1
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Rajan A, Fame RM. Brain development and bioenergetic changes. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106550. [PMID: 38849103 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioenergetics describe the biochemical processes responsible for energy supply in organisms. When these changes become dysregulated in brain development, multiple neurodevelopmental diseases can occur, implicating bioenergetics as key regulators of neural development. Historically, the discovery of disease processes affecting individual stages of brain development has revealed critical roles that bioenergetics play in generating the nervous system. Bioenergetic-dependent neurodevelopmental disorders include neural tube closure defects, microcephaly, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, mTORopathies, and oncogenic processes. Developmental timing and cell-type specificity of these changes determine the long-term effects of bioenergetic disease mechanisms on brain form and function. Here, we discuss key metabolic regulators of neural progenitor specification, neuronal differentiation (neurogenesis), and gliogenesis. In general, transitions between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation are regulated in early brain development and in oncogenesis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial maturity play key roles later in differentiation. We also discuss how bioenergetics interface with the developmental regulation of other key neural elements, including the cerebrospinal fluid brain environment. While questions remain about the interplay between bioenergetics and brain development, this review integrates the current state of known key intersections between these processes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Rajan
- Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ryann M Fame
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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2
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Suresh V, Bhattacharya B, Tshuva RY, Danan Gotthold M, Olender T, Bose M, Pradhan SJ, Ben Zeev B, Smith RS, Tole S, Galande S, Harwell C, Baizabal JM, Reiner O. PRDM16 co-operates with LHX2 to shape the human brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.12.553065. [PMID: 37609127 PMCID: PMC10441425 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.12.553065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
PRDM16 is a dynamic transcriptional regulator of various stem cell niches, including adipocytic, hematopoietic, cardiac progenitors, and neural stem cells. PRDM16 has been suggested to contribute to 1p36 deletion syndrome, one of the most prevalent subtelomeric microdeletion syndromes. We report a patient with a de novo nonsense mutation in the PRDM16 coding sequence, accompanied by lissencephaly and microcephaly features. Human stem cells were genetically modified to mimic this mutation, generating cortical organoids that exhibited altered cell cycle dynamics. RNA sequencing of cortical organoids at day 32 unveiled changes in cell adhesion and WNT-signaling pathways. ChIP-seq of PRDM16 identified binding sites in postmortem human fetal cortex, indicating the conservation of PRDM16 binding to developmental genes in mice and humans, potentially at enhancer sites. A shared motif between PRDM16 and LHX2 was identified and further examined through comparison with LHX2 ChIP-seq data from mice. These results suggested a collaborative partnership between PRDM16 and LHX2 in regulating a common set of genes and pathways in cortical radial glia cells, possibly via their synergistic involvement in cortical development.
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3
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de Toledo VHC, Feltrin AS, Barbosa AR, Tahira AC, Brentani H. Sex differences in gene regulatory networks during mid-gestational brain development. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:955607. [PMID: 36061507 PMCID: PMC9428411 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.955607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders differ considerably between males and females, and fetal brain development is one of the most critical periods to determine risk for these disorders. Transcriptomic studies comparing male and female fetal brain have demonstrated that the highest difference in gene expression occurs in sex chromosomes, but several autossomal genes also demonstrate a slight difference that has not been yet explored. In order to investigate biological pathways underlying fetal brain sex differences, we applied medicine network principles using integrative methods such as co-expression networks (CEMiTool) and regulatory networks (netZoo). The pattern of gene expression from genes in the same pathway tend to reflect biologically relevant phenomena. In this study, network analysis of fetal brain expression reveals regulatory differences between males and females. Integrating two different bioinformatics tools, our results suggest that biological processes such as cell cycle, cell differentiation, energy metabolism and extracellular matrix organization are consistently sex-biased. MSET analysis demonstrates that these differences are relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Calegari de Toledo
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Psicopatologia e Terapêutica Psiquiátrica (LIM23), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Carolina Tahira
- Laboratório de Expressão Gênica, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Brentani
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Psicopatologia e Terapêutica Psiquiátrica (LIM23), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Helena Brentani
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4
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Qing X, Zhang G, Wang Z. DNA
damage response in neurodevelopment and neuromaintenance. FEBS J 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Qing
- Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI) Jena Germany
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI) Jena Germany
| | - Zhao‐Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI) Jena Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences Friedrich‐Schiller‐University of Jena Germany
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5
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Reduced chromatin accessibility correlates with resistance to Notch activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2210. [PMID: 35468895 PMCID: PMC9039071 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signalling pathway is a master regulator of cell fate transitions in development and disease. In the brain, Notch promotes neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation, regulates neuronal migration and maturation and can act as an oncogene or tumour suppressor. How NOTCH and its transcription factor RBPJ activate distinct gene regulatory networks in closely related cell types in vivo remains to be determined. Here we use Targeted DamID (TaDa), requiring only thousands of cells, to identify NOTCH and RBPJ binding in NSCs and their progeny in the mouse embryonic cerebral cortex in vivo. We find that NOTCH and RBPJ associate with a broad network of NSC genes. Repression of NSC-specific Notch target genes in intermediate progenitors and neurons correlates with decreased chromatin accessibility, suggesting that chromatin compaction may contribute to restricting NOTCH-mediated transactivation.
