1
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Recouvreux P. Locally fast, globally slow. Biophys J 2024:S0006-3495(24)00481-8. [PMID: 39033328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Recouvreux
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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2
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Naganathan SR. An emerging role for tissue plasticity in developmental precision. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:987-995. [PMID: 38716859 PMCID: PMC11346420 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Reproducible tissue morphology is a fundamental feature of embryonic development. To ensure such robustness during tissue morphogenesis, inherent noise in biological processes must be buffered. While redundant genes, parallel signaling pathways and intricate network topologies are known to reduce noise, over the last few years, mechanical properties of tissues have been shown to play a vital role. Here, taking the example of somite shape changes, I will discuss how tissues are highly plastic in their ability to change shapes leading to increased precision and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundar Ram Naganathan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
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3
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Milinkovitch MC, Jahanbakhsh E, Zakany S. The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Reaction Diffusion in Vertebrate Skin Color Patterning. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2023; 39:145-174. [PMID: 37843926 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-024414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
In 1952, Alan Turing published the reaction-diffusion (RD) mathematical framework, laying the foundations of morphogenesis as a self-organized process emerging from physicochemical first principles. Regrettably, this approach has been widely doubted in the field of developmental biology. First, we summarize Turing's line of thoughts to alleviate the misconception that RD is an artificial mathematical construct. Second, we discuss why phenomenological RD models are particularly effective for understanding skin color patterning at the meso/macroscopic scales, without the need to parameterize the profusion of variables at lower scales. More specifically, we discuss how RD models (a) recapitulate the diversity of actual skin patterns, (b) capture the underlying dynamics of cellular interactions, (c) interact with tissue size and shape, (d) can lead to ordered sequential patterning, (e) generate cellular automaton dynamics in lizards and snakes, (f) predict actual patterns beyond their statistical features, and (g) are robust to model variations. Third, we discuss the utility of linear stability analysis and perform numerical simulations to demonstrate how deterministic RD emerges from the underlying chaotic microscopic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel C Milinkovitch
- Laboratory of Artificial and Natural Evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Ebrahim Jahanbakhsh
- Laboratory of Artificial and Natural Evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Szabolcs Zakany
- Laboratory of Artificial and Natural Evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland;
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4
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Pierini G, Dahmann C. Hedgehog morphogen gradient is robust towards variations in tissue morphology in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8454. [PMID: 37231029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During tissue development, gradients of secreted signaling molecules known as morphogens provide cells with positional information. The mechanisms underlying morphogen spreading have been widely studied, however, it remains largely unexplored whether the shape of morphogen gradients is influenced by tissue morphology. Here, we developed an analysis pipeline to quantify the distribution of proteins within a curved tissue. We applied it to the Hedgehog morphogen gradient in the Drosophila wing and eye-antennal imaginal discs, which are flat and curved tissues, respectively. Despite a different expression profile, the slope of the Hedgehog gradient was comparable between the two tissues. Moreover, inducing ectopic folds in wing imaginal discs did not affect the slope of the Hedgehog gradient. Suppressing curvature in the eye-antennal imaginal disc also did not alter the Hedgehog gradient slope but led to ectopic Hedgehog expression. In conclusion, through the development of an analysis pipeline that allows quantifying protein distribution in curved tissues, we show that the Hedgehog gradient is robust towards variations in tissue morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pierini
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Dahmann
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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5
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Cervera J, Manzanares JA, Levin M, Mafe S. Transplantation of fragments from different planaria: A bioelectrical model for head regeneration. J Theor Biol 2023; 558:111356. [PMID: 36403806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Head-tail planaria morphologies are influenced by the electric potential differences across the animal's primary axis, as evidenced e.g. by voltage-sensitive dyes and functional experiments that create permanent lines of 2-headed but genetically wild-type animals. However, bioelectrical and biochemical models that make predictions on what would happen in the case of spatial chimeras made by tissue transplantation from different planaria (different species and head shapes) are lacking. Here, we use a bioelectrical model to qualitatively describe the effects of tissue transplantation on the shape of the regenerated head. To this end, we assume that the cells may have distinct sets of ion channels and ascribe the system outcome to the axial distributions of average cell potentials over morphologically relevant regions. Our rationale is that the distributions of signaling ions and molecules are spatially coupled with multicellular electric potentials. Thus, long-time downstream transcriptional events should be triggered by short-time bioelectrical processes. We show that relatively small differences between the ion channel characteristics of the cells could eventually give noticeable changes in the electric potential profiles and the expected morphological deviations, which suggests that small but timely bioelectrical actions may have significant morphological effects. Our approach is based on the observed relationships between bioelectrical regionalization and biochemical gradients in body-plan studies. Such models are relevant to regenerative, developmental, and cancer biology in which cells with distinct properties and morphogenetic target states confront each other in the same tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cervera
