophila ESCRT-III, during abscission of GSCs. Our study reveals that redundancy between Lgd and Alix, and coordination with the cell cycle kinase Cdk1, confers robust and timely abscission of Drosophila germline stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hermant
- Collège de France, PSL Research University, CNRS Biologie, INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Neuza Reis Matias
- Collège de France, PSL Research University, CNRS Biologie, INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Pascale Michel-Hissier
- Collège de France, PSL Research University, CNRS Biologie, INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jean-René Huynh
- Collège de France, PSL Research University, CNRS Biologie, INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Juliette Mathieu
- Collège de France, PSL Research University, CNRS Biologie, INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris 75005, France
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2
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Pang LY, DeLuca S, Zhu H, Urban JM, Spradling AC. Chromatin and gene expression changes during female Drosophila germline stem cell development illuminate the biology of highly potent stem cells. eLife 2023; 12:RP90509. [PMID: 37831064 PMCID: PMC10575629 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly potent animal stem cells either self renew or launch complex differentiation programs, using mechanisms that are only partly understood. Drosophila female germline stem cells (GSCs) perpetuate without change over evolutionary time and generate cystoblast daughters that develop into nurse cells and oocytes. Cystoblasts initiate differentiation by generating a transient syncytial state, the germline cyst, and by increasing pericentromeric H3K9me3 modification, actions likely to suppress transposable element activity. Relatively open GSC chromatin is further restricted by Polycomb repression of testis or somatic cell-expressed genes briefly active in early female germ cells. Subsequently, Neijre/CBP and Myc help upregulate growth and reprogram GSC metabolism by altering mitochondrial transmembrane transport, gluconeogenesis, and other processes. In all these respects GSC differentiation resembles development of the totipotent zygote. We propose that the totipotent stem cell state was shaped by the need to resist transposon activity over evolutionary timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Yu Pang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Carnegie Institution for ScienceBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Steven DeLuca
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Carnegie Institution for ScienceBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Haolong Zhu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Carnegie Institution for ScienceBaltimoreUnited States
| | - John M Urban
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Carnegie Institution for ScienceBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Allan C Spradling
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Carnegie Institution for ScienceBaltimoreUnited States
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3
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Cabrita B, Martinho RG. Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Drosophila Oocyte Determination. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:21. [PMID: 37367475 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary oocyte determination occurs in many organisms within a germ line cyst, a multicellular structure composed of interconnected germ cells. However, the structure of the cyst is itself highly diverse, which raises intriguing questions about the benefits of this stereotypical multicellular environment for female gametogenesis. Drosophila melanogaster is a well-studied model for female gametogenesis, and numerous genes and pathways critical for the determination and differentiation of a viable female gamete have been identified. This review provides an up-to-date overview of Drosophila oocyte determination, with a particular emphasis on the mechanisms that regulate germ line gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigite Cabrita
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Gonçalo Martinho
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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4
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Beachum AN, Hinnant TD, Williams AE, Powell AM, Ables ET. β-importin Tnpo-SR promotes germline stem cell maintenance and oocyte differentiation in female Drosophila. Dev Biol 2023; 494:1-12. [PMID: 36450333 PMCID: PMC9870978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Germ cell development requires interplay between factors that balance cell fate and division. Early in their development, germ cells in many organisms divide mitotically with incomplete cytokinesis. Key regulatory events then lead to the specification of mature gametes, marked by the switch to a meiotic cell cycle program. Though the regulation of germ cell proliferation and meiosis are well understood, how these events are coordinated during development remains incompletely described. Originally characterized in their role as nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling proteins, β-importins exhibit diverse functions during male and female gametogenesis. Here, we describe novel, distinct roles for the β-importin, Transportin-Serine/Arginine rich (Tnpo-SR), as a regulator of the mitosis to meiosis transition in the Drosophila ovary. We find that Tnpo-SR is necessary for germline stem cell (GSC) establishment and self-renewal, likely by controlling the response of GSCs to bone morphogenetic proteins. Depletion of Tnpo-SR results in germ cell counting defects and loss of oocyte identity. We show that in the absence of Tnpo-SR, proteins typically suppressed in germ cells when they exit mitosis fail to be down-regulated, and oocyte-specific factors fail to accumulate. Together, these findings provide new insight into the balance between germ cell division and differentiation and identify novel roles for β-importins in germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N Beachum
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Taylor D Hinnant
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Anna E Williams
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Amanda M Powell
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Ables
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.
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5
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Sun Z, Cai Y, Zhong G, Yi X. Camptothecin Effectively Regulates Germline Differentiation through Bam-Cyclin A Axis in Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021617. [PMID: 36675143 PMCID: PMC9864452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT), first isolated from Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminate, produces rapid and prolonged inhibition of DNA synthesis and induction of DNA damage by targeting topoisomerase I (top1), which is highly activated in cancer cells. CPT thus exhibits remarkable anticancer activities in various cancer types, and is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancers. However, it remains to be uncovered underlying its cytotoxicity toward germ cells. In this study we found that CPT, a cell cycle-specific anticancer agent, reduced fecundity and exhibited significant cytotoxicity toward GSCs and two-cell cysts. We showed that CPT induced GSC loss and retarded two-cell cysts differentiation in a niche- or apoptosis-independent manner. Instead, CPT induced ectopic expression of a differentiation factor, bag of marbles (Bam), and regulated the expression of cyclin A, which contributed to GSC loss. In addition, CPT compromised two-cell cysts differentiation by decreasing the expression of Bam and inducing cell arrest at G1/S phase via cyclin A, eventually resulting in two-cell accumulation. Collectively, this study demonstrates, for the first time in vivo, that the Bam-cyclin A axis is involved in CPT-mediated germline stem cell loss and two-cell cysts differentiation defects via inducing cell cycle arrest, which could provide information underlying toxicological effects of CPT in the productive system, and feature its potential to develop as a pharmacology-based germline stem cell regulation agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (X.Y.)
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6
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Williams AE, Ables ET. Visualizing Fusome Morphology via Tubulin Immunofluorescence in Drosophila Ovarian Germ Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2626:135-150. [PMID: 36715903 PMCID: PMC10088872 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2970-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In many species, oocytes are initially formed by the mitotic divisions of germline stem cells and their differentiating daughters. These progenitor cells are frequently interconnected in structures called cysts, which may function to safeguard oocyte quality. In Drosophila, an essential germline-specific organelle called the fusome helps maintain and coordinate the mitotic divisions of both germline stem cells and cyst cells. The fusome also serves as a useful experimental marker to identify germ cells during their mitotic divisions. Fusomes are cytoplasmic organelles composed of microtubules, endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles, and a meshwork of membrane skeleton proteins. The fusome branches as mitotic divisions progress, traversing the intercellular bridges of germline stem cell/cystoblast pairs and cysts. Here, we provide a protocol to visualize fusome morphology in fixed tissue by stabilizing microtubules and immunostaining for α-Tubulin and other protein constituents of the fusome. We identify a variety of fluorophore-tagged proteins that are useful for visualizing the fusome and describe how these might be combined experimentally. Taken together, these tools provide a valuable resource to interrogate the genetic control of germline stem cell function, oocyte selection, and asymmetric division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Williams
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Ables
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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7
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Simmons C, Bradshaw TW, Armstrong AR. Methods to Analyze Nutritional and Inter-Organ Control of Drosophila Ovarian Germline Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2677:81-97. [PMID: 37464236 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3259-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Physiological status, particularly dietary input, has major impacts on the Drosophila melanogaster ovarian germline stem cell lineage. Moreover, several studies have shed light on the role that inter-organ communication plays in coordinating whole-organism responses to changes in physiology. For example, nutrient-sensing signaling pathways function within the fat body to regulate germline stem cells and their progeny in the ovary. Together with its incredible genetic and cell biological toolkits, Drosophila serves as an amenable model organism to use for uncovering molecular mechanisms that underlie physiological control of adult stem cells. In this methods chapter, we describe a general dietary manipulation paradigm, genetic manipulation of adult adipocytes, and whole-mount ovary immunofluorescence to investigate physiological control of germline stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Simmons
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Tancia W Bradshaw
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Alissa R Armstrong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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8
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Szarka-Kovács AB, Takács Z, Bence M, Erdélyi M, Jankovics F. Drosophila MESR4 Gene Ensures Germline Stem Cell Differentiation by Promoting the Transcription of bag of marbles. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132056. [PMID: 35805140 PMCID: PMC9265997 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian germline stem cells (GSCs) of Drosophila melanogaster provide a valuable in vivo model to investigate how the adult stem cell identity is maintained and the differentiation of the daughter cells is regulated. GSCs are embedded into a specialized cellular microenvironment, the so-called stem cell niche. Besides the complex signaling interactions between the germ cells and the niche cells, the germ cell intrinsic mechanisms, such as chromatin regulation and transcriptional control, are also crucial in the decision about self-renewal and differentiation. The key differentiation regulator gene is the bag of marbles (bam), which is transcriptionally repressed in the GSCs and de-repressed in the differentiating daughter cell. Here, we show that the transcription factor MESR4 functions in the germline to promote GSC daughter differentiation. We find that the loss of MESR4 results in the accumulation of GSC daughter cells which fail to transit from the pre-cystoblast (pre-CB) to the differentiated cystoblast (CB) stage. The forced expression of bam can rescue this differentiation defect. By a series of epistasis experiments and a transcriptional analysis, we demonstrate that MESR4 positively regulates the transcription of bam. Our results suggest that lack of repression alone is not sufficient, but MESR4-mediated transcriptional activation is also required for bam expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Brigitta Szarka-Kovács
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.B.S.-K.); (Z.T.); (M.B.)
