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Kondoh H. Multiple Cell Lineages Give Rise to a Cell Type. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 72:83-104. [PMID: 38509253 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-39027-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
It has long been assumed that a specific cell type arises following stepwise specification of cells corresponding to the branching of cell lineages. However, accumulating evidence indicates that multiple and even remote cell lineages can lead to the development of the same cells. Four examples giving different yet new insights will be discussed: skeletal muscle development from precursors with distinct initial histories of transcriptional regulation, lens cell development from remote lineages yet sharing basic transcription factors, blood cell development under intersectional pathways, and neural tissue development from cardiac precursors through the manipulation of just one component of epigenetic regulation. These examples provide flexible and nondogmatic perspectives on developmental cell regulation, fundamentally revising the old model relying on cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Kondoh
- Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Biohistory Research Hall, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Dubaic M, Peskova L, Hampl M, Weissova K, Celiker C, Shylo NA, Hruba E, Kavkova M, Zikmund T, Weatherbee SD, Kaiser J, Barta T, Buchtova M. Role of ciliopathy protein TMEM107 in eye development: insights from a mouse model and retinal organoid. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302073. [PMID: 37863656 PMCID: PMC10589122 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are cellular surface projections enriched in receptors and signaling molecules, acting as signaling hubs that respond to stimuli. Malfunctions in primary cilia have been linked to human diseases, including retinopathies and ocular defects. Here, we focus on TMEM107, a protein localized to the transition zone of primary cilia. TMEM107 mutations were found in patients with Joubert and Meckel-Gruber syndromes. A mouse model lacking Tmem107 exhibited eye defects such as anophthalmia and microphthalmia, affecting retina differentiation. Tmem107 expression during prenatal mouse development correlated with phenotype occurrence, with enhanced expression in differentiating retina and optic stalk. TMEM107 deficiency in retinal organoids resulted in the loss of primary cilia, down-regulation of retina-specific genes, and cyst formation. Knocking out TMEM107 in human ARPE-19 cells prevented primary cilia formation and impaired response to Smoothened agonist treatment because of ectopic activation of the SHH pathway. Our data suggest TMEM107 plays a crucial role in early vertebrate eye development and ciliogenesis in the differentiating retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Dubaic
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- https://ror.org/02j46qs45 Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Peskova
- https://ror.org/02j46qs45 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Hampl
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- https://ror.org/02j46qs45 Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Weissova
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- https://ror.org/02j46qs45 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Canan Celiker
- https://ror.org/02j46qs45 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia A Shylo
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Eva Hruba
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kavkova
- https://ror.org/03613d656 CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Zikmund
- https://ror.org/03613d656 CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Scott D Weatherbee
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Biology Department, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT, USA
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- https://ror.org/03613d656 CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Barta
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- https://ror.org/02j46qs45 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Buchtova
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- https://ror.org/02j46qs45 Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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3
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Saranya P, Shekhar M, Haripriya A, Muthukkaruppan V, Gowri Priya C. Towards the Identification and Characterization of Putative Adult Human Lens Epithelial Stem Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2727. [PMID: 38067155 PMCID: PMC10706574 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The anterior lens epithelium has the ability to differentiate into lens fibres throughout its life. The present study aims to identify and functionally characterize the adult stem cells in the human lens epithelium. Whole mounts of lens epithelium from donor eyes (normal/cataract) were immunostained for SOX2, gap junction protein alpha 1 (GJA1), PAX6, α, β and γ-crystallins, followed by a confocal analysis. The functional property of adult stem cells was analysed by their sphere forming ability using cultured lens epithelial cells from different zones. Based on marker expression, the lens epithelium was divided into four zones: the central zone, characterized by a small population of PAX6+, GJA1-, β-crystallin- and γ-crystallin- cells; the germinative zone, characterized by PAX6+, GJA1+, β-crystallin- and γ-crystallin-; the transitional zone, characterized by PAX6+, GJA1+, β-crystallin+ and γ-crystallin-; and the equatorial zone, characterized by PAX6+/-, GJA1+, β-crystallin+, and γ-crystallin+ cells. The putative lens epithelial stem cells identified as SOX2+ and GJA1 membrane expression negative cells were located only in the central zone (1.89 ± 0.84%). Compared to the other zones, a significant percentage of spheres were identified in the central zone (1.68 ± 1.04%), consistent with the location of the putative adult lens epithelial stem cells. In the cataractous lens, an absence of SOX2 expression and a significant reduction in sphere forming ability (0.33 ± 0.11%) were observed in the central zone. The above findings confirmed the presence of putative stem cells in the central zone of the adult human lens epithelium and indicated their probable association with cataract development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandi Saranya
- Department of Immunology and Stem Cell Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai 625020, India; (P.S.); (V.M.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation—Affiliated to Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, India
| | - Madhu Shekhar
- Cataract and IOL Services, Aravind Eye Hospital and Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai 625020, India;
| | - Aravind Haripriya
- Intraocular Lens and Cataract Services, Aravind Eye Hospital, Chennai 600077, India;
| | - Veerappan Muthukkaruppan
- Department of Immunology and Stem Cell Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai 625020, India; (P.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Chidambaranathan Gowri Priya
- Department of Immunology and Stem Cell Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai 625020, India; (P.S.); (V.M.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation—Affiliated to Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, India
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4
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Upreti A, Padula SL, Tangeman JA, Wagner BD, O’Connell MJ, Jaquish TJ, Palko RK, Mantz CJ, Anand D, Lovicu FJ, Lachke SA, Robinson ML. Lens Epithelial Explants Treated with Vitreous Humor Undergo Alterations in Chromatin Landscape with Concurrent Activation of Genes Associated with Fiber Cell Differentiation and Innate Immune Response. Cells 2023; 12:501. [PMID: 36766843 PMCID: PMC9914805 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lens epithelial explants are comprised of lens epithelial cells cultured in vitro on their native basement membrane, the lens capsule. Biologists have used lens epithelial explants to study many different cellular processes including lens fiber cell differentiation. In these studies, fiber differentiation is typically measured by cellular elongation and the expression of a few proteins characteristically expressed by lens fiber cells in situ. Chromatin and RNA was collected from lens epithelial explants cultured in either un-supplemented media or media containing 50% bovine vitreous humor for one or five days. Chromatin for ATAC-sequencing and RNA for RNA-sequencing was prepared from explants to assess regions of accessible chromatin and to quantitatively measure gene expression, respectively. Vitreous humor increased chromatin accessibility in promoter regions of genes associated with fiber differentiation and, surprisingly, an immune response, and this was associated with increased transcript levels for these genes. In contrast, vitreous had little effect on the accessibility of the genes highly expressed in the lens epithelium despite dramatic reductions in their mRNA transcripts. An unbiased analysis of differentially accessible regions revealed an enrichment of cis-regulatory motifs for RUNX, SOX and TEAD transcription factors that may drive differential gene expression in response to vitreous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Upreti
- Cell, Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Padula
- Cell, Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Jared A. Tangeman
- Cell, Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Brad D. Wagner
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | | | - Tycho J. Jaquish
- Cell, Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Raye K. Palko
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Courtney J. Mantz
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Deepti Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Frank J. Lovicu
- Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, and Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Salil A. Lachke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Michael L. Robinson
- Cell, Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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5