- Dept. Termodinàmica, Facultat de Física, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - José A Manzanares
- Dept. Termodinàmica, Facultat de Física, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Michael Levin
- Dept. of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Salvador Mafe
- Dept. Termodinàmica, Facultat de Física, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
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6
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Uriu K, Morelli LG. Orchestration of tissue shape changes and gene expression patterns in development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 147:24-33. [PMID: 36631335 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In development, tissue shape changes and gene expression patterns give rise to morphogenesis. Understanding tissue shape changes requires the analysis of mechanical properties of the tissue such as tissue rigidity, cell influx from neighboring tissues, cell shape changes and cell proliferation. Local and global gene expression patterns can be influenced by neighbor exchange and tissue shape changes. Here we review recent studies on the mechanisms for tissue elongation and its influences on dynamic gene expression patterns by focusing on vertebrate somitogenesis. We first introduce mechanical and biochemical properties of the segmenting tissue that drive tissue elongation. Then, we discuss patterning in the presence of cell mixing, scaling of signaling gradients, and dynamic phase waves of rhythmic gene expression under tissue shape changes. We also highlight the importance of theoretical approaches to address the relation between tissue shape changes and patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Uriu
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan.
| | - Luis G Morelli
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Polo Científico Tecnológico, Godoy Cruz 2390, C1425FQD, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Física, FCEyN UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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7
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Petersen CP. Wnt signaling in whole-body regeneration. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 153:347-380. [PMID: 36967200 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration abilities are widespread among animals and select species can restore any body parts removed by wounds that sever the major body axes. This capability of whole-body regeneration as exemplified in flatworm planarians, Acoels, and Cnidarians involves initial responses to injury, the assessment of wound site polarization, determination of missing tissue and programming of blastema fate, and patterned outgrowth to restore axis content and proportionality. Wnt signaling drives many shared and conserved aspects of the biology of whole-body regeneration in the planarian species Schmidtea mediterranea and Dugesia japonica, in the Acoel Hofstenia miamia, and in Cnidarians Hydra and Nematostella. These overlapping mechanisms suggest whole-body regeneration might be an ancestral property across diverse animal taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Petersen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; Robert Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.
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8
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Morales-Navarrete H, Müller P. Gastrulation: Nodal signaling controls ordered collective cell migration. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R1354-R1356. [PMID: 36538889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
By combining classical embryological experiments, advanced imaging, and active-particle simulations, a new study reveals how the coupling of signaling and active mechanical forces triggers the collective ordered internalization of mesendoderm cells during gastrulation in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Morales-Navarrete
- University of Konstanz, Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- University of Konstanz, Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
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9
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A group theoretic approach to model comparison with simplicial representations. J Math Biol 2022; 85:48. [PMID: 36209430 PMCID: PMC9548478 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-022-01807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe complexity of biological systems, and the increasingly large amount of associated experimental data, necessitates that we develop mathematical models to further our understanding of these systems. Because biological systems are generally not well understood, most mathematical models of these systems are based on experimental data, resulting in a seemingly heterogeneous collection of models that ostensibly represent the same system. To understand the system we therefore need to understand how the different models are related to each other, with a view to obtaining a unified mathematical description. This goal is complicated by the fact that a number of distinct mathematical formalisms may be employed to represent the same system, making direct comparison of the models very difficult. A methodology for comparing mathematical models based on their underlying conceptual structure is therefore required. In previous work we developed an appropriate framework for model comparison where we represent models, specifically the conceptual structure of the models, as labelled simplicial complexes and compare them with the two general methodologies of comparison by distance and comparison by equivalence. In this article we continue the development of our model comparison methodology in two directions. First, we present a rigorous and automatable methodology for the core process of comparison by equivalence, namely determining the vertices in a simplicial representation, corresponding to model components, that are conceptually related and the identification of these vertices via simplicial operations. Our methodology is based on considerations of vertex symmetry in the simplicial representation, for which we develop the required mathematical theory of group actions on simplicial complexes. This methodology greatly simplifies and expedites the process of determining model equivalence. Second, we provide an alternative mathematical framework for our model-comparison methodology by representing models as groups, which allows for the direct application of group-theoretic techniques within our model-comparison methodology.