- Doctoral School in Biology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsanett Takács
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.B.S.-K.); (Z.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Melinda Bence
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.B.S.-K.); (Z.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Miklós Erdélyi
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.B.S.-K.); (Z.T.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (F.J.)
| | - Ferenc Jankovics
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.B.S.-K.); (Z.T.); (M.B.)
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (F.J.)
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9
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Sainz de la Maza D, Hof-Michel S, Phillimore L, Bökel C, Amoyel M. Cell-cycle exit and stem cell differentiation are coupled through regulation of mitochondrial activity in the Drosophila testis. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110774. [PMID: 35545055 PMCID: PMC9350557 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas stem and progenitor cells proliferate to maintain tissue homeostasis, fully differentiated cells exit the cell cycle. How cell identity and cell-cycle state are coordinated during differentiation is still poorly understood. The Drosophila testis niche supports germline stem cells and somatic cyst stem cells (CySCs). CySCs give rise to post-mitotic cyst cells, providing a tractable model to study the links between stem cell identity and proliferation. We show that, while cell-cycle progression is required for CySC self-renewal, the E2f1/Dp transcription factor is dispensable for self-renewal but instead must be silenced by the Drosophila retinoblastoma homolog, Rbf, to permit differentiation. Continued E2f1/Dp activity inhibits the expression of genes important for mitochondrial activity. Furthermore, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis rescues the differentiation of CySCs with ectopic E2f1/Dp activity but not their cell-cycle exit. In sum, E2f1/Dp coordinates cell-cycle progression with stem cell identity by regulating the metabolic state of CySCs. CycE is critical for CySC self-renewal E2f/Dp does not act in self-renewal but must be silenced for differentiation E2f/Dp inhibits increases in oxidative metabolism involved in normal differentiation Increased mitochondrial biogenesis rescues differentiation of E2f/Dp-active cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sainz de la Maza
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Silvana Hof-Michel
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lee Phillimore
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Christian Bökel
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Marc Amoyel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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10
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Cyromazine Effects the Reproduction of Drosophila by Decreasing the Number of Germ Cells in the Female Adult Ovary. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050414. [PMID: 35621750 PMCID: PMC9144682 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Cyromazine, an insect growth regulator, is used to control the Dipteran pest population. Previous findings observed that treatment with cyromazine increased the larval mortality, by interfering with the ecdysone signaling. In addition, the application of exogenous 20E significantly reduced the mortality caused by cyromazine. Many studies have also supported the role of ecdysone signaling in the maintenance of germline stem cells (GSCs), where mutations in ecdysone signaling-related genes significantly decreased the number of GSCs. However, to date, no study has reported the effect of cyromazine on the GSCs of Drosophila melanogaster. In the present study, we observed that cyromazine significantly reduced the number of both GSCs and cystoblasts (CBs) in the ovary of adult female. To further understand the effect of cyromazine on germ cells, we selected some key genes related to the ecdysone signaling pathway and evaluated their expression through RT-qPCR. Additionally, we measured the ecdysone titer from the cyromazine-treated ovaries. Our results indicated a significant decrease in the expression of ecdysone signaling-related genes and also in the ecdysone titer. These results further supported our findings that cyromazine reduced the number of germ cells by interfering with the ecdysone signaling pathway. Abstract In the present study, we observed a 58% decrease in the fecundity of Drosophila melanogaster, after treatment with the cyromazine. To further elucidate the effects of cyromazine on reproduction, we counted the number of both germline stem cells (GSCs) and cystoblasts (CBs) in the ovary of a 3-day-old adult female. The results showed a significant decrease in the number of GSCs and CBs as compared to the control group. The mode of action of cyromazine is believed to be through the ecdysone signaling pathway. To further support this postulate, we observed the expression of key genes involved in the ecdysone signaling pathway and also determined the ecdysone titer from cyromazine-treated ovaries. Results indicated a significant decrease in the expression of ecdysone signaling-related genes as compared to the control group. Furthermore, the titer of the ecdysone hormone was also markedly reduced (90%) in cyromazine-treated adult ovaries, suggesting that ecdysone signaling was directly related to the decrease in the number of GSCs and CBs. However, further studies are required to understand the mechanism by which cyromazine affects the GSCs and CBs in female adult ovaries.
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11
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Chen TA, Lin KY, Yang SM, Tseng CY, Wang YT, Lin CH, Luo L, Cai Y, Hsu HJ. Canonical Wnt Signaling Promotes Formation of Somatic Permeability Barrier for Proper Germ Cell Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:877047. [PMID: 35517512 PMCID: PMC9062081 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.877047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogen-mediated signaling is critical for proper organ development and stem cell function, and well-characterized mechanisms spatiotemporally limit the expression of ligands, receptors, and ligand-binding cell-surface glypicans. Here, we show that in the developing Drosophila ovary, canonical Wnt signaling promotes the formation of somatic escort cells (ECs) and their protrusions, which establish a physical permeability barrier to define morphogen territories for proper germ cell differentiation. The protrusions shield germ cells from Dpp and Wingless morphogens produced by the germline stem cell (GSC) niche and normally only received by GSCs. Genetic disruption of EC protrusions allows GSC progeny to also receive Dpp and Wingless, which subsequently disrupt germ cell differentiation. Our results reveal a role for canonical Wnt signaling in specifying the ovarian somatic cells necessary for germ cell differentiation. Additionally, we demonstrate the morphogen-limiting function of this physical permeability barrier, which may be a common mechanism in other organs across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-An Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yang Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Min Yang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Chen-Yuan Tseng
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Wang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lichao Luo
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Cai
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hwei-Jan Hsu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Hwei-Jan Hsu,
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12
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Luo Y, Lan C, Xie K, Li H, Devillard E, He J, Liu L, Cai J, Tian G, Wu A, Ren Z, Chen D, Yu B, Huang Z, Zheng P, Mao X, Yu J, Luo J, Yan H, Wang Q, Wang H, Tang J. Active or Autoclaved Akkermansia muciniphila Relieves TNF-α-Induced Inflammation in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Through Distinct Pathways. Front Immunol 2022; 12:788638. [PMID: 34975882 PMCID: PMC8716699 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.788638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation is a major threat to the health and growth of young animals such as piglets. As a next-generation probiotics, limited studies have shown that Akkermansia muciniphila could alleviate inflammation of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). In this study, a TNF-α-induced inflammatory model of IPEC-J2 cells, the intestinal porcine enterocytes, was built to evaluate the effects of active or inactive A. muciniphila on the inflammation of IECs. The viability of IPEC-J2 cells was the highest when treated with active (108 copies/mL) or inactive (109 copies/mL) A. muciniphila for 7.5 h (P < 0.01). Treated with 20 ng/mL of TNF-α and followed by a treatment of A. muciniphila, the mRNA level of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) was remarkably reduced (P < 0.05) along with the increased mRNA level of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin, P < 0.05). Flow cytometry analysis showed that active or inactive A. muciniphila significantly suppressed the rate of the early and total apoptotic of the inflammatory IPEC-J2 cells (P < 0.05). According to results of transcriptome sequencing, active and inactive A. muciniphila may decline cell apoptosis by down-regulating the expression of key genes in calcium signaling pathway, or up-regulating the expression of key genes in cell cycle signaling pathway. And the bacterium may alleviate the inflammation of IECs by down-regulating the expression of PI3K upstream receptor genes. Our results indicate that A. muciniphila may be a promising NGP targeting intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cong Lan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kunhong Xie
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Estelle Devillard
- Center of Research for Nutrition and Health, Adisseo France SAS, Commentry, France