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6
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Jiang N, Yang M, Han Y, Zhao H, Sun L. PRDM16 Regulating Adipocyte Transformation and Thermogenesis: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Obesity and Diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:870250. [PMID: 35462933 PMCID: PMC9024053 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.870250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that obesity and diabetes have been major public health concerns and that disease morbidities have been rising continuously, effective treatment for these diseases is urgently needed. Because adipose tissue metabolism is involved in the progression of obesity and diabetes, it might be efficient to target adipocyte metabolic pathways. Positive regulatory domain zinc finger region protein 16 (PRDM16), a transcription factor that is highly expressed in adipocytes, plays a key role in adipose tissue metabolism, such as the browning and thermogenesis of adipocytes, the beigeing of adipocytes, the adipogenic differentiation of myoblasts, and the conversion of visceral adipocytes to subcutaneous adipocytes. Furthermore, clinical and basic studies have shown that the expression of PRDM16 is associated with obesity and diabetes and that PRDM16 signaling participates in the treatment of the two diseases. For example, metformin promotes thermogenesis and alleviates obesity by activating the AMPK/αKG/PRDM16 signaling pathway; rosiglitazone alleviates obesity under the synergistic effect of PRDM16; resveratrol plays an antiobesity role by inducing the expression of PRDM16; liraglupeptide improves insulin resistance by inducing the expression of PRDM16; and mulberry leaves play an anti-inflammatory and antidiabetes role by activating the expression of brown fat cell marker genes (including PRDM16). In this review, we summarize the evidence of PRDM16 involvement in the progression of obesity and diabetes and that PRDM16 may be a promising therapy for obesity and diabetes.
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7
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Fame RM, Lehtinen MK. Mitochondria in Early Forebrain Development: From Neurulation to Mid-Corticogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:780207. [PMID: 34888312 PMCID: PMC8650308 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.780207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Function of the mature central nervous system (CNS) requires a substantial proportion of the body’s energy consumption. During development, the CNS anlage must maintain its structure and perform stage-specific functions as it proceeds through discrete developmental stages. While key extrinsic signals and internal transcriptional controls over these processes are well appreciated, metabolic and mitochondrial states are also critical to appropriate forebrain development. Specifically, metabolic state, mitochondrial function, and mitochondrial dynamics/localization play critical roles in neurulation and CNS progenitor specification, progenitor proliferation and survival, neurogenesis, neural migration, and neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis. With the goal of integrating neurodevelopmental biologists and mitochondrial specialists, this review synthesizes data from disparate models and processes to compile and highlight key roles of mitochondria in the early development of the CNS with specific focus on forebrain development and corticogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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8
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Rienzo M, Di Zazzo E, Casamassimi A, Gazzerro P, Perini G, Bifulco M, Abbondanza C. PRDM12 in Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112030. [PMID: 34769459 PMCID: PMC8585061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PRDM12 is a member of the PRDI-BF1 (positive regulatory domain I-binding factor 1) homologous domain (PRDM)-containing protein family, a subfamily of Kruppel-like zinc finger proteins, controlling key processes in the development of cancer. PRDM12 is expressed in a spatio-temporal manner in neuronal systems where it exerts multiple functions. PRDM12 is essential for the neurogenesis initiation and activation of a cascade of downstream pro-neuronal transcription factors in the nociceptive lineage. PRDM12 inactivation, indeed, results in a complete absence of the nociceptive lineage, which is essential for pain perception. Additionally, PRDM12 contributes to the early establishment of anorexigenic neuron identity and the maintenance of high expression levels of pro-opiomelanocortin, which impacts on the program bodyweight homeostasis. PRDMs are commonly involved in cancer, where they act as oncogenes/tumor suppressors in a “Yin and Yang” manner. PRDM12 is not usually expressed in adult normal tissues but its expression is re-activated in several cancer types. However, little information is currently available on PRDM12 expression in cancers and its mechanism of action has not been thoroughly described. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding PRDM12 by focusing on four main biological processes: neurogenesis, pain perception, oncogenesis and cell metabolism. Moreover, we wish to highlight the importance of future studies focusing on the PRDM12 signaling pathway(s) and its role in cancer onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Rienzo
- Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Amelia Casamassimi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via L. De Crecchio, 80138 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Perini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Ciro Abbondanza
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via L. De Crecchio, 80138 Naples, Italy;
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9
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Iwai R, Ishii T, Fukushima Y, Okamoto T, Ichihashi M, Sasaki Y, Mizuatni KI. Matcha and Its Components Control Angiogenic Potential. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2021; 67:118-125. [PMID: 33952732 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.67.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The brain needs the appropriate capillary networks to maintain normal brain function. Since previous studies showed age-related decrease in the cortical capillaries, it is suggested that protection against capillary aging is critical for maintaining brain function. Epidemiological studies have indicated that brain functions were protected from age-related decline by the long-term consumption of matcha. However, whether matcha has protective effects on capillary aging has not been studied yet. In this study, we utilized Flt1-DsR mice that expressed a red fluorescent protein in vascular endothelial cells to visualize cortical capillaries clearly. We found that cortical capillary density decreased in aging Flt1-DsR mice. Our results of the aortic ring assay and tube formation assay revealed that matcha and its components vitamin K1 and lutein, which are abundant in matcha powder, enhanced the angiogenic potential. Moreover, we evaluated the effect of long-term ingestion of matcha on mouse cortical capillary aging by using imaging experiments. The capillary density of the Flt1-DsR mice, which were fed matcha-containing food, indicated the protective effects of matcha ingestion on capillary aging in a limited cortical layer. These results suggest that biological regulation of matcha and its components affect the angiogenic potential, which is related to the prevention of capillary aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Iwai
- Graduate School of Food and Medicinal Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Takeshi Ishii
- Graduate School of Food and Medicinal Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Yoichi Fukushima
- Department of Health Food Sciences, University of Human Arts and Sciences
| | | | | | - Yasuto Sasaki
- Graduate School of Food and Medicinal Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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10