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10
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Shen J, Liu F, Tang C. Scaling dictates the decoder structure. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:1486-1495. [PMID: 36546192 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite fluctuations in embryo size within a species, the spatial gene expression pattern and hence the embryonic structure can nonetheless maintain the correct proportion to the embryo size. This is known as the scaling phenomenon. For morphogen-induced patterning of gene expression, the positional information encoded in the local morphogen concentrations is decoded by the downstream genetic network (the decoder). In this paper, we show that the requirement of scaling sets severe constraints on the geometric structure of such a local decoder, which in turn enables deduction of mutants' behavior and extraction of regulation information without going into any molecular details. We demonstrate that the Drosophila gap gene system achieves scaling in the way consistent with our theory-the decoder geometry required by scaling correctly accounts for the observed gap gene expression pattern in nearly all maternal morphogen mutants. Furthermore, the regulation logic and the coding/decoding strategy of the gap gene system can also be revealed from the decoder geometry. Our work provides a general theoretical framework for a large class of problems where scaling output is achieved by non-scaling inputs and a local decoder, as well as a unified understanding of scaling, mutants' behavior, and gene regulation for the Drosophila gap gene system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiang Shen
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chao Tang
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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11
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Gordeeva O, Gordeev A, Erokhov P. Archetypal Architecture Construction, Patterning, and Scaling Invariance in a 3D Embryoid Body Differentiation Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:852071. [PMID: 35573693 PMCID: PMC9091174 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.852071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-organized patterning and architecture construction studying is a priority goal for fundamental developmental and stem cell biology. To study the spatiotemporal patterning of pluripotent stem cells of different origins, we developed a three-dimensional embryoid body (EB) differentiation model quantifying volumetric parameters and investigated how the EB architecture formation, patterning, and scaling depend on the proliferation, cavitation, and differentiation dynamics, external environmental factors, and cell numbers. We identified three similar spatiotemporal patterns in the EB architectures, regardless of cell origin, which constitute the EB archetype and mimick the pre-gastrulation embryonic patterns. We found that the EB patterning depends strongly on cellular positional information, culture media factor/morphogen content, and free diffusion from the external environment and between EB cell layers. However, the EB archetype formation is independent of the EB size and initial cell numbers forming EBs; therefore, it is capable of scaling invariance and patterning regulation. Our findings indicate that the underlying principles of reaction-diffusion and positional information concepts can serve as the basis for EB architecture construction, patterning, and scaling. Thus, the 3D EB differentiation model represents a highly reproducible and reliable platform for experimental and theoretical research on developmental and stem cell biology issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gordeeva
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Gordeev
- National Institutes of Health’s National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pavel Erokhov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Leigh ND, Currie JD. Re-building limbs, one cell at a time. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1389-1403. [PMID: 35170828 PMCID: PMC9545806 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
New techniques for visualizing and interrogating single cells hold the key to unlocking the underlying mechanisms of salamander limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Leigh
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Joshua D Currie
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, 455 Vine Street, Winston-Salem, USA
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13
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Richardson MK, Keuck G. The revolutionary developmental biology of Wilhelm His, Sr. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1131-1160. [PMID: 35106889 PMCID: PMC9304566 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Swiss‐born embryologist Wilhelm His, Sr. (1831–1904) was the first scientist to study embryos using paraffin histology, serial sectioning and three‐dimensional modelling. With these techniques, His made many important discoveries in vertebrate embryology and developmental neurobiology, earning him two Nobel Prize nominations. He also developed several theories of mechanical and evolutionary developmental biology. His argued that adult form is determined by the differential growth of developmental primordia. Furthermore, he suggested that changes in the growth parameters of those primordia are responsible for generating new phenotypes during evolution. His developed these theories in his book ‘Our Bodily Form’ (Unsere Körperform). Here, we review His's work with special emphasis on its potential importance to the disciplines of evolutionary developmental biology (evo‐devo) and mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Richardson
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, 2333 BE, The Netherlands
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14
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Orlov EE, Nesterenko AM, Korotkova DD, Parshina EA, Martynova NY, Zaraisky AG. Targeted search for scaling genes reveals matrixmetalloproteinase 3 as a scaler of the dorsal-ventral pattern in Xenopus laevis embryos. Dev Cell 2021; 57:95-111.e12. [PMID: 34919801 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