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huifen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayong Tang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Villa-Fombuena G, Lobo-Pecellín M, Marín-Menguiano M, Rojas-Ríos P, González-Reyes A. Live imaging of the Drosophila ovarian niche shows spectrosome and centrosome dynamics during asymmetric germline stem cell division. Development 2021; 148:271223. [PMID: 34370012 PMCID: PMC8489027 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila female germline stem cells (GSCs) are found inside the cellular niche at the tip of the ovary. They undergo asymmetric divisions to renew the stem cell lineage and to produce sibling cystoblasts that will in turn enter differentiation. GSCs and cystoblasts contain spectrosomes, membranous structures essential for orientation of the mitotic spindle and that, particularly in GSCs, change shape depending on the cell cycle phase. Using live imaging and a fusion protein of GFP and the spectrosome component Par-1, we follow the complete spectrosome cycle throughout GSC division and quantify the relative duration of the different spectrosome shapes. We also determine that the Par-1 kinase shuttles between the spectrosome and the cytoplasm during mitosis and observe the continuous addition of new material to the GSC and cystoblast spectrosomes. Next, we use the Fly-FUCCI tool to define, in live and fixed tissues, that GSCs have a shorter G1 compared with the G2 phase. The observation of centrosomes in dividing GSCs allowed us to determine that centrosomes separate very early in G1, before centriole duplication. Furthermore, we show that the anterior centrosome associates with the spectrosome only during mitosis and that, upon mitotic spindle assembly, it translocates to the cell cortex, where it remains anchored until centrosome separation. Finally, we demonstrate that the asymmetric division of GSCs is not an intrinsic property of these cells, as the spectrosome of GSC-like cells located outside of the niche can divide symmetrically. Thus, GSCs display unique properties during division, a behaviour influenced by the surrounding niche. Summary: Imaging of live Drosophila germline stem cells in the ovarian niche reveals their asymmetric division and centrosome behaviour, whereas tumorous stem cells divide symmetrically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Villa-Fombuena
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Lobo-Pecellín
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miriam Marín-Menguiano
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Patricia Rojas-Ríos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Acaimo González-Reyes
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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14
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Tolkin T, Hubbard EJA. Germline Stem and Progenitor Cell Aging in C. elegans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:699671. [PMID: 34307379 PMCID: PMC8297657 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.699671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Like many animals and humans, reproduction in the nematode C. elegans declines with age. This decline is the cumulative result of age-related changes in several steps of germline function, many of which are highly accessible for experimental investigation in this short-lived model organism. Here we review recent work showing that a very early and major contributing step to reproductive decline is the depletion of the germline stem and progenitor cell pool. Since many cellular and molecular aspects of stem cell biology and aging are conserved across animals, understanding mechanisms of age-related decline of germline stem and progenitor cells in C. elegans has broad implications for aging stem cells, germline stem cells, and reproductive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theadora Tolkin
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - E Jane Albert Hubbard
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Beachum AN, Whitehead KM, McDonald SI, Phipps DN, Berghout HE, Ables ET. Orphan nuclear receptor ftz-f1 (NR5A3) promotes egg chamber survival in the Drosophila ovary. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6114459. [PMID: 33693603 PMCID: PMC8022936 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gamete production in mammals and insects is controlled by cell signaling pathways that facilitate communication between germ cells and somatic cells. Nuclear receptor signaling is a key mediator of many aspects of reproduction, including gametogenesis. For example, the NR5A subfamily of nuclear receptors is essential for gonad development and sex steroid production in mammals. Despite the original identification of the NR5A subfamily in the model insect Drosophila melanogaster, it has been unclear whether Drosophila NR5A receptors directly control oocyte production. Ftz-f1 is expressed throughout the ovary, including in germline stem cells, germline cysts, and several populations of somatic cells. We show that ftz-f1 is required in follicle cells prior to stage 10 to promote egg chamber survival at the mid-oogenesis checkpoint. Our data suggest that egg chamber death in the absence of ftz-f1 is due, at least in part, to failure of follicle cells to exit the mitotic cell cycle or failure to accumulate oocyte-specific factors in the germline. Taken together, these results show that, as in mammals, the NR5A subfamily promotes maximal reproductive output in Drosophila. Our data underscore the importance of nuclear receptors in the control of reproduction and highlight the utility of Drosophila oogenesis as a key model for unraveling the complexity of nuclear receptor signaling in gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N Beachum
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel N Phipps
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Hanna E Berghout
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Ables
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
- Corresponding author: Department of Biology, East Carolina University, 1001 E. 10th St., Mailstop 551, 553 Science & Technology Building, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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16
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Chu C, Geng Y, Zhou Y, Sicinski P. Cyclin E in normal physiology and disease states. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:732-746. [PMID: 34052101 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
E-type cyclins, collectively called cyclin E, represent key components of the core cell cycle machinery. In mammalian cells, two E-type cyclins, E1 and E2, activate cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and drive cell cycle progression by phosphorylating several cellular proteins. Abnormally elevated activity of cyclin E-CDK2 has been documented in many human tumor types. Moreover, cyclin E overexpression mediates resistance of tumor cells to various therapeutic agents. Recent work has revealed that the role of cyclin E extends well beyond cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, and it may regulate a diverse array of physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we discuss these various cyclin E functions and the potential for therapeutic targeting of cyclin E and cyclin E-CDK2 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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17
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The Involvement of Ubiquitination Machinery in Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115754. [PMID: 34072267 PMCID: PMC8198665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle is a collection of events by which cellular components such as genetic materials and cytoplasmic components are accurately divided into two daughter cells. The cell cycle transition is primarily driven by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which activities are regulated by the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of key regulators such as cyclins, CDK inhibitors (CKIs), other kinases and phosphatases. Thus, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the cell cycle progression via recognition, interaction, and ubiquitination or deubiquitination of key proteins. The illegitimate degradation of tumor suppressor or abnormally high accumulation of oncoproteins often results in deregulation of cell proliferation, genomic instability, and cancer occurrence. In this review, we demonstrate the diversity and complexity of the regulation of UPS machinery of the cell cycle. A profound understanding of the ubiquitination machinery will provide new insights into the regulation of the cell cycle transition, cancer treatment, and the development of anti-cancer drugs.
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18
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Kahney EW, Zion EH, Sohn L, Viets-Layng K, Johnston R, Chen X. Characterization of histone inheritance patterns in the Drosophila female germline. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51530. [PMID: 34031963 PMCID: PMC8406404 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have the unique ability to undergo asymmetric division which produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical, but commit to different cell fates. The loss of this balanced asymmetric outcome can lead to many diseases, including cancer and tissue dystrophy. Understanding this tightly regulated process is crucial in developing methods to treat these abnormalities. Here, we report that during a Drosophila female germline stem cell asymmetric division, the two daughter cells differentially inherit histones at key genes related to either maintaining the stem cell state or promoting differentiation, but not at constitutively active or silenced genes. We combine histone labeling with DNA Oligopaints to distinguish old versus new histones and visualize their inheritance patterns at a single‐gene resolution in asymmetrically dividing cells in vivo. This strategy can be applied to other biological systems involving cell fate change during development or tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily H Zion
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lydia Sohn
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kayla Viets-Layng
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Johnston
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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19
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Tao X, Dou Y, Huang G, Sun M, Lu S, Chen D. α-Tubulin Regulates the Fate of Germline Stem Cells in Drosophila Testis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10644. [PMID: 34017013 PMCID: PMC8138004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila testis provides an exemplary model for analyzing the extrinsic and intrinsic factors that regulate the fate of stem cell in vivo. Using this model, we show that the Drosophila αTub67C gene (full name αTubulin at 67C), which encodes α4-Tubulin (a type of α-Tubulin), plays a new role in controlling the fate of male germline stem cells (GSC). In this study, we have found that Drosophila α4-Tubulin is required intrinsically and extrinsically for GSCs maintenance. Results from green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgene reporter assays show that the gene αTub67C is not required for Dpp/Gbb signaling silencing of bam expression, suggesting that αTub67C functions downstream of or parallel to bam, and is independent of Gbb/Dpp-bam signaling pathway. Furthermore, overexpression of αTub67C fails to obviously increase the number of GSC/Gonialblast (GB). Given that the α-tubulin genes are evolutionarily conserved from yeast to human, which triggers us to study the more roles of the gene α-tubulin in other animals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Tao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Yunqiao Dou
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Guangyu Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Mingzhong Sun
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Shan Lu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Dongsheng Chen
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China. .,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China. .,College of Life Sciences, The Institute of Bioinformatics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China.