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Sokpor G, Kerimoglu C, Nguyen H, Pham L, Rosenbusch J, Wagener R, Nguyen HP, Fischer A, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. Loss of BAF Complex in Developing Cortex Perturbs Radial Neuronal Migration in a WNT Signaling-Dependent Manner. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:687581. [PMID: 34220450 PMCID: PMC8243374 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.687581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial neuronal migration is a key neurodevelopmental event indispensable for proper cortical laminar organization. Cortical neurons mainly use glial fiber guides, cell adhesion dynamics, and cytoskeletal remodeling, among other discrete processes, to radially trek from their birthplace to final layer positions. Dysregulated radial migration can engender cortical mis-lamination, leading to neurodevelopmental disorders. Epigenetic factors, including chromatin remodelers have emerged as formidable regulators of corticogenesis. Notably, the chromatin remodeler BAF complex has been shown to regulate several aspects of cortical histogenesis. Nonetheless, our understanding of how BAF complex regulates neuronal migration is limited. Here, we report that BAF complex is required for neuron migration during cortical development. Ablation of BAF complex in the developing mouse cortex caused alteration in the cortical gene expression program, leading to loss of radial migration-related factors critical for proper cortical layer formation. Of note, BAF complex inactivation in cortex caused defective neuronal polarization resulting in diminished multipolar-to-bipolar transition and eventual disruption of radial migration of cortical neurons. The abnormal radial migration and cortical mis-lamination can be partly rescued by downregulating WNT signaling hyperactivity in the BAF complex mutant cortex. By implication, the BAF complex modulates WNT signaling to establish the gene expression program required for glial fiber-dependent neuronal migration, and cortical lamination. Overall, BAF complex has been identified to be crucial for cortical morphogenesis through instructing multiple aspects of radial neuronal migration in a WNT signaling-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cemil Kerimoglu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Huong Nguyen
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Faculty of Biotechnology, Thai Nguyen University of Sciences, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Linh Pham
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robin Wagener
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Neurooncology Clinical Cooperation Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany.,Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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11
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Mizutani KI. [Spatiotemporally Dependent Vascularization Regulates Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:335-341. [PMID: 33642501 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels including arteries, veins, and capillaries, are densely spread throughout the body. One round of systemic blood circulation through these blood vessels occurs approximately every minute, and blood sent by the heart transports oxygen, nutrients, and fluid to cells throughout the body. This nourishes cells, tissues, and organs and maintains homeostasis. The relatively simple structure of blood vessels consists of endothelial cells surrounded by a basal lamina and pericytes covering the outer layer. However, blood vessels patterning markedly varies among tissues. The diversity and plasticity of vascular networks are considered vital for this system to facilitate distinct functions for each tissue. Recent studies revealed that blood vessels create a tissue-specific niche, thus attracting attention as biologically active sites for tissue development. This vascular niche establishes specialized microenvironments through both direct physical contact and secreted-soluble factors. Here, we review advances in our understanding of how the vascular niche is utilized by neural stem and progenitor cells during neocortical development, and describe future perspectives regarding new treatment strategies for neural diseases utilizing this vascular niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Mizutani
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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12
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He L, Jones J, He W, Bjork BC, Wen J, Dai Q. PRDM16 regulates a temporal transcriptional program to promote progression of cortical neural progenitors. Development 2021; 148:dev.194670. [PMID: 33597191 PMCID: PMC7990860 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Radial glia (RG) in the neocortex sequentially generate distinct subtypes of projection neurons, accounting for the diversity and complex assembly of cortical neural circuits. Mechanisms that drive the rapid and precise temporal progression of RG are beginning to be elucidated. Here, we reveal that the RG-specific transcriptional regulator PRDM16 promotes the transition of early to late phase of neurogenesis in the mouse neocortex. Loss of Prdm16 delays the timely progression of RG, leading to defective cortical laminar organization. Our genomic analyses demonstrate that PRDM16 regulates a subset of genes that are dynamically expressed between early and late neurogenesis. We show that PRDM16 suppresses target gene expression through limiting chromatin accessibility of permissive enhancers. We further confirm that crucial target genes regulated by PRDM16 are neuronal specification genes, cell cycle regulators and molecules required for neuronal migration. These findings provide evidence to support the finding that neural progenitors temporally shift the gene expression program to achieve neural cell diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Weiguo He
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bryan C Bjork
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Jiayu Wen
- Department of Genome Sciences, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 2601 Canberra, Australia
| | - Qi Dai
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Emerging Roles of PRDM Factors in Stem Cells and Neuronal System: Cofactor Dependent Regulation of PRDM3/16 and FOG1/2 (Novel PRDM Factors). Cells 2020; 9:cells9122603. [PMID: 33291744 PMCID: PMC7761934 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PRDI-BF1 (positive regulatory domain I-binding factor 1) and RIZ1 (retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc finger gene 1) (PR) homologous domain containing (PRDM) transcription factors are expressed in neuronal and stem cell systems, and they exert multiple functions in a spatiotemporal manner. Therefore, it is believed that PRDM factors cooperate with a number of protein partners to regulate a critical set of genes required for maintenance of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we summarize recent findings about the expression of PRDM factors and function in stem cell and neuronal systems with a focus on cofactor-dependent regulation of PRDM3/16 and FOG1/2. We put special attention on summarizing the effects of the PRDM proteins interaction with chromatin modulators (NuRD complex and CtBPs) on the stem cell characteristic and neuronal differentiation. Although PRDM factors are known to possess intrinsic enzyme activity, our literature analysis suggests that cofactor-dependent regulation of PRDM3/16 and FOG1/2 is also one of the important mechanisms to orchestrate bidirectional target gene regulation. Therefore, determining stem cell and neuronal-specific cofactors will help better understanding of PRDM3/16 and FOG1/2-controlled stem cell maintenance and neuronal differentiation. Finally, we discuss the clinical aspect of these PRDM factors in different diseases including cancer. Overall, this review will help further sharpen our knowledge of the function of the PRDM3/16 and FOG1/2 with hopes to open new research fields related to these factors in stem cell biology and neuroscience.
