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Wen HJ, Zhu SY, Yang HG, Guo FY. Investigation on the molecular mechanism of SPA interference with osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15600. [PMID: 38971916 PMCID: PMC11227578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Binding of Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SPA) to osteoblasts induces apoptosis and inhibits bone formation. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have the ability to differentiate into bone, fat and cartilage. Therefore, it was important to analyze the molecular mechanism of SPA on osteogenic differentiation. We introduced transcript sequence data to screen out differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to SPA-interfered BMSC. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of DEGs was established to screen biomarkers associated with SPA-interfered BMSC. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to evaluate the ability of biomarkers to discriminate between two groups of samples. Finally, we performed GSEA and regulatory analysis based on biomarkers. We identified 321 DEGs. Subsequently, 6 biomarkers (Cenpf, Kntc1, Nek2, Asf1b, Troap and Kif14) were identified by hubba algorithm in PPI. ROC analysis showed that six biomarkers could clearly discriminate between normal differentiated and SPA-interfered BMSC. Moreover, we found that these biomarkers were mainly enriched in the pyrimidine metabolism pathway. We also constructed '71 circRNAs-14 miRNAs-5 mRNAs' and '10 lncRNAs-5 miRNAs-2 mRNAs' networks. Kntc1 and Asf1b genes were associated with rno-miR-3571. Nek2 and Asf1b genes were associated with rno-miR-497-5p. Finally, we found significantly lower expression of six biomarkers in the SPA-interfered group compared to the normal group by RT-qPCR. Overall, we obtained 6 biomarkers (Cenpf, Kntc1, Nek2, Asf1b, Troap, and Kif14) related to SPA-interfered BMSC, which provided a theoretical basis to explore the key factors of SPA affecting osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jie Wen
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Shou-Yan Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Hua-Gang Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Feng-Yong Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.
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2
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Li C, Cai R, Shi W, Zhang H, Liu Z, Xie F, Chen Y, Hong Q. Comparative transcriptome analysis of ovaries and testes reveals sex-biased genes and pathways in zebrafish. Gene 2024; 901:148176. [PMID: 38242380 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a widely recognized and extensively studied model organism in scientific research. The regulatory mechanism of gonadal development and differentiation of this species has aroused considerable attention. Nonetheless, the major sex-biased genes and pathways associated with gonadal development remain elusive. Therefore, to comprehend this intricate process, gonadal transcriptome sequencing was carried out to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the testes and ovaries of adult zebrafish. The preliminary assessment yielded a total of 23,529,272 and 23,521,368 clean reads from the cDNA libraries of ovaries and testes. Afterward, a comparative analysis of the transcriptome revealed 3,604 upregulated and 11,371 downregulated DEGs in the ovaries compared to the testes. Of these genes, 428 were exclusively expressed in females, while 3,516 were exclusively expressed in males. Additionally, further assessments were conducted to explore the functions associated with these DEGs in various biological processes. The data revealed their involvement in sex-biased pathways, such as progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, oocyte meiosis, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and cardiac muscle contraction. Finally, the expression levels of 14 sex-biased DEGs (cdc20, ccnb1, ypel3, chn1, bmp15, rspo1, tnfsf10, egfra, acta2, cox8a, gsdf, dmrt1, star, and cyp17a1) associated with the enriched pathways were subjected to further validation through qRT-PCR. The data acquired from these investigations offer valuable resources to support further exploration of the mechanisms governing sexual dimorphism and gonadal development in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Rui Cai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wenhui Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Fenfen Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Yuanhua Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Qiang Hong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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3
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Kumar L, Solanki S, Jain A, Botts M, Gupta R, Rajput S, Roti Roti E. MAPKs signaling is obligatory for male reproductive function in a development-specific manner. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2024; 6:1330161. [PMID: 38406668 PMCID: PMC10885697 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2024.1330161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) represent widely expressed and evolutionarily conserved proteins crucial for governing signaling pathways and playing essential roles in mammalian male reproductive processes. These proteins facilitate the transmission of signals through phosphorylation cascades, regulating diverse intracellular functions encompassing germ cell development in testis, physiological maturation of spermatozoa within the epididymis, and motility regulation at ejaculation in the female reproductive tract. The conservation of these mechanisms appears prevalent across species, including humans, mice, and, to a limited extent, livestock species such as bovines. In Sertoli cells (SCs), MAPK signaling not only regulates the proliferation of immature SCs but also determines the appropriate number of SCs in the testes at puberty, thereby maintaining male fertility by ensuring the capacity for sperm cell production. In germ cells, MAPKs play a crucial role in dynamically regulating testicular cell-cell junctions, supporting germ cell proliferation and differentiation. Throughout spermatogenesis, MAPK signaling ensures the appropriate Sertoli-to-germ cell ratio by regulating apoptosis, controlling the metabolism of developing germ cells, and facilitating the maturation of spermatozoa within the cauda epididymis. During ejaculation in the female reproductive tract, MAPKs regulate two pivotal events-capacitation and the acrosome reaction essential for maintaining the fertility potential of sperm cells. Any disruptions in MAPK pathway signaling possibly may disturb the testicular microenvironment homeostasis, sperm physiology in the male body before ejaculation and in the female reproductive tract during fertilization, ultimately compromising male fertility. Despite decades of research, the physiological function of MAPK pathways in male reproductive health remains inadequately understood. The current review attempts to combine recent findings to elucidate the impact of MAPK signaling on male fertility and proposes future directions to enhance our understanding of male reproductive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Kumar
- Genus Breeding India Pvt Ltd., Pune, India
- GenusPlc, ABS Global, Windsor, WI, United States
| | - Subhash Solanki
- Genus Breeding India Pvt Ltd., Pune, India
- GenusPlc, ABS Global, Windsor, WI, United States
| | - Ashish Jain
- Department of Microbiology, Smt. CHM College, University of Mumbai, Ulhasnagar, India
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Hsieh MC, Lai CY, Lin LT, Chou D, Yeh CM, Cheng JK, Wang HH, Lin KH, Lin TB, Peng HY. Melatonin Relieves Paclitaxel-Induced Neuropathic Pain by Regulating pNEK2-Dependent Epigenetic Pathways in DRG Neurons. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4227-4239. [PMID: 37978917 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurohormone melatonin (MLT) demonstrates promising potential in ameliorating neuropathic pain induced by paclitaxel (PTX) chemotherapy. However, little is known about its protective effect on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in neuropathic pain resulting from the chemotherapeutic drug PTX. Here, PTX-treated rats revealed that intrathecal administration of MLT dose-dependently elevated hind paw withdrawal thresholds and latency, indicating that MLT significantly reversed PTX-induced neuropathic pain. Mechanistically, the analgesic effects of MLT were found to be mediated via melatonin receptor 2 (MT2), as pretreatment with an MT2 receptor antagonist inhibited these effects. Moreover, intrathecal MLT injection reversed the pNEK2-dependent epigenetic program induced by PTX. All of the effects caused by MLT were blocked by pretreatment with an MT2 receptor-selective antagonist, 4P-PDOT. Remarkably, multiple MLT administered during PTX treatment (PTX+MLTs) exhibited not only rapid but also lasting reversal of allodynia/hyperalgesia compared to single-bolus MLT administered after PTX treatment (PTX+MLT). In addition, PTX+MLTs exhibited greater efficacy in reversing PTX-induced alterations in pRSK2, pNEK2, JMJD3, H3K27me3, and TRPV1 expression and interaction in DRG neurons than PTX+MLT. These results indicated that MLT administered during PTX treatment reduced the incidence and/or severity of neuropathy and had a better inhibitory effect on the pNEK2-dependent epigenetic program compared to MLT administered after PTX treatment. In conclusion, MLT/MT2 is a promising therapy for the treatment of pNEK2-dependent painful neuropathy resulting from PTX treatment. MLT administered during PTX chemotherapy may be more effective in the prevention or reduction of PTX-induced neuropathy and maintaining quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chun Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei 252, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuan Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan
| | - Dylan Chou
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei 252, Taiwan
| | - Chou-Ming Yeh
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Health, Taichung Hospital, Executive Yuan, Taichung 40343, Taiwan
- Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40343, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Kun Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei 252, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei104, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Hsiao Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei 252, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei110, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 252, Taiwan
| | - Tzer-Bin Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- Institute of New Drug Development, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40604, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yu Peng
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei 252, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan
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5
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Gorry R, Brennan K, Lavin PTM, Sheridan R, Mc Gee MM. Phosphorylation of the prolyl isomerase Cyclophilin A regulates its localisation and release from the centrosome during mitosis. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:951-966. [PMID: 36691345 PMCID: PMC10054169 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2167430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The centrosome acts as a protein platform from which proteins are deployed to function throughout the cell cycle. Previously, we have shown that the prolyl isomerase Cyclophilin A (CypA) localizes to the centrosome in interphase and re-localizes to the midbody during mitosis where it functions in cytokinesis. In this study, investigation of CypA by SDS-PAGE during the cell cycle reveals that it undergoes a mobility shift during mitosis, indicative of a post-translational modification, which may correlate with its subcellular re-localization. Due to the lack of a phospho-specific antibody, we used site-directed mutagenesis to demonstrate that the previously identified serine 77 phosphorylation site within CypA is important for control of CypA centrosome localization. Furthermore, CypA is shown to interact with the mitotic NIMA-related kinase 2 (Nek2) during interphase and mitosis, while also interacting with the Nek2-antagonist PP1 during interphase but not during mitosis, suggesting a potential role for the Nek2-PP1 complex in CypA phospho-regulation. In support of this, Nek2 is capable of phosphorylating CypA in vitro. Overall, this work reveals that phosphorylation of CypA at serine 77 is important for its release from the centrosome during mitosis and may be regulated by the activity of Nek2 and PP1 during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Gorry
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Kieran Brennan
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Paul TM Lavin
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Sheridan
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Margaret M Mc Gee
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
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6
