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Pala F, Notarangelo LD, Lionakis MS. Thymic inborn errors of immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024:S0091-6749(24)01066-2. [PMID: 39428079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2024] [Revised: 10/08/2024] [Accepted: 10/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024]
Abstract
The thymus is crucial for optimal T-cell development by facilitating the generation and selection of a diverse repertoire of T cells that can recognize foreign antigens while promoting tolerance to self-antigens. A number of inborn errors of immunity causing complete or partial defects in thymic development (athymia) and/or impaired thymic function have been increasingly recognized that manifest clinically with a combination of life-threatening infections, severe multiorgan autoimmunity, and/or cardiac, craniofacial, ectodermal, and endocrine abnormalities. The introduction of newborn screening programs and the advent of thymic transplantation show promise for early detection and improving the outcomes of patients with certain thymic inborn errors of immunity. We discuss our current understanding of the genetics, immunopathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of inborn errors of immunity that impair thymic development and/or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pala
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
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2
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Kreins AY, Dhalla F, Flinn AM, Howley E, Ekwall O, Villa A, Staal FJT, Anderson G, Gennery AR, Holländer GA, Davies EG. European Society for Immunodeficiencies guidelines for the management of patients with congenital athymia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024:S0091-6749(24)00980-1. [PMID: 39303894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Congenital athymia is a life-limiting disorder due to rare inborn errors of immunity causing impaired thymus organogenesis or abnormal thymic stromal cell development and function. Athymic infants have a T-lymphocyte-negative, B-lymphocyte-positive, natural killer cell-positive immunophenotype with profound T-lymphocyte deficiency and are susceptible to severe infections and autoimmunity. Patients variably display syndromic features. Expanding access to newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency and T lymphocytopenia and broad genetic testing, including next-generation sequencing technologies, increasingly facilitate their timely identification. The recommended first-line treatment is allogeneic thymus transplantation, which is a specialized procedure available in Europe and the United States. Outcomes for athymic patients are best with early diagnosis and thymus transplantation before the development of infectious and inflammatory complications. These guidelines on behalf of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies provide a comprehensive review for clinicians who manage patients with inborn thymic stromal cell defects; they offer clinical practice recommendations focused on the diagnosis, investigation, risk stratification, and management of congenital athymia with the aim of improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Y Kreins
- Department of Immunology and Gene Therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Infection Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Fatima Dhalla
- Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Immunology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aisling M Flinn
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Paediatric Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Immunology, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Crumlin, Ireland
| | - Evey Howley
- Department of Immunology and Gene Therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olov Ekwall
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Villa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (IRGB-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Frank J T Staal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Graham Anderson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Gennery
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Paediatric Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Georg A Holländer
- Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Paediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - E Graham Davies
- Department of Immunology and Gene Therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Infection Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Zhang W, Wang H, Chen S, Fan X, Liu Y, Shi S, Wang R. Reactivation of methylation-silenced PAX1 inhibits cervical cancer proliferation and migration via the WNT/TIMELESS pathway. Mol Carcinog 2024; 63:1349-1361. [PMID: 38712797 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Although aberrant methylation of PAX1 is closely associated with cervical cancer (CC), PAX1 methylation (PAX1m) and its role in CC remain to be elucidated. Here, we clarified the biological function of PAX1 in CC. First, PAX1m in ThinPrep cytologic test samples was measured via quantitative methylation-specific PCR. The results showed that PAX1 promoter methylation levels were significantly increased in CC patients (p < 0.001). We also found that PAX1 promoter methylation levels were positively correlated with tumor purity but negatively correlated with immune-infiltration via public databases. Then, CRISPR-based methylation perturbation tools (dCas9-Tet1) were constructed to further demonstrate that DNA methylation participates in the regulation of PAX1 expression directly. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments were used to show that PAX1 overexpression restrained proliferation, migration and improved cisplatin sensitivity by interfering with the WNT/TIMELESS axis in CC cells. Additionally, Co-immunoprecipitation assays further confirmed the interaction between PAX1 and TCF7L2. Taken together, our results suggested that a tumor suppressor role of PAX1 in CC and that CRISPR-based PAX1 demethylation editing might be a promising therapeutic strategy for CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Tianjin Medical Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huixi Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Tianjin Medical Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueting Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Tianjin Medical Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Tianjin Medical Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shujuan Shi
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Tianjin Medical Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Miao D, Ren J, Jia Y, Jia Y, Li Y, Huang H, Gao R. PAX1 represses canonical Wnt signaling pathway and plays dual roles during endoderm differentiation. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:242. [PMID: 38664733 PMCID: PMC11046865 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paired box 1 (PAX1) is a transcription factor and essential for the development of pharyngeal pouches-derived tissues, including thymus. PAX1 mutations are identified in Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) patients with Otofaciocervical Syndrome Type 2 (OTFCS2). However, despite the critical roles of PAX1 in embryonic development and diseases, detailed insights into its molecular mode of action are critically missing. METHODS The repressing roles of PAX1 and SCID associated mutants on Wnt signaling pathway were investigated by luciferase reporter assays, qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization in HEK293FT, HCT116 cells and zebrafish embryos, respectively. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and western blotting assays were carried out to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying PAX1's role on Wnt signaling pathway. hESC based endoderm differentiation, flow cytometry, high-throughput sequencing data analysis, and qRT-PCR assays were utilized to determine the roles of PAX1 during endoderm differentiation. RESULTS Here, we show that PAX1 represses canonical Wnt signaling pathway in vertebrate cells. Mechanically, PAX1 competes with SUMO E3 ligase PIASy to bind to TCF7L2, thus perturbing TCF7L2 SUMOylation level, further reducing its transcriptional activity and protein stability. Moreover, we reveal that PAX1 plays dual roles in hESC-derived definitive and foregut/pharyngeal endoderm cells, which give rise to the thymus epithelium, by inhibiting Wnt signaling. Importantly, our data show PAX1 mutations found in SCID patients significantly compromise the suppressing ability of PAX1 on Wnt signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents a novel molecular mode of action of PAX1 in regulation of canonical Wnt signaling and endoderm differentiation, thus providing insights for the molecular basis of PAX1 associated SCID, offering better understanding of the behavior of PAX1 in embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danxiu Miao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Yanhan Jia
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Yihui Jia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Yanshu Li
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
- College of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Huizhe Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China.
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Ushiki A, Sheng RR, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Nobuhara M, Murray E, Ruan X, Rios JJ, Wise CA, Ahituv N. Deletion of Pax1 scoliosis-associated regulatory elements leads to a female-biased tail abnormality. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113907. [PMID: 38461417 PMCID: PMC11005513 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a sideways curvature of the spine, is sexually dimorphic, with increased incidence in females. A genome-wide association study identified a female-specific AIS susceptibility locus near the PAX1 gene. Here, we use mouse enhancer assays, three mouse enhancer knockouts, and subsequent phenotypic analyses to characterize this region. Using mouse enhancer assays, we characterize a sequence, PEC7, which overlaps the AIS-associated variant, and find it to be active in the tail tip and intervertebral disc. Removal of PEC7 or Xe1, a known sclerotome enhancer nearby, or deletion of both sequences lead to a kinky tail phenotype only in the Xe1 and combined (Xe1+PEC7) knockouts, with only the latter showing a female sex dimorphic phenotype. Extensive phenotypic characterization of these mouse lines implicates several differentially expressed genes and estrogen signaling in the sex dimorphic bias. In summary, our work functionally characterizes an AIS-associated locus and dissects the mechanism for its sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Ushiki
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rory R Sheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mai Nobuhara
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elizabeth Murray
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xin Ruan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jonathan J Rios
- Center for Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carol A Wise
