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Mutanwad KV, Debreczeny M, Lucyshyn D. Root Hair Imaging Using Confocal Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2787:81-94. [PMID: 38656483 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3778-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Plant genetics plays a key role in determining root hair initiation and development. A complex network of genetic interactions therefore closely monitors and influences root hair phenotype and morphology. The significance of these genes can be studied by employing, for instance, loss-of-function mutants, overexpression plant lines, and fluorescently labeled constructs. Confocal laser scanning microscopy is a great tool to visually observe and document these morphological features. This chapter elaborates the techniques involved in handling of microscopic setup to acquire images displaying root hair distribution along the fully elongated zone of Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Additionally, we illustrate an approach to visualize early fate determination of epidermal cells in the root apical meristem, by describing a method for imaging YFP tagged transgenic plant lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Vasant Mutanwad
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Debreczeny
- Core Facility Multiscale Imaging, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Lucyshyn
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Xu J, Du H, Shi H, Song J, Yu J, Zhou Y. Protein O-glycosylation regulates diverse developmental and defense processes in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6119-6130. [PMID: 37220091 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications affect protein functions and play key roles in controlling biological processes. Plants have unique types of O-glycosylation that are different from those of animals and prokaryotes, and they play roles in modulating the functions of secretory proteins and nucleocytoplasmic proteins by regulating transcription and mediating localization and degradation. O-glycosylation is complex because of the dozens of different O-glycan types, the widespread existence of hydroxyproline (Hyp), serine (Ser), and threonine (Thr) residues in proteins attached by O-glycans, and the variable modes of linkages connecting the sugars. O-glycosylation specifically affects development and environmental acclimatization by affecting diverse physiological processes. This review describes recent studies on the detection and functioning of protein O-glycosylation in plants, and provides a framework for the O-glycosylation network that underlies plant development and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Du
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Huanran Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jianing Song
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and Development, Agricultural Ministry of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and Development, Agricultural Ministry of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
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3
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Bi Y, Shrestha R, Zhang Z, Hsu CC, Reyes AV, Karunadasa S, Baker PR, Maynard JC, Liu Y, Hakimi A, Lopez-Ferrer D, Hassan T, Chalkley RJ, Xu SL, Wang ZY. SPINDLY mediates O-fucosylation of hundreds of proteins and sugar-dependent growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1318-1333. [PMID: 36739885 PMCID: PMC10118272 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of SPINDLY (SPY)-catalyzed protein O-fucosylation revealed a novel mechanism for regulating nucleocytoplasmic protein functions in plants. Genetic evidence indicates the important roles of SPY in diverse developmental and physiological processes. However, the upstream signal controlling SPY activity and the downstream substrate proteins O-fucosylated by SPY remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that SPY mediates sugar-dependent growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We further identified hundreds of O-fucosylated proteins using lectin affinity chromatography followed by mass spectrometry. All the O-fucosylation events quantified in our proteomic analyses were undetectable or dramatically decreased in the spy mutants, and thus likely catalyzed by SPY. The O-fucosylome includes mostly nuclear and cytosolic proteins. Many O-fucosylated proteins function in essential cellular processes, phytohormone signaling, and developmental programs, consistent with the genetic functions of SPY. The O-fucosylome also includes many proteins modified by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and by phosphorylation downstream of the target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase, revealing the convergence of these nutrient signaling pathways on key regulatory functions such as post-transcriptional/translational regulation and phytohormone responses. Our study identified numerous targets of SPY/O-fucosylation and potential nodes of crosstalk among sugar/nutrient signaling pathways, enabling future dissection of the signaling network that mediates sugar regulation of plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chuan-Chih Hsu