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Cai Z, Liu S, Wang W, Wang R, Miao X, Song P, Shan B, Wang L, Li Y, Lin L. Comparative transcriptome sequencing analysis of female and male Decapterus macrosoma. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14342. [PMID: 36389430 PMCID: PMC9651050 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual growth dimorphism is a common phenomenon in teleost fish and has led to many reproductive strategies. Growth- and sex-related gene research in teleost fish would broaden our understanding of the process. In this study, transcriptome sequencing of shortfin scad Decapterus macrosoma was performed for the first time, and a high-quality reference transcriptome was constructed. After identification and assembly, a total of 58,475 nonredundant unigenes were obtained with an N50 length of 2,266 bp, and 28,174 unigenes were successfully annotated with multiple public databases. BUSCO analysis determined a level of 92.9% completeness for the assembled transcriptome. Gene expression analysis revealed 2,345 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the female and male D. macrosoma, 1,150 of which were female-biased DEGs, and 1,195 unigenes were male-biased DEGs. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that the DEGs were mainly involved in biological processes including protein synthesis, growth, rhythmic processes, immune defense, and vitellogenesis. Then, we identified many growth- and sex-related genes, including Igf, Fabps, EF-hand family genes, Zp3, Zp4 and Vg. In addition, a total of 19,573 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were screened and identified from the transcriptome sequences. The results of this study can provide valuable information on growth- and sex-related genes and facilitate further exploration of the molecular mechanism of sexual growth dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizi Cai
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Shigang Liu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Xing Miao
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Puqing Song
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Binbin Shan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ranching, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ranching, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China,Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Longshan Lin
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China,Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
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7
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Shah D, Joshi M, Patel BM. Role of NIMA‐related kinase 2 in lung cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutic prospects. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 36:766-776. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darshak Shah
- Institute of Pharmacy Nirma University Ahmedabad India
| | - Mit Joshi
- Institute of Pharmacy Nirma University Ahmedabad India
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8
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Chen J, Gao C, Luo M, Zheng C, Lin X, Ning Y, Ma L, He W, Xie D, Liu K, Hong K, Han C. MicroRNA-202 safeguards meiotic progression by preventing premature SEPARASE-mediated REC8 cleavage. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54298. [PMID: 35712867 PMCID: PMC9346496 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are believed to play important roles in mammalian spermatogenesis but the in vivo functions of single miRNAs in this highly complex developmental process remain unclear. Here, we report that miR-202, a member of the let-7 family, plays an important role in spermatogenesis by phenotypic evaluation of miR-202 knockout (KO) mice. Loss of miR-202 results in spermatocyte apoptosis and perturbation of the zygonema-to-pachynema transition. Multiple processes during meiosis prophase I including synapsis and crossover formation are disrupted, and inter-sister chromatid synapses are detected. Moreover, we demonstrate that Separase mRNA is a miR-202 direct target and provides evidence that miR-202 upregulates REC8 by repressing Separase expression. Therefore, we have identified miR-202 as a new regulating noncoding gene that acts on the established SEPARASE-REC8 axis in meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Chenxu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mengcheng Luo
- Department of Tissue and EmbryologyHubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated DiseaseSchool of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Chunwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xiwen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Yan Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Longfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Kui Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility RegulationCenter of Assisted Reproduction and EmbryologyThe University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Kai Hong
- Department of UrologyPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Chunsheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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9
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Centromere protein F promotes progression of hepatocellular carcinoma through ERK and cell cycle-associated pathways. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:1033-1042. [PMID: 34857915 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest cancer types worldwide. The centromere proteins (CENPs) are critical for the mitosis-related protein complex and are involved in kinetochore assembly and spindle checkpoint signaling during mitosis. However, the clinical significance of CENPs in the recurrence and progression of HCC remains poorly understood. Here, we examined the expression of all CENPs and their association with recurrence and survival of HCC patients using the global gene expression profile dataset established in our laboratory. The effect of silencing CENPF on cell viability, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were detected using CCK-8, transwell, and western blot, respectively. RT-qPCR and western blot were performed to confirm the silencing of CENPF and the relationship between STAT5A and CENPF, while tumorigenesis was tested using the HCC Huh7 xenograft mouse model. Most of the CENPs is overexpressed in HCC, and overexpression of CENPF was significantly associated with the poor survival of HCC patients. CENPF promoted HCC cell lines migration and EMT progression. Knockdown CENPF inhibited cell growth activity against human HCC cells in vitro and xenograft tumors in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that CENPF genes are enriched in the cell cycle. Silencing CENPF arrested cell cycle at the G2/M phase and inhibited Cyclin B1 and Cyclin E1 expressions. Meanwhile, silencing CENPF prohibited phosphorylation of ERK and the expression of NEK2. Additionally, we found that STAT5A down-regulated CENPF expression and inhibited cancer cell growth viability. In conclusion, our data suggested that CENPF could be potentially developed into a theranostic biomarker to tackle HCC progression.
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10
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Naro C, Barbagallo F, Caggiano C, De Musso M, Panzeri V, Di Agostino S, Paronetto MP, Sette C. Functional Interaction Between the Oncogenic Kinase NEK2 and Sam68 Promotes a Splicing Program Involved in Migration and Invasion in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:880654. [PMID: 35530315 PMCID: PMC9068942 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.880654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents the most aggressive breast cancer subtype. Poor prognosis in TNBC is partly due to lack of efficacious targeted therapy and high propensity to metastasize. Dysregulation of alternative splicing has recently emerged as a trait of TNBC, suggesting that unveiling the molecular mechanisms underlying its regulation could uncover new druggable cancer vulnerabilities. The oncogenic kinase NEK2 is significantly upregulated in TNBC and contributes to shaping their unique splicing profile. Herein, we found that NEK2 interacts with the RNA binding protein Sam68 in TNBC cells and that NEK2-mediated phosphorylation of Sam68 enhances its splicing activity. Genome-wide transcriptome analyses identified the splicing targets of Sam68 in TNBC cells and revealed a common set of exons that are co-regulated by NEK2. Functional annotation of splicing-regulated genes highlighted cell migration and spreading as biological processes regulated by Sam68. Accordingly, Sam68 depletion reduces TNBC cell migration and invasion, and these effects are potentiated by the concomitant inhibition of NEK2 activity. Our findings indicate that Sam68 and NEK2 functionally cooperate in the regulation of a splicing program that sustains the pro-metastatic features of TNBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Naro
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of the Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy.,Gemelli SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY PARK (GSTeP)-Organoids Research Core Facility, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Barbagallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Caggiano
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of the Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy.,Gemelli SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY PARK (GSTeP)-Organoids Research Core Facility, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica De Musso
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of the Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Panzeri
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of the Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy.,Gemelli SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY PARK (GSTeP)-Organoids Research Core Facility, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Agostino
- Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Paronetto
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Sette
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of the Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy.,Gemelli SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY PARK (GSTeP)-Organoids Research Core Facility, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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11
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Huang X, Zhang G, Tang T, Gao X, Liang T. One shoot, three birds: Targeting NEK2 orchestrates chemoradiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy in cancer treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188696. [PMID: 35157980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Combinational therapy has improved the cancer therapeutic landscape but is associated with a concomitant increase in adverse side reactions. Emerging evidence proposes that targeting one core target with multiple critical roles in tumors can achieve combined anti-tumor effects. This review focuses on NEK2, a member of serine/threonine kinases, with broad sequence identity to the mitotic regulator NIMA of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Elevated expression of NEK2 was initially found to promote tumorigeneses through abnormal regulation of the cell cycle. Subsequent studies report that NEK2 is overexpressed in a broad spectrum of tumor types and is associated with tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Intriguingly, NEK2 has recently been revealed to mediate tumor immune escape by stabilizing the expression of PD-L1. Targeting NEK2 is thus becoming a promising approach for cancer treatment by orchestrating chemoradiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. It represents a novel strategy for inducing combined anti-cancer effects using a mono-agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Gang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianyu Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Non-Coding RNAs and Splicing Activity in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080736. [PMID: 34440480 PMCID: PMC8399856 DOI: 10.3390/life11080736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common tumors in adolescent and young men. Recently, genome-wide studies have made it possible to progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of tumors. It is becoming increasingly clear that aberrant regulation of RNA metabolism can drive tumorigenesis and influence chemotherapeutic response. Notably, the expression of non-coding RNAs as well as specific splice variants is deeply deregulated in human cancers. Since these cancer-related RNA species are considered promising diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets, understanding their function in cancer development is becoming a major challenge. Here, we summarize how the different expression of RNA species repertoire, including non-coding RNAs and protein-coding splicing variants, impacts on TGCTs’ onset and progression and sustains therapeutic resistance. Finally, the role of transcription-associated R-loop misregulation in the maintenance of genomic stability in TGCTs is also discussed.