- Center for Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Ohigashi I, White AJ, Yang MT, Fujimori S, Tanaka Y, Jacques A, Kiyonari H, Matsushita Y, Turan S, Kelly MC, Anderson G, Takahama Y. Developmental conversion of thymocyte-attracting cells into self-antigen-displaying cells in embryonic thymus medulla epithelium. eLife 2024; 12:RP92552. [PMID: 38466627 PMCID: PMC10928509 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Thymus medulla epithelium establishes immune self-tolerance and comprises diverse cellular subsets. Functionally relevant medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) include a self-antigen-displaying subset that exhibits genome-wide promiscuous gene expression promoted by the nuclear protein Aire and that resembles a mosaic of extrathymic cells including mucosal tuft cells. An additional mTEC subset produces the chemokine CCL21, thereby attracting positively selected thymocytes from the cortex to the medulla. Both self-antigen-displaying and thymocyte-attracting mTEC subsets are essential for self-tolerance. Here, we identify a developmental pathway by which mTECs gain their diversity in functionally distinct subsets. We show that CCL21-expressing mTECs arise early during thymus ontogeny in mice. Fate-mapping analysis reveals that self-antigen-displaying mTECs, including Aire-expressing mTECs and thymic tuft cells, are derived from CCL21-expressing cells. The differentiation capability of CCL21-expressing embryonic mTECs is verified in reaggregate thymus experiments. These results indicate that CCL21-expressing embryonic mTECs carry a developmental potential to give rise to self-antigen-displaying mTECs, revealing that the sequential conversion of thymocyte-attracting subset into self-antigen-displaying subset serves to assemble functional diversity in the thymus medulla epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Ohigashi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of TokushimaTokushimaJapan
| | - Andrea J White
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Mei-Ting Yang
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Sayumi Fujimori
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of TokushimaTokushimaJapan
| | - Yu Tanaka
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Alison Jacques
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchHyogoJapan
| | - Yosuke Matsushita
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of TokushimaTokushimaJapan
| | - Sevilay Turan
- Sequencing Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteFrederickUnited States
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Graham Anderson
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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Dinges SS, Amini K, Notarangelo LD, Delmonte OM. Primary and secondary defects of the thymus. Immunol Rev 2024; 322:178-211. [PMID: 38228406 PMCID: PMC10950553 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The thymus is the primary site of T-cell development, enabling generation, and selection of a diverse repertoire of T cells that recognize non-self, whilst remaining tolerant to self- antigens. Severe congenital disorders of thymic development (athymia) can be fatal if left untreated due to infections, and thymic tissue implantation is the only cure. While newborn screening for severe combined immune deficiency has allowed improved detection at birth of congenital athymia, thymic disorders acquired later in life are still underrecognized and assessing the quality of thymic function in such conditions remains a challenge. The thymus is sensitive to injury elicited from a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors, and its self-renewal capacity decreases with age. Secondary and age-related forms of thymic dysfunction may lead to an increased risk of infections, malignancy, and autoimmunity. Promising results have been obtained in preclinical models and clinical trials upon administration of soluble factors promoting thymic regeneration, but to date no therapy is approved for clinical use. In this review we provide a background on thymus development, function, and age-related involution. We discuss disease mechanisms, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches for primary and secondary thymic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S. Dinges
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kayla Amini
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luigi D. Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ottavia M. Delmonte
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Rivera-Peña B, Folawiyo O, Turaga N, Rodríguez-Benítez RJ, Felici ME, Aponte-Ortiz JA, Pirini F, Rodríguez-Torres S, Vázquez R, López R, Sidransky D, Guerrero-Preston R, Báez A. Promoter DNA methylation patterns in oral, laryngeal and oropharyngeal anatomical regions are associated with tumor differentiation, nodal involvement and survival. Oncol Lett 2024; 27:89. [PMID: 38268779 PMCID: PMC10804364 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) can be used as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets in precision medicine workflows. DNA from 21 HNSCC and 10 healthy oral tissue samples was hybridized to a genome-wide tiling array to identify DMRs in a discovery cohort. Downstream analyses identified differences in promoter DNA methylation patterns in oral, laryngeal and oropharyngeal anatomical regions associated with tumor differentiation, nodal involvement and survival. Genome-wide DMR analysis showed 2,565 DMRs common to the three subsites. A total of 738 DMRs were unique to laryngeal cancer (n=7), 889 DMRs were unique to oral cavity cancer (n=10) and 363 DMRs were unique to pharyngeal cancer (n=6). Based on the genome-wide analysis and a Gene Ontology analysis, 10 candidate genes were selected to test for prognostic value and association with clinicopathological features. TIMP3 was associated with tumor differentiation in oral cavity cancer (P=0.039), DAPK1 was associated with nodal involvement in pharyngeal cancer (P=0.017) and PAX1 was associated with tumor differentiation in laryngeal cancer (P=0.040). A total of five candidate genes were selected, DAPK1, CDH1, PAX1, CALCA and TIMP3, for a prevalence study in a larger validation cohort: Oral cavity cancer samples (n=42), pharyngeal cancer tissues (n=25) and laryngeal cancer samples (n=52). PAX1 hypermethylation differed across HNSCC anatomic subsites (P=0.029), and was predominantly detected in laryngeal cancer. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (P=0.043) and Cox regression analysis of overall survival (P=0.001) showed that DAPK1 methylation is associated with better prognosis in HNSCC. The findings of the present study showed that the HNSCC subsites oral cavity, pharynx and larynx display substantial differences in aberrant DNA methylation patterns, which may serve as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Rivera-Peña
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico
| | - Oluwasina Folawiyo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Nitesh Turaga
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Rosa J. Rodríguez-Benítez
- Department of General Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico
| | - Marcos E. Felici
- Oral Health Division, Puerto Rico Department of Health, San Juan 00927, Puerto Rico
| | - Jaime A. Aponte-Ortiz
- Department of General Surgery, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico
| | - Francesca Pirini
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Instituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori ‘Dino Amadori’, Meldola I-47014, Italy
| | | | - Roger Vázquez
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico
| | - Ricardo López
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Rafael Guerrero-Preston
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Research and Development, LifeGene-Biomarks, San Juan 00909, Puerto Rico
| | - Adriana Báez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico
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9
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Ohigashi I, White AJ, Yang MT, Fujimori S, Tanaka Y, Jacques A, Kiyonari H, Matsushita Y, Turan S, Kelly MC, Anderson G, Takahama Y. Developmental conversion of thymocyte-attracting cells into self-antigen-displaying cells in embryonic thymus medulla epithelium. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.03.560657. [PMID: 37873155 PMCID: PMC10592888 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.560657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Thymus medulla epithelium establishes immune self-tolerance and comprises diverse cellular subsets. Functionally relevant medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) include a self-antigen-displaying subset that exhibits genome-wide promiscuous gene expression promoted by the nuclear protein Aire and that resembles a mosaic of extrathymic cells including mucosal tuft cells. An additional mTEC subset produces the chemokine CCL21, thereby attracting positively selected thymocytes from the cortex to the medulla. Both self-antigen-displaying and thymocyte-attracting mTEC subsets are essential for self-tolerance. Here we identify a developmental pathway by which mTECs gain their diversity in functionally distinct subsets. We show that CCL21-expressing mTECs arise early during thymus ontogeny. Fate-mapping analysis reveals that self-antigen-displaying mTECs, including Aire-expressing mTECs and thymic tuft cells, are derived from CCL21-expressing cells. The differentiation capability of CCL21-expressing embryonic mTECs is verified in reaggregate thymus experiments. These results indicate that CCL21-expressing embryonic mTECs carry a developmental potential to give rise to self-antigen-displaying mTECs, revealing that the sequential conversion of thymocyte-attracting subset into self-antigen-displaying subset serves to assemble functional diversity in the thymus medulla epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Ohigashi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Andrea J. White
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mei-Ting Yang
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sayumi Fujimori
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yu Tanaka
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Alison Jacques
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsushita
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Sevilay Turan
- Sequencing Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Michael C. Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Graham Anderson
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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10
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Parrack PH, Hornick JL, Sholl LM. PAX1 expression in thymic epithelial neoplasms and morphologic mimics. Hum Pathol 2023; 142:7-14. [PMID: 37776957 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Thymic epithelial neoplasms are morphologically diverse and can pose a diagnostic challenge that is complicated by a lack of immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers that are entirely sensitive and specific for thymic epithelium. Polyclonal PAX8 is often used in this context, but it is not a specific marker. The PAX1 transcription factor shares significant homology with PAX8 and plays an integral role in thymic development in humans and murine models. This study evaluated the role of PAX1 IHC in differentiating thymic epithelial neoplasms from morphologic mimics on whole slide tissue sections. The PAX1 antibody stained all 74 thymoma cases; however, there was wide variability in staining intensity within each subtype. The antibody was less sensitive in thymic carcinomas and thymic neuroendocrine tumors compared to thymomas and demonstrated weak staining in a subset of morphologic mimics (21 squamous cell carcinomas, 6 pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, 1 mesothelioma, 1 lymphoblastic lymphoma, and 1 granulosa cell tumor). With a H-score positive threshold of 75, the antibody had 100% specificity, and sensitivities of 92%, 56%, and 47% in thymomas, thymic neuroendocrine tumors, and thymic carcinomas respectively. The PAX1 antibody showed frequent geographic reduction in staining consistent with compromised antigenicity from variable formalin fixation. PAX1 IHC has a moderate-to-high sensitivity for thymic epithelial neoplasms; however, the wide staining variability and fixation effects may lead to difficulty with consistent interpretation. This marker is unlikely to supplant the role of PAX8 in diagnostic practice, but it may be a useful addition to immunohistochemistry panels when evaluating for thymic primary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige H Parrack
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, 02115.