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20
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Carty BL, Dattoli AA, Dunleavy EM. CENP-C functions in centromere assembly, the maintenance of CENP-A asymmetry and epigenetic age in Drosophila germline stem cells. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009247. [PMID: 34014920 PMCID: PMC8136707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline stem cells divide asymmetrically to produce one new daughter stem cell and one daughter cell that will subsequently undergo meiosis and differentiate to generate the mature gamete. The silent sister hypothesis proposes that in asymmetric divisions, the selective inheritance of sister chromatids carrying specific epigenetic marks between stem and daughter cells impacts cell fate. To facilitate this selective inheritance, the hypothesis specifically proposes that the centromeric region of each sister chromatid is distinct. In Drosophila germ line stem cells (GSCs), it has recently been shown that the centromeric histone CENP-A (called CID in flies)—the epigenetic determinant of centromere identity—is asymmetrically distributed between sister chromatids. In these cells, CID deposition occurs in G2 phase such that sister chromatids destined to end up in the stem cell harbour more CENP-A, assemble more kinetochore proteins and capture more spindle microtubules. These results suggest a potential mechanism of ‘mitotic drive’ that might bias chromosome segregation. Here we report that the inner kinetochore protein CENP-C, is required for the assembly of CID in G2 phase in GSCs. Moreover, CENP-C is required to maintain a normal asymmetric distribution of CID between stem and daughter cells. In addition, we find that CID is lost from centromeres in aged GSCs and that a reduction in CENP-C accelerates this loss. Finally, we show that CENP-C depletion in GSCs disrupts the balance of stem and daughter cells in the ovary, shifting GSCs toward a self-renewal tendency. Ultimately, we provide evidence that centromere assembly and maintenance via CENP-C is required to sustain asymmetric divisions in female Drosophila GSCs. Stem cells can divide in an asymmetric fashion giving rise to two daughter cells with different fates. One daughter remains a stem cell, while the other can differentiate and adopt a new cell fate. Germline stem cells in the testes and ovaries give rise to differentiating daughter cells that eventually form the gametes, eggs and sperm. Here we investigate mechanisms controlling germline stem cell divisions occurring in the ovary of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Centromeres are epigenetically specified loci on chromosomes that make essential connections to the cell division machinery. Our study is focused on the centromere component CENP-C. We show that CENP-C is critical for the correct assembly of centromeres that occurs prior to cell division in germline stem cells. In addition, we find that CENP-C is asymmetrically distributed between stem and daughter cells, with more CENP-C at stem cell centromeres. Finally, we show that CENP-C depletion in germline stem cells disrupts the balance of stem and daughter cells in the developing ovary, impacting on cell fate. Taken together, we propose that CENP-C level and function at centromeres plays an important role in determining cell fate upon asymmetric division occurring in stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben L. Carty
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Anna A. Dattoli
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Elaine M. Dunleavy
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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21
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Duncan EJ, Leask MP, Dearden PK. Genome Architecture Facilitates Phenotypic Plasticity in the Honeybee (Apis mellifera). Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:1964-1978. [PMID: 32134461 PMCID: PMC7306700 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of an organism to alter its phenotype in response to an environmental cue, facilitates rapid adaptation to changing environments. Plastic changes in morphology and behavior are underpinned by widespread gene expression changes. However, it is unknown if, or how, genomes are structured to ensure these robust responses. Here, we use repression of honeybee worker ovaries as a model of plasticity. We show that the honeybee genome is structured with respect to plasticity; genes that respond to an environmental trigger are colocated in the honeybee genome in a series of gene clusters, many of which have been assembled in the last 80 My during the evolution of the Apidae. These clusters are marked by histone modifications that prefigure the gene expression changes that occur as the ovary activates, suggesting that these genomic regions are poised to respond plastically. That the linear sequence of the honeybee genome is organized to coordinate widespread gene expression changes in response to environmental influences and that the chromatin organization in these regions is prefigured to respond to these influences is perhaps unexpected and has implications for other examples of plasticity in physiology, evolution, and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Duncan
- Genomics Aotearoa and Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Megan P Leask
- Genomics Aotearoa and Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Peter K Dearden
- Genomics Aotearoa and Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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22
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Mad dephosphorylation at the nuclear pore is essential for asymmetric stem cell division. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2006786118. [PMID: 33753475 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006786118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate a stem cell and a differentiating daughter cell. Yet, it remains poorly understood how a stem cell and a differentiating daughter cell can receive distinct levels of niche signal and thus acquire different cell fates (self-renewal versus differentiation), despite being adjacent to each other and thus seemingly exposed to similar levels of niche signaling. In the Drosophila ovary, germline stem cells (GSCs) are maintained by short range bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling; the BMP ligands activate a receptor that phosphorylates the downstream molecule mothers against decapentaplegic (Mad). Phosphorylated Mad (pMad) accumulates in the GSC nucleus and activates the stem cell transcription program. Here, we demonstrate that pMad is highly concentrated in the nucleus of the GSC, while it quickly decreases in the nucleus of the differentiating daughter cell, the precystoblast (preCB), before the completion of cytokinesis. We show that a known Mad phosphatase, Dullard (Dd), is required for the asymmetric partitioning of pMad. Our mathematical modeling recapitulates the high sensitivity of the ratio of pMad levels to the Mad phosphatase activity and explains how the asymmetry arises in a shared cytoplasm. Together, these studies reveal a mechanism for breaking the symmetry of daughter cells during asymmetric stem cell division.
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23
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Dattoli AA, Carty BL, Kochendoerfer AM, Morgan C, Walshe AE, Dunleavy EM. Asymmetric assembly of centromeres epigenetically regulates stem cell fate. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133868. [PMID: 32328637 PMCID: PMC7147107 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Centromeres are epigenetically defined by CENP-A–containing chromatin and are essential for cell division. Previous studies suggest asymmetric inheritance of centromeric proteins upon stem cell division; however, the mechanism and implications of selective chromosome segregation remain unexplored. We show that Drosophila female germline stem cells (GSCs) and neuroblasts assemble centromeres after replication and before segregation. Specifically, CENP-A deposition is promoted by CYCLIN A, while excessive CENP-A deposition is prevented by CYCLIN B, through the HASPIN kinase. Furthermore, chromosomes inherited by GSCs incorporate more CENP-A, making stronger kinetochores that capture more spindle microtubules and bias segregation. Importantly, symmetric incorporation of CENP-A on sister chromatids via HASPIN knockdown or overexpression of CENP-A, either alone or together with its assembly factor CAL1, drives stem cell self-renewal. Finally, continued CENP-A assembly in differentiated cells is nonessential for egg development. Our work shows that centromere assembly epigenetically drives GSC maintenance and occurs before oocyte meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ada Dattoli
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, UK
| | - Ben L Carty
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, UK
| | - Antje M Kochendoerfer
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, UK
| | - Conall Morgan
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, UK
| | - Annie E Walshe
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, UK
| | - Elaine M Dunleavy
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, UK
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24
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Chotiner JY, Wolgemuth DJ, Wang PJ. Functions of cyclins and CDKs in mammalian gametogenesis†. Biol Reprod 2020; 101:591-601. [PMID: 31078132 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulators of the cell cycle. Most of our understanding of their functions has been obtained from studies in single-cell organisms and mitotically proliferating cultured cells. In mammals, there are more than 20 cyclins and 20 CDKs. Although genetic ablation studies in mice have shown that most of these factors are dispensable for viability and fertility, uncovering their functional redundancy, CCNA2, CCNB1, and CDK1 are essential for embryonic development. Cyclin/CDK complexes are known to regulate both mitotic and meiotic cell cycles. While some mechanisms are common to both types of cell divisions, meiosis has unique characteristics and requirements. During meiosis, DNA replication is followed by two successive rounds of cell division. In addition, mammalian germ cells experience a prolonged prophase I in males or a long period of arrest in prophase I in females. Therefore, cyclins and CDKs may have functions in meiosis distinct from their mitotic functions and indeed, meiosis-specific cyclins, CCNA1 and CCNB3, have been identified. Here, we describe recent advances in the field of cyclins and CDKs with a focus on meiosis and early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y Chotiner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Debra J Wolgemuth
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - P Jeremy Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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25
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Gadre P, Chatterjee S, Varshney B, Ray K. Cyclin E and Cdk1 regulate the termination of germline transit-amplification process in Drosophila testis. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:1786-1803. [PMID: 32573329 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1780381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An extension of the G1 is correlated with stem cell differentiation. The role of cell cycle regulation during the subsequent transit amplification (TA) divisions is, however, unclear. Here, we report for the first time that in the Drosophila male germline lineage, the transit amplification divisions accelerate after the second TA division. The cell cycle phases, marked by Cyclin E and Cyclin B, are progressively altered during the TA. Antagonistic functions of the bag-of-marbles and the Transforming-Growth-Factor-β signaling regulate the cell division rates after the second TA division and the extent of the Cyclin E phase during the fourth TA division. Furthermore, loss of Cyclin E during the fourth TA cycle retards the cell division and induces premature meiosis in some cases. A similar reduction of Cdk1 activity during this stage arrests the penultimate division and subsequent differentiation, whereas enhancement of the Cdk1 activity prolongs the TA by one extra round. Altogether, the results suggest that modification of the cell cycle structure and the rates of cell division after the second TA division determine the extent of amplification. Also, the regulation of the Cyclin E and CDK1 functions during the penultimate TA division determines the induction of meiosis and subsequent differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purna Gadre
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai, India
| | - Shambhabi Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai, India
| | - Bhavna Varshney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai, India
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai, India
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26