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13
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Rivera-Rivera Y, Marina M, Jusino S, Lee M, Velázquez JV, Chardón-Colón C, Vargas G, Padmanabhan J, Chellappan SP, Saavedra HI. The Nek2 centrosome-mitotic kinase contributes to the mesenchymal state, cell invasion, and migration of triple-negative breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9016. [PMID: 33907253 PMCID: PMC8079711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nek2 (NIMA-related kinase 2) is a serine/threonine-protein kinase that localizes to centrosomes and kinetochores, controlling centrosome separation, chromosome attachments to kinetochores, and the spindle assembly checkpoint. These processes prevent centrosome amplification (CA), mitotic dysfunction, and chromosome instability (CIN). Our group and others have suggested that Nek2 maintains high levels of CA/CIN, tumor growth, and drug resistance. We identified that Nek2 overexpression correlates with poor survival of breast cancer. However, the mechanisms driving these phenotypes are unknown. We now report that overexpression of Nek2 in MCF10A cells drives CA/CIN and aneuploidy. Besides, enhanced levels of Nek2 results in larger 3D acinar structures, but could not initiate tumors in a p53+/+ or a p53-/- xenograft model. Nek2 overexpression induced the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) while its downregulation reduced the expression of the mesenchymal marker vimentin. Furthermore, either siRNA-mediated downregulation or INH6's chemical inhibition of Nek2 in MDA-MB-231 and Hs578t cells showed important EMT changes and decreased invasion and migration. We also showed that Slug and Zeb1 are involved in Nek2 mediated EMT, invasion, and migration. Besides its role in CA/CIN, Nek2 contributes to breast cancer progression through a novel EMT mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yainyrette Rivera-Rivera
- Division of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, PO Box 7004, Ponce, 00716-2348, Puerto Rico
| | - Mihaela Marina
- MediTech Media, Two Ravinia Drive, Suite 605, Atlanta, GA, 30346, USA
| | - Shirley Jusino
- Division of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, PO Box 7004, Ponce, 00716-2348, Puerto Rico
| | - Miyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jaleisha Vélez Velázquez
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Ponce, 2151 Santiago de los Caballeros Avenue, Ponce, 00716, Puerto Rico
| | - Camille Chardón-Colón
- Division of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, PO Box 7004, Ponce, 00716-2348, Puerto Rico
| | - Geraldine Vargas
- Division of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, PO Box 7004, Ponce, 00716-2348, Puerto Rico
| | - Jaya Padmanabhan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Srikumar P Chellappan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Harold I Saavedra
- Division of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, PO Box 7004, Ponce, 00716-2348, Puerto Rico.
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14
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Lei WL, Han F, Hu MW, Liang QX, Meng TG, Zhou Q, Ouyang YC, Hou Y, Schatten H, Wang ZB, Sun QY. Protein phosphatase 6 is a key factor regulating spermatogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:1952-1964. [PMID: 31819157 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0472-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 6 (PP6) is a member of the PP2A-like subfamily, which plays a critical role in many fundamental cellular processes. We recently reported that PP6 is essential for female fertility. Here, we report that PP6 is involved in meiotic recombination and that germ cell-specific deletion of PP6 by Stra8-Cre causes defective spermatogenesis. The PP6-deficient spermatocytes were arrested at the pachytene stage and defects in DSB repair and crossover formation were observed, indicating that PP6 facilitated meiotic double-stranded breaks (DSB) repair. Further investigations revealed that depletion of PP6 in the germ cells affected chromatin relaxation, which was dependent on MAPK pathway activity, consequently preventing programmed DSB repair factors from being recruited to proper positions on the chromatin. Taken together, our results demonstrate that PP6 has an important role in meiotic recombination and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Feng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Meng-Wen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qiu-Xia Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, China
| | - Tie-Gang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ying-Chun Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Heide Schatten
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zhen-Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Qing-Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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15
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Tian C, Li Z, Dong Z, Huang Y, Du T, Chen H, Jiang D, Deng S, Zhang Y, Wanida S, Shi H, Wu T, Zhu C, Li G. Transcriptome Analysis of Male and Female Mature Gonads of Silver Sillago ( Sillago sihama). Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E129. [PMID: 30754713 PMCID: PMC6409516 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver sillago (Sillago sihama) is an emerging commercial marine aquaculture species in China. To date, fundamental information on S. sihama, such as genomic information, is lacking, and no data are available on the gonad transcriptome of S. sihama. Here, the first gonadal transcriptomes of S. sihama have been constructed and genes potentially involved in gonadal development and reproduction identified. Illumina sequencing generated 60.18 million clean reads for the testis and 59.10 million for the ovary. All reads were assembled into 74,038 unigenes with a mean length of 1,004 bp and N50 value of 2,190 bp. Among all the predictable unigenes, a total of 34,104 unigenes (46%) were searched against multiple databases, including 33,244 unigenes annotated in the RefSeq Non- Redundant database at NCBI, and 28,924 in Swiss-Prot. By comparing the ovary and testis, 35,367 unigenes were identified as being differentially expressed between males and females, of which 29,127 were upregulated in the testis and 6,240 were upregulated in the ovary. Numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) known to be involved in gonadal development and gametogenesis were identified, including amh, dmrt1, gsdf, cyp19a1a, gnrhr, and zps. Using gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses, the top 20 KEGG pathways with highest number of DEGs were found to be involved in regulating gonadal development and gametogenesis in S. sihama. Moreover, 22,666 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified in 14,577 SSR-containing sequences. The findings provide a valuable dataset for future functional analyses of sex-associated genes and molecular marker assisted selection in S. sihama.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxu Tian
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Zhongdian Dong
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Yang Huang
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Tao Du
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Huapu Chen
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Dongneng Jiang
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Siping Deng
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Yulei Zhang
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Saetan Wanida
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Hongjuan Shi
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Tianli Wu
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Chunhua Zhu
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Guangli Li
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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16
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Tan H, Chen W, Liu Q, Yang G, Li K. Pectin Oligosaccharides Ameliorate Colon Cancer by Regulating Oxidative Stress- and Inflammation-Activated Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1504. [PMID: 30013563 PMCID: PMC6036268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer (CC) is the third common neoplasm worldwide, and it is still a big challenge for exploring new effective medicine for treating CC. Natural product promoting human health has become a hot topic and attracted many researchers recently. Pectin, a complex polysaccharide in plant cell wall, mainly consists of four major types of polysaccharides: homogalacturonan, xylogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan I and II, all of which can be degraded into various pectin oligosaccharides (POS) and may provide abundant resource for exploring potential anticancer drugs. POS have been regarded as a novel class of potential functional food with multiple health-promoting properties. POS have antibacterial activities against some aggressive and recurrent bacterial infection and exert beneficial immunomodulation for controlling CC risk. However, the molecular functional role of POS in the prevention of CC risk and progression remains doubtful. The review focuses on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles of POS for promoting human health by regulating some potential oxidative and inflammation-activated pathways, such as ATP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways. The activation of these signaling pathways increases the antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities, which will result in the apoptosis of CC cells or in the prevention of CC risk and progression. Thus, POS may inhibit CC development by affecting antioxidant and antiinflammatory signaling pathways AMPK, Nrf2, and NF-κB. However, POS also can activate signal transduction and transcriptional activator 1 and 3 signaling pathway, which will reduce antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and promote CC progression. Specific structural and structurally modified POS may be associated with their functions and should be deeply explored in the future. The present review paper lacks the important information for the linkage between the specific structure of POS and its function. To further explore the effects of prebiotic potential of POS and their derivatives on human immunomodulation in the prevention of CC, the specific POS with a certain degree of polymerization or purified polymers are highly demanded to be performed in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Tan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Qishun Liu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Guojun Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Kuikui Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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17