| | - Jason L Hornick
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Lynette M Sholl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
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11
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Yakici N, Kreins AY, Catak MC, Babayeva R, Erman B, Kenney H, Gungor HE, Cea PA, Kawai T, Bosticardo M, Delmonte OM, Adams S, Fan YT, Pala F, Turkyilmaz A, Howley E, Worth A, Kot H, Sefer AP, Kara A, Bulutoglu A, Bilgic-Eltan S, Altunbas MY, Bayram Catak F, Karakus IS, Karatay E, Tekeoglu SD, Eser M, Albayrak D, Citli S, Kiykim A, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Ozen A, Ghosh S, Gohlke H, Orhan F, Notarangelo LD, Davies EG, Baris S. Expanding the clinical and immunological phenotypes of PAX1-deficient SCID and CID patients. Clin Immunol 2023; 255:109757. [PMID: 37689091 PMCID: PMC10958138 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Paired box 1 (PAX1) deficiency has been reported in a small number of patients diagnosed with otofaciocervical syndrome type 2 (OFCS2). We described six new patients who demonstrated variable clinical penetrance. Reduced transcriptional activity of pathogenic variants confirmed partial or complete PAX1 deficiency. Thymic aplasia and hypoplasia were associated with impaired T cell immunity. Corrective treatment was required in 4/6 patients. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation resulted in poor immune reconstitution with absent naïve T cells, contrasting with the superior recovery of T cell immunity after thymus transplantation. Normal ex vivo differentiation of PAX1-deficient CD34+ cells into mature T cells demonstrated the absence of a hematopoietic cell-intrinsic defect. New overlapping features with DiGeorge syndrome included primary hypoparathyroidism (n = 5) and congenital heart defects (n = 2), in line with PAX1 expression during early embryogenesis. Our results highlight new features of PAX1 deficiency, which are relevant to improving early diagnosis and identifying patients requiring corrective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalan Yakici
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Alexandra Y Kreins
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research & Teaching Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology and Gene therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Mehmet Cihangir Catak
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Royala Babayeva
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Baran Erman
- Institute of Child Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Can Sucak, Research Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Center for Genomics and Rare Diseases, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Heather Kenney
- Immune Deficiency Genetics Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hatice Eke Gungor
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Erciyes City Hospital, Turkey
| | - Pablo A Cea
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tomoki Kawai
- Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Shizuoka, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Japan
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- Immune Deficiency Genetics Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ottavia Maria Delmonte
- Immune Deficiency Genetics Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stuart Adams
- SIHMDS-Haematology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Tong Fan
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research & Teaching Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Pala
- Immune Deficiency Genetics Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ayberk Turkyilmaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Evey Howley
- Department of Immunology and Gene therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Austen Worth
- Department of Immunology and Gene therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hakan Kot
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Asena Pinar Sefer
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Altan Kara
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, Turkey
| | - Alper Bulutoglu
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Bilgic-Eltan
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melek Yorgun Altunbas
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feyza Bayram Catak
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Emrah Karatay
- Department of Radiology, Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sidem Didar Tekeoglu
- Can Sucak, Research Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Center for Genomics and Rare Diseases, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Metin Eser
- Department of Medical Genetics, Umraniye Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Davut Albayrak
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Medicalpark Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Senol Citli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Ayca Kiykim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Karakoc-Aydiner
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozen
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sujal Ghosh
- Department for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Fazil Orhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Immune Deficiency Genetics Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E Graham Davies
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research & Teaching Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology and Gene therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Safa Baris
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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12
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Kameda Y. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the organogenesis and development, and function of the mammalian parathyroid gland. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 393:425-442. [PMID: 37410127 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Serum calcium homeostasis is mainly regulated by parathormone (PTH) secreted by the parathyroid gland. Besides PTH and Gcm2, a master gene for parathyroid differentiation, many genes are expressed in the gland. Especially, calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), and Klotho function to prevent increased secretion of PTH and hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland under chronic hypocalcemia. Parathyroid-specific dual deletion of Klotho and CaSR induces a marked enlargement of the glandular size. The parathyroid develops from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches except murine species in which the gland is derived from the third pouch only. The development of the murine parathyroid gland is categorized as follows: (1) formation and differentiation of the pharyngeal pouches, (2) appearance of parathyroid domain in the third pharyngeal pouch together with thymus domain, (3) migration of parathyroid primordium attached to the top of thymus, and (4) contact with the thyroid lobe and separation from the thymus. The transcription factors and signaling molecules involved in each of these developmental stages are elaborated. In addition, mesenchymal neural crest cells surrounding the pharyngeal pouches and parathyroid primordium and invading the parathyroid parenchyma participate in the development of the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kameda
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
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13
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Ushiki A, Sheng RR, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Nobuhara M, Murray E, Ruan X, Rios JJ, Wise CA, Ahituv N. Deletion of Pax1 scoliosis-associated regulatory elements leads to a female-biased tail abnormality. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.12.536497. [PMID: 37090618 PMCID: PMC10120660 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.12.536497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a sideways curvature of the spine, is sexually dimorphic, with increased incidence in females. A GWAS identified a female-specific AIS susceptibility locus near the PAX1 gene. Here, we used mouse enhancer assays, three mouse enhancer knockouts and subsequent phenotypic analyses to characterize this region. Using mouse enhancer assays, we characterized a sequence, PEC7, that overlaps the AIS-associated variant, and found it to be active in the tail tip and intervertebral disc. Removal of PEC7 or Xe1, a known sclerotome enhancer nearby, and deletion of both sequences led to a kinky phenotype only in the Xe1 and combined (Xe1+PEC7) knockouts, with only the latter showing a female sex dimorphic phenotype. Extensive phenotypic characterization of these mouse lines implicated several differentially expressed genes and estrogen signaling in the sex dimorphic bias. In summary, our work functionally characterizes an AIS-associated locus and dissects the mechanism for its sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Ushiki
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rory R. Sheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mai Nobuhara
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elizabeth Murray
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xin Ruan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Rios
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carol A. Wise
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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14
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Mustillo PJ, Sullivan KE, Chinn IK, Notarangelo LD, Haddad E, Davies EG, de la Morena MT, Hartog N, Yu JE, Hernandez-Trujillo VP, Ip W, Franco J, Gambineri E, Hickey SE, Varga E, Markert ML. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Immunological Management of Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome and Other Defects in Thymic Development. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:247-270. [PMID: 36648576 PMCID: PMC9892161 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Current practices vary widely regarding the immunological work-up and management of patients affected with defects in thymic development (DTD), which include chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome (22q11.2del) and other causes of DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) and coloboma, heart defect, atresia choanae, retardation of growth and development, genital hypoplasia, ear anomalies/deafness (CHARGE) syndrome. Practice variations affect the initial and subsequent assessment of immune function, the terminology used to describe the condition and immune status, the accepted criteria for recommending live vaccines, and how often follow-up is needed based on the degree of immune compromise. The lack of consensus and widely varying practices highlight the need to establish updated immunological clinical practice guidelines. These guideline recommendations provide a comprehensive review for immunologists and other clinicians who manage immune aspects of this group of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Mustillo
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Kathleen E Sullivan
- Division of Allergy Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ivan K Chinn
- Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Elie Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - E Graham Davies
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 3HJ, UK
| | - Maria Teresa de la Morena
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Nicholas Hartog
- Spectrum Health Helen DeVos Children's Hospital Department of Allergy and Immunology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, USA
| | - Joyce E Yu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Winnie Ip
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Jose Franco
- Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Eleonora Gambineri
- Department of "NEUROFARBA", Section of Child's Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Centre of Excellence, Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Scott E Hickey
- Division of Genetic & Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Elizabeth Varga
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - M Louise Markert
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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15
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Hamel BL, Kumar S, Heidenreich L, Joshi A, DaSilva C, Asumda FZ. A novel case of homozygous PAX1 mutation associated with hypoparathyroidism. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN RARE DISEASE 2023; 4:26330040231158776. [PMID: 37197558 PMCID: PMC10184197 DOI: 10.1177/26330040231158776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The PAX1 gene plays an important role in the development of the parathyroid glands and the thymus. Mouse knockout models of PAX1, PAX3, and PAX9 have been found to have hypoplastic or absent parathyroid glands. To our knowledge, there are no reported cases of PAX1-associated hypoparathyroidism in humans. We present a case of hypoparathyroidism in a 23-month-old boy with a homozygous pathogenic variant in the PAX1 gene (PAX1 NM_006192.5 c.463_465del variant), predicted to cause an in-frame deletion of asparagine at position 155 (p.Asn155del) of the PAX1 protein. The hypoparathyroidism was unmasked after the patient developed significant hypocalcemia while receiving GoLYTELY (polyethylene glycol 3350, sodium sulfate anhydrous, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride) for bowel cleanout. The patient had mild and asymptomatic hypocalcemia prior to hospitalization. The patient was noted to have inappropriately normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) level at the time of documented hypocalcemia thereby suggesting a diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism. Plain language summary The first human case of hypoparathyroidism associated with a rare genetic disorder: a case report of PAX1 gene mutation The paired box (PAX) gene family is important for embryo development. One subfamily, PAX1, is necessary for development of the spinal column, thymus (important for the immune system development), and parathyroid (helps regulate the amount of calcium in the body). We present the case of a 23-month-old boy with known PAX1 gene mutation who came in with episodes of vomiting and poor growth. His presentation was thought to be most likely related to constipation. He was started on bowel cleanout medication and intravenous fluids. However, his calcium that had been mildly low subsequently dropped to very low levels. The level of parathyroid hormone (which helps regulate calcium levels) was inappropriately normal, meaning that his body was unable to make more, and was consistent with hypoparathyroidism. He was treated with calcium supplements and vitamin D and calcium levels normalized. He continues to be on calcium and vitamin D and calcium levels have remained stable. Doctors should keep this complication in mind when treating patients with PAX1 gene mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seema Kumar
- Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Avni Joshi
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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16
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Ramachandran J, Zhou W, Bardenhagen AE, Nasr T, Yates ER, Zorn AM, Ji H, Vokes SA. Hedgehog regulation of epithelial cell state and morphogenesis in the larynx. eLife 2022; 11:e77055. [PMID: 36398878 PMCID: PMC9718526 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The larynx enables speech while regulating swallowing and respiration. Larynx function hinges on the laryngeal epithelium which originates as part of the anterior foregut and undergoes extensive remodeling to separate from the esophagus and form vocal folds that interface with the adjacent trachea. Here we find that sonic hedgehog (SHH) is essential for epithelial integrity in the mouse larynx as well as the anterior foregut. During larynx-esophageal separation, low Shh expression marks specific domains of actively remodeling epithelium that undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) characterized by the induction of N-Cadherin and movement of cells out of the epithelial layer. Consistent with a role for SHH signaling in regulating this process, Shh mutants undergo an abnormal EMT throughout the anterior foregut and larynx, marked by a cadherin switch, movement out of the epithelial layer and cell death. Unexpectedly, Shh mutant epithelial cells are replaced by a new population of FOXA2-negative cells that likely derive from adjacent pouch tissues and form a rudimentary epithelium. These findings have important implications for interpreting the etiology of HH-dependent birth defects within the foregut. We propose that SHH signaling has a default role in maintaining epithelial identity throughout the anterior foregut and that regionalized reductions in SHH trigger epithelial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Ramachandran
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Weiqiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Anna E Bardenhagen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Talia Nasr
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Developmental Biology, and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Ellen R Yates
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Developmental Biology, and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Steven A Vokes
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
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17
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Wu W, Kong X, Jia Y, Jia Y, Ou W, Dai C, Li G, Gao R. An overview of PAX1: Expression, function and regulation in development and diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1051102. [PMID: 36393845 PMCID: PMC9649799 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1051102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors play multifaceted roles in embryonic development and diseases. PAX1, a paired-box transcription factor, has been elucidated to play key roles in multiple tissues during embryonic development by extensive studies. Recently, an emerging role of PAX1 in cancers was clarified. Herein, we summarize the expression and functions of PAX1 in skeletal system and thymus development, as well as cancer biology and outline its cellular and molecular modes of action and the association of PAX1 mutation or dysregulation with human diseases, thus providing insights for the molecular basis of congenital diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyin Wu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiangjun Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanhan Jia
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yihui Jia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weimei Ou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Cuilian Dai
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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18
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Pala F, Notarangelo LD, Bosticardo M. Inborn errors of immunity associated with defects of thymic development. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13832. [PMID: 36003043 PMCID: PMC11077434 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The main function of the thymus is to support the establishment of a wide repertoire of T lymphocytes capable of eliminating foreign pathogens, yet tolerant to self-antigens. Thymocyte development in the thymus is dependent on the interaction with thymic stromal cells, a complex mixture of cells comprising thymic epithelial cells (TEC), mesenchymal and endothelial cells. The exchange of signals between stromal cells and thymocytes is referred to as "thymic cross-talk". Genetic defects affecting either side of this interaction result in defects in thymic development that ultimately lead to a decreased output of T lymphocytes to the periphery. In the present review, we aim at providing a summary of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) characterized by T-cell lymphopenia due to defects of the thymic stroma, or to hematopoietic-intrinsic defects of T-cell development, with a special focus on recently discovered disorders. Additionally, we review the novel diagnostic tools developed to discover and study new genetic causes of IEI due to defects in thymic development. Finally, we discuss therapeutic approaches to correct thymic defects that are currently available, in addition to potential novel therapies that could be applied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pala
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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19
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Steele RE, Sanders R, Phillips HM, Bamforth SD. PAX Genes in Cardiovascular Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7713. [PMID: 35887061 PMCID: PMC9324344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian heart is a four-chambered organ with systemic and pulmonary circulations to deliver oxygenated blood to the body, and a tightly regulated genetic network exists to shape normal development of the heart and its associated major arteries. A key process during cardiovascular morphogenesis is the septation of the outflow tract which initially forms as a single vessel before separating into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. The outflow tract connects to the aortic arch arteries which are derived from the pharyngeal arch arteries. Congenital heart defects are a major cause of death and morbidity and are frequently associated with a failure to deliver oxygenated blood to the body. The Pax transcription factor family is characterised through their highly conserved paired box and DNA binding domains and are crucial in organogenesis, regulating the development of a wide range of cells, organs and tissues including the cardiovascular system. Studies altering the expression of these genes in murine models, notably Pax3 and Pax9, have found a range of cardiovascular patterning abnormalities such as interruption of the aortic arch and common arterial trunk. This suggests that these Pax genes play a crucial role in the regulatory networks governing cardiovascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simon D. Bamforth
- Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK; (R.E.S.); (R.S.); (H.M.P.)