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Chang W, Zhao Y, Rayêe D, Xie Q, Suzuki M, Zheng D, Cvekl A. Dynamic changes in whole genome DNA methylation, chromatin and gene expression during mouse lens differentiation. Epigenetics Chromatin 2023; 16:4. [PMID: 36698218 PMCID: PMC9875507 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-023-00478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular differentiation is marked by temporally and spatially coordinated gene expression regulated at multiple levels. DNA methylation represents a universal mechanism to control chromatin organization and its accessibility. Cytosine methylation of CpG dinucleotides regulates binding of methylation-sensitive DNA-binding transcription factors within regulatory regions of transcription, including promoters and distal enhancers. Ocular lens differentiation represents an advantageous model system to examine these processes as lens comprises only two cell types, the proliferating lens epithelium and postmitotic lens fiber cells all originating from the epithelium. RESULTS Using whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and microdissected lenses, we investigated dynamics of DNA methylation and chromatin changes during mouse lens fiber and epithelium differentiation between embryos (E14.5) and newborns (P0.5). Histone H3.3 variant chromatin landscapes were also generated for both P0.5 lens epithelium and fibers by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next generation sequencing (ChIP-seq). Tissue-specific features of DNA methylation patterns are demonstrated via comparative studies with embryonic stem (ES) cells and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) at Nanog, Pou5f1, Sox2, Pax6 and Six3 loci. Comparisons with ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data demonstrate that reduced methylation is associated with increased expression of fiber cell abundant genes, including crystallins, intermediate filament (Bfsp1 and Bfsp2) and gap junction proteins (Gja3 and Gja8), marked by high levels of histone H3.3 within their transcribed regions. Interestingly, Pax6-binding sites exhibited predominantly DNA hypomethylation in lens chromatin. In vitro binding of Pax6 proteins showed Pax6's ability to interact with sites containing one or two methylated CpG dinucleotides. CONCLUSIONS Our study has generated the first data on methylation changes between two different stages of mammalian lens development and linked these data with chromatin accessibility maps, presence of histone H3.3 and gene expression. Reduced DNA methylation correlates with expression of important genes involved in lens morphogenesis and lens fiber cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Danielle Rayêe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Masako Suzuki
- Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Neurology and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ales Cvekl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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6
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Reddy DS, Abeygunaratne HN. Experimental and Clinical Biomarkers for Progressive Evaluation of Neuropathology and Therapeutic Interventions for Acute and Chronic Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11734. [PMID: 36233034 PMCID: PMC9570151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes commonly used experimental and clinical biomarkers of neuronal injury and neurodegeneration for the evaluation of neuropathology and monitoring of therapeutic interventions. Biomarkers are vital for diagnostics of brain disease and therapeutic monitoring. A biomarker can be objectively measured and evaluated as a proxy indicator for the pathophysiological process or response to therapeutic interventions. There are complex hurdles in understanding the molecular pathophysiology of neurological disorders and the ability to diagnose them at initial stages. Novel biomarkers for neurological diseases may surpass these issues, especially for early identification of disease risk. Validated biomarkers can measure the severity and progression of both acute neuronal injury and chronic neurological diseases such as epilepsy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, traumatic brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and other brain diseases. Biomarkers are deployed to study progression and response to treatment, including noninvasive imaging tools for both acute and chronic brain conditions. Neuronal biomarkers are classified into four core subtypes: blood-based, immunohistochemical-based, neuroimaging-based, and electrophysiological biomarkers. Neuronal conditions have progressive stages, such as acute injury, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and neurogenesis, which can serve as indices of pathological status. Biomarkers are critical for the targeted identification of specific molecules, cells, tissues, or proteins that dramatically alter throughout the progression of brain conditions. There has been tremendous progress with biomarkers in acute conditions and chronic diseases affecting the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Intercollegiate School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hasara Nethma Abeygunaratne
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
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Nair SJ, Suter T, Wang S, Yang L, Yang F, Rosenfeld MG. Transcriptional enhancers at 40: evolution of a viral DNA element to nuclear architectural structures. Trends Genet 2022; 38:1019-1047. [PMID: 35811173 PMCID: PMC9474616 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene regulation by transcriptional enhancers is the dominant mechanism driving cell type- and signal-specific transcriptional diversity in metazoans. However, over four decades since the original discovery, how enhancers operate in the nuclear space remains largely enigmatic. Recent multidisciplinary efforts combining real-time imaging, genome sequencing, and biophysical strategies provide insightful but conflicting models of enhancer-mediated gene control. Here, we review the discovery and progress in enhancer biology, emphasizing the recent findings that acutely activated enhancers assemble regulatory machinery as mesoscale architectural structures with distinct physical properties. These findings help formulate novel models that explain several mysterious features of the assembly of transcriptional enhancers and the mechanisms of spatial control of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejith J Nair
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Tom Suter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department and School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Susan Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department and School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lu Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department and School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Feng Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department and School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael G Rosenfeld
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department and School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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8
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Feng Y, Zhong ZW, Xu Y, Zhang ZY, Ao LL, Yang Z, Wang YL, Jiang YH. Characterization of the transcription factor Sox3 regulating the gonadal development of pearlscale angelfish (Centropyge vrolikii). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:1193-1207. [PMID: 35963922 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the Sox gene family, Sox3 plays a vital role in gonadal development and gametogenesis. Nevertheless, the exact expression pattern of this gene in fish is still unknown. Here, we identified the Sox3 gene of Centropyge vrolikii, namely, Cv-Sox3. The Cv-Sox3 mRNA expression in the ovary and testis was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, and the mRNA expression level of Cv-Sox3 in the ovary in the resting stage was significantly higher than that in other tissues. The phylogenetic tree and alignment of multiple sequences were constructed to analyze the evolutionary relationships of Cv-Sox3. Cv-Sox3 was relatively conserved in the evolution of teleost fish, indicating the importance and similarity of its function. The in situ hybridization results demonstrate that Cv-Sox3 was present in the follicle cells and cytoplasm of oocytes in the ovary of different stages, and the positive signals occurred in germ cells of the testis. After interfering with Cv-Sox3, the growth rate of ovarian cells in culture became slow, and the expression of ovary-bias-related genes Cyp19a and Foxl2 significantly increased. Meanwhile, the expression of testis-bias-related genes Dmrt1, Sox9, Cyp11a, Amh, and Sox8 significantly decreased. These results suggest that Cv-Sox3 gene might be expressed in the germ cells of male and female gonads during gonadal development. This study provides a precise expression pattern of Cv-Sox3 and demonstrates that Cv-Sox3 might play a significant role in the reproductive regulation of C. vrolikii. In this study, Sox3 of C. vrolikii (Cv-Sox3) was cloned to understand the expression pattern in the gonadal development, which is expressed in germ cells, involved in the process of gonadal development. The results demonstrated that Cv-Sox3 may play a significant role in the reproductive regulation of C. vrolikii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhao-Wei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ze-Yu Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Lu-Lu Ao
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yi-Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Yong-Hua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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9
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Sreenivasan R, Gonen N, Sinclair A. SOX Genes and Their Role in Disorders of Sex Development. Sex Dev 2022; 16:80-91. [PMID: 35760052 DOI: 10.1159/000524453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX genesare master regulatory genes controlling development and are fundamental to the establishment of sex determination in a multitude of organisms. The discovery of the master sex-determining gene SRY in 1990 was pivotal for the understanding of how testis development is initiated in mammals. With this discovery, an entire family of SOX factors were uncovered that play crucial roles in cell fate decisions during development. The importance of SOX genes in human reproductive development is evident from the various disorders of sex development (DSD) upon loss or overexpression of SOX gene function. Here, we review the roles that SOX genes play in gonad development and their involvement in DSD. We start with an overview of sex determination and differentiation, DSDs, and the SOX gene family and function. We then provide detailed information and discussion on SOX genes that have been implicated in DSDs, both at the gene and regulatory level. These include SRY, SOX9, SOX3, SOX8, and SOX10. This review provides insights on the crucial balance of SOX gene expression levels needed for gonad development and maintenance and how changes in these levels can lead to DSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajini Sreenivasan
- Reproductive Development, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nitzan Gonen
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Andrew Sinclair
- Reproductive Development, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Making a head: Neural crest and ectodermal placodes in cranial sensory development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 138:15-27. [PMID: 35760729 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During development of the vertebrate sensory system, many important components like the sense organs and cranial sensory ganglia arise within the head and neck. Two progenitor populations, the neural crest, and cranial ectodermal placodes, contribute to these developing vertebrate peripheral sensory structures. The interactions and contributions of these cell populations to the development of the lens, olfactory, otic, pituitary gland, and cranial ganglia are vital for appropriate peripheral nervous system development. Here, we review the origins of both neural crest and placode cells at the neural plate border of the early vertebrate embryo and investigate the molecular and environmental signals that influence specification of different sensory regions. Finally, we discuss the underlying molecular pathways contributing to the complex vertebrate sensory system from an evolutionary perspective, from basal vertebrates to amniotes.