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Fu L, Liu S, Wang H, Ma Y, Li L, He X, Mou X, Tong X, Hu Z, Ru G. Low expression of NEK2 is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma progression and poor prognosis. Cancer Biomark 2018; 20:101-106. [PMID: 28759960 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-170586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NIMA-related kinase 2 (NEK2), a serine/threonine kinase, is located in the centrosome and is a member of cell cycle regulation related protein kinase (CCRK) family. Aberrant expression of NEK2 is linked with carcinogenesis and progression of various tumors. OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression level of NEK2 and its relationship with clinicopathological factors in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of NEK2 in 310 patients' specimen tissues and 197 adjacent normal liver tissues of HCC cases, and the subsequent prognostic value for each sample was estimated. RESULTS NEK2 expression levels in HCC were lower than in adjacent tissues (49.7% vs. 72.6%, P< 0.001). First, patients with relatively low NEK2 expression had increased cancer progression and poorer prognosis than those with high expression. Second, NEK2 expression was significantly reduced in patients with large tumors (P= 0.025), with stage III Edmondson-Steiner Grading (P= 0.015). Third, patients' tumor size positively correlated with high AFP concentration (P= 0.017). Fourth, using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve, we found a lower survival rate in patients with decreased expression of NEK2 than those with high NEK2 expression in HCC (P= 0.029, Log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS Low NEK2 expression might be a useful predictor in HCC as a poor prognostic factor, and could serve as a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoqin Fu
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Suxia Liu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang, China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huiju Wang
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingyu Ma
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Li
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianglei He
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaozhou Mou
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangmin Tong
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiming Hu
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoqing Ru
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
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18
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Maurer JM, Sagerström CG. A parental requirement for dual-specificity phosphatase 6 in zebrafish. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 18:6. [PMID: 29544468 PMCID: PMC5856328 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-018-0164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Signaling cascades, such as the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, play vital roles in early vertebrate development. Signals through these pathways are initiated by a growth factor or hormone, are transduced through a kinase cascade, and result in the expression of specific downstream genes that promote cellular proliferation, growth, or differentiation. Tight regulation of these signals is provided by positive or negative modulators at varying levels in the pathway, and is required for proper development and function. Two members of the dual-specificity phosphatase (Dusp) family, dusp6 and dusp2, are believed to be negative regulators of the ERK pathway and are expressed in both embryonic and adult zebrafish, but their specific roles in embryogenesis remain to be fully understood. Results Using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology, we generated zebrafish lines harboring germ line deletions in dusp6 and dusp2. We do not detect any overt defects in dusp2 mutants, but we find that approximately 50% of offspring from homozygous dusp6 mutants do not proceed through embryonic development. These embryos are fertilized, but are unable to proceed past the first zygotic mitosis and stall at the 1-cell stage for several hours before dying by 10 h post fertilization. We demonstrate that dusp6 is expressed in gonads of both male and female zebrafish, suggesting that loss of dusp6 causes defects in germ cell production. Notably, the 50% of homozygous dusp6 mutants that complete the first cell division appear to progress through embryogenesis normally and give rise to fertile adults. Conclusions The fact that offspring of homozygous dusp6 mutants stall prior to activation of the zygotic genome, suggests that loss of dusp6 affects gametogenesis and/or parentally-directed early development. Further, since only approximately 50% of homozygous dusp6 mutants are affected, we postulate that ERK signaling is tightly regulated and that dusp6 is required to keep ERK signaling within a range that is permissive for proper embryogenesis. Lastly, since dusp6 is expressed throughout zebrafish embryogenesis, but dusp6 mutants do not exhibit defects after the first cell division, it is possible that other regulators of the ERK pathway compensate for loss of dusp6 at later stages. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12861-018-0164-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Maurer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Charles G Sagerström
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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19
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Jiang L, Li T, Zhang X, Zhang B, Yu C, Li Y, Fan S, Jiang X, Khan T, Hao Q, Xu P, Nadano D, Huleihel M, Lunenfeld E, Wang PJ, Zhang Y, Shi Q. RPL10L Is Required for Male Meiotic Division by Compensating for RPL10 during Meiotic Sex Chromosome Inactivation in Mice. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1498-1505.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Never in Mitosis (NIMA) Related Kinase 2 (NEK2) plays a key role in regulating mitotic processes, including centrosome duplication and separation, microtubule stabilization, kinetochore attachment and spindle assembly checkpoint. NEK2 is aberrantly overexpressed in a wide variety of human cancers and has been implicated in various aspects of malignant transformation, including tumorigenesis, drug resistance and tumor progression. The close relationship between NEK2 and cancer has made it an attractive target for anticancer therapeutic development; however, the mechanisms of how NEK2 coordinates altered signaling to malignant transformation remains unclear. In this paper, we discuss the functional roles of NEK2 in cancer development; highlight some of the significant NEK2 signaling in cancer, and summarize recent advances in the development of NEK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Fang
- a Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiongwen Zhang
- a Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University , Shanghai , China
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21
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Construction and analysis of a human testis/sperm-enriched interaction network: Unraveling the PPP1CC2 interactome. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:375-385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Pimenta MT, Francisco RAR, Silva RP, Porto CS, Lazari MFM. Relaxin affects cell organization and early and late stages of spermatogenesis in a coculture of rat testicular cells. Andrology 2015; 3:772-86. [PMID: 26041439 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Relaxin and its receptor RXFP1 are co-expressed in Sertoli cells, and relaxin can stimulate proliferation of Sertoli cells. In this study, we investigated a role of relaxin in spermatogenesis, using a short-term culture of testicular cells of the rat that allowed differentiation of spermatogonia to spermatids. Sertoli, germ, and peritubular myoid cells were the predominant cell types in the culture. Sertoli and germ cells expressed RXFP1. Cultures were incubated without (control) or with 0.5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or 100 ng/mL H2 relaxin (RLN) for 2 days. Cell organization, number, and differentiation were analyzed after 2 (D2), 5 (D5) or 8 (D8) days of culturing. Although the proportion of germ cells decayed from D2 to D5, the relative contribution of HC, 1C, 2C, and 4C germ cell populations remained constant in the control group during the whole culture. RLN did not affect the proportion of germ cell populations compared with control, but increased gene and/or protein expression of the undifferentiated and differentiated spermatogonia markers PLZF and c-KIT, and of the post-meiotic marker Odf2 in D5. RLN favored organization of cells in tubule-like structures, the arrangement of myoid cells around the tubules, arrangement of c-KIT-positive spermatogonia at the basal region of the tubules, and expression of the cell junction protein β-catenin close to the plasma membrane region. Knockdown of relaxin with small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced expression of β-catenin at the cell junctions, and shifted its expression to the nucleus. We propose that relaxin may affect spermatogenesis by modulating spermatogonial self renewal and favoring cell contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Pimenta
- Section of Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R A R Francisco
- Section of Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R P Silva
- Section of Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C S Porto
- Section of Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M F M Lazari
- Section of Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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23
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Role of NEK2A in human cancer and its therapeutic potentials. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:862461. [PMID: 25705694 PMCID: PMC4330945 DOI: 10.1155/2015/862461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) has been identified as a common feature of most human cancers. A number of centrosomal kinases are thought to cause CIN in cancer cells. Part of those centrosomal kinases exhibit elevated expression in a wide variety of tumours and cancer cell lines. Additionally, critical roles in many aspects of cancer cell growth, proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance have been assigned to some of these centrosomal kinases, such as polo-like kinase 1 (PLk1) and Aurora-A kinase. Recent studies from our group and others revealed that a centrosomal kinase, Never in Mitosis (NIMA) Related Kinase 2A (NEK2A), is frequently upregulated in multiple types of human cancers. Uncontrolled activity of NEK2A activates several oncogenic pathways and ABC transporters, thereby leading to CIN, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and enhanced drug resistance. In this paper, we highlight recent findings on the aberrant expression and functional significance of NEK2A in human cancers and emphasize their significance for therapeutic potentials.