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20
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Bhalla P, Su DM, van Oers NSC. Thymus Functionality Needs More Than a Few TECs. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864777. [PMID: 35757725 PMCID: PMC9229346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus, a primary lymphoid organ, produces the T cells of the immune system. Originating from the 3rd pharyngeal pouch during embryogenesis, this organ functions throughout life. Yet, thymopoiesis can be transiently or permanently damaged contingent on the types of systemic stresses encountered. The thymus also undergoes a functional decline during aging, resulting in a progressive reduction in naïve T cell output. This atrophy is evidenced by a deteriorating thymic microenvironment, including, but not limited, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions, fibrosis and adipogenesis. An exploration of cellular changes in the thymus at various stages of life, including mouse models of in-born errors of immunity and with single cell RNA sequencing, is revealing an expanding number of distinct cell types influencing thymus functions. The thymus microenvironment, established through interactions between immature and mature thymocytes with thymus epithelial cells (TEC), is well known. Less well appreciated are the contributions of neural crest cell-derived mesenchymal cells, endothelial cells, diverse hematopoietic cell populations, adipocytes, and fibroblasts in the thymic microenvironment. In the current review, we will explore the contributions of the many stromal cell types participating in the formation, expansion, and contraction of the thymus under normal and pathophysiological processes. Such information will better inform approaches for restoring thymus functionality, including thymus organoid technologies, beneficial when an individuals’ own tissue is congenitally, clinically, or accidentally rendered non-functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Bhalla
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Dong-Ming Su
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Genetics, The University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Nicolai S C van Oers
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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21
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Gao H, Cao M, Deng K, Yang Y, Song J, Ni M, Xie C, Fan W, Ou C, Huang D, Lin L, Liu L, Li Y, Sun H, Cheng X, Wu J, Xia C, Deng X, Mou L, Chen P. The Lineage Differentiation and Dynamic Heterogeneity of Thymic Epithelial Cells During Thymus Organogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:805451. [PMID: 35273595 PMCID: PMC8901506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.805451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although much progress has been made recently in revealing the heterogeneity of the thymic stromal components, the molecular programs of cell lineage divergency and temporal dynamics of thymic epithelial cell (TEC) development are largely elusive. Here, we constructed a single-cell transcriptional landscape of non-hematopoietic cells from mouse thymus spanning embryonic to adult stages, producing transcriptomes of 30,959 TECs. We resolved the transcriptional heterogeneity of developing TECs and highlighted the molecular nature of early TEC lineage determination and cortico-medullary thymic epithelial cell lineage divergency. We further characterized the differentiation dynamics of TECs by clarification of molecularly distinct cell states in the thymus developing trajectory. We also identified a population of Bpifa1+ Plet1+ mTECs that was preserved during thymus organogenesis and highly expressed tissue-resident adult stem cell markers. Finally, we highlighted the expression of Aire-dependent tissue-restricted antigens mainly in Aire+ Csn2+ mTECs and Spink5+ Dmkn+ mTECs in postnatal thymus. Overall, our data provided a comprehensive characterization of cell lineage differentiation, maturation, and temporal dynamics of thymic epithelial cells during thymus organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchao Gao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengtao Cao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinqi Song
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuntao Xie
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenna Fan
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunpei Ou
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dinggen Huang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lizhong Lin
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lixia Liu
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyu Cheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinmei Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cuilan Xia
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuefeng Deng
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lisha Mou
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
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22
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Hu Z, Xu Y, Li J, Zhu Z, Qiu Y, Liu Z. Bioinformatics Analysis and Experimental Verification Identify Downregulation of COL27A1 in Poor Segmental Congenital Scoliosis. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2616827. [PMID: 35186112 PMCID: PMC8849967 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2616827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital scoliosis (CS) represents the congenital defect disease, and poor segmental congenital scoliosis (PSCS) represents one of its types. Delayed intervention can result in disability and paralysis. In this study, we would identify the core biomarkers for PSCS progression through bioinformatics analysis combined with experimental verification. METHODS This work obtained the GSE11854 expression dataset associated with somite formation in the GEO database, which covers data of 13 samples. Thereafter, we utilized the edgeR of the R package to obtain DEGs in this dataset. Then, GO annotation, KEGG analyses, and DO annotation of DEGs were performed by "clusterProfiler" of the R package. This study performed LASSO regression for screening the optimal predicting factors for somite formation. Through RNA sequencing based on peripheral blood samples from healthy donors and PSCS cases, we obtained the RNA expression patterns and screen out DEGs using the R package DESeq2. The present work analyzed COL27A1 expression in PSCS patients by the RT-PCR assay. RESULTS A total of 443 genes from the GSE11854 dataset were identified as DEGs, which were involved in BP associated with DNA replication, CC associated with chromosomal region, and MF associated with ATPase activity. These DEGs were primarily enriched in the TGF-β signaling pathway and spinal deformity. Further, LASSO regression suggested that 9 DEGs acted as the signature markers for somite formation. We discovered altogether 162 DEGs in PSCS patients, which were involved in BP associated with cardiac myofibril assembly and MF associated with structural constituent of muscle. However, these 162 DEGs were not significantly correlated with any pathways. Finally, COL27A1 was identified as the only intersected gene between the best predictors for somite formation and PSCS-related DEGs, which was significantly downregulated in PSCS patients. CONCLUSION This work sheds novel lights on DEGs related to the PSCS pathogenic mechanism, and COL27A1 is the possible therapeutic target for PSCS. Findings in this work may contribute to developing therapeutic strategies for PSCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongshan Hu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yanjie Xu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jie Li
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zezhang Zhu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
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23
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Singh P, Bhadada SK, Arya AK, Saikia UN, Sachdeva N, Dahiya D, Kaur J, Brandi ML, Rao SD. Aberrant Epigenetic Alteration of PAX1 Expression Contributes to Parathyroid Tumorigenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e783-e792. [PMID: 34453169 PMCID: PMC8764231 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) results from the hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone from parathyroid tumors. A transcription factor, namely Paired box1 (PAX1), is active in parathyroid gland development. OBJECTIVE We aimed to study potential epigenetic-mediated mechanism of PAX1 gene in sporadic parathyroid adenomas. METHODS In parathyroid adenomas tissues, we analyzed the DNA methylation via bisulfite-specific polymerase chain reaction (BSP) and histone modifications via chromatin immunoprecipitation in regulating the differential expression of PAX1. RESULTS The results showed that mRNA and protein expression of PAX1 was significantly reduced in parathyroid adenomas. Bisulfite sequencing demonstrated hypermethylation in the promoter region of PAX1 (35%; 14/40) and lower levels of histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) were observed on the promoter region of PAX1 (6-fold; P < .004) in parathyroid adenomas. Furthermore, upon treatment with a pharmacologic inhibitor, namely 5'aza-2 deoxycytidine, in rat parathyroid continuous cells, we found re-expression of PAX1 gene. CONCLUSION Our study not only reveals expression of PAX1 is epigenetically deregulated but also paves a way for clinical and therapeutic implications in patients with PHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Bhadada
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
- Correspondence: Dr. Sanjay Kumar Bhadada, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, 160012.