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14
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Vijayalingam S, Ezekiel UR, Xu F, Subramanian T, Geerling E, Hoelscher B, San K, Ganapathy A, Pemberton K, Tycksen E, Pinto AK, Brien JD, Beck DB, Chung WK, Gurnett CA, Chinnadurai G. Human iPSC-Derived Neuronal Cells From CTBP1-Mutated Patients Reveal Altered Expression of Neurodevelopmental Gene Networks. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:562292. [PMID: 33192249 PMCID: PMC7653094 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.562292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A recurrent de novo mutation in the transcriptional corepressor CTBP1 is associated with neurodevelopmental disabilities in children (Beck et al., 2016, 2019; Sommerville et al., 2017). All reported patients harbor a single recurrent de novo heterozygous missense mutation (p.R342W) within the cofactor recruitment domain of CtBP1. To investigate the transcriptional activity of the pathogenic CTBP1 mutant allele in physiologically relevant human cell models, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from the dermal fibroblasts derived from patients and normal donors. The transcriptional profiles of the iPSC-derived “early” neurons were determined by RNA-sequencing. Comparison of the RNA-seq data of the neurons from patients and normal donors revealed down regulation of gene networks involved in neurodevelopment, synaptic adhesion and anti-viral (interferon) response. Consistent with the altered gene expression patterns, the patient-derived neurons exhibited morphological and electrophysiological abnormalities, and susceptibility to viral infection. Taken together, our studies using iPSC-derived neuron models provide novel insights into the pathological activities of the CTBP1 p.R342W allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vijayalingam
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Uthayashanker R Ezekiel
- Department of Clinical Health Sciences, Doisy College of Health Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Fenglian Xu
- Department of Biology and Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - T Subramanian
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Elizabeth Geerling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Brittany Hoelscher
- Department of Biology and Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - KayKay San
- Department of Clinical Health Sciences, Doisy College of Health Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Aravinda Ganapathy
- Department of Clinical Health Sciences, Doisy College of Health Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kyle Pemberton
- Department of Biology and Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Eric Tycksen
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Amelia K Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - James D Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David B Beck
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christina A Gurnett
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - G Chinnadurai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
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15
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Turrero García M, Baizabal JM, Tran DN, Peixoto R, Wang W, Xie Y, Adam MA, English LA, Reid CM, Brito SI, Booker MA, Tolstorukov MY, Harwell CC. Transcriptional regulation of MGE progenitor proliferation by PRDM16 controls cortical GABAergic interneuron production. Development 2020; 147:dev187526. [PMID: 33060132 PMCID: PMC7687860 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian cortex is populated by neurons derived from neural progenitors located throughout the embryonic telencephalon. Excitatory neurons are derived from the dorsal telencephalon, whereas inhibitory interneurons are generated in its ventral portion. The transcriptional regulator PRDM16 is expressed by radial glia, neural progenitors present in both regions; however, its mechanisms of action are still not fully understood. It is unclear whether PRDM16 plays a similar role in neurogenesis in both dorsal and ventral progenitor lineages and, if so, whether it regulates common or unique networks of genes. Here, we show that Prdm16 expression in mouse medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) progenitors is required for maintaining their proliferative capacity and for the production of proper numbers of forebrain GABAergic interneurons. PRDM16 binds to cis-regulatory elements and represses the expression of region-specific neuronal differentiation genes, thereby controlling the timing of neuronal maturation. PRDM16 regulates convergent developmental gene expression programs in the cortex and MGE, which utilize both common and region-specific sets of genes to control the proliferative capacity of neural progenitors, ensuring the generation of correct numbers of cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diana N Tran
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rui Peixoto
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wengang Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yajun Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manal A Adam
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lauren A English
- Summer Honors Undergraduate Research Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher M Reid
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Salvador I Brito
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew A Booker
- Department of Informatics and Analytics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Y Tolstorukov
- Department of Informatics and Analytics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Corey C Harwell
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Watanabe C, Imaizumi T, Kawai H, Suda K, Honma Y, Ichihashi M, Ema M, Mizutani KI. Aging of the Vascular System and Neural Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:557384. [PMID: 33132896 PMCID: PMC7550630 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.557384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates have acquired complex high-order functions facilitated by the dispersion of vascular and neural networks to every corner of the body. Blood vessels deliver oxygen and nutrients to all cells and provide essential transport systems for removing waste products. For these functions, tissue vascularization must be spatiotemporally appropriate. Recent studies revealed that blood vessels create a tissue-specific niche, thus attracting attention as biologically active sites for tissue development. Each capillary network is critical for maintaining proper brain function because age-related and disease-related impairment of cognitive function is associated with the loss or diminishment of brain capillaries. This review article highlights how structural and functional alterations in the brain vessels may change with age and neurogenerative diseases. Capillaries are also responsible for filtering toxic byproducts, providing an appropriate vascular environment for neuronal function. Accumulation of amyloid β is a key event in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. Recent studies have focused on associations reported between Alzheimer’s disease and vascular aging. Furthermore, the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatic systems contribute to a functional unit for clearance of amyloid β from the brain from the central nervous system into the cervical lymph nodes. This review article will also focus on recent advances in stem cell therapies that aim at repopulation or regeneration of a degenerating vascular system for neural diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Watanabe
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Imaizumi
- Basic Research Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kawai
- Basic Research Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuma Suda
- Basic Research Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoichi Honma
- Basic Research Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Ichihashi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Mizutani
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
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17
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Leszczyński P, Śmiech M, Salam Teeli A, Haque E, Viger R, Ogawa H, Pierzchała M, Taniguchi H. Deletion of the Prdm3 Gene Causes a Neuronal Differentiation Deficiency in P19 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197192. [PMID: 33003409 PMCID: PMC7582457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PRDM (PRDI-BF1 (positive regulatory domain I-binding factor 1) and RIZ1 (retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc finger gene 1) homologous domain-containing) transcription factors are a group of proteins that have a significant impact on organ development. In our study, we assessed the role of Prdm3 in neurogenesis and the mechanisms regulating its expression. We found that Prdm3 mRNA expression was induced during neurogenesis and that Prdm3 gene knockout caused premature neuronal differentiation of the P19 cells and enhanced the growth of non-neuronal cells. Interestingly, we found that Gata6 expression was also significantly upregulated during neurogenesis. We further studied the regulatory mechanism of Prdm3 expression. To determine the role of GATA6 in the regulation of Prdm3 mRNA expression, we used a luciferase-based reporter assay and found that Gata6 overexpression significantly increased the activity of the Prdm3 promoter. Finally, the combination of retinoic acid receptors α and β, along with Gata6 overexpression, further increased the activity of the luciferase reporter. Taken together, our results suggest that in the P19 cells, PRDM3 contributed to neurogenesis and its expression was stimulated by the synergism between GATA6 and the retinoic acid signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Leszczyński
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Laboratory for Genome Editing and Transcriptional Regulation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (P.L.); (M.Ś.); (A.S.T.); (E.H.)