How embryos scale patterning according to size is still not fully understood. Through in silico screening and analysis of reaction-diffusion systems that could be responsible for scaling, we predicted the existence of genes whose expression is sensitive to embryo size and which regulate the scaling of embryonic patterning. To find these scalers, we identified genes with strongly altered expression in half-size Xenopus laevis embryos compared with full-size siblings at the gastrula stage. Among found genes, we investigated the role of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (mmp3), which was most strongly downregulated in half-size embryos. We show that Mmp3 scales dorsal-ventral patterning by degrading the slowly diffusing embryonic inducers Noggin1 and Noggin2 but preventing cleavage of the more rapidly diffusing inducer Chordin via degradation of a Tolloid-type proteinase. In addition to unraveling the mechanism underlying the scaling of dorsal-ventral patterning, this work provides proof of principal for scalers identification in embryos of other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeny E Orlov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey M Nesterenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria D Korotkova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elena A Parshina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Yu Martynova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey G Zaraisky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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15
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Harmansa S, Lecuit T. Forward and feedback control mechanisms of developmental tissue growth. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203750. [PMID: 34610484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The size and proportions of animals are tightly controlled during development. How this is achieved remains poorly understood. The control of organ size entails coupling of cellular growth and cell division on one hand, and the measure of organ size on the other. In this review we focus on three layers of growth control consisting of genetic patterning, notably chemical gradients, mechanics and energetics which are complemented by a systemic control unit that modulates growth in response to the nutritional conditions and coordinates growth between different organs so as to maintain proportions. Growth factors, often present as concentration dependent chemical gradients, are positive inducers of cellular growth that may be considered as deterministic cues, hence acting as organ-intrinsic controllers of growth. However, the exponential growth dynamics in many developing tissues necessitate more stringent growth control in the form of negative feedbacks. Feedbacks endow biological systems with the capacity to quickly respond to perturbations and to correct the growth trajectory to avoid overgrowth. We propose to integrate chemical, mechanical and energetic control over cellular growth in a framework that emphasizes the self-organizing properties of organ-autonomous growth control in conjunction with systemic organ non-autonomous feedback on growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Harmansa
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems (CENTURI), Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems (CENTURI), Marseille, France; Collège de France, Paris, France.
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16
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Abstract
Plants exhibit remarkable lineage plasticity, allowing them to regenerate organs that differ from their respective origins. Such developmental plasticity is dependent on the activity of pluripotent founder cells or stem cells residing in meristems. At the shoot apical meristem (SAM), the constant flow of cells requires continuing cell specification governed by a complex genetic network, with the WUSCHEL transcription factor and phytohormone cytokinin at its core. In this review, I discuss some intriguing recent discoveries that expose new principles and mechanisms of patterning and cell specification acting both at the SAM and, prior to meristem organogenesis during shoot regeneration. I also highlight unanswered questions and future challenges in the study of SAM and meristem regeneration. Finally, I put forward a model describing stochastic events mediated by epigenetic factors to explain how the gene regulatory network might be initiated at the onset of shoot regeneration. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leor Eshed Williams
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
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17
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Cervera J, Levin M, Mafe S. Morphology changes induced by intercellular gap junction blocking: A reaction-diffusion mechanism. Biosystems 2021; 209:104511. [PMID: 34411690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complex anatomical form is regulated in part by endogenous physiological communication between cells; however, the dynamics by which gap junctional (GJ) states across tissues regulate morphology are still poorly understood. We employed a biophysical modeling approach combining different signaling molecules (morphogens) to qualitatively describe the anteroposterior and lateral morphology changes in model multicellular systems due to intercellular GJ blockade. The model is based on two assumptions for blocking-induced patterning: (i) the local concentrations of two small antagonistic morphogens diffusing through the GJs along the axial direction, together with that of an independent, uncoupled morphogen concentration along an orthogonal direction, constitute the instructive patterns that modulate the morphological outcomes, and (ii) the addition of an external agent partially blocks the intercellular GJs between neighboring cells and modifies thus the establishment of these patterns. As an illustrative example, we study how the different connectivity and morphogen patterns obtained in presence of a GJ blocker can give rise to novel head morphologies in regenerating planaria. We note that the ability of GJs to regulate the permeability of morphogens post-translationally suggests a mechanism by which different anatomies can be produced from the same genome without the modification of gene-regulatory networks. Conceptually, our model biosystem constitutes a reaction-diffusion information processing mechanism that allows reprogramming of biological morphologies through the external manipulation of the intercellular GJs and the resulting changes in instructive biochemical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cervera