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Arya
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Uma Nahar Saikia
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Naresh Sachdeva
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Divya Dahiya
- Department of General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Jyotdeep Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50121, Italy
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24
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Martinez-Ruíz GU, Morales-Sánchez A, Bhandoola A. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation in thymic epithelial cells. Immunol Rev 2022; 305:43-58. [PMID: 34750841 PMCID: PMC8766885 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is required for the development of both adaptive and innate-like T cell subsets. There is keen interest in manipulating thymic function for therapeutic purposes in circumstances of autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, and for purposes of immunotherapy. Within the thymus, thymic epithelial cells play essential roles in directing T cell development. Several transcription factors are known to be essential for thymic epithelial cell development and function, and a few transcription factors have been studied in considerable detail. However, the role of many other transcription factors is less well understood. Further, it is likely that roles exist for other transcription factors not yet known to be important in thymic epithelial cells. Recent progress in understanding of thymic epithelial cell heterogeneity has provided some new insight into transcriptional requirements in subtypes of thymic epithelial cells. However, it is unknown whether progenitors of thymic epithelial cells exist in the adult thymus, and consequently, developmental relationships linking putative precursors with differentiated cell types are poorly understood. While we do not presently possess a clear understanding of stage-specific requirements for transcription factors in thymic epithelial cells, new single-cell transcriptomic and epigenomic technologies should enable rapid progress in this field. Here, we review our current knowledge of transcription factors involved in the development, maintenance, and function of thymic epithelial cells, and the mechanisms by which they act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ulises Martinez-Ruíz
- T Cell Biology and Development Unit, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abigail Morales-Sánchez
- T Cell Biology and Development Unit, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Avinash Bhandoola
- T Cell Biology and Development Unit, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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25
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Hosaka N, Kanda S, Shimono T, Nishiyama T. Induction of γδT cells from HSC-enriched BMCs co-cultured with iPSC-derived thymic epithelial cells. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:10604-10613. [PMID: 34687276 PMCID: PMC8581322 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells bearing γδ antigen receptors have been investigated as potential treatments for several diseases, including malignant tumours. However, the clinical application of γδT cells has been hampered by their relatively low abundance in vivo and the technical difficulty of inducing their differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro. Here, we describe a novel method for generating mouse γδT cells by co-culturing HSC-enriched bone marrow cells (HSC-eBMCs) with induced thymic epithelial cells (iTECs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We used BMCs from CD45.1 congenic C57BL/6 mice to distinguish them from iPSCs, which expressed CD45.2. We showed that HSC-eBMCs and iTECs cultured with IL-2 + IL-7 for up to 21 days induced CD45.1+ γδT cells that expressed a broad repertoire of Vγ and Vδ T-cell receptors. Notably, the induced lymphocytes contained few or no αβT cells, NK1.1+ natural killer cells, or B220+ B cells. Adoptive transfer of the induced γδT cells to leukemia-bearing mice significantly reduced tumour growth and prolonged mouse survival with no obvious side effects, such as tumorigenesis and autoimmune diseases. This new method suggests that it could also be used to produce human γδT cells for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hosaka
- Department of Pathology, Fuchu Hospital, Izumi, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, Hitakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji Kanda
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, Hitakata, Osaka, Japan.,Regenerative Research Center for Intractable Diseases, Kansai Medical University, Hitakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaki Shimono
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, Hitakata, Osaka, Japan.,Regenerative Research Center for Intractable Diseases, Kansai Medical University, Hitakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Nishiyama
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, Hitakata, Osaka, Japan
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26
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Gras-Peña R, Danzl NM, Khosravi-Maharlooei M, Campbell SR, Ruiz AE, Parks CA, Suen Savage WM, Holzl MA, Chatterjee D, Sykes M. Human stem cell-derived thymic epithelial cells enhance human T-cell development in a xenogeneic thymus. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 149:1755-1771. [PMID: 34695489 PMCID: PMC9023620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generation of thymic tissue from pluripotent stem cells would provide therapies for acquired and congenital thymic insufficiency states. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to generate human thymic epithelial progenitors from human embryonic stem cells (hES-TEPs) and to assess their thymopoietic function in vivo. METHODS This study differentiated hES-TEPs by mimicking developmental queues with FGF8, retinoic acid, SHH, Noggin, and BMP4. Their function was assessed in reaggregate cellular grafts under the kidney capsule and in hybrid thymi by incorporating them into swine thymus (SwTHY) grafts implanted under the kidney capsules of immunodeficient mice that received human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (hHSPCs) intravenously. RESULTS Cultured hES-TEPs expressed FOXN1 and formed colonies expressing EPCAM and both cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cell markers. In thymectomized immunodeficient mice receiving hHSPCs, hES-TEPs mixed with human thymic mesenchymal cells supported human T-cell development. Hypothesizing that support from non-epithelial thymic cells might allow long-term function of hES-TEPs, the investigators injected them into SwTHY tissue, which supports human thymopoiesis in NOD severe combined immunodeficiency IL2Rγnull mice receiving hHSPCs. hES-TEPs integrated into SwTHY grafts, enhanced human thymopoiesis, and increased peripheral CD4+ naive T-cell reconstitution. CONCLUSIONS This study has developed and demonstrated in vivo thymopoietic function of hES-TEPs generated with a novel differentiation protocol. The SwTHY hybrid thymus model demonstrates beneficial effects on human thymocyte development of hES-TEPs maturing in the context of a supportive thymic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Gras-Peña
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY.
| | - Nichole M Danzl
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Mohsen Khosravi-Maharlooei
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Sean R Campbell
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Amanda E Ruiz
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Christopher A Parks
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - William Meng Suen Savage
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Markus A Holzl
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Debanjana Chatterjee
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY.
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27
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Collins C, Sharpe E, Silber A, Kulke S, Hsieh EWY. Congenital Athymia: Genetic Etiologies, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:881-895. [PMID: 33987750 PMCID: PMC8249278 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Congenital athymia is an ultra-rare disease characterized by the absence of a functioning thymus. It is associated with several genetic and syndromic disorders including FOXN1 deficiency, 22q11.2 deletion, CHARGE Syndrome (Coloboma, Heart defects, Atresia of the nasal choanae, Retardation of growth and development, Genitourinary anomalies, and Ear anomalies), and Complete DiGeorge Syndrome. Congenital athymia can result from defects in genes that impact thymic organ development such as FOXN1 and PAX1 or from genes that are involved in development of the entire midline region, such as TBX1 within the 22q11.2 region, CHD7, and FOXI3. Patients with congenital athymia have profound immunodeficiency, increased susceptibility to infections, and frequently, autologous graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Athymic patients often present with absent T cells but normal numbers of B cells and Natural Killer cells (T-B+NK+), similar to a phenotype of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID); these patients may require additional steps to confirm the diagnosis if no known genetic cause of athymia is identified. However, distinguishing athymia from SCID is crucial, as treatments differ for these conditions. Cultured thymus tissue is being investigated as a treatment for congenital athymia. Here, we review what is known about the epidemiology, underlying etiologies, clinical manifestations, and treatments for congenital athymia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Collins
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy Immunology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah Kulke
- Enzyvant Therapeutics, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elena W Y Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Han J, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. A 2020 View of Thymus Stromal Cells in T Cell Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:249-256. [PMID: 33397738 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The thymus is an intricate primary lymphoid organ, wherein bone marrow-derived lymphoid progenitor cells are induced to develop into functionally competent T cells that express a diverse TCR repertoire, which is selected to allow for the recognition of foreign Ags while avoiding self-reactivity or autoimmunity. Thymus stromal cells, which can include all non-T lineage cells, such as thymic epithelial cells, endothelial cells, mesenchymal/fibroblast cells, dendritic cells, and B cells, provide signals that are essential for thymocyte development as well as for the homeostasis of the thymic stroma itself. In this brief review, we focus on the key roles played by thymic stromal cells during early stages of T cell development, such as promoting the homing of thymic-seeding progenitors, inducing T lineage differentiation, and supporting thymocyte survival and proliferation. We also discuss recent advances on the transcriptional regulation that govern thymic epithelial cell function as well as the cellular and molecular changes that are associated with thymic involution and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Han
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada; and
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada; and.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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29
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Ruiz Ramírez AV, Flores-Saiffe Farías A, Chávez Álvarez RDC, Prado Montes de Oca E. Predicted regulatory SNPs reveal potential drug targets and novel companion diagnostics in psoriasis. J Transl Autoimmun 2021; 4:100096. [PMID: 33898962 PMCID: PMC8060581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease associated with interleukins, their receptors, key transcription factors and more recently, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Cathelicidin LL-37 is an AMP proposed to play a fundamental role in psoriasis etiology. With our proprietary software SNPClinic v.1.0, we analyzed 203 common SNPs (MAF frequency > 1%) in proximal promoters of 22 genes associated with psoriasis. These include nine genes which protein products are classic drug targets for psoriasis (TNF, IL17A, IL17B, IL17C, IL17F, IL17RA, IL12A, IL12B and IL23A). SNPClinic predictions were run with DNAseI-HUP chromatin accessibility data in eight psoriasis/epithelia-relevant cell lines from ENCODE including keratinocytes (NHEK), TH1 and TH17 lymphocytes. Results were ranked quantitatively by transcriptional relevance according to our novel Functional Impact Factor (FIF) parameter. We found six rSNPs in five genes (CAMP/cathelicidin, S100A7/psoriasin, IL17C, IL17RA and TNF) and each was confirmed as true rSNP in at least one public eQTL database including GTEx portal and ENCODE (Phase 3). Predicted regulatory SNPs in cathelicidin, IL17C and IL17RA genes may explain hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. Predicted rSNPs in psoriasin, IL17C and cathelicidin may contribute to activation and polarization of lymphocytes. Predicted rSNPs in TNF gene are concordant with the epithelium-mesenchymal transition. In spite that these results must be validated in vitro and in vivo with a functional genomics approach, we propose FOXP2, RUNX2, NR2F1, ELF1 and HESX1 transcription factors (those with the highest FIF on each gene) as novel drug targets for psoriasis. Furthermore, four out of six rSNPs uncovered by SNPClinic v.1.0 software, could also be validated in the clinic as companion diagnostics/pharmacogenetics assays for psoriasis prescribed drugs that block TNF-α (e.g. Etanercept), IL-17 (e.g. Secukinumab) and IL-17 receptor (Brodalumab). We found six putative regulatory SNPs in cathelicidin (LL-37), psoriasin (S100A7), IL17C, IL17RA and TNF genes. These rSNPs could be validated also as companion diagnostics/pharmacogenetics assays for most approved psoriasis drugs. Regulatory SNPs in TNF gene are concordant with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Regulatory SNPs in IL17C and IL17RA may partially explain hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. Regulatory SNP rs12049559 in psoriasin (S100A7) may contribute to T-cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Virginia Ruiz Ramírez
- Laboratory of Regulatory SNPs, Personalized Medicine National Laboratory (LAMPER), Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Research Center of Technology and Design Assistance of Jalisco State (CIATEJ A.C.), National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), C.P. 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,Doctorate Program in Human Genetics, Health Sciences Campus (CUCS), Guadalajara University, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Flores-Saiffe Farías
- Laboratory of Regulatory SNPs, Personalized Medicine National Laboratory (LAMPER), Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Research Center of Technology and Design Assistance of Jalisco State (CIATEJ A.C.), National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), C.P. 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rocío Del Carmen Chávez Álvarez
- Laboratory of Regulatory SNPs, Personalized Medicine National Laboratory (LAMPER), Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Research Center of Technology and Design Assistance of Jalisco State (CIATEJ A.C.), National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), C.P. 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Prado Montes de Oca