| | - Magdalena Śmiech
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Laboratory for Genome Editing and Transcriptional Regulation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (P.L.); (M.Ś.); (A.S.T.); (E.H.)
| | - Aamir Salam Teeli
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Laboratory for Genome Editing and Transcriptional Regulation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (P.L.); (M.Ś.); (A.S.T.); (E.H.)
| | - Effi Haque
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Laboratory for Genome Editing and Transcriptional Regulation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (P.L.); (M.Ś.); (A.S.T.); (E.H.)
| | - Robert Viger
- Reproduction, Mother and Child Health, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval and Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle (CRDSI), Quebec, QC GIV4G2, Canada;
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproduction, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Hidesato Ogawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Mariusz Pierzchała
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Genomics and Biodiversity, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland;
| | - Hiroaki Taniguchi
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Laboratory for Genome Editing and Transcriptional Regulation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (P.L.); (M.Ś.); (A.S.T.); (E.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-736-70-95
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18
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Mizutani KI. [Neuro-vascular Interactions during Neocortical Development-Systematic and Accurate Regulatory Mechanisms of VEGF Signaling]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 140:521-527. [PMID: 32238635 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients to all the cells in a living body, and provide essential transport routes for collecting waste products. For these functions, blood vessel networks should be appropriately formed in each tissue. Therefore, blood vessels are one of the earliest organs formed during the developmental process. Development of the blood vessel system promotes tissue differentiation and organ morphogenesis, allowing each organ to maintain its unique functions under changing metabolic conditions. Blood vessels have a relatively simple structure, consisting of endothelial cells covering the inner layer, and pericytes or smooth muscle cells surrounding the outside. The structure of the vascular network is extremely diverse, with blood vessels uniquely organized depending on the tissues they serve, to create tissue-specific microenvironments. How are such tissue-specific vascular environments generated? Over the years, anatomical findings have accumulated to confirm this vascular diversity. However, the molecular basis for this diversity has remained unclear. In the present article, we review the mechanisms of coordinated developmental control of the vascular and neural systems in the cerebral cortex from the viewpoint of the accurate expression control of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, and describe future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Mizutani
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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19
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Cypris O, Eipel M, Franzen J, Rösseler C, Tharmapalan V, Kuo CC, Vieri M, Nikolić M, Kirschner M, Brümmendorf TH, Zenke M, Lampert A, Beier F, Wagner W. PRDM8 reveals aberrant DNA methylation in aging syndromes and is relevant for hematopoietic and neuronal differentiation. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:125. [PMID: 32819411 PMCID: PMC7439574 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00914-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) and idiopathic aplastic anemia (AA) are bone marrow failure syndromes that share characteristics of premature aging with severe telomere attrition. Aging is also reflected by DNA methylation changes, which can be utilized to predict donor age. There is evidence that such epigenetic age predictions are accelerated in premature aging syndromes, but it is yet unclear how this is related to telomere length. DNA methylation analysis may support diagnosis of DKC and AA, which still remains a challenge for these rare diseases. RESULTS In this study, we analyzed blood samples of 70 AA and 18 DKC patients to demonstrate that their epigenetic age predictions are overall increased, albeit not directly correlated with telomere length. Aberrant DNA methylation was observed in the gene PRDM8 in DKC and AA as well as in other diseases with premature aging phenotype, such as Down syndrome and Hutchinson-Gilford-Progeria syndrome. Aberrant DNA methylation patterns were particularly found within subsets of cell populations in DKC and AA samples as measured with barcoded bisulfite amplicon sequencing (BBA-seq). To gain insight into the functional relevance of PRDM8, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with heterozygous and homozygous knockout. Loss of PRDM8 impaired hematopoietic and neuronal differentiation of iPSCs, even in the heterozygous knockout clone, but it did not impact on epigenetic age. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results demonstrate that epigenetic aging is accelerated in DKC and AA, independent from telomere attrition. Furthermore, aberrant DNA methylation in PRDM8 provides another biomarker for bone marrow failure syndromes and modulation of this gene in cellular subsets may be related to the hematopoietic and neuronal phenotypes observed in premature aging syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Cypris
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, Aachen, Germany
| | - Monika Eipel
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Franzen
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, Aachen, Germany
| | - Corinna Rösseler
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vithurithra Tharmapalan
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, Aachen, Germany
| | - Chao-Chung Kuo
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, Aachen, Germany
| | - Margherita Vieri
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Miloš Nikolić
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Kirschner
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim H. Brümmendorf
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering – Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Beier
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering – Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
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20
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Chui A, Zhang Q, Dai Q, Shi SH. Oxidative stress regulates progenitor behavior and cortical neurogenesis. Development 2020; 147:dev.184150. [PMID: 32041791 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Orderly division of radial glial progenitors (RGPs) in the developing mammalian cerebral cortex generates deep and superficial layer neurons progressively. However, the mechanisms that control RGP behavior and precise neuronal output remain elusive. Here, we show that the oxidative stress level progressively increases in the developing mouse cortex and regulates RGP behavior and neurogenesis. As development proceeds, numerous gene pathways linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress exhibit drastic changes in RGPs. Selective removal of PRDM16, a transcriptional regulator highly expressed in RGPs, elevates ROS level and induces expression of oxidative stress-responsive genes. Coinciding with an enhanced level of oxidative stress, RGP behavior was altered, leading to abnormal deep and superficial layer neuron generation. Simultaneous expression of mitochondrially targeted catalase to reduce cellular ROS levels significantly suppresses cortical defects caused by PRDM16 removal. Together, these findings suggest that oxidative stress actively regulates RGP behavior to ensure proper neurogenesis in the mammalian cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Chui
