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Genetic Interference of FGFR3 Impedes Invasion of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Cells by Alleviating RAS/MAPK Signal Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021776. [PMID: 36675289 PMCID: PMC9863353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) is a less common disease in Western countries but has a high level of prevalence in Asian populations. Compared to bladder cancer, unique etiologic and genomic factors are involved in UTUC. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) up-regulation has been proposed as a promising target for bladder cancer therapy. In this study, we aimed to profile the expression of FGFR3 in Asian and Caucasian UTUC tissues and to evaluate the in vitro therapeutic efficacy of small interference RNA (siRNA)-mediated FGFR3 silencing in UTUC treatment. The FGFR3 expression levels in renal pelvis tissues and microarray sections from Asian and Caucasian patients with UTUC, respectively, were measured via immunohistochemistry. The BFTC-909 and UM-UC-14 UTUC cell lines were used to examine the effects of FGFR3 silencing on proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expression, and signaling machinery. FGFR3 expression increased as the TNM stage increased in both Asian and Caucasian UTUC tumors, and no statistical difference was identified between the two groups. In vitro studies demonstrated that FGFR3 siRNA delivery significantly inhibited proliferation and migration and suppressed the expression of EMT markers and transcription factors in UTUC cells. Mechanistically, FGFR3 silencing alleviated the constitutive expression of RAS and the phosphorylation of MAPK signaling mediators, including ERK1/2 and JNK1/2. FGFR3 silencing elicited an apoptosis-inducing effect similar to that of FGFR inhibition. Conclusion: siRNA-targeted FGFR3 expression may impede the expansion and invasion of UTUC cells by alleviating the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. The genetic interference of FGFR3 expression via siRNA in UTUC cells may constitute a useful therapeutic strategy.
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Shi MJ, Fontugne J, Moreno-Vega A, Meng XY, Groeneveld C, Dufour F, Kamoun A, Viborg Lindskrog S, Cabel L, Krucker C, Rapinat A, Dunois-Larde C, Lepage ML, Chapeaublanc E, Levrel O, Dixon V, Lebret T, Almeida A, De Reynies A, Rochel N, Dyrskjøt L, Allory Y, Radvanyi F, Bernard-Pierrot I. FGFR3 Mutational Activation Can Induce Luminal-like Papillary Bladder Tumor Formation and Favors a Male Sex Bias. Eur Urol 2023; 83:70-81. [PMID: 36273937 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (BCa) is more common in men and presents differences in molecular subtypes based on sex. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) mutations are enriched in the luminal papillary muscle-invasive BCa (MIBC) and non-MIBC subtypes. OBJECTIVE To determine whether FGFR3 mutations initiate BCa and impact BCa male sex bias. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We developed a transgenic mouse model expressing the most frequent FGFR3 mutation, FGFR3-S249C, in urothelial cells. Bladder tumorigenesis was monitored in transgenic mice, with and without carcinogen exposure. Mouse and human BCa transcriptomic data were compared. INTERVENTION Mutant FGFR3 overexpression in mouse urothelium and siRNA knockdown in cell lines, and N-butyl-N(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) exposure. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Impact of transgene dosage on tumor frequency, synergy with BBN treatment, and FGFR3 pathway activation were analyzed. The sex-specific incidence of FGFR3-mutated tumors was evaluated in mice and humans. FGFR3 expression in FGFR3-S249C mouse urothelium and in various human epithelia was measured. Mutant FGFR3 regulation of androgen (AR) and estrogen (ESR1) receptor activity was evaluated, through target gene expression (regulon) and reporter assays. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS FGFR3-S249C expression in mice induced low-grade papillary BCa resembling human luminal counterpart at histological, genomic, and transcriptomic levels, and promoted BBN-induced basal BCa formation. Mutant FGFR3 expression levels impacted tumor incidence in mice, and mutant FGFR3-driven human tumors were restricted to epithelia presenting high normal FGFR3 expression levels. BCa male sex bias, also found in our model, was even higher in human FGFR3-mutated tumors compared with wild-type tumors and was associated with higher AR and lower ESR1 regulon activity. Mutant FGFR3 expression inhibited both ESR1 and AR activity in mouse tumors and human cell lines, demonstrating causation only between FGFR3 activation and low ESR1 activity in tumors. CONCLUSIONS Mutant FGFR3 initiates luminal papillary BCa formation and favors BCa male sex bias, potentially through FGFR3-dependent ESR1 downregulation. Patients with premalignant lesions or early-stage BCa could thus potentially benefit from FGFR3 targeting. FGFR3 expression level in epithelia could account for FGFR3-driven carcinoma tissue specificity. PATIENT SUMMARY By developing a transgenic mouse model, we showed that gain-of-function mutations of FGFR3 receptor, among the most frequent genetic alterations in bladder cancer (BCa), initiate BCa formation. Our results could support noninvasive detection of FGFR3 mutations and FGFR3 targeting in early-stage bladder lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Shi
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Fontugne
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France; Université Versailles St-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Institut Curie, Department of Pathology, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Aura Moreno-Vega
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Xiang-Yu Meng
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France; Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Clarice Groeneveld
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; La Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Florent Dufour
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France; Inovarion, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Luc Cabel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Clémentine Krucker
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Rapinat
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Claire Dunois-Larde
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - May-Linda Lepage
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Chapeaublanc
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | | | - Victoria Dixon
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Department of Pathology, Saint-Cloud, France
| | | | - Anna Almeida
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Illkirch, France; U1258/Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Illkirch, France; UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Lars Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yves Allory
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Université Versailles St-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Institut Curie, Department of Pathology, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - François Radvanyi
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bernard-Pierrot
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France.