- Laboratory of Regulatory SNPs, Personalized Medicine National Laboratory (LAMPER), Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Research Center of Technology and Design Assistance of Jalisco State (CIATEJ A.C.), National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), C.P. 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Preventive Medicine, LAMPER, Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology, CIATEJ, A.C., CONACYT, C.P. 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,Scripps Research Translational Institute, 3344 North Torrey Pines Court, Suite 300, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SGM 300, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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30
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Thompson B, Davidson EA, Liu W, Nebert DW, Bruford EA, Zhao H, Dermitzakis ET, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. Overview of PAX gene family: analysis of human tissue-specific variant expression and involvement in human disease. Hum Genet 2021; 140:381-400. [PMID: 32728807 PMCID: PMC7939107 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paired-box (PAX) genes encode a family of highly conserved transcription factors found in vertebrates and invertebrates. PAX proteins are defined by the presence of a paired domain that is evolutionarily conserved across phylogenies. Inclusion of a homeodomain and/or an octapeptide linker subdivides PAX proteins into four groups. Often termed "master regulators", PAX proteins orchestrate tissue and organ development throughout cell differentiation and lineage determination, and are essential for tissue structure and function through maintenance of cell identity. Mutations in PAX genes are associated with myriad human diseases (e.g., microphthalmia, anophthalmia, coloboma, hypothyroidism, acute lymphoblastic leukemia). Transcriptional regulation by PAX proteins is, in part, modulated by expression of alternatively spliced transcripts. Herein, we provide a genomics update on the nine human PAX family members and PAX homologs in 16 additional species. We also present a comprehensive summary of human tissue-specific PAX transcript variant expression and describe potential functional significance of PAX isoforms. While the functional roles of PAX proteins in developmental diseases and cancer are well characterized, much remains to be understood regarding the functional roles of PAX isoforms in human health. We anticipate the analysis of tissue-specific PAX transcript variant expression presented herein can serve as a starting point for such research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Thompson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Emily A Davidson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Daniel W Nebert
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Research Center, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Center, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Elspeth A Bruford
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Emmanouil T Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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31
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Yamazaki Y, Urrutia R, Franco LM, Giliani S, Zhang K, Alazami AM, Dobbs AK, Masneri S, Joshi A, Otaizo-Carrasquero F, Myers TG, Ganesan S, Bondioni MP, Ho ML, Marks C, Alajlan H, Mohammed RW, Zou F, Valencia CA, Filipovich AH, Facchetti F, Boisson B, Azzari C, Al-Saud BK, Al-Mousa H, Casanova JL, Abraham RS, Notarangelo LD. PAX1 is essential for development and function of the human thymus. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/44/eaax1036. [PMID: 32111619 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the molecular and cellular basis of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in six patients with otofaciocervical syndrome type 2 who failed to attain T cell reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, despite successful engraftment in three of them. We identified rare biallelic PAX1 rare variants in all patients. We demonstrated that these mutant PAX1 proteins have an altered conformation and flexibility of the paired box domain and reduced transcriptional activity. We generated patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and differentiated them into thymic epithelial progenitor cells and found that they have an altered transcriptional profile, including for genes involved in the development of the thymus and other tissues derived from pharyngeal pouches. These results identify biallelic, loss-of-function PAX1 mutations as the cause of a syndromic form of SCID due to altered thymus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raul Urrutia
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College Wisconsin, Milwaukee, MI, USA
| | - Luis M Franco
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Silvia Giliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Cytogenetic and Medical Genetics Unit, "A. Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Kejian Zhang
- Coyote Bioscience USA Inc., San Jose, CA 95138, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Anas M Alazami
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Kerry Dobbs
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stefania Masneri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Cytogenetic and Medical Genetics Unit, "A. Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Avni Joshi
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Mayo Clinic Children's Center, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Timothy G Myers
- Genomic Technologies Section, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Research Technologies Branch, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria Pia Bondioni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mai Lan Ho
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Huda Alajlan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fanggeng Zou
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,GeneDx Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - C Alexander Valencia
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,PerkinElmer Genomics, Pittsburgh, PA 15275, USA.,Department of Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Aperiomics Inc., Sterling, VA 20166, USA
| | - Alexandra H Filipovich
- Cancer and Blood Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Fabio Facchetti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Azzari
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Bander K Al-Saud
- Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatrics, Allergy and Immunology Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamoud Al-Mousa
- Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatrics, Allergy and Immunology Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Pediatrics Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Roshini S Abraham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Transplantation of cultured postnatal allogeneic thymus has been successful for treating athymia, mostly associated with complete DiGeorge syndrome, for more than 20 years. Advances in molecular genetics provide opportunities for widening the range of athymic conditions that can be treated while advances in cell culture and organ/tissue regeneration may offer the prospect of alternative preparations of thymic tissue. There are potential broader applications of this treatment outside congenital athymia. RECENT FINDINGS At the same time as further characterization of the cultured thymus product in terms of thymic epithelial cells and lymphoid composition, preclinical studies have looked at de-novo generation of thymic epithelial cells from stem cells and explored scaffolds for delivering these as three-dimensional structures. In the era of newborn screening for T-cell lymphopaenia, a broadening range of defects leading to athymia is being recognized and new assays should allow differentiation of these from haematopoietic cell defects, pending their genetic/molecular characterization. Evidence suggests that the tolerogenic effect of transplanted thymus could be exploited to improve outcomes after solid organ transplantation. SUMMARY Thymus transplantation, the accepted standard treatment for complete DiGeorge syndrome is also appropriate for other genetic defects leading to athymia. Improved strategies for generating thymus may lead to better outcomes and broader application of this treatment.
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33
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Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells toward pharyngeal endoderm derivatives: Current status and potential. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 138:175-208. [PMID: 32220297 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The pharyngeal apparatus, a transient embryological structure, includes diverse cells from all three germ layers that ultimately contribute to a variety of adult tissues. In particular, pharyngeal endoderm produces cells of the inner ear, palatine tonsils, the thymus, parathyroid and thyroid glands, and ultimobranchial bodies. Each of these structures and organs contribute to vital human physiological processes, including central immune tolerance (thymus) and metabolic homeostasis (parathyroid and thyroid glands, and ultimobranchial bodies). Thus, improper development or damage to pharyngeal endoderm derivatives leads to complicated and severe human maladies, such as autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, hypothyroidism, and/or hypoparathyroidism. To study and treat such diseases, we can utilize human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which differentiate into functionally mature cells in vitro given the proper developmental signals. Here, we discuss current efforts regarding the directed differentiation of hPSCs toward pharyngeal endoderm derivatives. We further discuss model system and therapeutic applications of pharyngeal endoderm cell types produced from hPSCs. Finally, we provide suggestions for improving hPSC differentiation approaches to pharyngeal endoderm derivatives with emphasis on current single cell-omics and 3D culture system technologies.
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34
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Larsen BM, Cowan JE, Wang Y, Tanaka Y, Zhao Y, Voisin B, Constantinides MG, Nagao K, Belkaid Y, Awasthi P, Takahama Y, Bhandoola A. Identification of an Intronic Regulatory Element Necessary for Tissue-Specific Expression of Foxn1 in Thymic Epithelial Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:686-695. [PMID: 31243087 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is critical for the establishment of the adaptive immune system and the development of a diverse T cell repertoire. T cell development depends upon cell-cell interactions with epithelial cells in the thymus. The thymus is composed of two different types of epithelial cells: cortical and medullary epithelial cells. Both of these express and critically depend on the transcription factor Foxn1 Foxn1 is also expressed in the hair follicle, and disruption of Foxn1 function in mice results in severe thymic developmental defects and the hairless (nude) phenotype. Despite its importance, little is known about the direct regulation of Foxn1 expression. In this study, we identify a cis-regulatory element (RE) critical for expression of Foxn1 in mouse thymic epithelial cells but dispensable for expression in hair follicles. Analysis of chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, and sequence conservation identified regions within the first intron of Foxn1 that possessed the characteristics of REs. Systematic knockout of candidate regions lead us to identify a 1.6 kb region that, when deleted, results in a near total disruption of thymus development. Interestingly, Foxn1 expression and function in the hair follicle were unaffected. RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization showed a near complete loss of Foxn1 mRNA expression in the embryonic thymic bud. Our studies have identified a genomic RE with thymic-specific control of Foxn1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Larsen
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jennifer E Cowan
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yueqiang Wang
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yu Tanaka
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yongge Zhao
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Benjamin Voisin
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michael G Constantinides
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Keisuke Nagao
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Parirokh Awasthi
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Avinash Bhandoola
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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35
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Luan R, Liang Z, Zhang Q, Sun L, Zhao Y. Molecular regulatory networks of thymic epithelial cell differentiation. Differentiation 2019; 107:42-49. [PMID: 31238242 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Functional mature T cells are generated in the thymus. Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) provide the essential microenvironment for T cell development and maturation. According to their function and localization, TECs are roughly divided into cortical TECs (cTECs) and medullary TECs (mTECs), which are responsible for positive and negative selection, respectively. This review summarizes the current understanding of TEC biology, the identification of fetal and adult bipotent TEC progenitors, and the signaling pathways that control the development and maturation of TECs. The understanding of the ontogeny, differentiation, maturation and function of cTECs lags behind that of mTECs. Better understanding TEC biology will provide clues about TEC development and the applications of thymus engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanfeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liguang Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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36
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Singh A, Mia MM, Cibi DM, Arya AK, Bhadada SK, Singh MK. Deficiency in the secreted protein Semaphorin3d causes abnormal parathyroid development in mice. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8336-8347. [PMID: 30979723 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrinopathy characterized by hypercalcemia and elevated levels of parathyroid hormone. The primary cause of PHPT is a benign overgrowth of parathyroid tissue causing excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone. However, the molecular etiology of PHPT is incompletely defined. Here, we demonstrate that semaphorin3d (Sema3d), a secreted glycoprotein, is expressed in the developing parathyroid gland in mice. We also observed that genetic deletion of Sema3d leads to parathyroid hyperplasia, causing PHPT. In vivo and in vitro experiments using histology, immunohistochemistry, biochemical, RT-qPCR, and immunoblotting assays revealed that Sema3d inhibits parathyroid cell proliferation by decreasing the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase (ERBB) signaling pathway. We further demonstrate that EGFR signaling is elevated in Sema3d -/- parathyroid glands and that pharmacological inhibition of EGFR signaling can partially rescue the parathyroid hyperplasia phenotype. We propose that because Sema3d is a secreted protein, it may be possible to use recombinant Sema3d or derived peptides to inhibit parathyroid cell proliferation causing hyperplasia and hyperparathyroidism. Collectively, these findings identify Sema3d as a negative regulator of parathyroid growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Singh
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169857
| | - Masum M Mia
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169857
| | - Dasan Mary Cibi
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169857
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Arya
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Bhadada
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Manvendra K Singh
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169857; National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore 169609.