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Qiangqiang Zhang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Qi Dai
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Song-Hai Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Center of Biological Molecules, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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21
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Van der Veen DR, Laing EE, Bae SE, Johnston JD, Dijk DJ, Archer SN. A Topological Cluster of Differentially Regulated Genes in Mice Lacking PER3. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:15. [PMID: 32116548 PMCID: PMC7031657 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the human circadian clock gene PERIOD3 (PER3) are associated with a wide variety of phenotypes such as diurnal preference, delayed sleep phase disorder, sleep homeostasis, cognitive performance, bipolar disorder, type 2 diabetes, cardiac regulation, cancer, light sensitivity, hormone and cytokine secretion, and addiction. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenotypic associations remain unknown. Per3 knockout mice (Per3-/- ) have phenotypes related to activity, sleep homeostasis, anhedonia, metabolism, and behavioral responses to light. Using a protocol that induces behavioral differences in response to light in wild type and Per3-/- mice, we compared genome-wide expression in the eye and hypothalamus in the two genotypes. Differentially expressed transcripts were related to inflammation, taste, olfactory and melatonin receptors, lipid metabolism, cell cycle, ubiquitination, and hormones, as well as receptors and channels related to sleep regulation. Differentially expressed transcripts in both tissues co-localized with Per3 on an ∼8Mbp region of distal chromosome 4. The most down-regulated transcript is Prdm16, which is involved in adipocyte differentiation and may mediate altered body mass accumulation in Per3-/- mice. eQTL analysis with BXD mouse strains showed that the expression of some of these transcripts and also others co-localized at distal chromosome 4, is correlated with brain tissue expression levels of Per3 with a highly significant linkage to genetic variation in that region. These data identify a cluster of transcripts on mouse distal chromosome 4 that are co-regulated with Per3 and whose expression levels correlate with those of Per3. This locus lies within a topologically associating domain island that contains many genes with functional links to several of the diverse non-circadian phenotypes associated with polymorphisms in human PER3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan R Van der Veen
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma E Laing
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Sung-Eun Bae
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Johnston
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon N Archer
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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22
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PRDM16 orchestrates angiogenesis via neural differentiation in the developing brain. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2313-2329. [PMID: 32015502 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays crucial roles in maintaining the complex operation of central nervous system (CNS) development. The architecture of communication between neurogenesis and angiogenesis is essential to maintain normal brain development and function. Hence, any disruption of neuron-vascular communications may lead to the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular diseases and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Here we demonstrate that neural differentiation and communication are required for vascular development. Regarding the cellular and molecular mechanism, our results show that PRDM16 activity determines the production of mature neurons and their specific positions in the neocortex. In the cortical plate (CP), aberrant neurons fail to secrete modular calcium-binding protein 1 (SMOC1), an important neuronal signal that participates in neurovascular communication to regulate CNS angiogenesis. Neuronal SMOC1 interacts with TGFBR1 by activating the transcription factors phospho-Smad2/3 to convey intercellular signals to endothelial cells (ECs) in the TGF-β-Smad signaling pathway. Together, our results highlight a crucial coordinated neurovascular development process orchestrated by PRDM16 and reveal the importance of intimate communication for building the neurovascular network during brain development.
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23
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Abstract
The neocortex is the largest part of the mammalian brain and is the seat of our higher cognitive functions. This outstanding neural structure increased massively in size and complexity during evolution in a process recapitulated today during the development of extant mammals. Accordingly, defects in neocortical development commonly result in severe intellectual and social deficits. Thus, understanding the development of the neocortex benefits from understanding its evolution and disease and also informs about their underlying mechanisms. Here, I briefly summarize the most recent and outstanding advances in our understanding of neocortical development and focus particularly on dorsal progenitors and excitatory neurons. I place special emphasis on the specification of neural stem cells in distinct classes and their proliferation and production of neurons and then discuss recent findings on neuronal migration. Recent discoveries on the genetic evolution of neocortical development are presented with a particular focus on primates. Progress on all these fronts is being accelerated by high-throughput gene expression analyses and particularly single-cell transcriptomics. I end with novel insights into the involvement of microglia in embryonic brain development and how improvements in cultured cerebral organoids are gradually consolidating them as faithful models of neocortex development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Borrell
- Institute of Neuroscience, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Miguel Hernández, Ramon y Cajal s/n, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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24
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Komabayashi-Suzuki M, Yamanishi E, Watanabe C, Okamura M, Tabata H, Iwai R, Ajioka I, Matsushita J, Kidoya H, Takakura N, Okamoto T, Kinoshita K, Ichihashi M, Nagata KI, Ema M, Mizutani KI. Spatiotemporally Dependent Vascularization Is Differently Utilized among Neural Progenitor Subtypes during Neocortical Development. Cell Rep 2019; 29:1113-1129.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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25
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Takashima S, Watanabe C, Ema M, Mizutani KI. Interaction of the nervous system and vascular system is required for the proper assembly of the neocortex. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Stine RR, Sakers AP, TeSlaa T, Kissig M, Stine ZE, Kwon CW, Cheng L, Lim HW, Kaestner KH, Rabinowitz JD, Seale P. PRDM16 Maintains Homeostasis of the Intestinal Epithelium by Controlling Region-Specific Metabolism. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:830-845.e8. [PMID: 31564549 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic pathways dynamically regulate tissue development and maintenance. However, the mechanisms that govern the metabolic adaptation of stem or progenitor cells to their local niche are poorly understood. Here, we define the transcription factor PRDM16 as a region-specific regulator of intestinal metabolism and epithelial renewal. PRDM16 is selectively expressed in the upper intestine, with enrichment in crypt-resident progenitor cells. Acute Prdm16 deletion in mice triggered progenitor apoptosis, leading to diminished epithelial differentiation and severe intestinal atrophy. Genomic and metabolic analyses showed that PRDM16 transcriptionally controls fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in crypts. Expression of this PRDM16-driven FAO program was highest in the upper small intestine and declined distally. Accordingly, deletion of Prdm16 or inhibition of FAO selectively impaired the development and maintenance of upper intestinal enteroids, and these effects were rescued by acetate treatment. Collectively, these data reveal that regionally specified metabolic programs regulate intestinal maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Stine