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Andres V Reyes
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Carnegie Mass Spectrometry Facility, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sumudu Karunadasa
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Peter R Baker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Jason C Maynard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- ThermoFisher Scientific, San Jose, California 95134, USA
| | | | | | - Tahmid Hassan
- ThermoFisher Scientific, Somerset, New Jersey 08873, USA
| | - Robert J Chalkley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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4
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Zentella R, Wang Y, Zahn E, Hu J, Jiang L, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Sun TP. SPINDLY O-fucosylates nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins involved in diverse cellular processes in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1546-1560. [PMID: 36740243 PMCID: PMC10022643 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
SPINDLY (SPY) is a novel nucleocytoplasmic protein O-fucosyltransferase that regulates target protein activity or stability via O-fucosylation of specific Ser/Thr residues. Previous genetic studies indicate that AtSPY regulates plant development during vegetative and reproductive growth by modulating gibberellin and cytokinin responses. AtSPY also regulates the circadian clock and plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The pleiotropic phenotypes of spy mutants point to the likely role of AtSPY in regulating key proteins functioning in diverse cellular pathways. However, very few AtSPY targets are known. Here, we identified 88 SPY targets from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and Nicotiana benthamiana via the purification of O-fucosylated peptides using Aleuria aurantia lectin followed by electron transfer dissociation-MS/MS analysis. Most AtSPY targets were nuclear proteins that function in DNA repair, transcription, RNA splicing, and nucleocytoplasmic transport. Cytoplasmic AtSPY targets were involved in microtubule-mediated cell division/growth and protein folding. A comparison with the published O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) proteome revealed that 30% of AtSPY targets were also O-GlcNAcylated, indicating that these distinct glycosylations could co-regulate many protein functions. This study unveiled the roles of O-fucosylation in modulating many key nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins and provided a valuable resource for elucidating the regulatory mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Zentella
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Emily Zahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Jianhong Hu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Liang Jiang
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Donald F Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Tai-ping Sun
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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5
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Structural insights into mechanism and specificity of the plant protein O-fucosyltransferase SPINDLY. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7424. [PMID: 36456586 PMCID: PMC9715652 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis glycosyltransferase family 41 (GT41) protein SPINDLY (SPY) plays pleiotropic roles in plant development. Despite the amino acid sequence is similar to human O-GlcNAc transferase, Arabidopsis SPY has been identified as a novel nucleocytoplasmic protein O-fucosyltransferase. SPY-like proteins extensively exist in diverse organisms, indicating that O-fucosylation by SPY is a common way to regulate intracellular protein functions. However, the details of how SPY recognizes and glycosylates substrates are unknown. Here, we present a crystal structure of Arabidopsis SPY/GDP complex at 2.85 Å resolution. SPY adopts a head-to-tail dimer. Strikingly, the conformation of a 'catalytic SPY'/GDP/'substrate SPY' complex formed by two symmetry-related SPY dimers is captured in the crystal lattice. The structure together with mutagenesis and enzymatic data demonstrate SPY can fucosylate itself and SPY's self-fucosylation region negatively regulates its enzyme activity, reveal SPY's substrate recognition and enzyme mechanism, and provide insights into the glycan donor substrate selection in GT41 proteins.