- Dept. Termodinàmica, Facultat de Física, Universitat de València, E-46100, Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Michael Levin
- Dept. of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155-4243, USA
| | - Salvador Mafe
- Dept. Termodinàmica, Facultat de Física, Universitat de València, E-46100, Burjassot, Spain
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18
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Guillermin O, Angelis N, Sidor CM, Ridgway R, Baulies A, Kucharska A, Antas P, Rose MR, Cordero J, Sansom O, Li VSW, Thompson BJ. Wnt and Src signals converge on YAP-TEAD to drive intestinal regeneration. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105770. [PMID: 33950519 PMCID: PMC8246259 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signalling induces a gradient of stem/progenitor cell proliferation along the crypt-villus axis of the intestine, which becomes expanded during intestinal regeneration or tumour formation. The YAP transcriptional co-activator is known to be required for intestinal regeneration, but its mode of regulation remains controversial. Here we show that the YAP-TEAD transcription factor is a key downstream effector of Wnt signalling in the intestine. Loss of YAP activity by Yap/Taz conditional knockout results in sensitivity of crypt stem cells to apoptosis and reduced cell proliferation during regeneration. Gain of YAP activity by Lats1/2 conditional knockout is sufficient to drive a crypt hyperproliferation response. In particular, Wnt signalling acts transcriptionally to induce YAP and TEAD1/2/4 expression. YAP normally localises to the nucleus only in crypt base stem cells, but becomes nuclear in most intestinal epithelial cells during intestinal regeneration after irradiation, or during organoid growth, in a Src family kinase-dependent manner. YAP-driven crypt expansion during regeneration involves an elongation and flattening of the Wnt signalling gradient. Thus, Wnt and Src-YAP signals cooperate to drive intestinal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriane Guillermin
- Epithelial Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Nikolaos Angelis
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Clara M Sidor
- Epithelial Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Rachel Ridgway
- Colorectal Cancer and Wnt signalling LaboratoryCancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | - Anna Baulies
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Anna Kucharska
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Pedro Antas
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Melissa R Rose
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Julia Cordero
- Institute of Cancer SciencesWolfson Wohl Cancer Research CentreBearsdenUK
| | - Owen Sansom
- Colorectal Cancer and Wnt signalling LaboratoryCancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | - Vivian S W Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Barry J Thompson
- Epithelial Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- EMBL Australia ACRF Department of Cancer Biology & TherapeuticsJohn Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityActonACTAustralia
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19
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Reassembling gastrulation. Dev Biol 2021; 474:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Madamanchi A, Mullins MC, Umulis DM. Diversity and robustness of bone morphogenetic protein pattern formation. Development 2021; 148:dev192344. [PMID: 33795238 PMCID: PMC8034876 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pattern formation by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) demonstrates remarkable plasticity and utility in several contexts, such as early embryonic development, tissue patterning and the maintenance of stem cell niches. BMPs pattern tissues over many temporal and spatial scales: BMP gradients as short as 1-2 cell diameters maintain the stem cell niche of the Drosophila germarium over a 24-h cycle, and BMP gradients of several hundred microns establish dorsal-ventral tissue specification in Drosophila, zebrafish and Xenopus embryos in timescales between 30 min and several hours. The mechanisms that shape BMP signaling gradients are also incredibly diverse. Although ligand diffusion plays a dominant role in forming the gradient, a cast of diffusible and non-diffusible regulators modulate gradient formation and confer robustness, including scale invariance and adaptability to perturbations in gene expression and growth. In this Review, we document the diverse ways that BMP gradients are formed and refined, and we identify the core principles that they share to achieve reliable performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasakiran Madamanchi
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Polytechnic Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David M Umulis
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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21
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Stapornwongkul KS, Vincent JP. Generation of extracellular morphogen gradients: the case for diffusion. Nat Rev Genet 2021; 22:393-411. [PMID: 33767424 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-021-00342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cells within developing tissues rely on morphogens to assess positional information. Passive diffusion is the most parsimonious transport model for long-range morphogen gradient formation but does not, on its own, readily explain scaling, robustness and planar transport. Here, we argue that diffusion is sufficient to ensure robust morphogen gradient formation in a variety of tissues if the interactions between morphogens and their extracellular binders are considered. A current challenge is to assess how the affinity for extracellular binders, as well as other biophysical and cell biological parameters, determines gradient dynamics and shape in a diffusion-based transport system. Technological advances in genome editing, tissue engineering, live imaging and in vivo biophysics are now facilitating measurement of these parameters, paving the way for mathematical modelling and a quantitative understanding of morphogen gradient formation and modulation.