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11
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Liu X, Zhou Q, Huang Y, Fan Z, Duan H, Wang M, Li Z, Xie L. Nicotinamide improves in vitro lens regeneration in a mouse capsular bag model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:198. [PMID: 35550648 PMCID: PMC9102750 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammalian lens regeneration holds great potential as a cataract therapy. However, the mechanism of mammalian lens regeneration is unclear, and the methods for optimization remain in question.
Methods We developed an in vitro lens regeneration model using mouse capsular bag culture and improved the transparency of the regenerated lens using nicotinamide (NAM). We used D4476 and SSTC3 as a casein kinase 1A inhibitor and agonist, respectively. The expression of lens-specific markers was examined by real-time PCR, immunostaining, and western blotting. The structure of the in vitro regenerated lens was investigated using 3,3′-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC6) and methylene blue staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and transmission electron microscopy.
Results The in vitro lens regeneration model was developed to mimic the process of in vivo mammalian lens regeneration in a mouse capsular bag culture. In the early stage, the remanent lens epithelial cells proliferated across the posterior capsule and differentiated into lens fiber cells (LFCs). The regenerated lenses appeared opaque after 28 days; however, NAM treatment effectively maintained the transparency of the regenerated lens. We demonstrated that NAM maintained lens epithelial cell survival, promoted the differentiation and regular cellular arrangement of LFCs, and reduced lens-related cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, NAM enhanced the differentiation and transparency of regenerative lenses partly by inhibiting casein kinase 1A activity. Conclusion This study provides a new in vitro model for regeneration study and demonstrates the potential of NAM in in vitro mammalian lens regeneration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02862-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, 26600, China.,Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, 26600, China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, 26600, China
| | - Yusen Huang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, 26600, China.,Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, 26600, China
| | - Zheng Fan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, 26600, China.,Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, 26600, China
| | - Haoyun Duan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, 26600, China
| | - Menghan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, 26600, China.,Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, 26600, China
| | - Zongyi Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, 26600, China. .,Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, 26600, China.
| | - Lixin Xie
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, 26600, China. .,Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, 26600, China.
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12
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Mercurio S, Serra L, Pagin M, Nicolis SK. Deconstructing Sox2 Function in Brain Development and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101604. [PMID: 35626641 PMCID: PMC9139651 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX2 is a transcription factor conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, whose expression marks the central nervous system from the earliest developmental stages. In humans, SOX2 mutation leads to a spectrum of CNS defects, including vision and hippocampus impairments, intellectual disability, and motor control problems. Here, we review how conditional Sox2 knockout (cKO) in mouse with different Cre recombinases leads to very diverse phenotypes in different regions of the developing and postnatal brain. Surprisingly, despite the widespread expression of Sox2 in neural stem/progenitor cells of the developing neural tube, some regions (hippocampus, ventral forebrain) appear much more vulnerable than others to Sox2 deletion. Furthermore, the stage of Sox2 deletion is also a critical determinant of the resulting defects, pointing to a stage-specificity of SOX2 function. Finally, cKOs illuminate the importance of SOX2 function in different cell types according to the different affected brain regions (neural precursors, GABAergic interneurons, glutamatergic projection neurons, Bergmann glia). We also review human genetics data regarding the brain defects identified in patients carrying mutations within human SOX2 and examine the parallels with mouse mutants. Functional genomics approaches have started to identify SOX2 molecular targets, and their relevance for SOX2 function in brain development and disease will be discussed.
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13
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Xi J, Xu Y, Guo Z, Li J, Wu Y, Sun Q, Wang Y, Chen M, Zhu S, Bian S, Kang J. LncRNA SOX1-OT V1 acts as a decoy of HDAC10 to promote SOX1-dependent hESC neuronal differentiation. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53015. [PMID: 34927789 PMCID: PMC8811645 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are abundantly expressed in the nervous system, but their regulatory roles in neuronal differentiation are poorly understood. Using a human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-based 2D neural differentiation approach and a 3D cerebral organoid system, we show that SOX1-OT variant 1 (SOX1-OT V1), a SOX1 overlapping noncoding RNA, plays essential roles in both dorsal cortical neuron differentiation and ventral GABAergic neuron differentiation by facilitating SOX1 expression. SOX1-OT V1 physically interacts with HDAC10 through its 5' region, acts as a decoy to block HDAC10 binding to the SOX1 promoter, and thus maintains histone acetylation levels at the SOX1 promoter. SOX1 in turn activates ASCL1 expression and promotes neuronal differentiation. Taken together, we identify a SOX1-OT V1/HDAC10-SOX1-ASCL1 axis, which promotes neurogenesis, highlighting a role for lncRNAs in hESC neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Xi
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanxin Xu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenming Guo
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jianguo Li
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yukang Wu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qiaoyi Sun
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Mengxia Chen
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Songcheng Zhu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shan Bian
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiuhong Kang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
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14
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Latta L, Figueiredo FC, Ashery-Padan R, Collinson JM, Daniels J, Ferrari S, Szentmáry N, Solá S, Shalom-Feuerstein R, Lako M, Xapelli S, Aberdam D, Lagali N. Pathophysiology of aniridia-associated keratopathy: Developmental aspects and unanswered questions. Ocul Surf 2021; 22:245-266. [PMID: 34520870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aniridia, a rare congenital disease, is often characterized by a progressive, pronounced limbal insufficiency and ocular surface pathology termed aniridia-associated keratopathy (AAK). Due to the characteristics of AAK and its bilateral nature, clinical management is challenging and complicated by the multiple coexisting ocular and systemic morbidities in aniridia. Although it is primarily assumed that AAK originates from a congenital limbal stem cell deficiency, in recent years AAK and its pathogenesis has been questioned in the light of new evidence and a refined understanding of ocular development and the biology of limbal stem cells (LSCs) and their niche. Here, by consolidating and comparing the latest clinical and preclinical evidence, we discuss key unanswered questions regarding ocular developmental aspects crucial to AAK. We also highlight hypotheses on the potential role of LSCs and the ocular surface microenvironment in AAK. The insights thus gained lead to a greater appreciation for the role of developmental and cellular processes in the emergence of AAK. They also highlight areas for future research to enable a deeper understanding of aniridia, and thereby the potential to develop new treatments for this rare but blinding ocular surface disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Latta
- Dr. Rolf. M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
| | - F C Figueiredo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - R Ashery-Padan
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - J M Collinson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - J Daniels
- Cells for Sight, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - S Ferrari
- The Veneto Eye Bank Foundation, Venice, Italy
| | - N Szentmáry
- Dr. Rolf. M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - S Solá
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - R Shalom-Feuerstein
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - M Lako
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - S Xapelli
- Instituto Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - D Aberdam
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Team 17, France; Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - N Lagali
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway.