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6
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Zhu W, Yang C, Yong B, Wang Y, Li B, Gu Y, Wei S, An Z, Sun W, Qiu L, He C. An enhancing effect attributed to a nonsynonymous mutation in SOYBEAN SEED SIZE 1, a SPINDLY-like gene, is exploited in soybean domestication and improvement. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1375-1392. [PMID: 36068955 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) was domesticated from its wild relative Glycine soja. One-hundred-seed weight is one of the most important domesticated traits determining soybean yield; however, its underlying genetic basis remains elusive. We characterized a soybean seed size 1 (sss1) mutant featuring large seeds compared to its wild-type background. Positional cloning revealed that the candidate gene GmSSS1 encoded a SPINDLY homolog and was co-located in a well-identified quantitative trait locus (QTL)-rich region on chromosome 19. Knocking out GmSSS1 resulted in small seeds, while overexpressing GmSSS1/Gmsss1 induced large seeds. Modulating GmSSS1/Gmsss1 in transgenic plants can positively influence cell expansion and cell division. Relative to GmSSS1, one mutation leading to an E to Q substitution at the 182nd residue in Gmsss1 conferred an enhancing effect on seed weight. GmSSS1 underwent diversification in wild-type and cultivated soybean, and the alleles encoding the Gmsss1-type substitution of 182nd -Q, which originated along the central and downstream parts of the Yellow River, were selected and expanded during soybean domestication and improvement. We cloned the causative gene for the sss1 mutant, which is linked with a seed weight QTL, identified an elite allele of this gene for increasing seed weight, and provided new insights into soybean domestication and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bin Yong
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongzhe Gu
- National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Siming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhenghong An
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenkai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chaoying He
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing, 100049, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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7
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Chen Z, Wu Z, Dong W, Liu S, Tian L, Li J, Du H. MYB Transcription Factors Becoming Mainstream in Plant Roots. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169262. [PMID: 36012533 PMCID: PMC9409031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the root system is crucial for plant survival, such as anchoring plants, absorbing nutrients and water from the soil, and adapting to stress. MYB transcription factors constitute one of the largest transcription factor families in plant genomes with structural and functional diversifications. Members of this superfamily in plant development and cell differentiation, specialized metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stress processes are widely recognized, but their roles in plant roots are still not well characterized. Recent advances in functional studies remind us that MYB genes may have potentially key roles in roots. In this review, the current knowledge about the functions of MYB genes in roots was summarized, including promoting cell differentiation, regulating cell division through cell cycle, response to biotic and abiotic stresses (e.g., drought, salt stress, nutrient stress, light, gravity, and fungi), and mediate phytohormone signals. MYB genes from the same subfamily tend to regulate similar biological processes in roots in redundant but precise ways. Given their increasing known functions and wide expression profiles in roots, MYB genes are proposed as key components of the gene regulatory networks associated with distinct biological processes in roots. Further functional studies of MYB genes will provide an important basis for root regulatory mechanisms, enabling a more inclusive green revolution and sustainable agriculture to face the constant changes in climate and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zexuan Wu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Wenyu Dong
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Shiying Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Lulu Tian
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jiana Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hai Du
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-182-2348-0008
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8
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Joshi V, Shi A, Mishra AK, Gill H, DiPiazza J. Genetic dissection of nitrogen induced changes in the shoot and root biomass of spinach. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13751. [PMID: 35962022 PMCID: PMC9374745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient partitioning of above and below-ground biomass in response to nitrogen (N) is critical to the productivity of plants under sub-optimal conditions. It is particularly essential in vegetable crops like spinach with shallow root systems, a short growth cycle, and poor nitrogen use efficiency. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to explore N-induced changes using spinach accessions with diverse genetic backgrounds. We evaluated phenotypic variations as percent changes in the shoot and root biomass in response to N using 201 spinach accessions grown in randomized complete blocks design in a soilless media under a controlled environment. A GWAS was performed for the percent changes in the shoot and root biomass in response to N in the 201 spinach accessions using 60,940 whole-genome resequencing generated SNPs. Three SNP markers, chr4_28292655, chr6_1531056, and chr6_37966006 on chromosomes 4 and 6, were significantly associated with %change in root weight, and two SNP markers, chr2_18480277 and chr4_47598760 on chromosomes 2 and 4, were significantly associated with % change shoot weight. The outcome of this study established a foundation for genetic studies needed to improve the partitioning of total biomass and provided a resource to identify molecular markers to enhance N uptake via marker-assisted selection or genomic selection in spinach breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Joshi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX, 78801, USA. .,Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Ainong Shi
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Amit Kumar Mishra
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX, 78801, USA.,Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | - Haramrit Gill