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24
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Ran M, Chen B, Wu M, Liu X, He C, Yang A, Li Z, Xiang Y, Li Z, Zhang S. Integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in development of porcine testes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07488f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profile in the development of porcine testes investigates the intricate physiological process in pig testis development and spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoliang Ran
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Hunan Agriculture University
- Changsha
- China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Hunan Agriculture University
- Changsha
- China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal
| | - Maisheng Wu
- Xiangtan Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine and Aquatic Product
- Xiangtan
- China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Hunan Agriculture University
- Changsha
- China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal
| | - Changqing He
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Hunan Agriculture University
- Changsha
- China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal
| | - Anqi Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Hunan Agriculture University
- Changsha
- China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Hunan Agriculture University
- Changsha
- China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal
| | - Yongjun Xiang
- Xiangtan Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine and Aquatic Product
- Xiangtan
- China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Xiangtan Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine and Aquatic Product
- Xiangtan
- China
| | - Shanwen Zhang
- Xiangtan Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine and Aquatic Product
- Xiangtan
- China
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25
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The CSN/COP9 signalosome regulates synaptonemal complex assembly during meiotic prophase I of Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004757. [PMID: 25375142 PMCID: PMC4222726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a conserved protein structure that holds homologous chromosome pairs together throughout much of meiotic prophase I. It is essential for the formation of crossovers, which are required for the proper segregation of chromosomes into gametes. The assembly of the SC is likely to be regulated by post-translational modifications. The CSN/COP9 signalosome has been shown to act in many pathways, mainly via the ubiquitin degradation/proteasome pathway. Here we examine the role of the CSN/COP9 signalosome in SC assembly in the model organism C. elegans. Our work shows that mutants in three subunits of the CSN/COP9 signalosome fail to properly assemble the SC. In these mutants, SC proteins aggregate, leading to a decrease in proper pairing between homologous chromosomes. The reduction in homolog pairing also results in an accumulation of recombination intermediates and defects in repair of meiotic DSBs to form the designated crossovers. The effect of the CSN/COP9 signalosome mutants on synapsis and crossover formation is due to increased neddylation, as reducing neddylation in these mutants can partially suppress their phenotypes. We also find a marked increase in apoptosis in csn mutants that specifically eliminates nuclei with aggregated SC proteins. csn mutants exhibit defects in germline proliferation, and an almost complete pachytene arrest due to an inability to activate the MAPK pathway. The work described here supports a previously unknown role for the CSN/COP9 signalosome in chromosome behavior during meiotic prophase I. Meiosis is a cellular division required for the formation of gametes, and therefore sexual reproduction. Accurate chromosome segregation is dependent on the formation of crossovers, the exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes. A key process in the formation of crossovers is the assembly of the synaptonemal complex (SC) between homologs during prophase I. How functional SC structure forms is still not well understood. Here we identify CSN/COP9 signalosome complex as having a clear role in chromosome synapsis. In CSN/COP9 mutants, SC proteins aggregate and fail to properly assemble on homologous chromosomes. This leads to defects in homolog pairing, repair of meiotic DNA damage and crossover formation. The data in this paper suggest that the role of the CSN/COP9 signalosome is to prevent the aggregation of central region proteins during SC assembly.
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26
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Naro C, Barbagallo F, Chieffi P, Bourgeois CF, Paronetto MP, Sette C. The centrosomal kinase NEK2 is a novel splicing factor kinase involved in cell survival. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:3218-27. [PMID: 24369428 PMCID: PMC3950702 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NEK2 is a serine/threonine kinase that promotes centrosome splitting and ensures correct chromosome segregation during the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, through phosphorylation of specific substrates. Aberrant expression and activity of NEK2 in cancer cells lead to dysregulation of the centrosome cycle and aneuploidy. Thus, a tight regulation of NEK2 function is needed during cell cycle progression. In this study, we found that NEK2 localizes in the nucleus of cancer cells derived from several tissues. In particular, NEK2 co-localizes in splicing speckles with SRSF1 and SRSF2. Moreover, NEK2 interacts with several splicing factors and phosphorylates some of them, including the oncogenic SRSF1 protein. Overexpression of NEK2 induces phosphorylation of endogenous SR proteins and affects the splicing activity of SRSF1 toward reporter minigenes and endogenous targets, independently of SRPK1. Conversely, knockdown of NEK2, like that of SRSF1, induces expression of pro-apoptotic variants from SRSF1-target genes and sensitizes cells to apoptosis. Our results identify NEK2 as a novel splicing factor kinase and suggest that part of its oncogenic activity may be ascribed to its ability to modulate alternative splicing, a key step in gene expression regulation that is frequently altered in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Naro
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome, Italy, Laboratories of Neuroembryology and of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy, Department of Psychology, II University of Naples, Caserta, Italy, Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, F-67400, INSERM U964, F-67400 Illkirch, France and Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Barbagallo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome, Italy, Laboratories of Neuroembryology and of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy, Department of Psychology, II University of Naples, Caserta, Italy, Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, F-67400, INSERM U964, F-67400 Illkirch, France and Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Chieffi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome, Italy, Laboratories of Neuroembryology and of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy, Department of Psychology, II University of Naples, Caserta, Italy, Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, F-67400, INSERM U964, F-67400 Illkirch, France and Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - Cyril F. Bourgeois
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome, Italy, Laboratories of Neuroembryology and of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy, Department of Psychology, II University of Naples, Caserta, Italy, Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, F-67400, INSERM U964, F-67400 Illkirch, France and Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Paronetto
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome, Italy, Laboratories of Neuroembryology and of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy, Department of Psychology, II University of Naples, Caserta, Italy, Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, F-67400, INSERM U964, F-67400 Illkirch, France and Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Sette
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome, Italy, Laboratories of Neuroembryology and of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy, Department of Psychology, II University of Naples, Caserta, Italy, Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, F-67400, INSERM U964, F-67400 Illkirch, France and Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
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27
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Kumar A, Rajendran V, sethumadhavan R, Purohit R. Insight into Nek2A activity regulation and its pharmacological prospects. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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28
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Cappello P, Blaser H, Gorrini C, Lin DCC, Elia AJ, Wakeham A, Haider S, Boutros PC, Mason JM, Miller NA, Youngson B, Done SJ, Mak TW. Role of Nek2 on centrosome duplication and aneuploidy in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:2375-84. [PMID: 23708664 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common solid tumor and the second most common cause of death in women. Despite a large body of literature and progress in breast cancer research, many molecular aspects of this complex disease are still poorly understood, hindering the design of specific and effective therapeutic strategies. To identify the molecules important in breast cancer progression and metastasis, we tested the in vivo effects of inhibiting the functions of various kinases and genes involved in the regulation/modulation of the cytoskeleton by downregulating them in mouse PyMT mammary tumor cells and human breast cancer cell lines. These kinases and cytoskeletal regulators were selected based on their prognostic values for breast cancer patient survival. PyMT tumor cells, in which a selected gene was stably knocked down were injected into the tail veins of mice, and the formation of tumors in the lungs was monitored. One of the several genes found to be important for tumor growth in the lungs was NIMA-related kinases 2 (Nek2), a cell cycle-related protein kinase. Furthermore, Nek2 was also important for tumor growth in the mammary fat pad. In various human breast cancer cell lines, Nek2 knockdown induced aneuploidy and cell cycle arrest that led to cell death. Significantly, the breast cancer cell line most sensitive to Nek2 depletion was of the triple negative breast cancer subtype. Our data indicate that Nek2 has a pivotal role in breast cancer growth at primary and secondary sites, and thus may be an attractive and novel therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cappello
- 1] The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - H Blaser
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Gorrini
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D C C Lin
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT East Tower, MaRS Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A J Elia
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Wakeham
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Haider
- Informatics and Biocomputing Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P C Boutros
- Informatics and Biocomputing Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J M Mason
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT East Tower, MaRS Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - N A Miller
- 1] Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - B Youngson
- 1] Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S J Done
- 1] The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [3] Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - T W Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Moniz L, Dutt P, Haider N, Stambolic V. Nek family of kinases in cell cycle, checkpoint control and cancer. Cell Div 2011; 6:18. [PMID: 22040655 PMCID: PMC3222597 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-6-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Early studies in lower Eukaryotes have defined a role for the members of the NimA related kinase (Nek) family of protein kinases in cell cycle control. Expansion of the Nek family throughout evolution has been accompanied by their broader involvement in checkpoint regulation and cilia biology. Moreover, mutations of Nek family members have been identified as drivers behind the development of ciliopathies and cancer. Recent advances in studying the physiological roles of Nek family members utilizing mouse genetics and RNAi-mediated knockdown are revealing intricate associations of Nek family members with fundamental biological processes. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive account of our understanding of Nek kinase biology and their involvement in cell cycle, checkpoint control and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Moniz
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada.