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Alexander P Sakers
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tara TeSlaa
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Megan Kissig
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Chan Wook Kwon
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lan Cheng
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hee-Woong Lim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Zhou R, Mao Y, Xiong L, Li L. Integrated Transcriptome Analysis of microRNA and mRNA in Mouse Skin Derived Precursors (SKPs) and SKP Derived Fibroblast (SFBs) by RNA-Seq. Curr Genomics 2019; 20:49-60. [PMID: 31015791 PMCID: PMC6446482 DOI: 10.2174/1389202919666181012145416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Skin-derived precursors (SKPs) display the characteristics of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. Objective: The study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms of mouse SKPs differentiation into SKP-derived fibroblasts (SFBs). Methods: We compared the microRNA (miRNA) profile in mouse SKPs and SFBs by RNA sequenc-ing. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to validate the miRNA expression. The integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression data was performed to explore the potential crosstalk of miRNA-mRNA in SKP differentiation. Results: 207 differentially expressed miRNAs and 835 miRNA target genes in the gene list of integrated mRNA expression profiling were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that cell differentiation and cell proliferation process were significantly enriched. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed the target genes were significantly most enriched in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, cancer pathways and axon guidance signaling pathway. The most upregulated and downregulated target genes were involved in the Wnt, Notch, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, TGF-β, p53 and apoptotic signaling pathway. The miRNA-mRNA regulatory net-works and 507 miRNA-mRNA pairs were constructed. Seven miRNAs (miR-486-3p, miR-504-5p, miR-149-3p, miR-31-5p, miR-484, miR-328-5p and miR-22-5p) and their target genes Wnt4, Dlx2, Se-ma4f, Kit, Kitl, Inpp5d, Igfbp3, Prdm16, Sfn, Irf6 and Clu were identified as miRNA-mRNA crosstalk pairs. Conclusion: These genes and signaling pathways might control SKPs proliferation and SKPs differen-tiation into SFBs during the process of SKPs differentiation, which might promote the application of SKPs in the clinical treatment of skin-related diseases by regulating SKPs proliferation and SKPs differ-entiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongying Zhou
- 1Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China; 2Department of Dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu610072, China
| | - Yujie Mao
- 1Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China; 2Department of Dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu610072, China
| | - Lidan Xiong
- 1Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China; 2Department of Dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu610072, China
| | - Li Li
- 1Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China; 2Department of Dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu610072, China
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28
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PRDM Histone Methyltransferase mRNA Levels Increase in Response to Curative Hormone Treatment for Cryptorchidism-Dependent Male Infertility. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9080391. [PMID: 30071651 PMCID: PMC6116052 DOI: 10.3390/genes9080391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a correlation between cryptorchidism and an increased risk of testicular cancer and infertility. During orchidopexy, testicular biopsies are performed to confirm the presence of type A dark (Ad) spermatogonia, which are a marker for low infertility risk (LIR). The Ad spermatogonia are absent in high infertility risk (HIR) patients, who are treated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) to significantly lower the risk of infertility. Despite its prevalence, little is known about the molecular events involved in cryptorchidism. Previously, we compared the transcriptomes of LIR versus HIR patients treated with and without hormones. Here, we interpreted data regarding members of the positive regulatory domain-containing (PRDM) family; some of which encoded histone methyltransferases that are important for reproduction. We found there were lower levels of PRDM1, PRDM6, PRDM9, PRDM13, and PRDM14 mRNA in the testes of HIR patients compared with LIR patients, and that PRDM7, PRDM9, PRDM12, and PRDM16 were significantly induced after GnRHa treatment. Furthermore, we observed PRDM9 protein staining in the cytoplasm of germ cells in the testes from LIR and HIR patients, indicating that the mRNA and protein levels corresponded. This result indicated that the curative hormonal therapy for cryptorchidism involved conserved chromatin modification enzymes.
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Motifome comparison between modern human, Neanderthal and Denisovan. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:472. [PMID: 29914355 PMCID: PMC6006668 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability of the genomes of two archaic humans, Neanderthal and Denisovan, and that of modern humans provides researchers an opportunity to investigate genetic differences between these three subspecies on a genome-wide scale. Here we describe an algorithm that predicts statistically significant motifs based on the difference between a given motif's actual and expected distributions. The algorithm was previously applied to plants but was modified for this work. RESULTS The result of applying the algorithm to the human, Neanderthal, and Denisovan genomes is a catalog of potential regulatory motifs in these three human subspecies. We examined the distributions of these motifs in genetic elements including human retroviruses, human accelerated regions, and human accelerated conserved noncoding sequences regions. Differences in these distributions could be the origin of differences in phenotype between the three subspecies. Twenty significant motifs common to all three genomes were found; thirty-three were found in endogenous retroviruses in Neanderthal and Denisovan. Ten of these motifs mapped to the 22 bp core of MiR-1304. The core of this genetic element regulates the ENAM and AMTN genes, which take part in odontogenesis and whose 3' UTRs contained significant motifs. The introns of 20 genes were found to contain a large number of significant motifs, which were also overrepresented in 49 human accelerated regions. These genes include NAV2, SorCS2, TRAPPC9, GRID1, PRDM16, CAMTA1, and ASIC which are all involved in neuroregulation. Further analysis of these genes using the GO database indicates that many are associated with neurodevelopment. Also, varying numbers of significant motifs were found to occur in regions of the Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes that are missing from the human genome, suggesting further functional differences between modern and archaic humans. CONCLUSION Although Neanderthal and Denisovan are now extinct, detailed examination of elements from their genomes can shed light on possible phenotypic and cognitive differences between these two archaic human subspecies and modern humans. Genetic similarities and differences between these three subspecies and other fossil hominids would also be of interest.