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Implications for thymus growth in childhood: histogenesis of cortex and medulla. Anat Sci Int 2018; 94:111-118. [PMID: 30155680 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-018-0456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The increase in autoimmune diseases in recent years has drawn attention back to the thymus, with new approaches to improve and/or restore immune function being investigated. As the primary lymphoid organ responsible for functional T cell development, studies on the pre-/post-natal development of this organ and T lymphocytes in human and other species are of special interest. During our screening studies we observed structures that had not been described or mentioned previously, and named them "epitheliostromal sheaths". Associated with these unique structures were also small attached lobules (possibly reflecting the maturational stages of thymic lobules), which the authors consider as markers of histogenesis and the growth of the organ during early childhood; these findings are thus presented to researchers in this field. Approximately 1000 sections prepared from infantile thymic tissues of partial biopsy specimens were immunostained and examined. Specimens were taken from ten patients (with informed consent) in the age range of 4-9 years who underwent surgery due to congenital cardiovascular anomalies but were otherwise normal. Digital images of interest were captured to describe them in detail. Determining the immunophenotype of the compartments in these newly developing lobules assisted us greatly in defining compartments and their growth order. In summary, our findings suggest a niche-based thymus growth mechanism during childhood. We presented our findings, hoping to provide additional insight to researchers aiming to restore thymus function in adulthood and improve its immunological functions.
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Cheng SJ, Chang CF, Ko HH, Liu YC, Peng HH, Wang HJ, Lin HS, Chiang CP. Hypermethylated ZNF582 and PAX1 genes in oral scrapings collected from cancer-adjacent normal oral mucosal sites are associated with aggressive progression and poor prognosis of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2017; 75:169-177. [PMID: 29224816 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed whether hypermethylated ZNF582 and PAX1 genes in oral scrapings are correlated with the progression and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Methylation levels of ZNF582 and PAX1 genes in oral scrapings, collected from the cancer and adjacent normal oral mucosal sites of 80 OSCC patients before surgical cancer excision, were quantified using real-time methylation-specific PCR after bisulfite conversion. RESULTS Both the mean methylation (M)-indices of ZNF582 and PAX1 genes in oral scrapings were significantly higher at the cancer sites than at the adjacent normal oral mucosal sites (both P < .001). In the oral scrapings collected from the adjacent normal oral mucosal sites, the higher M-index of methylated ZNF582 (ZNF582m) was significantly correlated with a more advanced clinical stage (P = .04). Moreover, the higher M-index of methylated PAX1 (PAX1m) was significantly related to larger tumor size (P = .046). When the 80 OSCC patients were classified based on gene methylation tests, using the oral scrapings collected from the adjacent normal oral mucosal sites, we found a significantly shorter 3-year overall survival in ZNF582m-positive, PAX1m-positive, and ZNF582m/PAX1m-positive OSCC patients than in ZNF582m-negative (P = .02), PAX1m-negative (P = .04), and ZNF582m/PAX1m-negative OSCC patients (P = .02), respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analyses identified ZNF582m and ZNF582m/PAX1m as independent unfavorable prognostic factors. CONCLUSION Hypermethylated ZNF582 and PAX1 genes in the oral scrapings collected from adjacent normal oral mucosal sites rather than cancer sites are associated with aggressive progression and poor prognosis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Jung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Feng Chang
- iStat Biomedical Co., Ltd, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Academia-Industry Bridging Program (AIBP), National Research Program for Bio-pharmaceuticals, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hsin Ko
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hui Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Chun-Pin Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Paganini I, Sestini R, Capone G, Putignano A, Contini E, Giotti I, Gensini F, Marozza A, Barilaro A, Porfirio B, Papi L. A novel PAX1
null homozygous mutation in autosomal recessive otofaciocervical syndrome associated with severe combined immunodeficiency. Clin Genet 2017; 92:664-668. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Paganini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio,” Medical Genetics Unit; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - R. Sestini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio,” Medical Genetics Unit; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - G.L. Capone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio,” Medical Genetics Unit; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - A.L. Putignano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio,” Medical Genetics Unit; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - E. Contini
- Diagnostic Genetics Unit; Careggi University Hospital; Florence Italy
| | - I. Giotti
- Diagnostic Genetics Unit; Careggi University Hospital; Florence Italy
| | - F. Gensini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio,” Medical Genetics Unit; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - A. Marozza
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio,” Medical Genetics Unit; University of Florence; Florence Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit; Careggi University Hospital; Florence Italy
| | - A. Barilaro
- Neurology Unit; Careggi University Hospital; Florence Italy
| | - B. Porfirio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio,” Medical Genetics Unit; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - L. Papi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio,” Medical Genetics Unit; University of Florence; Florence Italy
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Abstract
Hypothyroidism may occur in association with congenital parathyroid disorders determining parathyroid hormone insufficiency, which is characterized by hypocalcemia and concomitant inappropriately low secretion of parathormone (PTH). The association is often due to loss of function of genes common to thyroid and parathyroid glands embryonic development. Hypothyroidism associated with hypoparathyroidism is generally mild and not associated with goiter; moreover, it is usually part of a multisystemic involvement not restricted to endocrine function as occurs in patients with 22q11 microdeletion/DiGeorge syndrome, the most frequent disorders. Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism may also follow endocrine glands' damages due to autoimmunity or chronic iron overload in thalassemic disorders, both genetically determined conditions. Finally, besides PTH deficiency, hypocalcemia can be due to PTH resistance in pseudohypoparathyroidism; when hormone resistance is generalized, patients can suffer from hypothyroidism due to TSH resistance. In evaluating patients with hypothyroidism and hypocalcemia, physical examination and clinical history are essential to drive the diagnostic process, while routine genetic screening is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Mantovani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Marta Elli
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Corbetta
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.
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41
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Simakov O, Kawashima T. Independent evolution of genomic characters during major metazoan transitions. Dev Biol 2016; 427:179-192. [PMID: 27890449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Metazoan evolution encompasses a vast evolutionary time scale spanning over 600 million years. Our ability to infer ancestral metazoan characters, both morphological and functional, is limited by our understanding of the nature and evolutionary dynamics of the underlying regulatory networks. Increasing coverage of metazoan genomes enables us to identify the evolutionary changes of the relevant genomic characters such as the loss or gain of coding sequences, gene duplications, micro- and macro-synteny, and non-coding element evolution in different lineages. In this review we describe recent advances in our understanding of ancestral metazoan coding and non-coding features, as deduced from genomic comparisons. Some genomic changes such as innovations in gene and linkage content occur at different rates across metazoan clades, suggesting some level of independence among genomic characters. While their contribution to biological innovation remains largely unclear, we review recent literature about certain genomic changes that do correlate with changes to specific developmental pathways and metazoan innovations. In particular, we discuss the origins of the recently described pharyngeal cluster which is conserved across deuterostome genomes, and highlight different genomic features that have contributed to the evolution of this group. We also assess our current capacity to infer ancestral metazoan states from gene models and comparative genomics tools and elaborate on the future directions of metazoan comparative genomics relevant to evo-devo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Simakov
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan.