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15
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Stevanovic M, Drakulic D, Lazic A, Ninkovic DS, Schwirtlich M, Mojsin M. SOX Transcription Factors as Important Regulators of Neuronal and Glial Differentiation During Nervous System Development and Adult Neurogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:654031. [PMID: 33867936 PMCID: PMC8044450 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.654031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SOX proteins belong to the superfamily of transcription factors (TFs) that display properties of both classical TFs and architectural components of chromatin. Since the cloning of the Sox/SOX genes, remarkable progress has been made in illuminating their roles as key players in the regulation of multiple developmental and physiological processes. SOX TFs govern diverse cellular processes during development, such as maintaining the pluripotency of stem cells, cell proliferation, cell fate decisions/germ layer formation as well as terminal cell differentiation into tissues and organs. However, their roles are not limited to development since SOX proteins influence survival, regeneration, cell death and control homeostasis in adult tissues. This review summarized current knowledge of the roles of SOX proteins in control of central nervous system development. Some SOX TFs suspend neural progenitors in proliferative, stem-like state and prevent their differentiation. SOX proteins function as pioneer factors that occupy silenced target genes and keep them in a poised state for activation at subsequent stages of differentiation. At appropriate stage of development, SOX members that maintain stemness are down-regulated in cells that are competent to differentiate, while other SOX members take over their functions and govern the process of differentiation. Distinct SOX members determine down-stream processes of neuronal and glial differentiation. Thus, sequentially acting SOX TFs orchestrate neural lineage development defining neuronal and glial phenotypes. In line with their crucial roles in the nervous system development, deregulation of specific SOX proteins activities is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The overview of the current knowledge about the link between SOX gene variants and NDDs is presented. We outline the roles of SOX TFs in adult neurogenesis and brain homeostasis and discuss whether impaired adult neurogenesis, detected in neurodegenerative diseases, could be associated with deregulation of SOX proteins activities. We present the current data regarding the interaction between SOX proteins and signaling pathways and microRNAs that play roles in nervous system development. Finally, future research directions that will improve the knowledge about distinct and various roles of SOX TFs in health and diseases are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Stevanovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Drakulic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrijana Lazic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Stanisavljevic Ninkovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Schwirtlich
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mojsin
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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16
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Zafar I, Iftikhar R, Ahmad SU, Rather MA. Genome wide identification, phylogeny, and synteny analysis of sox gene family in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e00607. [PMID: 33936955 PMCID: PMC8076717 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
27 SOX (high-mobility group HMG-box) genes were identified in the C. carp genome. SOX genes ranging from 3496 (SOX6) to 924bp (SOX17b) which coded with putative protein series from 307 to 509 amino acids. Gene ontology revealed SOX proteins maximum involvement is in metabolic process 49.796 %. Chromosomal location and synteny analysis display all SOX gene are located on different chromosomes.
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a commercial fish species valuable for nutritious components and plays a vital role in human healthy nutrition. The SOX (SRY-related genes systematically characterized by a high-mobility group HMG-box) encoded important gene regulatory proteins, a family of transcription factors found in a broad range of animal taxa and extensively known for its contribution in multiple developmental processes including contribution in sex determination across phyla. In our current study, we initially accomplished a genome-wide analysis to report the SOX gene family in common carp fish based on available genomic sequences of zebrafish retrieved from gene repository databases, we focused on the global identification of the Sox gene family in Common carp among wide range of vertebrates and teleosts based on bioinformatics tools and techniques and explore the evolutionary relationships. In our results, a total of 27 SOX (high-mobility group HMG-box) domain genes were identified in the C. carp genome. The full length sequences of SOX genes ranging from 3496 (SOX6) to 924bp (SOX17b) which coded with putative proteins series from 307 to 509 amino acids and all gene having exon number expect SOX9 and SOX13. All the SOX proteins contained at least one conserved DNA-binding HMG-box domain and two (SOX7 and SOX18) were found C terminal. The Gene ontology revealed SOX proteins maximum involvement is in metabolic process 49.796 %, average in biological regulation 45.188 %, biosynthetic process (19.992 %), regulation of cellular process 39.68, 45.508 % organic substance metabolic process, multicellular organismal process 23.23 %,developmental process 21.74 %, system development 16.59 %, gene expression 16.05 % and 14.337 % of RNA metabolic process. Chromosomal location and syntanic analysis show all SOX gene are located on different chromosomes and apparently does not fallow the unique pattern. The maximum linkage of chromosome is (2) on Unplaced Scaffold region. Finally, our results provide important genomic suggestion for upcoming studies of biochemical, physiological, and phylogenetic understanding on SOX genes among teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Zafar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virtual University Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rida Iftikhar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virtual University Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Syed Umair Ahmad
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Mohd Ashraf Rather
- Division of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology, Fauclty of Fisheries Rangil, Ganderbal, SKUAST-Kashmir, India
- Corresponding author.
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17
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18
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Liu Y, Guo W. SOX factors as cell-state regulators in the mammary gland and breast cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 114:126-133. [PMID: 33583737 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has shown that several SOX family transcription factors are key regulators of stem/progenitor cell fates in the mammary gland. These cell-fate regulators are often upregulated in breast cancer and contribute to tumor initiation and progression. They induce lineage plasticity and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which promotes tumor invasion, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. SOX factors act through modulating multiple oncogenic signaling pathways in breast cancer. In addition to the cell-autonomous functions, new evidence suggests they can shape the tumor immune microenvironment. Here, we will review the molecular and functional evidence linking SOX factors with mammary gland development and discuss how these cell-fate regulators are co-opted in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Wenjun Guo
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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19
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Sox2 knockdown in the neonatal retina causes cell fate to switch from amacrine to bipolar. Brain Res 2021; 1752:147265. [PMID: 33422527 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor Sox2 is widely recognized for its critical roles in the nervous system, including the neural retina. Here, we aimed to reveal the function of Sox2 in the process of mouse postnatal development. After the suppression of Sox2 at P0, there was an increase number in bipolar cells but a decrease in amacrine cells. Inhibited Sox2 expression also led to decreased visual function. Furthermore, we found a distinctive type of retinal cells expressing the characteristic proteins of both bipolar cells and amacrine cells at P6, which may be an intermediate state in which amacrine cells were transforming into bipolar cells. Transcription factors associated with the development of bipolar cells and amacrine cells also support those changes. Our work indicated that inhibition of Sox2 could change cell fate by affecting transcription factors in the development of bipolar cells and amacrine cells, may provide new directions for the study and treatment of retinal genetic diseases and retinal dysplasia.
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20
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Li B, Chen J, Du Q, Wang B, Qu Y, Chang Z. Toxic effects of dechlorane plus on the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) embryonic development. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126481. [PMID: 32209501 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a widely used chlorinated flame retardant, which has been extensively detected in the environment. Although DP content in the surface water is low, it can pose a continuous exposure risk to aquatic organisms due to its strong bioaccumulation. Considering that the related studies on the toxicity mechanism of DP exposure are limited, the effect of DP on carp embryo development was evaluated. In the present work, carp embryos were exposed to different concentrations (0, 30, 60, and 120 μg/L) of DP at 3 h post-fertilization (hpf). The expression levels of neural and skeletal development-associated genes, such as sox2, sox19a, Mef2c and BMP4, were detected with quantitative PCR, and the changes in different developmental toxicity endpoints were observed. Our results demonstrated that the expression levels of sox2, sox19a, Mef2c and BMP4 were significantly altered and several developmental abnormalities were found in DP-exposed carp embryos, such as DNA damage, increased mortality rate, delayed hatching time, reduced hatching rate, decreased body length, and increased morphological deformities. In addition, the activities of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde were remarkably higher in 60 and 120 μg/L DP exposure groups than in control group. These results suggest that DP can exhibit a unique modes of action, which lead to aberration occurrence in the early development stage of common carps, which may be related to some gene damage and oxidative stress. Besides, the parameters evaluated here can be used as tools to access the environmental risk for biota and humans exposed to DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China; College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Qiyan Du
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Beibei Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Ying Qu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Zhongjie Chang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China.