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22
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Symmetry Breaking as an Interdisciplinary Concept Unifying Cell and Developmental Biology. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010086. [PMID: 33430209 PMCID: PMC7825676 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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23
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Subban P, Kutsher Y, Evenor D, Belausov E, Zemach H, Faigenboim A, Bocobza S, Timko MP, Reuveni M. Shoot Regeneration Is Not a Single Cell Event. PLANTS 2020; 10:plants10010058. [PMID: 33383798 PMCID: PMC7823732 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Shoot regeneration is a key tool of modern plant biotechnology. While many researchers use this process empirically, very little is known about the early molecular genetic factors and signaling events that lead to shoot regeneration. Using tobacco as a model system, we found that the inductive events required for shoot regeneration occur in the first 4–5 days following incubation on regeneration medium. Leaf segments placed on regeneration medium did not produce shoots if removed from the medium before four days indicating this time frame is crucial for the induction of shoot regeneration. Leaf segments placed on regeneration medium for longer than five days maintain the capacity to produce shoots when removed from the regeneration medium. Analysis of gene expression during the early days of incubation on regeneration medium revealed many changes occurring with no single expression pattern evident among major gene families previously implicated in developmental processes. For example, expression of Knotted gene family members increased during the induction period, whereas transcription factors from the Wuschel gene family were unaltered during shoot induction. Expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation increased steadily on regeneration medium while expression of NAC genes varied. No obvious possible candidate genes or developmental processes could be identified as a target for the early events (first few days) in the induction of shoot regeneration. On the other hand, observations during the early stages of regeneration pointed out that regeneration does not occur from a single cell but a group of cells. We observed that while cell division starts just as leaf segments are placed on regeneration medium, only a group of cells could become shoot primordia. Still, these primordia are not identifiable during the first days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patharajan Subban
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (P.S.); (Y.K.); (D.E.); (E.B.); (H.Z.); (A.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Yaarit Kutsher
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (P.S.); (Y.K.); (D.E.); (E.B.); (H.Z.); (A.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Dalia Evenor
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (P.S.); (Y.K.); (D.E.); (E.B.); (H.Z.); (A.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (P.S.); (Y.K.); (D.E.); (E.B.); (H.Z.); (A.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Hanita Zemach
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (P.S.); (Y.K.); (D.E.); (E.B.); (H.Z.); (A.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (P.S.); (Y.K.); (D.E.); (E.B.); (H.Z.); (A.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Samuel Bocobza
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (P.S.); (Y.K.); (D.E.); (E.B.); (H.Z.); (A.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Michael P. Timko
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA;
| | - Moshe Reuveni
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (P.S.); (Y.K.); (D.E.); (E.B.); (H.Z.); (A.F.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Chen H, Qian W, Good MC. Integrating cellular dimensions with cell differentiation during early development. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 67:109-117. [PMID: 33152556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Early embryo development is characterized by alteration of cellular dimensions and fating of blastomeres. An emerging concept is that cell size and shape drive cellular differentiation during early embryogenesis in a variety of model organisms. In this review, we summarize recent advances that elucidate the contribution of the physical dimensions of a cell to major embryonic transitions and cell fate specification in vivo. We also highlight techniques and newly evolving methods for manipulating the sizes and shapes of cells and whole embryos in situ and ex vivo. Finally, we provide an outlook for addressing fundamental questions in the field and more broadly uncovering how changes to cell size control decision making in a variety of biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wenchao Qian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew C Good
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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25