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Kimata Y, Leturcq M, Aradhya R. Emerging roles of metazoan cell cycle regulators as coordinators of the cell cycle and differentiation. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2061-2083. [PMID: 32383482 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, cell proliferation must be tightly coordinated with other developmental processes to form functional tissues and organs. Despite significant advances in our understanding of how the cell cycle is controlled by conserved cell-cycle regulators (CCRs), how the cell cycle is coordinated with cell differentiation in metazoan organisms and how CCRs contribute to this process remain poorly understood. Here, we review the emerging roles of metazoan CCRs as intracellular proliferation-differentiation coordinators in multicellular organisms. We illustrate how major CCRs regulate cellular events that are required for cell fate acquisition and subsequent differentiation. To this end, CCRs employ diverse mechanisms, some of which are separable from those underpinning the conventional cell-cycle-regulatory functions of CCRs. By controlling cell-type-specific specification/differentiation processes alongside the progression of the cell cycle, CCRs enable spatiotemporal coupling between differentiation and cell proliferation in various developmental contexts in vivo. We discuss the significance and implications of this underappreciated role of metazoan CCRs for development, disease and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Kimata
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China
| | - Maïté Leturcq
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China
| | - Rajaguru Aradhya
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala, India
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27
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Hinnant TD, Merkle JA, Ables ET. Coordinating Proliferation, Polarity, and Cell Fate in the Drosophila Female Germline. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:19. [PMID: 32117961 PMCID: PMC7010594 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gametes are highly specialized cell types produced by a complex differentiation process. Production of viable oocytes requires a series of precise and coordinated molecular events. Early in their development, germ cells are an interconnected group of mitotically dividing cells. Key regulatory events lead to the specification of mature oocytes and initiate a switch to the meiotic cell cycle program. Though the chromosomal events of meiosis have been extensively studied, it is unclear how other aspects of oocyte specification are temporally coordinated. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has long been at the forefront as a model system for genetics and cell biology research. The adult Drosophila ovary continuously produces germ cells throughout the organism’s lifetime, and many of the cellular processes that occur to establish oocyte fate are conserved with mammalian gamete development. Here, we review recent discoveries from Drosophila that advance our understanding of how early germ cells balance mitotic exit with meiotic initiation. We discuss cell cycle control and establishment of cell polarity as major themes in oocyte specification. We also highlight a germline-specific organelle, the fusome, as integral to the coordination of cell division, cell polarity, and cell fate in ovarian germ cells. Finally, we discuss how the molecular controls of the cell cycle might be integrated with cell polarity and cell fate to maintain oocyte production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D Hinnant
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Julie A Merkle
- Department of Biology, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN, United States
| | - Elizabeth T Ables
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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28
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Hubbard EJA, Schedl T. Biology of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline Stem Cell System. Genetics 2019; 213:1145-1188. [PMID: 31796552 PMCID: PMC6893382 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.300238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell systems regulate tissue development and maintenance. The germline stem cell system is essential for animal reproduction, controlling both the timing and number of progeny through its influence on gamete production. In this review, we first draw general comparisons to stem cell systems in other organisms, and then present our current understanding of the germline stem cell system in Caenorhabditis elegans In contrast to stereotypic somatic development and cell number stasis of adult somatic cells in C. elegans, the germline stem cell system has a variable division pattern, and the system differs between larval development, early adult peak reproduction and age-related decline. We discuss the cell and developmental biology of the stem cell system and the Notch regulated genetic network that controls the key decision between the stem cell fate and meiotic development, as it occurs under optimal laboratory conditions in adult and larval stages. We then discuss alterations of the stem cell system in response to environmental perturbations and aging. A recurring distinction is between processes that control stem cell fate and those that control cell cycle regulation. C. elegans is a powerful model for understanding germline stem cells and stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jane Albert Hubbard
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016
| | - Tim Schedl
- and Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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29
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Drummond-Barbosa D. Local and Physiological Control of Germline Stem Cell Lineages in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2019; 213:9-26. [PMID: 31488592 PMCID: PMC6727809 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.300234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term survival of any multicellular species depends on the success of its germline in producing high-quality gametes and maximizing survival of the offspring. Studies in Drosophila melanogaster have led our growing understanding of how germline stem cell (GSC) lineages maintain their function and adjust their behavior according to varying environmental and/or physiological conditions. This review compares and contrasts the local regulation of GSCs by their specialized microenvironments, or niches; discusses how diet and diet-dependent factors, mating, and microorganisms modulate GSCs and their developing progeny; and briefly describes the tie between physiology and development during the larval phase of the germline cycle. Finally, it concludes with broad comparisons with other organisms and some future directions for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Drummond-Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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30
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Kahney EW, Snedeker JC, Chen X. Regulation of Drosophila germline stem cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 60:27-35. [PMID: 31014993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric division of adult stem cells into one self-renewing stem cell and one differentiating cell is critical for maintaining homeostasis in many tissues. One paradigmatic model of this division is the Drosophila male and female germline stem cell, which provides two model systems not only sharing common features but also having distinct characteristics for studying asymmetric stem cell division in vivo. This asymmetric division is controlled by a combination of extrinsic signaling molecules and intrinsic factors that are either asymmetrically segregated or regulated differentially following division. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms guiding this asymmetric outcome, including extrinsic cues, intrinsic factors governing cell fate specification, and cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Kahney
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jonathan C Snedeker
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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31
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Weaver LN, Drummond-Barbosa D. Maintenance of Proper Germline Stem Cell Number Requires Adipocyte Collagen in Adult Drosophila Females. Genetics 2018; 209:1155-1166. [PMID: 29884747 PMCID: PMC6063239 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells reside in specialized niches and are regulated by a variety of physiological inputs. Adipocytes influence whole-body physiology and stem cell lineages; however, the molecular mechanisms linking adipocytes to stem cells are poorly understood. Here, we report that collagen IV produced in adipocytes is transported to the ovary to maintain proper germline stem cell (GSC) number in adult Drosophila females. Adipocyte-derived collagen IV acts through β-integrin signaling to maintain normal levels of E-cadherin at the niche, thereby ensuring proper adhesion to GSCs. These findings demonstrate that extracellular matrix components produced in adipocytes can be transported to and incorporated into an established adult tissue to influence stem cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley N Weaver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Daniela Drummond-Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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32
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Yoon DS, Cha DS, Alfhili MA, Keiper BD, Lee MH. Subunits of the DNA polymerase alpha-primase complex promote Notch-mediated proliferation with discrete and shared functions in C. elegans germline. FEBS J 2018; 285:2590-2604. [PMID: 29775245 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Notch receptor signaling is a highly conserved cell communication system in most multicellular organisms and plays a critical role at several junctures in animal development. In Caenorhabditis elegans,GLP-1/Notch signaling is essential for both germline stem cell maintenance and germ cell proliferation during gonad development. Here, we show that subunits (POLA-1, DIV-1, PRI-1, and PRI-2) of the DNA polymerase alpha-primase complex are required for germ cell proliferation in response to GLP-1/Notch signaling in different tissues at different developmental stages. Specifically, genetic and functional analyses demonstrated that (a) maternally contributed DIV-1 (regulatory subunit) is indispensable non-cell autonomously for GLP-1/Notch-mediated germ cell proliferation during early larval development, whereas POLA-1 (catalytic subunit) and two primase subunits, PRI-1 and PRI-2, do not appear to be essential; (b) germline POLA-1, PRI-1, and PRI-2 play a crucial role in GLP-1/Notch-mediated maintenance of proliferative cell fate during adulthood, while DIV-1 is dispensable; and (c) germline POLA-1, DIV-1, PRI-1, and PRI-2 function in tandem with PUF (Pumilio/FBF) RNA-binding proteins to maintain germline stem cells in the adult gonad. These findings suggest that the subunits of the DNA polymerase alpha-primase complex exhibit both discrete and shared functions in GLP-1/Notch or PUF-mediated germ cell dynamics in C. elegans. These findings link the biological functions of DNA replication machineries to signals that maintain a stem cell population, and may have further implications for Notch-dependent tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Suk Yoon
- Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Dong Seok Cha
- Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Mohammad A Alfhili
- Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brett D Keiper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Myon-Hee Lee
- Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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33
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Chen D, Zhou L, Sun F, Sun M, Tao X. Cyclin B3 Deficiency Impairs Germline Stem Cell Maintenance and Its Overexpression Delays Cystoblast Differentiation in Drosophila Ovary. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010298. [PMID: 29351213 PMCID: PMC5796243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that cyclinB3 (cycB3) plays a key role in the control of cell cycle progression. However, whether cycB3 is involved in stem cell fate determination remains unknown. The Drosophila ovary provides an exclusive model for studying the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that modulate the fate of germline stem cells (GSCs). Here, using this model, we show that DrosophilacycB3 plays a new role in controlling the fate of germline stem cells (GSC). Results from cycB3 genetic analyses demonstrate that cycB3 is intrinsically required for GSC maintenance. Results from green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgene reporter assays show that cycB3 is not involved in Dad-mediated regulation of Bmp signaling, or required for dpp-induced bam transcriptional silencing. Double mutants of bam and cycB3 phenocopied bam single mutants, suggesting that cycB3 functions in a bam-dependent manner in GSCs. Deficiency of cycB3 fails to cause apoptosis in GSCs or influence cystoblast (CB) differentiation into oocytes. Furthermore, overexpression of cycB3 dramatically increases the CB number in Drosophila ovaries, suggesting that an excess of cycB3 function delays CB differentiation. Given that the cycB3 gene is evolutionarily conserved, from insects to humans, cycB3 may also be involved in controlling the fate of GSCs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China.