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42
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Feederle R, Gerber JK, Middleton A, Northrup E, Kist R, Kremmer E, Peters H. Generation of Pax1/PAX1-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2016; 35:259-262. [PMID: 27705080 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2016.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pax genes encode an evolutionary conserved group of transcription factors with multiple roles during embryonic development and for cell type specification in normal and malignant tissues of the adult organism. In mice, Pax1 is required for the formation of specific skeletal structures as well as for the development of a fully functional thymus. In humans, the PAX1 locus has been linked to otofaciocervical syndrome, idiopathic scoliosis, and to a higher susceptibility for androgenic alopecia. In addition, the methylation status of PAX1 has recently emerged as a sensitive marker for predictive screening of cervical cancer. To provide a reagent for reproducible detection of Pax1 expression, we have generated rat monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the murine Pax1 protein. MAbs of one clone (clone 5A2) specifically detect mouse Pax1 protein in Western blot analyses. Moreover, the anti-Pax1 MAbs cross-react with human PAX1 protein and are applicable in immunohistochemical detection procedures using paraformaldehyde/formalin-fixed tissues embedded in paraffin. The anti-Pax1 MAbs provide a reliable reagent for reproducible Pax1/PAX1 protein expression analyses and, therefore, may help to improve diagnostic protocols in clinical settings involving deregulated expression of Pax1/PAX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Feederle
- 1 Institute for Diabetes and Obesity , Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility and Research Group, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Josef-Karl Gerber
- 2 Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Amy Middleton
- 3 Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University , International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Northrup
- 4 Research Unit Comparative Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kist
- 3 Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University , International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom .,5 Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- 6 Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health , Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Peters
- 3 Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University , International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Figueiredo M, Silva JC, Santos AS, Proa V, Alcobia I, Zilhão R, Cidadão A, Neves H. Notch and Hedgehog in the thymus/parathyroid common primordium: Crosstalk in organ formation. Dev Biol 2016; 418:268-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Hoover AR, Dozmorov I, MacLeod J, Du Q, de la Morena MT, Forbess J, Guleserian K, Cleaver OB, van Oers NSC. MicroRNA-205 Maintains T Cell Development following Stress by Regulating Forkhead Box N1 and Selected Chemokines. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23237-23247. [PMID: 27646003 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.744508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus, an organ responsible for T cell development, is one of the more stress-sensitive tissues in the body. Stress, in the form of infections, radiation exposure, and steroids, impairs thymic epithelial cell (TEC) functions and induces the programmed cell death of immature thymocytes. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs involved in tissue repair and homeostasis, with several supporting T cell development. We report that miR-205, an epithelial-specific miR, maintains thymopoiesis following inflammatory perturbations. Thus, the activation of diverse pattern recognition receptors in mice causes a more severe thymic hypoplasia and delayed T cell recovery when miR-205 is conditionally ablated in TECs. Gene expression comparisons in the TECs with/without miR-205 revealed a significant differential regulation of chemokine/chemokine receptor pathways, antigen processing components, and changes in the Wnt signaling system. This was partly a consequence of reduced expression of the transcriptional regulator of epithelial cell function, Forkhead Box N1 (Foxn1), and its two regulated targets, stem cell factor and ccl25, following stress. miR-205 mimics supplemented into miR-205-deficient fetal thymic organ cultures restored Foxn1 expression along with ccl25 and stem cell factor A number of putative targets of miR-205 were up-regulated in TECs lacking miR-205, consistent with an important role for this miR in supporting T cell development in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Joseph Forbess
- Internal Medicine.,Children's Health, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | | | | | - Nicolai S C van Oers
- From the Departments of Immunology, .,Pediatrics.,Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093 and
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46
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Okada K, Inohaya K, Mise T, Kudo A, Takada S, Wada H. Reiterative expression of pax1 directs pharyngeal pouch segmentation in medaka (Oryzias latipes). Development 2016; 143:1800-10. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.130039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A striking characteristic of vertebrate development is the pharyngeal arches, which are a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head of vertebrate embryos. Although each pharyngeal arch is segmented by the reiterative formation of endodermal outpocketings called pharyngeal pouches, the molecular network underlying the reiterative pattern remains unclear. Here, we show that pax1 plays critical roles in pouch segmentation in medaka embryos. Importantly, pax1 expression in the endoderm prefigures the location of the next pouch before the cells bud from the epithelium. TALEN-generated pax1 mutants did not form pharyngeal pouches posterior to the second arch. Segmental expression of tbx1 and fgf3, which play critical roles in pouch development, was almost nonexistent in the pharyngeal endoderm of pax1 mutants, with disturbance of the reiterative pattern of pax1 expression. These results suggest that pax1 plays a critical role in generating the primary pattern for segmentation in the pharyngeal endoderm by regulating tbx1 and fgf3 expression. Our findings illustrate the critical roles of pax1 in vertebrate pharyngeal segmentation and provide insights into the evolutionary origin of the deuterostome gill slit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Okada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 111 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience and National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Keiji Inohaya
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mise
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 111 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Akira Kudo
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Takada
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience and National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
- Department for Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 111 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
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47
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Monsoro-Burq AH. PAX transcription factors in neural crest development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 44:87-96. [PMID: 26410165 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The nine vertebrate PAX transcription factors (PAX1-PAX9) play essential roles during early development and organogenesis. Pax genes were identified in vertebrates using their homology with the Drosophila melanogaster paired gene DNA-binding domain. PAX1-9 functions are largely conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, in particular during central nervous system and neural crest development. The neural crest is a vertebrate invention, which gives rise to numerous derivatives during organogenesis, including neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, craniofacial skeleton and mesenchyme, the heart outflow tract, endocrine and pigment cells. Human and mouse spontaneous mutations as well as experimental analyses have evidenced the critical and diverse functions of PAX factors during neural crest development. Recent studies have highlighted the role of PAX3 and PAX7 in neural crest induction. Additionally, several PAX proteins - PAX1, 3, 7, 9 - regulate cell proliferation, migration and determination in multiple neural crest-derived lineages, such as cardiac, sensory, and enteric neural crest, pigment cells, glia, craniofacial skeleton and teeth, or in organs developing in close relationship with the neural crest such as the thymus and parathyroids. The diverse PAX molecular functions during neural crest formation rely on fine-tuned modulations of their transcriptional transactivation properties. These modulations are generated by multiple means, such as different roles for the various isoforms (formed by alternative splicing), or posttranslational modifications which alter protein-DNA binding, or carefully orchestrated protein-protein interactions with various co-factors which control PAX proteins activity. Understanding these regulations is the key to decipher the versatile roles of PAX transcription factors in neural crest development, differentiation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Monsoro-Burq
- Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Centre Universitaire, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, F-91405 Orsay, France; Institut Curie Research Division, Centre Universitaire, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, F-91405 Orsay, France; UMR 3347 CNRS, U1021 Inserm, Université Paris Saclay, Centre Universitaire, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, F-91405 Orsay, France.
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Liu X, Li G, Liu X, Wang YQ. The role of the Pax1/9 gene in the early development of amphioxus pharyngeal gill slits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2015; 324:30-40. [PMID: 25504927 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The pharynx is a major characteristic of chordates. Compared with vertebrates, amphioxus has an advantage for the study of pharynx development, as embryos lack neural crest, and the pharynx is mainly derived from endoderm cells. The Pax1/9 subfamily genes have essential roles in vertebrate pharyngeal patterning, but it is not known if the Pax1/9 gene has similar functions in amphioxus pharynx development. To answer this question, we examined the Pax1/9 gene expression pattern in amphioxus embryos at different developmental stages, and observed morphological changes following Pax1/9 knockdown. RT-qPCR analysis indicated that Pax1/9 expression was initiated during early neurula stage and rapidly peaked during mid-neurula stage. Furthermore, in situ hybridization analysis showed that Pax1/9 transcripts were localized exclusively in the most endodermal region of the developing pharynx in early neurula stage embryos; however, Pax1/9 expression was strikingly down-regulated in the region where gill slits would form from the fusion of endoderm and ectoderm in subsequent developmental stages and was maintained in the border regions between adjacent gill slits. Knockdown of Pax1/9 function using both morpholino and siRNA approaches led to embryonic defects in the first three gill slits, and fusion of the first two gill slits. Moreover, the expression levels of the pharyngeal marker genes Six1/2 and Tbx1/10 were reduced in Pax1/9 knockdown embryos. From these observations, we concluded that the Pax1/9 gene has an important role in the initial differentiation of amphioxus pharyngeal endoderm and in the formation of gill slits, most likely via modulation of Six1/2 and Tbx1/10 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Han SI, Tsunekage Y, Kataoka K. Gata3 cooperates with Gcm2 and MafB to activate parathyroid hormone gene expression by interacting with SP1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 411:113-20. [PMID: 25917456 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the Gata3 gene, which encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor, is associated with the disorder hypoparathyroidism, deafness, and renal dysplasia (HDR) syndrome in humans. However, the roles of Gata3 in transcriptional regulation in the parathyroid glands are not well-understood. In this study, we show that Gata3 activates transcription of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is secreted from parathyroid glands and is critical for regulating serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Gata3 interacted with Gcm2 and MafB, two known transcriptional regulators of parathyroid development, and synergistically stimulated the PTH promoter. An SP1-binding element (GC box) located within the PTH-promoter proximal region was critical for activating transcription by Gata3. In addition, the ubiquitous transcription factor SP1 also interacted with Gata3 as well as MafB and Gcm2, and HDR syndrome-associated Gata3 mutants were defective in activating the PTH promoter. These results suggest that Gata3 is a critical regulator of PTH gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Iee Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yukino Tsunekage
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Kataoka
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
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50
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Kim KY, Lee G, Yoon M, Cho EH, Park CS, Kim MG. Expression Analyses Revealed Thymic Stromal Co-Transporter/Slc46A2 Is in Stem Cell Populations and Is a Putative Tumor Suppressor. Mol Cells 2015; 38:548-61. [PMID: 26013383 PMCID: PMC4469913 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
By combining conventional single cell analysis with flow cytometry and public database searches with bioinformatics tools, we extended the expression profiling of thymic stromal cotransporter (TSCOT), Slc46A2/Ly110, that was shown to be expressed in bipotent precursor and cortical thymic epithelial cells. Genome scale analysis verified TSCOT expression in thymic tissue- and cell type- specific fashion and is also expressed in some other epithelial tissues including skin and lung. Coexpression profiling with genes, Foxn1 and Hoxa3, revealed the role of TSCOT during the organogenesis. TSCOT expression was detected in all thymic epithelial cells (TECs), but not in the CD31(+) endothelial cell lineage in fetal thymus. In addition, ABC transporter-dependent side population and Sca-1(+) fetal TEC populations both contain TSCOT-expressing cells, indicating TEC stem cells express TSCOT. TSCOT expression was identified as early as in differentiating embryonic stem cells. TSCOT expression is not under the control of Foxn1 since TSCOT is present in the thymic rudiment of nude mice. By searching variations in the expression levels, TSCOT is positively associated with Grhl3 and Irf6. Cytokines such as IL1b, IL22 and IL24 are the potential regulators of the TSCOT expression. Surprisingly, we found TSCOT expression in the lung is diminished in lung cancers, suggesting TSCOT may be involved in the suppression of lung tumor development. Based on these results, a model for TEC differentiation from the stem cells was proposed in context of multiple epithelial organ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Yeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-720,
Korea
| | - Gwanghee Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110,
USA
| | - Minsang Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-720,
Korea
| | - Eun Hye Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-720,
Korea
| | - Chan-Sik Park
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736,
Korea
| | - Moon Gyo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-720,
Korea
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