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He F, Zhang F, Liao Y, Tang MS, Wu XR. Structural or functional defects of PTEN in urothelial cells lacking P53 drive basal/squamous-subtype muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 550:215924. [PMID: 36195293 PMCID: PMC9813857 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) exhibits strong inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity that affects biological behaviors, therapeutic responses, and prognoses. Mutations that activate RTK-RAS-PI3K and inactivate P19-P53-P21 coexist in 60-70% of MIBC. By time-controlled ablation of Tp53 and Pten, singly or combined, in adult mouse urothelium, we found that Tp53 loss alone produced no abnormality. While Pten loss elicited hyperplasia, it synergized with Tp53 loss to trigger 100% penetrant MIBC that exhibited basal/squamous features that resembled its human counterpart. Furthermore, PTEN was inactivated in human MIBC cell lines and specimens primarily by hyperphosphorylation of the C-terminus. Mutated or tailless PTEN incapable of C-terminal phosphorylation demonstrated increased inhibition of proliferation and invasion than full-length PTEN in cultured MIBC cells. In xenograft and transgenic mice, tailless PTEN, but not full-length PTEN, prevented further growth in established tumors. Collectively, deficiencies of both PTEN and P53 drive basal/squamous subtype MIBC. PTEN is inactivated by C-terminal hyperphosphorylation, and this modification may serve as a biomarker for subtyping MIBC and predicting tumor progression. Tailless PTEN is a potential molecular therapeutic for tumors, such as bladder cancer (BC), that can be readily accessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Moon-Shong Tang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
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Nita A, Abraham SP, Krejci P, Bosakova M. Oncogenic FGFR Fusions Produce Centrosome and Cilia Defects by Ectopic Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:1445. [PMID: 34207779 PMCID: PMC8227969 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A single primary cilium projects from most vertebrate cells to guide cell fate decisions. A growing list of signaling molecules is found to function through cilia and control ciliogenesis, including the fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR). Aberrant FGFR activity produces abnormal cilia with deregulated signaling, which contributes to pathogenesis of the FGFR-mediated genetic disorders. FGFR lesions are also found in cancer, raising a possibility of cilia involvement in the neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. Here, we focus on FGFR gene fusions, and discuss the possible mechanisms by which they function as oncogenic drivers. We show that a substantial portion of the FGFR fusion partners are proteins associated with the centrosome cycle, including organization of the mitotic spindle and ciliogenesis. The functions of centrosome proteins are often lost with the gene fusion, leading to haploinsufficiency that induces cilia loss and deregulated cell division. We speculate that this complements the ectopic FGFR activity and drives the FGFR fusion cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Nita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Sara P. Abraham
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
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Dominant role of CDKN2B/p15INK4B of 9p21.3 tumor suppressor hub in inhibition of cell-cycle and glycolysis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2047. [PMID: 33824349 PMCID: PMC8024281 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chromosome 9p21.3 is susceptible to inactivation in cell immortalization and diseases, such as cancer, coronary artery disease and type-2 diabetes. Although this locus encodes three cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors (p15INK4B, p14ARF and p16INK4A), our understanding of their functions and modes of action is limited to the latter two. Here, we show that in vitro p15INK4B is markedly stronger than p16INK4A in inhibiting pRb1 phosphorylation, E2F activity and cell-cycle progression. In mice, urothelial cells expressing oncogenic HRas and lacking p15INK4B, but not those expressing HRas and lacking p16INK4A, develop early-onset bladder tumors. The potency of CDKN2B/p15INK4B in tumor suppression relies on its strong binding via key N-terminal residues to and inhibition of CDK4/CDK6. p15INK4B also binds and inhibits enolase-1, a glycolytic enzyme upregulated in most cancer types. Our results highlight the dual inhibition of p15INK4B on cell proliferation, and unveil mechanisms whereby p15INK4B aberrations may underpin cancer and non-cancer conditions. The human chromosome locus 9p21.3 is a tumour suppressor hub which encodes three CDK inhibitors, p15INK4B, p14ARF and p16INK4A. Here, the authors show that p15INK4B inhibits the cell cycle and glycolysis in a murine model of HRas + ‐mediated urothelial carcinoma and has a more relevant role as a tumour suppressor than its neighbouring p16INK4A.