- The Institute of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Lijuan Zhou
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Fuling Sun
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Mingzhong Sun
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Tao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China.
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34
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Özpolat BD, Handberg-Thorsager M, Vervoort M, Balavoine G. Cell lineage and cell cycling analyses of the 4d micromere using live imaging in the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii. eLife 2017; 6:30463. [PMID: 29231816 PMCID: PMC5764573 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell lineage, cell cycle, and cell fate are tightly associated in developmental processes, but in vivo studies at single-cell resolution showing the intricacies of these associations are rare due to technical limitations. In this study on the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii, we investigated the lineage of the 4d micromere, using high-resolution long-term live imaging complemented with a live-cell cycle reporter. 4d is the origin of mesodermal lineages and the germline in many spiralians. We traced lineages at single-cell resolution within 4d and demonstrate that embryonic segmental mesoderm forms via teloblastic divisions, as in clitellate annelids. We also identified the precise cellular origins of the larval mesodermal posterior growth zone. We found that differentially-fated progeny of 4d (germline, segmental mesoderm, growth zone) display significantly different cell cycling. This work has evolutionary implications, sets up the foundation for functional studies in annelid stem cells, and presents newly established techniques for live imaging marine embryos.
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35
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Flora P, Schowalter S, Wong-Deyrup S, DeGennaro M, Nasrallah MA, Rangan P. Transient transcriptional silencing alters the cell cycle to promote germline stem cell differentiation in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2017; 434:84-95. [PMID: 29198563 PMCID: PMC5830152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional silencing is a conserved process used by embryonic germ cells to repress somatic fate and maintain totipotency and immortality. In Drosophila, this transcriptional silencing is mediated by polar granule component (pgc). Here, we show that in the adult ovary, pgc is required for timely germline stem cell (GSC) differentiation. Pgc is expressed transiently in the immediate GSC daughter (pre-cystoblast), where it mediates a pulse of transcriptional silencing. This transcriptional silencing mediated by pgc indirectly promotes the accumulation of Cyclin B (CycB) and cell cycle progression into late-G2 phase, when the differentiation factor bag of marbles (bam) is expressed. Pgc mediated accumulation of CycB is also required for heterochromatin deposition, which protects the germ line genome against selfish DNA elements. Our results suggest that transient transcriptional silencing in the pre-cystoblast “re-programs” it away from self-renewal and toward the gamete differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Flora
- Department of Biological Sciences/The RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Sean Schowalter
- Department of Biological Sciences/The RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, 815 Albany Street, MA 02119, USA
| | - SiuWah Wong-Deyrup
- Department of Biological Sciences/The RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Matthew DeGennaro
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Mohamad Ali Nasrallah
- Department of Biological Sciences/The RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA; University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Prashanth Rangan
- Department of Biological Sciences/The RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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36
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Chen D, Tao X, Zhou L, Sun F, Sun M, Fang X. Spaghetti, a homolog of human RPAP3 (RNA polymerase II-associated protein 3), determines the fate of germline stem cells in Drosophila ovary. Cell Biol Int 2017; 42:769-780. [PMID: 29110400 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila ovary provides an attractive model for studying the extrinsic or intrinsic factors that regulate the fate of germline stem cells (GSCs). Using this model, we identified a new role for Drosophila spaghetti (spag), encoding a homolog of human RNA polymerase II-associated protein 3 (RPAP3), in regulating the fate of ovarian GSCs. Results from spag knockdown and genetic mosaic studies suggest that spag functions as an intrinsic factor for GSCs maintenance. Loss of Spag by, either spag RNAi or null mutation failed to trigger apoptosis in ovarian GSCs. Overexpression of spag led to negligible increases in the number of GSC/Cystoblast (CB) cells, suggesting that an excess of Spag is not sufficient to accelerate the proliferation of GSCs or delay CBs' differentiation. Our study provides evidence supporting that spag is involved in adult stem cells maintenance. In addition, the RNAi screen results showed that knockdown of Hsp90, one of known Spag interacting partners, led to loss of ovarian GSCs in Drosophila. Heterozygous mutations in hsp90 (hsp90/+) dramatically accelerated the GSC loss in spag RNAi ovaries, suggesting that the Spag-contained complex possibly plays an essential role in controlling the GSCs fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, #1 Beijing East Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, P.R. China.,The Institute of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, #1 Beijing East Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhou
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, #1 Beijing East Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, P.R. China
| | - Fuling Sun
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, #1 Beijing East Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhong Sun
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, #1 Beijing East Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Fang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, #1 Beijing East Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, P.R. China
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37
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Hinnant TD, Alvarez AA, Ables ET. Temporal remodeling of the cell cycle accompanies differentiation in the Drosophila germline. Dev Biol 2017; 429:118-131. [PMID: 28711427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Development of multicellular organisms relies upon the coordinated regulation of cellular differentiation and proliferation. Growing evidence suggests that some molecular regulatory pathways associated with the cell cycle machinery also dictate cell fate; however, it remains largely unclear how the cell cycle is remodeled in concert with cell differentiation. During Drosophila oogenesis, mature oocytes are created through a series of precisely controlled division and differentiation steps, originating from a single tissue-specific stem cell. Further, germline stem cells (GSCs) and their differentiating progeny remain in a predominantly linear arrangement as oogenesis proceeds. The ability to visualize the stepwise events of differentiation within the context of a single tissue make the Drosophila ovary an exceptional model for study of cell cycle remodeling. To describe how the cell cycle is remodeled in germ cells as they differentiate in situ, we used the Drosophila Fluorescence Ubiquitin-based Cell Cycle Indicator (Fly-FUCCI) system, in which degradable versions of GFP::E2f1 and RFP::CycB fluorescently label cells in each phase of the cell cycle. We found that the lengths of the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle change dramatically over the course of differentiation, and identified the 4/8-cell cyst as a key developmental transition state in which cells prepare for specialized cell cycles. Our data suggest that the transcriptional activator E2f1, which controls the transition from G1 to S phase, is a key regulator of mitotic divisions in the early germline. Our data support the model that E2f1 is necessary for proper GSC proliferation, self-renewal, and daughter cell development. In contrast, while E2f1 degradation by the Cullin 4 (Cul4)-containing ubiquitin E3 ligase (CRL4) is essential for developmental transitions in the early germline, our data do not support a role for E2f1 degradation as a mechanism to limit GSC proliferation or self-renewal. Taken together, these findings provide further insight into the regulation of cell proliferation and the acquisition of differentiated cell fate, with broad implications across developing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D Hinnant
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Arturo A Alvarez
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Ables
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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38
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Bam and Otu can regulate stem cell fate by stabilizing cyclin A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6154-6156. [PMID: 28584130 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706840114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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39
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Bam-dependent deubiquitinase complex can disrupt germ-line stem cell maintenance by targeting cyclin A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6316-6321. [PMID: 28484036 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619188114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila germ-line stem cells (GSCs) provide an excellent model to study the regulatory mechanisms of stem cells in vivo. Bag of marbles (bam) has been demonstrated to be necessary and sufficient to promote GSC and cystoblast differentiation. Despite extensive investigation of its regulation and genetic functions, the biochemical nature of the Bam protein has been unknown. Here, we report that Bam is an ubiquitin-associated protein and controls the turnover of cyclin A (CycA). Mechanistically, we found that Bam associated with Otu to form a deubiquitinase complex that stabilized CycA by deubiquitination, thus providing a mechanism to explain how ectopic expression of Bam in GSCs promotes differentiation. Collectively, our findings not only identify a biochemical function of Bam, which contributes to GSC fate determination, but also emphasizes the critical role of proper expression of cyclin proteins mediated by both ubiquitination and deubiquitination pathways in balancing stem cell self-renewal and differentiation.