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - James DiPiazza
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX, 78801, USA
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Bouré N, Peaucelle A, Goussot M, Adroher B, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Borrega N, Biot E, Tariq Z, Martin-Magniette ML, Pautot V, Laufs P, Arnaud N. A cell wall-associated gene network shapes leaf boundary domains. Development 2022; 149:275600. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Boundary domains delimit and organize organ growth throughout plant development almost relentlessly, building plant architecture and morphogenesis. Boundary domains display reduced growth and orchestrate development of adjacent tissues in a non-cell-autonomous manner. How these two functions are achieved remains elusive despite the identification of several boundary-specific genes. Here, we show using morphometrics at the organ and cellular levels that leaf boundary domain development requires SPINDLY (SPY), an O-fucosyltransferase, to act as cell growth repressor. Furthermore, we show that SPY acts redundantly with the CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON transcription factors (CUC2 and CUC3), which are major determinants of boundaries development. Accordingly, at the molecular level CUC2 and SPY repress a common set of genes involved in cell wall loosening, providing a molecular framework for the growth repression associated with boundary domains. Atomic force microscopy confirmed that young leaf boundary domain cells have stiffer cell walls than marginal outgrowth. This differential cell wall stiffness was reduced in spy mutant plants. Taken together, our data reveal a concealed CUC2 cell wall-associated gene network linking tissue patterning with cell growth and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bouré
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) 1 , 78000 Versailles , France
- Université Paris-Saclay 2 , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Alexis Peaucelle
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) 1 , 78000 Versailles , France
| | - Magali Goussot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) 1 , 78000 Versailles , France
| | - Bernard Adroher
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) 1 , 78000 Versailles , France
| | - Ludivine Soubigou-Taconnat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2) 3 , 91405 Orsay , France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2) 4 , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Néro Borrega
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) 1 , 78000 Versailles , France
| | - Eric Biot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) 1 , 78000 Versailles , France
| | - Zakia Tariq
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2) 3 , 91405 Orsay , France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2) 4 , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Marie-Laure Martin-Magniette
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2) 3 , 91405 Orsay , France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2) 4 , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Véronique Pautot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) 1 , 78000 Versailles , France
| | - Patrick Laufs
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) 1 , 78000 Versailles , France
| | - Nicolas Arnaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) 1 , 78000 Versailles , France
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10
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Role of Glycoproteins during Fruit Ripening and Seed Development. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082095. [PMID: 34440864 PMCID: PMC8392644 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately thirty percent of the proteins synthesized in animal or plant cells travel through the secretory pathway. Seventy to eighty percent of those proteins are glycosylated. Thus, glycosylation is an important protein modification that is related to many cellular processes, such as differentiation, recognition, development, signal transduction, and immune response. Additionally, glycosylation affects protein folding, solubility, stability, biogenesis, and activity. Specifically, in plants, glycosylation has recently been related to the fruit ripening process. This review aims to provide valuable information and discuss the available literature focused on three principal topics: (I) glycosylations as a key posttranslational modification in development in plants, (II) experimental and bioinformatics tools to analyze glycosylations, and (III) a literature review related to glycosylations in fruit ripening. Based on these three topics, we propose that it is necessary to increase the number of studies related to posttranslational modifications, specifically protein glycosylation because the specific role of glycosylation in the posttranslational process and how this process affects normal fruit development and ripening remain unclear to date.
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11
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Sun TP. Novel nucleocytoplasmic protein O-fucosylation by SPINDLY regulates diverse developmental processes in plants. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 68:113-121. [PMID: 33476897 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In metazoans, protein O-fucosylation of Ser/Thr residues was only found in secreted or cell surface proteins, and this post-translational modification is catalyzed by ER-localized protein O-fucosyltransferases (POFUTs) in the GT65 family. Recently, a novel nucleocytoplasmic POFUT, SPINDLY (SPY), was identified in the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana to modify nuclear transcription regulators DELLAs, revealing a new regulatory mechanism for gene expression. The paralog of AtSPY, SECRET AGENT (SEC), is an O-link-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which O-GlcNAcylates Ser/Thr residues of target proteins. Both AtSPY and AtSEC are tetratricopeptide repeat-domain-containing glycosyltransferases in the GT41 family. The discovery that AtSPY is a POFUT clarified decades of miss-classification of AtSPY as an OGT. SPY and SEC play pleiotropic roles in plant development, and the interactions between SPY and SEC are complex. SPY-like genes are conserved in diverse organisms, except in fungi and metazoans, suggesting that O-fucosylation is a common mechanism in modulating intracellular protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ping Sun
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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