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30
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Chang HY, Jennings PC, Stewart J, Verrills NM, Jones KT. Essential role of protein phosphatase 2A in metaphase II arrest and activation of mouse eggs shown by okadaic acid, dominant negative protein phosphatase 2A, and FTY720. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:14705-12. [PMID: 21383018 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.193227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate eggs arrest at second meiotic metaphase. The fertilizing sperm causes meiotic exit through Ca(2+)-mediated activation of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Although the loss in activity of the M-phase kinase CDK1 is known to be an essential downstream event of this process, the contribution of phosphatases to arrest and meiotic resumption is less apparent, especially in mammals. Therefore, we explored the role of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in mouse eggs using pharmacological inhibition and activation as well as a functionally dominant-negative catalytic PP2A subunit (dn-PP2Ac-L199P) coupled with live cell imaging. We observed that PP2A inhibition using okadaic acid induced events normally observed at fertilization: degradation of the APC/C substrates cyclin B1 and securin resulting from loss of the APC/C inhibitor Emi2. Although sister chromatids separated, chromatin remained condensed, and polar body extrusion was blocked as a result of a rapid spindle disruption, which could be ameliorated by non-degradable cyclin B1, suggesting that spindle integrity was affected by CDK1 loss. Similar cell cycle effects to okadaic acid were also observed using dominant-negative PP2Ac. Preincubation of eggs with the PP2A activator FTY720 could block many of the actions of okadaic acid, including Emi2, cyclin B1, and securin degradation and sister chromatid separation. Therefore, in conclusion, we used okadaic acid, dn-PP2Ac-L199P, and FTY720 on mouse eggs to demonstrate that PP2A is needed to for both continued metaphase arrest and successful exit from meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Yu Chang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
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31
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Messina V, Di Sauro A, Pedrotti S, Adesso L, Latina A, Geremia R, Rossi P, Sette C. Differential contribution of the MTOR and MNK pathways to the regulation of mRNA translation in meiotic and postmeiotic mouse male germ cells. Biol Reprod 2010; 83:607-15. [PMID: 20574055 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.085050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of stored mRNAs accounts for protein synthesis during the transcriptionally inactive stages of spermatogenesis. A key step in mRNA translation is the assembly of the initiation complex EIF4F, which is regulated by the MTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and MNK1/2 (MAP kinase-interacting kinase 1 and 2) pathways. We investigated the expression and activity of regulatory proteins of these pathways in male germ cells at different stages of differentiation. All translation factors analyzed were expressed in germ cells throughout spermatogenesis. However, while EIF4G and PABP1 (poly[A]-binding protein 1) were more abundant in postmeiotic cells, MTOR and its target EIF4EBP1 (4E-BP1) decreased steadily during spermatogenesis. In vivo labeling showed that pachytene spermatocytes display higher rates of protein synthesis, which are partially dependent on MTOR and MNK activity. By contrast, haploid spermatids are characterized by lower levels of protein synthesis, which are independent of the activity of these pathways. Accordingly, MTOR and MNK activity enhanced formation of the EIF4F complex in pachytene spermatocytes but not in round spermatids. Moreover, external cues differentially modulated the activity of these pathways in meiotic and haploid cells. Heat shock decreased MTOR and MNK activity in pachytene spermatocytes, whereas round spermatids were much less sensitive. On the other hand, treatment with the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid activated MTOR and MNK in both cell types. These results indicate that translational regulation is differentially dependent on the MTOR and MNK pathways in mouse spermatocytes and spermatids and suggest that the late stages of germ cell differentiation display constitutive assembly of the translation initiation complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Messina
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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32
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Kawano N, Ito J, Kashiwazaki N, Yoshida M. Phosphorylation of the MAPK Pathway has an Essential Role in the Acrosome Reaction in Miniature Pig Sperm. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 45:263-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liu Q, Hirohashi Y, Du X, Greene MI, Wang Q. Nek2 targets the mitotic checkpoint proteins Mad2 and Cdc20: a mechanism for aneuploidy in cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2009; 88:225-33. [PMID: 20034488 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mitosis, the duplicated chromosomes are separated and equally distributed to progeny cells under the guidance of the spindle, a dynamic microtubule network. Previous studies revealed a mitotic checkpoint that prevents segregation of the chromosomes until all of the chromosomes are properly attached to microtubules through the kinetochores. A variety of kinetochore-localized proteins, including Mad2 and Cdc20, have been implicated in controlling the mitotic checkpoint. Here we report that both Mad2 and Cdc20 can physically associate with Nek2, a serine/threonine kinase implicated in centrosome functions. We show that, similar to Nek2, the endogenous Cdc20 protein can be detected in the centrosome and the spindle poles. Both Cdc20 and Mad2 can be phosphorylated by Nek2. Moreover, our studies demonstrate that overexpression of Nek2 enhances the ability of Mad2 to induce a delay in mitosis. These observations indicate that Nek2 may act upon the Mad2-Cdc20 protein complex and play a critical role in regulating the mitotic checkpoint protein complex. We propose that overexpression of Nek2 may promote aneuploidy by disrupting the control of the mitotic checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingdu Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, 252 John Morgan Building, 3600 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Wong EWP, Cheng CY. Polarity proteins and cell-cell interactions in the testis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 278:309-53. [PMID: 19815182 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(09)78007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian testes, extensive junction restructuring takes place in the seminiferous epithelium at the Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-germ cell interface to facilitate the different cellular events of spermatogenesis, such as mitosis, meiosis, spermiogenesis, and spermiation. Recent studies in the field have shown that Rho GTPases and polarity proteins play significant roles in the events of cell-cell interactions. Furthermore, Rho GTPases, such as Cdc42, are working in concert with polarity proteins in regulating cell polarization and cell adhesion at both the blood-testis barrier (BTB) and apical ectoplasmic specialization (apical ES) in the testis of adult rats. In this chapter, we briefly summarize recent findings on the latest status of research and development regarding Cdc42 and polarity proteins and how they affect cell-cell interactions in the testis and other epithelia. More importantly, we provide a new model in which how Cdc42 and components of the polarity protein complexes work in concert with laminin fragments, cytokines, and testosterone to regulate the events of cell-cell interactions in the seminiferous epithelium via a local autocrine-based regulatory loop known as the apical ES-BTB-basement membrane axis. This new functional axis coordinates various cellular events during different stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa W P Wong
- Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065, USA
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35
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Cheng CY, Mruk DD. An intracellular trafficking pathway in the seminiferous epithelium regulating spermatogenesis: a biochemical and molecular perspective. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 44:245-63. [PMID: 19622063 PMCID: PMC2758293 DOI: 10.1080/10409230903061207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During spermatogenesis in adult rat testes, fully developed spermatids (i.e. spermatozoa) at the luminal edge of the seminiferous epithelium undergo "spermiation" at stage VIII of the seminiferous epithelial cycle. This is manifested by the disruption of the apical ectoplasmic specialization (apical ES) so that spermatozoa can enter the tubule lumen and to complete their maturation in the epididymis. At the same time, the blood-testis barrier (BTB) located near the basement membrane undergoes extensive restructuring to allow transit of preleptotene spermatocytes so that post-meiotic germ cells complete their development behind the BTB. While spermiation and BTB restructuring take place concurrently at opposite ends of the Sertoli cell epithelium, the biochemical mechanism(s) by which they are coordinated were not known until recently. Studies have shown that fragments of laminin chains are generated from the laminin/integrin protein complex at the apical ES via the action of MMP-2 (matrix metalloprotease-2) at spermiation. These peptides serve as the local autocrine factors to destabilize the BTB. These laminin peptides also exert their effects on hemidesmosome which, in turn, further potentiates BTB restructuring. Thus, a novel apical ES-BTB-hemidesmosome regulatory loop is operating in the seminiferous epithelium to coordinate these two crucial cellular events of spermatogenesis. This functional