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Baizabal JM, Mistry M, García MT, Gómez N, Olukoya O, Tran D, Johnson MB, Walsh CA, Harwell CC. The Epigenetic State of PRDM16-Regulated Enhancers in Radial Glia Controls Cortical Neuron Position. Neuron 2018; 98:945-962.e8. [PMID: 29779941 PMCID: PMC6667181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The epigenetic landscape is dynamically remodeled during neurogenesis. However, it is not understood how chromatin modifications in neural stem cells instruct the formation of complex structures in the brain. We report that the histone methyltransferase PRDM16 is required in radial glia to regulate lineage-autonomous and stage-specific gene expression programs that control number and position of upper layer cortical projection neurons. PRDM16 regulates the epigenetic state of transcriptional enhancers to activate genes involved in intermediate progenitor cell production and repress genes involved in cell migration. The histone methyltransferase domain of PRDM16 is necessary in radial glia to promote cortical neuron migration through transcriptional silencing. We show that repression of the gene encoding the E3 ubiquitin ligase PDZRN3 by PRDM16 determines the position of upper layer neurons. These findings provide insights into how epigenetic control of transcriptional enhancers in radial glial determines the organization of the mammalian cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meeta Mistry
- Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Nicolás Gómez
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olubusola Olukoya
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diana Tran
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew B Johnson
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Corey C Harwell
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Mizutani KI. Physiological significance of multipolar cells generated from neural stem cells and progenitors for the establishment of neocortical cytoarchitecture. Genes Cells 2017; 23:6-15. [PMID: 29193520 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis encompasses an entire set of events that leads to the generation of newborn neurons from neural stem cells and more committed progenitor cells, including cell division, the production of migratory precursors and their progeny, differentiation and integration into circuits. In particular, the precise control of neuronal migration and morphological changes is essential for the development of the neocortex. Postmitotic cells within the intermediate zone have been found to transiently assume a characteristic "multipolar" morphology, after which a multipolar-to-bipolar transition occurs before the cells enter the cortical plate; however, the importance of this multipolar phase in the establishment of mature cortical cytoarchitecture and the precise genetic control of this phase remains largely unknown. Thus, this review article focuses on the multipolar phase in the developing neocortex. It begins by summarizing the molecular mechanism that underlies multipolar migration for the regulation of each step in multipolar phase in intermediate zone. The physiological significance of this multipolar phase in the establishment of mature cortical lamination and neurodevelopmental disorders associated with migration defects is then described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Mizutani
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
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A Prdm8 target gene Ebf3 regulates multipolar-to-bipolar transition in migrating neocortical cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:388-394. [PMID: 29113800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Precise control of neuronal migration is essential for the development of the neocortex. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal migration remain largely unknown. Here we identified helix-loop-helix transcription factor Ebf3 as a Prdm8 target gene, and found that Ebf3 is a key regulator of neuronal migration via multipolar-to-bipolar transition. Ebf3 knockdown cells exhibited severe defects in the formation of leading processes and an inhibited shift to the locomotion mode. Moreover, we found that Ebf3 knockdown represses NeuroD1 transcription, and NeuroD1 overexpression partially rescued migration defects in Ebf3 knockdown cells. Our findings highlight the critical role of Ebf3 in multipolar-to-bipolar transition via positive feedback regulation of NeuroD1 in the developing neocortex.
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Groman-Lupa S, Adewumi J, Park KU, Brzezinski JA. The Transcription Factor Prdm16 Marks a Single Retinal Ganglion Cell Subtype in the Mouse Retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:5421-5433. [PMID: 29053761 PMCID: PMC5656415 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) can be categorized into roughly 30 distinct subtypes. How these subtypes develop is poorly understood, in part because few unique subtype markers have been characterized. We tested whether the Prdm16 transcription factor is expressed by RGCs as a class or within particular ganglion cell subtypes. Methods Embryonic and mature retinal sections and flatmount preparations were examined by immunohistochemistry for Prdm16 and several other cell type-specific markers. To visualize the morphology of Prdm16+ cells, we utilized Thy1-YFP-H transgenic mice, where a small random population of RGCs expresses yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) throughout the cytoplasm. Results Prdm16 was expressed in the retina starting late in embryogenesis. Prdm16+ cells coexpressed the RGC marker Brn3a. These cells were arranged in an evenly spaced pattern and accounted for 2% of all ganglion cells. Prdm16+ cells coexpressed parvalbumin, but not calretinin, melanopsin, Smi32, or CART. This combination of marker expression and morphology data from Thy1-YFP-H mice suggested that the Prdm16+ cells represented a single ganglion cell subtype. Prdm16 also marked vascular endothelial cells and mural cells of retinal arterioles. Conclusions A single subtype of ganglion cell appears to be uniquely marked by Prdm16 expression. While the precise identity of these ganglion cells is unclear, they most resemble the G9 subtype described by Völgyi and colleagues in 2009. Future studies are needed to determine the function of these ganglion cells and whether Prdm16 regulates their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Groman-Lupa
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Joseph Adewumi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Ko Uoon Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Joseph A. Brzezinski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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