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21
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Abstract
The development of the anterior pituitary gland occurs in distinct sequential developmental steps, leading to the formation of a complex organ containing five different cell types secreting six different hormones. During this process, the temporal and spatial expression of a cascade of signaling molecules and transcription factors plays a crucial role in organ commitment, cell proliferation, patterning, and terminal differentiation. The morphogenesis of the gland and the emergence of distinct cell types from a common primordium are governed by complex regulatory networks involving transcription factors and signaling molecules that may be either intrinsic to the developing pituitary or extrinsic, originating from the ventral diencephalon, the oral ectoderm, and the surrounding mesenchyme. Endocrine cells of the pituitary gland are organized into structural and functional networks that contribute to the coordinated response of endocrine cells to stimuli; these cellular networks are formed during embryonic development and are maintained or may be modified in adulthood, contributing to the plasticity of the gland. Abnormalities in any of the steps of pituitary development may lead to congenital hypopituitarism that includes a spectrum of disorders from isolated to combined hormone deficiencies including syndromic disorders such as septo-optic dysplasia. Over the past decade, the acceleration of next-generation sequencing has allowed for rapid analysis of the patient genome to identify novel mutations and novel candidate genes associated with hypothalmo-pituitary development. Subsequent functional analysis using patient fibroblast cells, and the generation of stem cells derived from patient cells, is fast replacing the need for animal models while providing a more physiologically relevant characterization of novel mutations. Furthermore, CRISPR-Cas9 as the method for gene editing is replacing previous laborious and time-consuming gene editing methods that were commonly used, thus yielding knockout cell lines in a fraction of the time. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:389-413, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki S Alatzoglou
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Louise C Gregory
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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22
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Serizawa T, Isotani A, Matsumura T, Nakanishi K, Nonaka S, Shibata S, Ikawa M, Okano H. Developmental analyses of mouse embryos and adults using a non-overlapping tracing system for all three germ layers. Development 2019; 146:dev.174938. [PMID: 31597657 DOI: 10.1242/dev.174938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic lineage-tracing techniques are powerful tools for studying specific cell populations in development and pathogenesis. Previous techniques have mainly involved systems for tracing a single gene, which are limited in their ability to facilitate direct comparisons of the contributions of different cell lineages. We have developed a new combinatorial system for tracing all three germ layers using self-cleaving 2A peptides and multiple site-specific recombinases (SSRs). In the resulting TRiCK (TRiple Coloured germ layer Knock-in) mice, the three germ layers are conditionally and simultaneously labelled with distinct fluorescent proteins via embryogenesis. We show that previously reported ectopic expressions of lineage markers are the outcome of secondary gene expression. The results presented here also indicate that the commitment of caudal axial stem cells to neural or mesodermal fate proceeds without lineage fluctuations, contrary to the notion of their bi-potency. Moreover, we developed IMES, an optimized tissue clearing method that is highly compatible with a variety of fluorescent proteins and immunostaining, and the combined use of TRiCK mice and IMES can facilitate comprehensive analyses of dynamic contributions of all three germ layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Serizawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ayako Isotani
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Organ developmental engineering, Division of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takafumi Matsumura
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shigenori Nonaka
- Spatiotemporal Regulations Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.,Laboratory for Spatiotemporal Regulations, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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23
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Chaudhary S, Islam Z, Mishra V, Rawat S, Ashraf GM, Kolatkar PR. Sox2: A Regulatory Factor in Tumorigenesis and Metastasis. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:495-504. [PMID: 30907312 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190325102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Sox2 plays an important role in various phases of embryonic development, including cell fate and differentiation. These key regulatory functions are facilitated by binding to specific DNA sequences in combination with partner proteins to exert their effects. Recently, overexpression and gene amplification of Sox2 has been associated with tumor aggression and metastasis in various cancer types, including breast, prostate, lung, ovarian and colon cancer. All the different roles for Sox2 involve complicated regulatory networks consisting of protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions. Their involvement in the EMT modulation is possibly enabled by Wnt/ β-catenin and other signaling pathways. There are number of in vivo models which show Sox2 association with increased cancer aggressiveness, resistance to chemo-radiation therapy and decreased survival rate suggesting Sox2 as a therapeutic target. This review will focus on the different roles for Sox2 in metastasis and tumorigenesis. We will also review the mechanism of action underlying the cooperative Sox2- DNA/partner factors binding where Sox2 can be potentially explored for a therapeutic opportunity to treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeyaul Islam
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Vijaya Mishra
- RASA Life science Informatics, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sakshi Rawat
- RASA Life science Informatics, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prasanna R Kolatkar
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
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24
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Wiegering A, Petzsch P, Köhrer K, Rüther U, Gerhardt C. GLI3 repressor but not GLI3 activator is essential for mouse eye patterning and morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2019; 450:141-154. [PMID: 30953627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since 1967, it is known that the loss of GLI3 causes very severe defects in murine eye development. GLI3 is able to act as a transcriptional activator (GLI3-A) or as a transcriptional repressor (GLI3-R). Soon after the discovery of these GLI3 isoforms, the question arose which of the different isoforms is involved in eye formation - GLI3-A, GLI3-R or even both. For several years, this question remained elusive. By analysing the eye morphogenesis of Gli3XtJ/XtJ mouse embryos that lack GLI3-A and GLI3-R and of Gli3Δ699/Δ699 mouse embryos in which only GLI3-A is missing, we revealed that GLI3-A is dispensable in vertebrate eye formation. Remarkably, our study shows that GLI3-R is sufficient for the creation of morphologically normal eyes although the molecular setup deviates substantially from normality. In depth-investigations elucidated that GLI3-R controls numerous key players in eye development and governs lens and retina development at least partially via regulating WNT/β-CATENIN signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Wiegering
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Genomics and Transcriptomics Laboratory (GTL), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Genomics and Transcriptomics Laboratory (GTL), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Rüther
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Christoph Gerhardt
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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25
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McAuley E, Moline D, VanOpstall C, Lamperis S, Brown R, Vander Griend DJ. Sox2 Expression Marks Castration-Resistant Progenitor Cells in the Adult Murine Prostate. Stem Cells 2019; 37:690-700. [PMID: 30720908 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Identification of defined epithelial cell populations with progenitor properties is critical for understanding prostatic development and disease. Here, we demonstrate that Sox2 expression is enriched in the epithelial cells of the proximal prostate adjacent to the urethra. We use lineage tracing of Sox2-positive cells during prostatic development, homeostasis, and regeneration to show that the Sox2 lineage is capable of self-renewal and contributes to prostatic regeneration. Persisting luminal cells express Sox2 after castration, highlighting a potential role for Sox2 in cell survival and castration-resistance. In addition to revealing a novel progenitor population in the prostate, these data implicate Sox2 as a regulatory factor of adult prostate epithelial stem cells. Stem Cells 2019;37:690-700.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin McAuley
- The Committee on Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel Moline
- The Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Calvin VanOpstall
- The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sophia Lamperis
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ryan Brown
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Donald J Vander Griend
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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26
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Murko C, Vieceli FM, Bronner M. Transcriptome dataset of trunk neural crest cells migrating along the ventral pathway of chick embryos. Data Brief 2018; 21:2547-2553. [PMID: 30761336 PMCID: PMC6288396 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a transcriptome dataset generated from migratory chick trunk neural crest cells, which are destined to form components of the peripheral nervous system. Using the Sox10E1 enhancer, which specifically labels neural crest cells migrating on the trunk ventral pathway, we performed fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of electroporated embryos to obtain a pure population of these cells for library preparation and Illumina sequencing. The results provide a list of genes that are enriched in the trunk neural crest. To validate the data, we performed in situ hybridization to visualize expression of selected transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Murko
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felipe Monteleone Vieceli
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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27
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SOX2 haploinsufficiency promotes impaired vision at advanced age. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36684-36692. [PMID: 30613351 PMCID: PMC6291181 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related vision loss has been associated with degeneration of the retina and decline in Müller glia cell activity. Sox2 is a critical transcription factor for the development and maintenance of the mammalian retina. Here we determined the role of Sox2 in retinal aging. We observed a decline in the number of Sox2-positive Müller, amacrine and ganglion cells with age. We also explored the impact of Sox2 haploinsufficiency (Sox2GFP) on the activity of Müller glia cells and vision loss with age. Reduction of Sox2-positive cells promoted impaired Müller glia cell function at advanced age of Sox2GFP. These findings correlated with a significant decline in electroretinographic response in Sox2 haploinsufficient mice. Together, these results indicate that Sox2 is required for the maintenance of the transmission of visual information from cones and rods, and suggest that decline in Sox2 expression is responsible for retinal cell aging and age-related vision loss.