loop is further assisted by the Par3/Par6-based polarity protein complex in coordination with cytokines and testosterone at the BTB. Herein, we provide a critical review based on the latest findings in the field regarding the regulation of these cellular events. These recent findings also open up a new window for investigators studying blood-tissue barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yan Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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Lie PPY, Cheng CY, Mruk DD. Coordinating cellular events during spermatogenesis: a biochemical model. Trends Biochem Sci 2009; 34:366-73. [PMID: 19535250 PMCID: PMC2804915 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Throughout spermatogenesis, a select pool of germ cells, the leptotene spermatocytes, must traverse the blood-testis barrier (BTB) to enter the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium. This event requires extensive restructuring of cell junctions, and it must also coincide with germ cell cycle progression in preparation for primary spermatocyte meiosis. Recent findings show that cell-cycle-associated kinases and phosphatases, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), participate in the pathways that also direct germ cell adhesion and movement. Our new biochemical model explains, in part, how two distinct cellular events, BTB restructuring and spermiation, are coordinated to maintain spermatogenesis and fertility. In this way, MAPKs would synchronize cell cycle progression in primary spermatocytes with junction remodeling and cell migration across the BTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl P Y Lie
- Center for Biomedical Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Li MWM, Mruk DD, Cheng CY. Mitogen-activated protein kinases in male reproductive function. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:159-68. [PMID: 19303360 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that male reproductive function is modulated via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. The MAPK cascade is involved in numerous male reproductive processes, including spermatogenesis, sperm maturation and activation, capacitation and acrosome reaction, before fertilization of the oocyte. In this review, we discuss the latest findings in this rapidly developing field regarding the role of MAPK in male reproduction in animal models and in human spermatozoa in vitro. This research will facilitate the design of future studies in humans, although much work is needed before this information can be used to manage male infertility and environmental toxicant-induced testicular injury in men, such as blood-testis-barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle W M Li
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Barbagallo F, Paronetto MP, Franco R, Chieffi P, Dolci S, Fry AM, Geremia R, Sette C. Increased expression and nuclear localization of the centrosomal kinase Nek2 in human testicular seminomas. J Pathol 2009; 217:431-41. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Stenzinger A, Schreiner D, Koch P, Hofer HW, Wimmer M. Cell and molecular biology of the novel protein tyrosine-phosphatase-interacting protein 51. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 275:183-246. [PMID: 19491056 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(09)75006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This chapter examines the current state of knowledge about the expression profile, as well as biochemical properties and biological functions of the evolutionarily conserved protein PTPIP51. PTPIP51 is apparently expressed in splice variants and shows a particularly high expression in epithelia, skeletal muscle, placenta, and germ cells, as well as during mammalian development and in cancer. PTPIP51 is an in vitro substrate of Src- and protein kinase A, the PTP1B/TCPTP protein tyrosine phosphatases and interacts with 14-3-3 proteins, the Nuf2 kinetochore protein, the ninein-interacting CGI-99 protein, diacylglycerol kinase alpha, and also with itself forming dimers and trimers. Although the precise cellular function remains to be elucidated, the current data implicate PTPIP51 in signaling cascades mediating proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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40
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Zheng J, Xia X, Ding H, Yan A, Hu S, Gong X, Zong S, Zhang Y, Sheng HZ. Erasure of the paternal transcription program during spermiogenesis: the first step in the reprogramming of sperm chromatin for zygotic development. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:1463-76. [PMID: 18386827 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Male germ cells possess a unique epigenetic program and express a male-specific transcription profile. However, when its chromatin is passed onto the zygote, it expresses an transcription/epigenetic program characteristic of the zygote. The mechanism underlying this reprogramming process is not understood at present. In this study, we show that an extensive range of chromatin factors (CFs), including essential transcription factors and regulators, remodeling factors, histone deacetylases, heterochromatin-binding proteins, and topoisomerases, were removed from chromatin during spermiogenesis. This process will erase the paternal epigenetic program to generate a relatively naive chromatin, which is likely to be essential for installation of the zygotic developmental program after fertilization. We have also showed that transcription termination in male germ cells was temporally correlated with CF dissociation. A genome-wide CF dissociation will inevitably disassemble the transcription apparatus and regulatory mechanism and lead to transcription silence. Based on data presented in this and previous studies (Sun et al., Cell Research [2007] 17:117-134), we propose that paternal-zygotic transcription reprogramming begins with a genome-wide CF dissociation to erase the existing transcription program in later stages of spermatogenesis. This will be followed by assembling of the zygotic equivalent after fertilization. The transcription/epigenetic program of the male germ cell is transformed into a zygotic one using an erase-and-rebuild strategy similar to that used in the maternal-zygotic transition. It is also noted that transcription is terminated long after meiosis is completed and before chromatin becomes highly condensed during spermatogenesis. The temporal order of these events suggests that transcription silence does not have to be coupled to meiosis or chromatin condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junke Zheng
- Center for Developmental Biology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Miura K, Imaki J. Molecular cloning of Ebitein1: a novel extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2-binding protein in testis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 368:336-42. [PMID: 18241670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We cloned a cDNA encoding a novel extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 2-binding protein, EBITEIN1, by yeast two-hybrid screening. Northern and Western blotting experiments showed that the transcript and protein were expressed in the testes. Furthermore, immunohistochemical experiments showed that EBITEIN1 existed at high levels in round spermatids, but at very low levels or not at all in other testicular cells. During spermatogenesis, EBITEIN1 was first translated after meiosis when cells became haploid, then the amount of EBITEIN1 protein gradually increased, reaching a maximum at Oakberg's stage 9. Subsequently, the level of EBITEIN1 decreased such that it was undetectable when the flagellum of the spermatozoon was generated. On a subcellular level, EBITEIN1 localized in the cytoplasm. Based on these results, we propose that EBITEIN1 is an interactor of ERK2 in the intracellular signal transduction pathway that occurs during the morphogenetic development of round spermatids to spermatozoa. The existence of this novel ERK2-interactor indicates that there could be a novel intracellular signaling pathway and/or regulatory mechanism by which ERK2 regulates intracellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Miura
- Department of Developmental Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
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Godet M, Sabido O, Gilleron J, Durand P. Meiotic progression of rat spermatocytes requires mitogen-activated protein kinases of Sertoli cells and close contacts between the germ cells and the Sertoli cells. Dev Biol 2008; 315:173-88. [PMID: 18234180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Progression of germ cells through meiosis is regulated by phosphorylation events. We previously showed the key role of cyclin dependent kinases in meiotic divisions of rat spermatocytes co-cultured with Sertoli cells (SC). In the present study, we used the same culture system to address the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in meiotic progression. Phosphorylated ERK1/2 were detected in vivo and in freshly isolated SC and in pachytene spermatocytes (PS) as early as 3 h after seeding on SC. The yield of the two meiotic divisions and the percentage of highly MPM-2-labeled pachytene and secondary spermatocytes (SII) were decreased in co-cultures treated with U0126, an inhibitor of the ERK-activating kinases, MEK1/2. Pre-incubation of PS with U0126 resulted in a reduced number of in vitro formed round spermatids without modifying the number of SII or the MPM-2 labeling of PS or SII. Conversely, pre-treatment of SC with U0126 led to a decrease in the percentage of highly MPM-2-labeled PS associated with a decreased number of SII and round spermatids. These results show that meiotic progression of spermatocytes is dependent on SC-activated MAPKs. In addition, high MPM-2 labeling was not acquired by PS cultured alone in Sertoli cell conditioned media, indicating a specific need for cell-cell contact between germ cells and SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Godet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon F-69003, France.