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40
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Liu T, Wang Q, Li W, Mao F, Yue S, Liu S, Liu X, Xiao S, Xia L. Gcn5 determines the fate of
Drosophila
germline stem cells through degradation of Cyclin A. FASEB J 2017; 31:2185-2194. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601217r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Developmental BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wenqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Feiyu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shanshan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Sun Liu
- Department of Developmental BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaona Liu
- Department of Developmental BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shan Xiao
- Department of Developmental BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Laixin Xia
- Department of Developmental BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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41
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Laws KM, Drummond-Barbosa D. AMP-activated protein kinase has diet-dependent and -independent roles in Drosophila oogenesis. Dev Biol 2016; 420:90-99. [PMID: 27729213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple aspects of organismal physiology influence the number and activity of stem cells and their progeny, including nutritional status. Previous studies demonstrated that Drosophila germline stem cells (GSCs), follicle stem cells (FSCs), and their progeny sense and respond to diet via complex mechanisms involving many systemic and local signals. AMP-activated protein kinase, or AMPK, is a highly conserved regulator of energy homeostasis known to be activated under low cellular energy conditions; however, its role in the ovarian response to diet has not been investigated. Here, we describe nutrient-dependent and -independent requirements for AMPK in Drosophila oogenesis. We found that AMPK is cell autonomously required for the slow down in GSC and follicle cell proliferation that occurs on a poor diet. Similarly, AMPK activity is necessary in the germline for the degeneration of vitellogenic stages in response to nutrient deprivation. In contrast, AMPK activity is not required within the germline to modulate its growth. Instead, AMPK acts in follicle cells to negatively regulate their growth and proliferation, thereby indirectly limiting the size of the underlying germline cyst within developing follicles. Paradoxically, AMPK is required for GSC maintenance in well-fed flies (when AMPK activity is presumably at its lowest), suggesting potentially important roles for basal AMPK activity in specific cell types. Finally, we identified a nutrient-independent, developmental role for AMPK in cyst encapsulation by follicle cells. These results uncover specific AMPK requirements in multiple cell types in the ovary and suggest that AMPK can function outside of its canonical nutrient-sensing role in specific developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M Laws
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room W3118, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Daniela Drummond-Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room W3118, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room W3118, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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42
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A Genetic Mosaic Screen Reveals Ecdysone-Responsive Genes Regulating Drosophila Oogenesis. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:2629-42. [PMID: 27226164 PMCID: PMC4978916 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.028951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiple aspects of Drosophila oogenesis, including germline stem cell activity, germ cell differentiation, and follicle survival, are regulated by the steroid hormone ecdysone. While the transcriptional targets of ecdysone signaling during development have been studied extensively, targets in the ovary remain largely unknown. Early studies of salivary gland polytene chromosomes led to a model in which ecdysone stimulates a hierarchical transcriptional cascade, wherein a core group of ecdysone-sensitive transcription factors induce tissue-specific responses by activating secondary branches of transcriptional targets. More recently, genome-wide approaches have identified hundreds of putative ecdysone-responsive targets. Determining whether these putative targets represent bona fide targets in vivo, however, requires that they be tested via traditional mutant analysis in a cell-type specific fashion. To investigate the molecular mechanisms whereby ecdysone signaling regulates oogenesis, we used genetic mosaic analysis to screen putative ecdysone-responsive genes for novel roles in the control of the earliest steps of oogenesis. We identified a cohort of genes required for stem cell maintenance, stem and progenitor cell proliferation, and follicle encapsulation, growth, and survival. These genes encode transcription factors, chromatin modulators, and factors required for RNA transport, stability, and ribosome biogenesis, suggesting that ecdysone might control a wide range of molecular processes during oogenesis. Our results suggest that, although ecdysone target genes are known to have cell type-specific roles, many ecdysone response genes that control larval or pupal cell types at developmental transitions are used reiteratively in the adult ovary. These results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms by which ecdysone signaling controls oogenesis, laying new ground for future studies.
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43
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Mathieu J, Huynh JR. Monitoring complete and incomplete abscission in the germ line stem cell lineage of Drosophila ovaries. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 137:105-118. [PMID: 28065300 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In most species, cytokinesis is blocked in germ cells during at least some stage of their development. Abscission is difficult to assess directly in germ cells which are located in internal organs. Here, we described several indirect and direct methods to monitor the completion of abscission in Drosophila germ line cells. These methods are based on the observation that cells still connected by some cytoplasm share some degree of synchronization of their cell cycle. This synchrony can be detected on fixed tissue (Section 1.1), including using EdU incorporation to label S-phase (Section 1.2). Mitotic synchrony can also be observed using short-term live imaging (Section 1.3). Finally, we describe how the completion of abscission can be monitored using photoactivatable markers diffusing or not between two cells (Section 1.4).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mathieu
- Institut Curie, Paris, France; CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934, Paris, France
| | - J-R Huynh
- Institut Curie, Paris, France; CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934, Paris, France
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44
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Kotov AA, Olenkina OM, Kibanov MV, Olenina LV. RNA helicase Belle (DDX3) is essential for male germline stem cell maintenance and division in Drosophila. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1093-105. [PMID: 26876306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study showed that RNA helicase Belle (DDX3) was required intrinsically for mitotic progression and survival of germline stem cells (GSCs) and spermatogonial cells in the Drosophila melanogaster testes. We found that deficiency of Belle in the male germline resulted in a strong germ cell loss phenotype. Early germ cells are lost through cell death, whereas somatic hub and cyst cell populations are maintained. The observed phenotype is related to that of the human Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome caused by the loss of DBY (DDX3) expression in the human testes and results in a complete lack of germ cells with preservation of somatic Sertoli cells. We found the hallmarks of mitotic G2 delay in early germ cells of the larval testes of bel mutants. Both mitotic cyclins, A and B, are markedly reduced in the gonads of bel mutants. Transcription levels of cycB and cycA decrease significantly in the testes of hypomorph bel mutants. Overexpression of Cyclin B in the germline partially rescues germ cell survival, mitotic progression and fertility in the bel-RNAi knockdown testes. Taken together, these results suggest that a role of Belle in GSC maintenance and regulation of early germ cell divisions is associated with the expression control of mitotic cyclins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei A Kotov
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics of Animals, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Oxana M Olenkina
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics of Animals, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Kibanov
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics of Animals, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Ludmila V Olenina
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics of Animals, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia.
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45
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Abstract
Drosophila oogenesis is a powerful model for studying a wide spectrum of cellular and developmental processes in vivo. Oogenesis starts in a specialized structure called the germarium, which harbors the stem cells for both germ and somatic cells. The germarium produces egg chambers, each of which will develop into an egg. Active areas of research in Drosophila germaria include stem cell self-renewal, division, and maintenance, cell cycle control and differentiation, oocyte specification, intercellular communication, and signaling, among others. The solid knowledge base, the genetic tractability of the Drosophila model, as well as the availability and fast development of tools and imaging techniques for oogenesis research ensure that studies in this model will keep being instrumental for novel discoveries within cell and developmental biology also in the future. This chapter focuses on antibody staining in Drosophila germaria and provides a protocol for immunostaining as well as an overview of commonly used antibodies for visualization of different cell types and cellular structures. The protocol is well-suited for subsequent confocal microscopy analyses, and in addition we present key adaptations of the protocol that are useful when performing structured illumination microscopy (SIM) super-resolution imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Lie-Jensen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaisa Haglund
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway.
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway.
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46
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Subramaniam G, Campsteijn C, Thompson EM. Co-expressed Cyclin D variants cooperate to regulate proliferation of germline nuclei in a syncytium. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2129-41. [PMID: 25928155 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1041690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the G1-phase Cyclin D-CDK 4/6 regulatory module in linking germline stem cell (GSC) proliferation to nutrition is evolutionarily variable. In invertebrate Drosophila and C. elegans GSC models, G1 is nearly absent and Cyclin E is expressed throughout the cell cycle, whereas vertebrate spermatogonial stem cells have a distinct G1 and Cyclin D1 plays an important role in GSC renewal. In the invertebrate, chordate, Oikopleura, where germline nuclei proliferate asynchronously in a syncytium, we show a distinct G1-phase in which 2 Cyclin D variants are co-expressed. Cyclin Dd, present in both somatic endocycling cells and the germline, localized to germline nuclei during G1 before declining at G1/S. Cyclin Db, restricted to the germline, remained cytoplasmic, co-localizing in foci with the Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitor, CKIa. These foci showed a preferential spatial distribution adjacent to syncytial germline nuclei at G1/S. During nutrient-restricted growth arrest, upregulated CKIa accumulated in arrested somatic endoreduplicative nuclei but did not do so in germline nuclei. In the latter context, Cyclin Dd levels gradually decreased. In contrast, the Cyclin Dbβ splice variant, lacking the Rb-interaction domain and phosphodegron, was specifically upregulated and the number of cytoplasmic foci containing this variant increased. This upregulation was dependent on stress response MAPK p38 signaling. We conclude that under favorable conditions, Cyclin Dbβ-CDK6 sequesters CKIa in the cytoplasm to cooperate with Cyclin Dd-CDK6 in promoting germline nuclear proliferation. Under nutrient-restriction, this sequestration function is enhanced to permit continued, though reduced, cycling of the germline during somatic growth arrest.