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López-Gay JM, Nunley H, Spencer M, di Pietro F, Guirao B, Bosveld F, Markova O, Gaugue I, Pelletier S, Lubensky DK, Bellaïche Y. Apical stress fibers enable a scaling between cell mechanical response and area in epithelial tissue. Science 2020; 370:370/6514/eabb2169. [PMID: 33060329 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biological systems tailor their properties and behavior to their size throughout development and in numerous aspects of physiology. However, such size scaling remains poorly understood as it applies to cell mechanics and mechanosensing. By examining how the Drosophila pupal dorsal thorax epithelium responds to morphogenetic forces, we found that the number of apical stress fibers (aSFs) anchored to adherens junctions scales with cell apical area to limit larger cell elongation under mechanical stress. aSFs cluster Hippo pathway components, thereby scaling Hippo signaling and proliferation with area. This scaling is promoted by tricellular junctions mediating an increase in aSF nucleation rate and lifetime in larger cells. Development, homeostasis, and repair entail epithelial cell size changes driven by mechanical forces; our work highlights how, in turn, mechanosensitivity scales with cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M López-Gay
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Hayden Nunley
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meryl Spencer
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Florencia di Pietro
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Boris Guirao
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Floris Bosveld
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Olga Markova
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Gaugue
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pelletier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - David K Lubensky
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France. .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005 Paris, France
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26
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Landge AN, Jordan BM, Diego X, Müller P. Pattern formation mechanisms of self-organizing reaction-diffusion systems. Dev Biol 2020; 460:2-11. [PMID: 32008805 PMCID: PMC7154499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic development is a largely self-organizing process, in which the adult body plan arises from a ball of cells with initially nearly equal potency. The reaction-diffusion theory first proposed by Alan Turing states that the initial symmetry in embryos can be broken by the interplay between two diffusible molecules, whose interactions lead to the formation of patterns. The reaction-diffusion theory provides a valuable framework for self-organized pattern formation, but it has been difficult to relate simple two-component models to real biological systems with multiple interacting molecular species. Recent studies have addressed this shortcoming and extended the reaction-diffusion theory to realistic multi-component networks. These efforts have challenged the generality of previous central tenets derived from the analysis of simplified systems and guide the way to a new understanding of self-organizing processes. Here, we discuss the challenges in modeling multi-component reaction-diffusion systems and how these have recently been addressed. We present a synthesis of new pattern formation mechanisms derived from these analyses, and we highlight the significance of reaction-diffusion principles for developmental and synthetic pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit N Landge
- Systems Biology of Development Group, Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin M Jordan
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02143, USA
| | - Xavier Diego
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Barcelona Outstation, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Müller
- Systems Biology of Development Group, Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Modeling Tumorigenesis Group, Translational Oncology Division, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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27
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De Pascale MR, Della Mura N, Vacca M, Napoli C. Useful applications of growth factors for cardiovascular regenerative medicine. Growth Factors 2020; 38:35-63. [PMID: 33028111 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2020.1825410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel advances for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) include regenerative approaches for fibrosis, hypertrophy, and neoangiogenesis. Studies indicate that growth factor (GF) signaling could promote heart repair since most of the evidence is derived from preclinical models. Observational studies have evaluated GF serum/plasma levels as feasible biomarkers for risk stratification of CVDs. Noteworthy, two clinical interventional published studies showed that the administration of growth factors (GFs) induced beneficial effect on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), myocardial perfusion, end-systolic volume index (ESVI). To date, large scale ongoing studies are in Phase I-II and mostly focussed on intramyocardial (IM), intracoronary (IC) or intravenous (IV) administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) which result in the most investigated GFs in the last 10 years. Future data of ongoing randomized controlled studies will be crucial in understanding whether GF-based protocols could be in a concrete way effective in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michele Vacca
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- IRCCS Foundation SDN, Naples, Italy
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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