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28
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Han C, Li J, Wang C, Ouyang H, Ding X, Liu Y, Chen S, Luo L. Wnt5a Contributes to the Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Lentoid Bodies Through the Noncanonical Wnt/JNK Signaling Pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:3449-3460. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-23902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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29
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Yu Z, Yu W, Liu J, Wu D, Wang C, Zhang J, Zhao J. Lens-specific deletion of the Msx2 gene increased apoptosis by enhancing the caspase-3/caspase-8 signaling pathway. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:2843-2855. [PMID: 29921154 PMCID: PMC6124292 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518774687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the influence of Msx2 conditional gene knockout during lens development in mice. Methods Lens-specific Msx2 knockout mice were generated using the Cre-loxP system. The eyes of Msx2 conditional knockout ( Msx2CKO) and wild-type ( Msx2WT) mice were examined during embryonic and early postnatal periods using histological, immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and mRNA microarray analyses. Results Msx2CKO mice exhibited small lens formation and microphthalmia after birth, while Msx2CKO embryos exhibited a persistent lens stalk, small lens formation, and microphthalmia. Conditional deletion of Msx2 also led to an increased apoptosis rate, a significant reduction in FoxE3 expression, and an upregulation of Prox1 expression in the lens vesicle during the early embryonic period. Microarray comparison of Msx2CKO and Msx2WT lens transcriptomes identified a large number of differentially expressed genes. Real-time PCR showed that Casp8 and Casp3 expression was upregulated in Msx2CKO mice at post-natal day 1. Conclusion The activation of apoptosis through the caspase-8/caspase-3 signaling pathway, together with the downregulation of FoxE3 expression, appeared to account for the smaller lens formation in Msx2CKO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Yu
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, Provincial Key Laboratory of Lens Research, Shenyang, China.,2 Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wenting Yu
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, Provincial Key Laboratory of Lens Research, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia Liu
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, Provincial Key Laboratory of Lens Research, Shenyang, China
| | - Danhong Wu
- 3 Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, Provincial Key Laboratory of Lens Research, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, Provincial Key Laboratory of Lens Research, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiangyue Zhao
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, Provincial Key Laboratory of Lens Research, Shenyang, China
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30
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Atkinson PJ, Dong Y, Gu S, Liu W, Najarro EH, Udagawa T, Cheng AG. Sox2 haploinsufficiency primes regeneration and Wnt responsiveness in the mouse cochlea. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1641-1656. [PMID: 29553487 DOI: 10.1172/jci97248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, Sox2 is indispensable for cell division and differentiation, yet its roles in regenerating tissues are less clear. Here, we used combinations of transgenic mouse models to reveal that Sox2 haploinsufficiency (Sox2haplo) increases rather than impairs cochlear regeneration in vivo. Sox2haplo cochleae had delayed terminal mitosis and ectopic sensory cells, yet normal auditory function. Sox2haplo amplified and expanded domains of damage-induced Atoh1+ transitional cell formation in neonatal cochlea. Wnt activation via β-catenin stabilization (β-cateninGOF) alone failed to induce proliferation or transitional cell formation. By contrast, β-cateninGOF caused proliferation when either Sox2haplo or damage was present, and transitional cell formation when both were present in neonatal, but not mature, cochlea. Mechanistically, Sox2haplo or damaged neonatal cochleae showed lower levels of Sox2 and Hes5, but not of Wnt target genes. Together, our study unveils an interplay between Sox2 and damage in directing tissue regeneration and Wnt responsiveness and thus provides a foundation for potential combinatorial therapies aimed at stimulating mammalian cochlear regeneration to reverse hearing loss in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Atkinson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yaodong Dong
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Otology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuping Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Elvis Huarcaya Najarro
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tomokatsu Udagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alan G Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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31
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Vidya NG, Rajkumar S, Vasavada AR. Genetic investigation of ocular developmental genes in 52 patients with anophthalmia/microphthalmia. Ophthalmic Genet 2018; 39:344-352. [DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2018.1436184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nair Gopinathan Vidya
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Iladevi Cataract & IOL Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
- Research scholar, Manipal University, Karnataka
| | - Sankaranarayanan Rajkumar
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Iladevi Cataract & IOL Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Abhay R. Vasavada
- Department of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Raghudeep Eye Hospital, Ahmedabad, India
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32
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Nasal and otic placode specific regulation of Sox2 involves both activation by Sox-Sall4 synergism and multiple repression mechanisms. Dev Biol 2018; 433:61-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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33
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Julian LM, McDonald AC, Stanford WL. Direct reprogramming with SOX factors: masters of cell fate. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 46:24-36. [PMID: 28662445 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade significant advances have been made toward reprogramming the fate of somatic cells, typically by overexpression of cell lineage-determinant transcription factors. As key regulators of cell fate, the SOX family of transcription factors has emerged as potent drivers of direct somatic cell reprogramming into multiple lineages, in some cases as the sole overexpressed factor. The vast capacity of SOX factors, especially those of the SOXB1, E and F subclasses, to reprogram cell fate is enlightening our understanding of organismal development, cancer and disease, and offers tremendous potential for regenerative medicine and cell-based therapies. Understanding the molecular mechanisms through which SOX factors reprogram cell fate is essential to optimize the development of novel somatic cell transdifferentiation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Julian
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1L8L6, Canada
| | - Angela Ch McDonald
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G0A4, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G9, Canada
| | - William L Stanford
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1L8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faulty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8M5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faulty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8M5, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8M5, Canada.
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34
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Analysis of expression of transcription factors in early human retina. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 60:94-102. [PMID: 28377129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina originates in the central nervous system. Due to its accessibility and simplicity, the retina has become an invaluable model for studying the basic mechanisms involved in development. To date, considerable knowledge regarding the interactions among genes that coordinate retinal development has been gained from extensive research in model animals. However, our understanding of retinal development in humans remains undeveloped. Here, we analyze the expression of transcription factors that are involved in the early development of the retina in human embryos at 6-12 weeks post-conception. Our work demonstrates that early developing neural retinas can be divided into two layers, the outer and inner neuroblast layers. Eye-field transcription factors and those related to the early development of the retina have distinct expression patterns in the two layers. Cell-type-specific transcription factors emerge at 8 weeks. These data provide clear and systemic structures for early retinal development in human.
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35
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Hinaux H, Recher G, Alié A, Legendre L, Blin M, Rétaux S. Lens apoptosis in the Astyanax blind cavefish is not triggered by its small size or defects in morphogenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172302. [PMID: 28235048 PMCID: PMC5325263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Blindness is a convergent trait in many cave animals of various phyla. Astyanax mexicanus cavefish is one of the best studied cave animals; however the mechanisms underlying eye degeneration in this species are not yet completely understood. The lens seems to play a central role, but only relatively late differentiation defects have been implicated in the cavefish lens apoptosis phenotype so far. Here, we used genetic crosses between Astyanax cavefish and surface fish to confirm that during development, lens size is independent of retina size. We then investigated whether the small size of the cavefish lens could directly cause cell death. Laser ablation experiments of lens placode cells in surface fish embryos showed that a small lens size is not sufficient to trigger lens apoptosis. We further examined potential lens morphogenesis defects through classical histology and live-imaging microscopy. From lens placode to lens ball, we found that lens invagination and formation of the lens epithelium and fiber cells occur normally in cavefish. We conclude that the main and deleterious defect in the Astyanax cavefish lens must concern the molecular control of lens cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hinaux
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, UMR9197, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gaëlle Recher
- Plateforme BioEmergence, USR3695, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexandre Alié
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, UMR9197, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laurent Legendre
- UMS AMAGEN (UMS 3504 CNRS / UMS 1374 INRA), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maryline Blin
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, UMR9197, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sylvie Rétaux
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, UMR9197, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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36
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Latorre E, Carelli S, Caremoli F, Giallongo T, Colli M, Canazza A, Provenzani A, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. Human Antigen R Binding and Regulation of SOX2 mRNA in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 89:243-52. [PMID: 26677051 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.100701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2005, sex determining region y-box 2 (SOX2) has drawn the attention of the scientific community for being one of the key transcription factors responsible for pluripotency induction in somatic stem cells. Our research investigated the turnover regulation of SOX2 mRNA in human adipose-derived stem cells, considered one of the most valuable sources of somatic stem cells in regenerative medicine. Mitoxantrone is a drug that acts on nucleic acids primarily used to treat certain types of cancer and was recently shown to ameliorate the outcome of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In addition, mitoxantrone has been shown to inhibit the binding of human antigen R (HuR) RNA-binding protein to tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA. Our results show that HuR binds to the 3'-untranslated region of SOX2 mRNA together with the RNA-induced silencing complex miR145. The HuR binding works by stabilizing the interaction between the 3'-untranslated region and the RNA-induced silencing complex. Cell exposure to mitoxantrone leads to HuR detachment and the subsequent prolongation of the SOX2 mRNA half-life. The prolonged SOX2 half-life allows improvement of the spheroid-forming capability of the adipose-derived stem cells. The silencing of HuR confirmed the above observations and illustrates how the RNA-binding protein HuR may be a required molecule for regulation of SOX2 mRNA decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Latorre
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (E.L., S.C., F.C., T.G., M.C., A.M.D.G., A.G.); Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy (A.C.); and Laboratory of Genomic Screening Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy (A.P.)