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Key Words
- CAK, CDK Activating Kinase
- CDK, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase
- CKI, CDK inhibitor
- CREB, CRE Binding protein
- CRM, Chromosome Region Maintenance
- ERK, Extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- G-phase, Gap phase
- GA, Growth Arrest
- GFP, Green Fluorescent Protein
- GSC, Germline Stem Cell
- IdU, 5-Iodo-2′-deoxyuridine.
- M-phase, Mitotic phase
- MAPK p38
- MAPK, Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase
- MSK, Mitogen and Stress activating Kinase
- NLS, Nuclear Localization Sequence
- PCNA, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- Rb, Retinoblastoma protein
- S-phase, DNA Synthesis phase
- SCF complex, Skp, Cullin, F-box containing complex
- TOR signaling
- TOR:Target Of Rapamycin
- cyclin D splice variants
- cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor
- cytoplasmic sequestration
- growth arrest
- niche
- stem cell
- syncytium
- urochordate
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunasekaran Subramaniam
- a Sars International Center for Marine Molecular Biology; University of Bergen ; Bergen , Norway
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47
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Abstract
Stem cells give rise to tissues and organs during development and maintain their integrity during adulthood. They have the potential to self-renew or differentiate at each division. To ensure proper organ growth and homeostasis, self-renewal versus differentiation decisions need to be tightly controlled. Systematic genetic studies in Drosophila melanogaster are revealing extensive regulatory networks that control the switch between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation in the germline. These networks, which are based primarily on mutual translational repression, act via interlocked feedback loops to provide robustness to this important fate decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Slaidina
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Ruth Lehmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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48
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Matias NR, Mathieu J, Huynh JR. Abscission is regulated by the ESCRT-III protein shrub in Drosophila germline stem cells. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004653. [PMID: 25647097 PMCID: PMC4372032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscission is the final event of cytokinesis that leads to the physical separation of the two daughter cells. Recent technical advances have allowed a better understanding of the cellular and molecular events leading to abscission in isolated yeast or mammalian cells. However, how abscission is regulated in different cell types or in a developing organism remains poorly understood. Here, we characterized the function of the ESCRT-III protein Shrub during cytokinesis in germ cells undergoing a series of complete and incomplete divisions. We found that Shrub is required for complete abscission, and that levels of Shrub are critical for proper timing of abscission. Loss or gain of Shrub delays abscission in germline stem cells (GSCs), and leads to the formation of stem-cysts, where daughter cells share the same cytoplasm as the mother stem cell and cannot differentiate. In addition, our results indicate a negative regulation of Shrub by the Aurora B kinase during GSC abscission. Finally, we found that Lethal giant discs (lgd), known to be required for Shrub function in the endosomal pathway, also regulates the duration of abscission in GSCs. Abscission is the final step of cytokinesis which allows the physical separation of sister cells through the scission of a thin cytoplasmic bridge that links them at the end of mitosis. The duration of abscission varies depending on cell types, indicating that the event is developmentally regulated. Recently, we have identified two kinases, Aurora B and CycB/Cdk-1, which regulate the timing of abscission in germ cells and in mammalian cells. However, these kinases are upstream regulators and do not perform abscission per se. Here, we show that Shrub, a potential target of Aurora B and one of the most downstream effectors of abscission, is required for complete abscission in germline stem cells. In the absence of Shrub, the mother stem cell remains linked to its daughter cells, which then share the same cytoplasm and cannot differentiate. Loss of Shrub and Aurora B have opposite effects on abscission duration suggesting that Aurora B regulates negatively Shrub. We further show that Shrub acts together with its interactor Lethal giant disc to ensure proper abscission timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neuza Reis Matias
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Mathieu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (JM); (JRH)
| | - Jean-René Huynh
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (JM); (JRH)
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49
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Kao S, Tseng C, Wan C, Su Y, Hsieh C, Pi H, Hsu H. Aging and insulin signaling differentially control normal and tumorous germline stem cells. Aging Cell 2015; 14:25-34. [PMID: 25470527 PMCID: PMC4326914 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging influences stem cells, but the processes involved remain unclear. Insulin signaling, which controls cellular nutrient sensing and organismal aging, regulates the G2 phase of Drosophila female germ line stem cell (GSC) division cycle in response to diet; furthermore, this signaling pathway is attenuated with age. The role of insulin signaling in GSCs as organisms age, however, is also unclear. Here, we report that aging results in the accumulation of tumorous GSCs, accompanied by a decline in GSC number and proliferation rate. Intriguingly, GSC loss with age is hastened by either accelerating (through eliminating expression of Myt1, a cell cycle inhibitory regulator) or delaying (through mutation of insulin receptor (dinR) GSC division, implying that disrupted cell cycle progression and insulin signaling contribute to age-dependent GSC loss. As flies age, DNA damage accumulates in GSCs, and the S phase of the GSC cell cycle is prolonged. In addition, GSC tumors (which escape the normal stem cell regulatory microenvironment, known as the niche) still respond to aging in a similar manner to normal GSCs, suggesting that niche signals are not required for GSCs to sense or respond to aging. Finally, we show that GSCs from mated and unmated females behave similarly, indicating that female GSC–male communication does not affect GSCs with age. Our results indicate the differential effects of aging and diet mediated by insulin signaling on the stem cell division cycle, highlight the complexity of the regulation of stem cell aging, and describe a link between ovarian cancer and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih‐Han Kao
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Chen‐Yuan Tseng
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences National Defense Medical Center Taipei 11490 Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Ling Wan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Han Su
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Chang‐Che Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Science College of Medicine Chang Gung University Tao‐Yuan 333 Taiwan
| | - Haiwei Pi
- Department of Biomedical Science College of Medicine Chang Gung University Tao‐Yuan 333 Taiwan
| | - Hwei‐Jan Hsu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences National Defense Medical Center Taipei 11490 Taiwan
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50
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Eikenes ÅH, Malerød L, Christensen AL, Steen CB, Mathieu J, Nezis IP, Liestøl K, Huynh JR, Stenmark H, Haglund K. ALIX and ESCRT-III coordinately control cytokinetic abscission during germline stem cell division in vivo. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004904. [PMID: 25635693 PMCID: PMC4312039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscission is the final step of cytokinesis that involves the cleavage of the intercellular bridge connecting the two daughter cells. Recent studies have given novel insight into the spatiotemporal regulation and molecular mechanisms controlling abscission in cultured yeast and human cells. The mechanisms of abscission in living metazoan tissues are however not well understood. Here we show that ALIX and the ESCRT-III component Shrub are required for completion of abscission during Drosophila female germline stem cell (fGSC) division. Loss of ALIX or Shrub function in fGSCs leads to delayed abscission and the consequent formation of stem cysts in which chains of daughter cells remain interconnected to the fGSC via midbody rings and fusome. We demonstrate that ALIX and Shrub interact and that they co-localize at midbody rings and midbodies during cytokinetic abscission in fGSCs. Mechanistically, we show that the direct interaction between ALIX and Shrub is required to ensure cytokinesis completion with normal kinetics in fGSCs. We conclude that ALIX and ESCRT-III coordinately control abscission in Drosophila fGSCs and that their complex formation is required for accurate abscission timing in GSCs in vivo. Cytokinesis, the final step of cell division, concludes with a process termed abscission, during which the two daughter cells physically separate. In spite of their importance, the molecular machineries controlling abscission are poorly characterized especially in the context of living metazoan tissues. Here we provide molecular insight into the mechanism of abscission using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. We show that the scaffold protein ALIX and the ESCRT-III component Shrub are required for completion of abscission in Drosophila female germline stem cells (fGSCs). ESCRT-III has been implicated in topologically similar membrane scission events as abscission, namely intraluminal vesicle formation at endosomes and virus budding. Here we demonstrate that ALIX and Shrub co-localize and interact to promote abscission with correct timing in Drosophila fGSCs. We thus show that ALIX and ESCRT-III coordinately control abscission in Drosophila fGSCs cells and report an evolutionarily conserved function of the ALIX/ESCRT-III pathway during cytokinesis in a multi-cellular organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsmund H. Eikenes
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene Malerød
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anette Lie Christensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chloé B. Steen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Juliette Mathieu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934 F-75248, Paris, France
| | - Ioannis P. Nezis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Knut Liestøl
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-René Huynh
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934 F-75248, Paris, France
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaisa Haglund
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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