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43
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Philonenko ES, Volchkov PY, Mufazalov IA, Kiselev SL, Lagarkova MA. Protein kinases predominately expressed in human ES cell lines during differentiation. CELL AND TISSUE BIOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x07050021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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O'Regan L, Blot J, Fry AM. Mitotic regulation by NIMA-related kinases. Cell Div 2007; 2:25. [PMID: 17727698 PMCID: PMC2018689 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-2-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The NIMA-related kinases represent a family of serine/threonine kinases implicated in cell cycle control. The founding member of this family, the NIMA kinase of Aspergillus nidulans, as well as the fission yeast homologue Fin1, contribute to multiple aspects of mitotic progression including the timing of mitotic entry, chromatin condensation, spindle organization and cytokinesis. Mammals contain a large family of eleven NIMA-related kinases, named Nek1 to Nek11. Of these, there is now substantial evidence that Nek2, Nek6, Nek7 and Nek9 also regulate mitotic events. At least three of these kinases, as well as NIMA and Fin1, have been localized to the microtubule organizing centre of their respective species, namely the centrosome or spindle pole body. Here, they have important functions in microtubule organization and mitotic spindle assembly. Other Nek kinases have been proposed to play microtubule-dependent roles in non-dividing cells, most notably in regulating the axonemal microtubules of cilia and flagella. In this review, we discuss the evidence that NIMA-related kinases make a significant contribution to the orchestration of mitotic progression and thereby protect cells from chromosome instability. Furthermore, we highlight their potential as novel chemotherapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura O'Regan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Joelle Blot
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Andrew M Fry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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45
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Wu W, Baxter JE, Wattam SL, Hayward DG, Fardilha M, Knebel A, Ford EM, da Cruz e Silva EF, Fry AM. Alternative splicing controls nuclear translocation of the cell cycle-regulated Nek2 kinase. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:26431-40. [PMID: 17626005 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704969200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nek2 is a cell cycle-regulated serine/threonine protein kinase that is up-regulated in human cancers. Functionally, it is implicated in control of centrosome separation and bipolar spindle formation in mitotic cells and chromatin condensation in meiotic cells. Two major splice variants have been described in vertebrates, Nek2A and Nek2B, that differ in their non-catalytic C termini. Recently, a third splice variant, Nek2C, was identified that lacks an eight-amino acid internal sequence within the C-terminal domain of Nek2A. This excision occurs at the same position as the Nek2A/Nek2B splice point. As predicted from their high degree of similarity, we show here that Nek2C shares many properties with Nek2A including kinase activity, dimerization, protein phosphatase 1 interaction, mitotic degradation, microtubule binding, and centrosome localization. Unexpectedly, though, the non-centrosomal pool of protein exhibits a marked difference in distribution for the three splice variants. Nek2C is mainly nuclear, Nek2B is mainly cytoplasmic, and Nek2A is evenly distributed within nuclei and cytoplasm. Mutagenesis experiments revealed a functional bipartite nuclear localization sequence (NLS) that spans the splice site leading to Nek2C having a strong NLS, Nek2A having a weak NLS, and Nek2B having no NLS. Finally, we identified a 28-kDa protein in nuclear extracts as a potential novel substrate of Nek2. Thus, alternative splicing provides an unusual mechanism for modulating Nek2 localization, enabling it to have both nuclear and cytoplasmic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wu
- Laboratório de Transdução de Sinais, Centro de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Rellos P, Ivins FJ, Baxter JE, Pike A, Nott TJ, Parkinson DM, Das S, Howell S, Fedorov O, Shen QY, Fry AM, Knapp S, Smerdon SJ. Structure and regulation of the human Nek2 centrosomal kinase. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:6833-42. [PMID: 17197699 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609721200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The dimeric Ser/Thr kinase Nek2 regulates centrosome cohesion and separation through phosphorylation of structural components of the centrosome, and aberrant regulation of Nek2 activity can lead to aneuploid defects characteristic of cancer cells. Mutational analysis of autophosphorylation sites within the kinase domain identified by mass spectrometry shows a complex pattern of positive and negative regulatory effects on kinase activity that are correlated with effects on centrosomal splitting efficiency in vivo. The 2.2-A resolution x-ray structure of the Nek2 kinase domain in complex with a pyrrole-indolinone inhibitor reveals an inhibitory helical motif within the activation loop. This helix presents a steric barrier to formation of the active enzyme and generates a surface that may be exploitable in the design of specific inhibitors that selectively target the inactive state. Comparison of this "auto-inhibitory" conformation with similar arrangements in cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and epidermal growth factor receptor kinase suggests a role for dimerization-dependent allosteric regulation that combines with autophosphorylation and protein phosphatase 1c phosphatase activity to generate the precise spatial and temporal control required for Nek2 function in centrosomal maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rellos
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom
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Vicini E, Loiarro M, Di Agostino S, Corallini S, Capolunghi F, Carsetti R, Chieffi P, Geremia R, Stefanini M, Sette C. 17-beta-estradiol elicits genomic and non-genomic responses in mouse male germ cells. J Cell Physiol 2006; 206:238-45. [PMID: 15991248 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens have been postulated to exert a detrimental effect on spermatogenesis in vivo. Since mouse male germ cells express estrogen receptors, we have investigated whether molecular pathways are activated by estrogen stimulation of these cells. Our results demonstrate that estrogen receptor beta is expressed in mitotic and meiotic male germ cells as well as in the spermatogonia derived GC-1 cell line. By using this cell line, we show that 17-beta-estradiol triggers activation of a transcriptional response that requires a functional estrogen receptor. Moreover, GC-1 cells respond to estrogens by transiently activating a signal transduction pathway that impinges on the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) ERK1 and -2. A similar dose-dependent transient activation of ERKs was also observed in primary mouse spermatocytes in culture. Activation by the estrogen was specific because other steroids such as progesterone and dihydrotestosterone were ineffective and because it could be blocked by the selective inhibitor of the ERK pathway and by competitive inhibitors of the estrogen receptor. Finally, we observed that 17-beta-estradiol does not affect spontaneous or induced apoptosis in cultured mouse spermatocytes, indicating that the apoptotic effects observed in vivo require additional testicular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vicini
- Department of Histology and Medical Embriology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Feige E, Shalom O, Tsuriel S, Yissachar N, Motro B. Nek1 shares structural and functional similarities with NIMA kinase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:272-81. [PMID: 16603261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Aspergillus NIMA serine/threonine kinase plays a pivotal role in controlling entrance into mitosis. A major function attributed to NIMA is the induction of chromatin condensation. We show here that the founder murine NIMA-related kinase, Nek1, is larger than previously reported, and that the full-length protein conserves the structural hallmarks of NIMA. Even though Nek1 bears two classical nuclear localization signals (NLS), the endogenous protein localizes to the cytoplasm. Ectopic overexpression of various Nek1 constructs suggests that the C-terminus of Nek1 bears cytoplasmic localization signal(s). Overexpression of nuclear constructs of Nek1 resulted in abnormal chromatin condensation, with the DNA mainly confined to the periphery of the nucleus. Advanced condensation phenotype was associated with nuclear pore complex dispersal. The condensation was not accompanied by up-regulation of mitotic or apoptotic markers. A similar phenotype has been described following NIMA overexpression, strengthening the notion that the mammalian Nek1 kinase has functional similarity to NIMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Feige
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Paronetto MP, Zalfa F, Botti F, Geremia R, Bagni C, Sette C. The nuclear RNA-binding protein Sam68 translocates to the cytoplasm and associates with the polysomes in mouse spermatocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 17:14-24. [PMID: 16221888 PMCID: PMC1345642 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-06-0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Translational control plays a crucial role during gametogenesis in organisms as different as worms and mammals. Mouse knockout models have highlighted the essential function of many RNA-binding proteins during spermatogenesis. Herein we have investigated the expression and function during mammalian male meiosis of Sam68, an RNA-binding protein implicated in several aspects of RNA metabolism. Sam68 expression and localization within the cells is stage specific: it is expressed in the nucleus of spermatogonia, it disappears at the onset of meiosis (leptotene/zygotene stages), and it accumulates again in the nucleus of pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids. During the meiotic divisions, Sam68 translocates to the cytoplasm where it is found associated with the polysomes. Translocation correlates with serine/threonine phosphorylation and it is blocked by inhibitors of the mitogen activated protein kinases ERK1/2 and of the maturation promoting factor cyclinB-cdc2 complex. Both kinases associate with Sam68 in pachytene spermatocytes and phosphorylate the regulatory regions upstream and downstream of the Sam68 RNA-binding motif. Molecular cloning of the mRNAs associated with Sam68 in mouse spermatocytes reveals a subset of genes that might be posttranscriptionally regulated by this RNA-binding protein during spermatogenesis. We also demonstrate that Sam68 shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in secondary spermatocytes, suggesting that it may promote translation of specific RNA targets during the meiotic divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Paronetto
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, Section of Anatomy, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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50
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Hayward DG, Fry AM. Nek2 kinase in chromosome instability and cancer. Cancer Lett 2005; 237:155-66. [PMID: 16084011 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploidy and chromosome instability are two of the most common abnormalities in cancer cells. They arise through defects in cell division and, specifically, in the unequal segregation of chromosomes between daughter cells during mitosis. A number of cell cycle dependent protein kinases have been identified that control mitotic progression and chromosome segregation. Some of these localize to the centrosome and regulate mitotic spindle formation. One such protein is Nek2, a member of the NIMA-related serine/threonine kinase family. Data are emerging that Nek2 is abnormally expressed in a wide variety of human cancers. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the expression, regulation and function of Nek2, consider how Nek2 may contribute to chromosome instability, and ask whether it might make an attractive target for chemotherapeutic intervention in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Hayward
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Adrian Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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