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (E.L., S.C., F.C., T.G., M.C., A.M.D.G., A.G.); Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy (A.C.); and Laboratory of Genomic Screening Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy (A.P.)
| | - Filippo Caremoli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (E.L., S.C., F.C., T.G., M.C., A.M.D.G., A.G.); Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy (A.C.); and Laboratory of Genomic Screening Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy (A.P.)
| | - Toniella Giallongo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (E.L., S.C., F.C., T.G., M.C., A.M.D.G., A.G.); Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy (A.C.); and Laboratory of Genomic Screening Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy (A.P.)
| | - Mattia Colli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (E.L., S.C., F.C., T.G., M.C., A.M.D.G., A.G.); Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy (A.C.); and Laboratory of Genomic Screening Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy (A.P.)
| | - Alessandra Canazza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (E.L., S.C., F.C., T.G., M.C., A.M.D.G., A.G.); Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy (A.C.); and Laboratory of Genomic Screening Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy (A.P.)
| | - Alessandro Provenzani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (E.L., S.C., F.C., T.G., M.C., A.M.D.G., A.G.); Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy (A.C.); and Laboratory of Genomic Screening Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy (A.P.)
| | - Anna Maria Di Giulio
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (E.L., S.C., F.C., T.G., M.C., A.M.D.G., A.G.); Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy (A.C.); and Laboratory of Genomic Screening Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy (A.P.)
| | - Alfredo Gorio
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (E.L., S.C., F.C., T.G., M.C., A.M.D.G., A.G.); Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy (A.C.); and Laboratory of Genomic Screening Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy (A.P.)
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Mellough CB, Collin J, Khazim M, White K, Sernagor E, Steel DHW, Lako M. IGF-1 Signaling Plays an Important Role in the Formation of Three-Dimensional Laminated Neural Retina and Other Ocular Structures From Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2416-30. [PMID: 25827910 PMCID: PMC4691326 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We and others have previously demonstrated that retinal cells can be derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells under defined culture conditions. While both cell types can give rise to retinal derivatives in the absence of inductive cues, this requires extended culture periods and gives lower overall yield. Further understanding of this innate differentiation ability, the identification of key factors that drive the differentiation process, and the development of clinically compatible culture conditions to reproducibly generate functional neural retina is an important goal for clinical cell based therapies. We now report that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) can orchestrate the formation of three-dimensional ocular-like structures from hESCs which, in addition to retinal pigmented epithelium and neural retina, also contain primitive lens and corneal-like structures. Inhibition of IGF-1 receptor signaling significantly reduces the formation of optic vesicle and optic cups, while exogenous IGF-1 treatment enhances the formation of correctly laminated retinal tissue composed of multiple retinal phenotypes that is reminiscent of the developing vertebrate retina. Most importantly, hESC-derived photoreceptors exhibit advanced maturation features such as the presence of primitive rod- and cone-like photoreceptor inner and outer segments and phototransduction-related functional responses as early as 6.5 weeks of differentiation, making these derivatives promising candidates for cell replacement studies and in vitro disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B. Mellough
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
| | - Joseph Collin
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
| | - Mahmoud Khazim
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
- Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
| | - Kathryn White
- EM Research Services, Newcastle UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
| | - Evelyne Sernagor
- Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
| | - David H. W. Steel
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
- Sunderland Eye InfirmarySunderlandUnited Kingdom
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
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Carl SH, Russell S. Common binding by redundant group B Sox proteins is evolutionarily conserved in Drosophila. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:292. [PMID: 25887553 PMCID: PMC4419465 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Group B Sox proteins are a highly conserved group of transcription factors that act extensively to coordinate nervous system development in higher metazoans while showing both co-expression and functional redundancy across a broad group of taxa. In Drosophila melanogaster, the two group B Sox proteins Dichaete and SoxNeuro show widespread common binding across the genome. While some instances of functional compensation have been observed in Drosophila, the function of common binding and the extent of its evolutionary conservation is not known. Results We used DamID-seq to examine the genome-wide binding patterns of Dichaete and SoxNeuro in four species of Drosophila. Through a quantitative comparison of Dichaete binding, we evaluated the rate of binding site turnover across the genome as well as at specific functional sites. We also examined the presence of Sox motifs within binding intervals and the correlation between sequence conservation and binding conservation. To determine whether common binding between Dichaete and SoxNeuro is conserved, we performed a detailed analysis of the binding patterns of both factors in two species. Conclusion We find that, while the regulatory networks driven by Dichaete and SoxNeuro are largely conserved across the drosophilids studied, binding site turnover is widespread and correlated with phylogenetic distance. Nonetheless, binding is preferentially conserved at known cis-regulatory modules and core, independently verified binding sites. We observed the strongest binding conservation at sites that are commonly bound by Dichaete and SoxNeuro, suggesting that these sites are functionally important. Our analysis provides insights into the evolution of group B Sox function, highlighting the specific conservation of shared binding sites and suggesting alternative sources of neofunctionalisation between paralogous family members. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1495-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Carl
- Department of Genetics and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK.
| | - Steven Russell
- Department of Genetics and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK.
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Pillai-Kastoori L, Wen W, Morris AC. Keeping an eye on SOXC proteins. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:367-376. [PMID: 25476579 PMCID: PMC4344926 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of a mature, functional eye requires a complex series of cell proliferation, migration, induction among different germinal layers, and cell differentiation. These processes are regulated by extracellular cues such as the Wnt/BMP/Hh/Fgf signaling pathways, as well as cell intrinsic transcription factors that specify cell fate. In this review article, we provide an overview of stages of embryonic eye morphogenesis, extrinsic and intrinsic factors that are required for each stage, and pediatric ocular diseases that are associated with defective eye development. In addition, we focus on recent findings about the roles of the SOXC proteins in regulating vertebrate ocular development and implicating SOXC mutations in human ocular malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ann C. Morris
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Sox2 Acts in a Dose-Dependent Fashion to Regulate Proliferation of Cortical Progenitors. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1908-1920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Okamoto R, Uchikawa M, Kondoh H. Sixteen additional enhancers associated with the chickenSox2locus outside the central 50-kb region. Dev Growth Differ 2014; 57:24-39. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Okamoto
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences; Osaka University; 1-3 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Faculty of Medicine; Kagawa University; 1750-1 Ikenobe Miki-Cho, Kita-gun Kagawa 761-0793 Japan
| | - Masanori Uchikawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences; Osaka University; 1-3 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hisato Kondoh
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences; Osaka University; 1-3 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Faculty of Life Sciences; Kyoto Sangyo University; Motoyama, Kamigamo Kita-ku Kyoto 603-8555 Japan
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Abdelalim EM, Emara MM, Kolatkar PR. The SOX Transcription Factors as Key Players in Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:2687-99. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Essam M. Abdelalim
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed M. Emara
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Prasanna R. Kolatkar
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
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45
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Dhouailly D, Pearton DJ, Michon F. The vertebrate corneal epithelium: From early specification to constant renewal. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:1226-41. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Dhouailly
- University Joseph Fourier; AGIM FRE CNRS 3405 Site Santé Centre Jean Roget La Tronche France
| | - David J. Pearton
- Oceanographic Research Institute; Marine Parade Durban South Africa
| | - Frederic Michon
- Institute of Biotechnology; Developmental Biology Program; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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Mochizuki T, Masai I. The lens equator: a platform for molecular machinery that regulates the switch from cell proliferation to differentiation in the vertebrate lens. Dev Growth Differ 2014; 56:387-401. [PMID: 24720470 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate lens is a transparent, spheroidal tissue, located in the anterior region of the eye that focuses visual images on the retina. During development, surface ectoderm associated with the neural retina invaginates to form the lens vesicle. Cells in the posterior half of the lens vesicle differentiate into primary lens fiber cells, which form the lens fiber core, while cells in the anterior half maintain a proliferative state as a monolayer lens epithelium. After formation of the primary fiber core, lens epithelial cells start to differentiate into lens fiber cells at the interface between the lens epithelium and the primary lens fiber core, which is called the equator. Differentiating lens fiber cells elongate and cover the old lens fiber core, resulting in growth of the lens during development. Thus, lens fiber differentiation is spatially regulated and the equator functions as a platform that regulates the switch from cell proliferation to cell differentiation. Since the 1970s, the mechanism underlying lens fiber cell differentiation has been intensively studied, and several regulatory factors that regulate lens fiber cell differentiation have been identified. In this review, we focus on the lens equator, where these regulatory factors crosstalk and cooperate to regulate lens fiber differentiation. Normally, lens epithelial cells must pass through the equator to start lens fiber differentiation. However, there are reports that when the lens epithelium structure is collapsed, lens fiber cell differentiation occurs without passing the equator. We also discuss a possible mechanism that represses lens fiber cell differentiation in lens epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Mochizuki
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
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Klimova L, Kozmik Z. Stage-dependent requirement of neuroretinal Pax6 for lens and retina development. Development 2014; 141:1292-302. [PMID: 24523460 DOI: 10.1242/dev.098822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The physical contact of optic vesicle with head surface ectoderm is an initial event triggering eye morphogenesis. This interaction leads to lens specification followed by coordinated invagination of the lens placode and optic vesicle, resulting in formation of the lens, retina and retinal pigmented epithelium. Although the role of Pax6 in early lens development has been well documented, its role in optic vesicle neuroepithelium and early retinal progenitors is poorly understood. Here we show that conditional inactivation of Pax6 at distinct time points of mouse neuroretina development has a different impact on early eye morphogenesis. When Pax6 is eliminated in the retina at E10.5 using an mRx-Cre transgene, after a sufficient contact between the optic vesicle and surface ectoderm has occurred, the lens develops normally but the pool of retinal progenitor cells gradually fails to expand. Furthermore, a normal differentiation program is not initiated, leading to almost complete disappearance of the retina after birth. By contrast, when Pax6 was inactivated at the onset of contact between the optic vesicle and surface ectoderm in Pax6(Sey/flox) embryos, expression of lens-specific genes was not initiated and neither the lens nor the retina formed. Our data show that Pax6 in the optic vesicle is important not only for proper retina development, but also for lens formation in a non-cell-autonomous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Klimova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 14420 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Patthey C, Schlosser G, Shimeld SM. The evolutionary history of vertebrate cranial placodes--I: cell type evolution. Dev Biol 2014; 389:82-97. [PMID: 24495912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate cranial placodes are crucial contributors to the vertebrate cranial sensory apparatus. Their evolutionary origin has attracted much attention from evolutionary and developmental biologists, yielding speculation and hypotheses concerning their putative homologues in other lineages and the developmental and genetic innovations that might have underlain their origin and diversification. In this article we first briefly review our current understanding of placode development and the cell types and structures they form. We next summarise previous hypotheses of placode evolution, discussing their strengths and caveats, before considering the evolutionary history of the various cell types that develop from placodes. In an accompanying review, we also further consider the evolution of ectodermal patterning. Drawing on data from vertebrates, tunicates, amphioxus, other bilaterians and cnidarians, we build these strands into a scenario of placode evolutionary history and of the genes, cells and developmental processes that underlie placode evolution and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Patthey
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
| | - Gerhard Schlosser
- Zoology, School of Natural Sciences & Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sebastian M Shimeld
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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Rainger J, Keighren M, Keene DR, Charbonneau NL, Rainger JK, Fisher M, Mella S, Huang JTJ, Rose L, van't Hof R, Sakai LY, Jackson IJ, FitzPatrick DR. A trans-acting protein effect causes severe eye malformation in the Mp mouse. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003998. [PMID: 24348270 PMCID: PMC3861116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mp is an irradiation-induced mouse mutation associated with microphthalmia, micropinna and hind limb syndactyly. We show that Mp is caused by a 660 kb balanced inversion on chromosome 18 producing reciprocal 3-prime gene fusion events involving Fbn2 and Isoc1. The Isoc1-Fbn2 fusion gene (Isoc1Mp) mRNA has a frameshift and early stop codon resulting in nonsense mediated decay. Homozygous deletions of Isoc1 do not support a significant developmental role for this gene. The Fbn2-Isoc1 fusion gene (Fbn2Mp) predicted protein consists of the N-terminal Fibrillin-2 (amino acids 1–2646, exons 1–62) lacking the C-terminal furin-cleavage site with a short out-of-frame extension encoded by the final exon of Isoc1. The Mp limb phenotype is consistent with that reported in Fbn2 null embryos. However, severe eye malformations, a defining feature of Mp, are not seen in Fbn2 null animals. Fibrillin-2Mp forms large fibrillar structures within the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) associated with an unfolded protein response and quantitative mass spectrometry shows a generalised defect in protein secretion in conditioned media from mutant cells. In the embryonic eye Fbn2 is expressed within the peripheral ciliary margin (CM). Mp embryos show reduced canonical Wnt-signalling in the CM – known to be essential for ciliary body development - and show subsequent aplasia of CM-derived structures. We propose that the Mp “worse-than-null” eye phenotype plausibly results from a failure in normal trafficking of proteins that are co-expressed with Fbn2 within the CM. The prediction of similar trans-acting protein effects will be an important challenge in the medical interpretation of human mutations from whole exome sequencing. With the current increase in large-scale sequencing efforts, correct interpretation of mutation consequences has never been more important. Here, we present evidence for a trans-acting protein effect in a novel mutation of Fbn2, associated with severe developmental eye defects not found in loss of function Fibrillin-2 alleles. The mutant protein is expressed in the developing eye but is unable to exit the cells, instead forming large protein aggregates within the endoplasmic reticulum. We observed ER-stress in mutant eyes, and detected a general reduction to secretion of co-expressed proteins in cell cultures. We propose that similar effects could be caused by mutations to other proteins that are trafficked through the ER, highlighting a disease mechanism that results in different clinical outcomes than observed, or predicted, from loss-off-function alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Rainger
- The MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Keighren
- The MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas R. Keene
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Noe L. Charbonneau
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline K. Rainger
- The MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Fisher
- The MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien Mella
- The MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey T-J. Huang
- Biomarker and Drug Analysis Core Facility, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Rose
- Molecular Medicine Centre, MRC Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rob van't Hof
- Molecular Medicine Centre, MRC Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne Y. Sakai
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ian J. Jackson
- The MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (IJJ); (DRF)
| | - David R. FitzPatrick
- The MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (IJJ); (DRF)
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Kamachi Y, Kondoh H. Sox proteins: regulators of cell fate specification and differentiation. Development 2013; 140:4129-44. [PMID: 24086078 DOI: 10.1242/dev.091793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sox transcription factors play widespread roles during development; however, their versatile funtions have a relatively simple basis: the binding of a Sox protein alone to DNA does not elicit transcriptional activation or repression, but requires binding of a partner transcription factor to an adjacent site on the DNA. Thus, the activity of a Sox protein is dependent upon the identity of its partner factor and the context of the DNA sequence to which it binds. In this Primer, we provide an mechanistic overview of how Sox family proteins function, as a paradigm for transcriptional regulation of development involving multi-transcription factor complexes, and we discuss how Sox factors can thus regulate diverse processes during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kamachi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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