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Agrawal S, Maity S, AlRaawi Z, Al-Ameer M, Kumar TKS. Targeting Drugs Against Fibroblast Growth Factor(s)-Induced Cell Signaling. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:214-240. [PMID: 33045958 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121999201012201926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is comprised of 23 highly regulated monomeric proteins that regulate a plethora of developmental and pathophysiological processes, including tissue repair, wound healing, angiogenesis, and embryonic development. Binding of FGF to fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), a tyrosine kinase receptor, is facilitated by a glycosaminoglycan, heparin. Activated FGFRs phosphorylate the tyrosine kinase residues that mediate induction of downstream signaling pathways, such as RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, PLCγ, and STAT. Dysregulation of the FGF/FGFR signaling occurs frequently in cancer due to gene amplification, FGF activating mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, integration, and oncogenic fusions. Aberrant FGFR signaling also affects organogenesis, embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and has been associated with cell proliferation, angiogenesis, cancer, and other pathophysiological changes. OBJECTIVE This comprehensive review will discuss the biology, chemistry, and functions of FGFs, and its current applications toward wound healing, diabetes, repair and regeneration of tissues, and fatty liver diseases. In addition, specific aberrations in FGFR signaling and drugs that target FGFR and aid in mitigating various disorders, such as cancer, are also discussed in detail. CONCLUSION Inhibitors of FGFR signaling are promising drugs in the treatment of several types of cancers. The clinical benefits of FGF/FGFR targeting therapies are impeded due to the activation of other RTK signaling mechanisms or due to the mutations that abolish the drug inhibitory activity on FGFR. Thus, the development of drugs with a different mechanism of action for FGF/FGFR targeting therapies is the recent focus of several preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Sanhita Maity
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Zeina AlRaawi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Musaab Al-Ameer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
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7
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Castel P, Rauen KA, McCormick F. The duality of human oncoproteins: drivers of cancer and congenital disorders. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:383-397. [PMID: 32341551 PMCID: PMC7787056 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human oncoproteins promote transformation of cells into tumours by dysregulating the signalling pathways that are involved in cell growth, proliferation and death. Although oncoproteins were discovered many years ago and have been widely studied in the context of cancer, the recent use of high-throughput sequencing techniques has led to the identification of cancer-associated mutations in other conditions, including many congenital disorders. These syndromes offer an opportunity to study oncoprotein signalling and its biology in the absence of additional driver or passenger mutations, as a result of their monogenic nature. Moreover, their expression in multiple tissue lineages provides insight into the biology of the proto-oncoprotein at the physiological level, in both transformed and unaffected tissues. Given the recent paradigm shift in regard to how oncoproteins promote transformation, we review the fundamentals of genetics, signalling and pathogenesis underlying oncoprotein duality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Castel
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- MIND Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Santos CP, Lapi E, Martínez de Villarreal J, Álvaro-Espinosa L, Fernández-Barral A, Barbáchano A, Domínguez O, Laughney AM, Megías D, Muñoz A, Real FX. Urothelial organoids originating from Cd49f high mouse stem cells display Notch-dependent differentiation capacity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4407. [PMID: 31562298 PMCID: PMC6764959 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding urothelial stem cell biology and differentiation has been limited by the lack of methods for their unlimited propagation. Here, we establish mouse urothelial organoids that can be maintained uninterruptedly for >1 year. Organoid growth is dependent on EGF and Wnt activators. High CD49f/ITGA6 expression features a subpopulation of organoid-forming cells expressing basal markers. Upon differentiation, multilayered organoids undergo reduced proliferation, decreased cell layer number, urothelial program activation, and acquisition of barrier function. Pharmacological modulation of PPARγ and EGFR promotes differentiation. RNA sequencing highlighted genesets enriched in proliferative organoids (i.e. ribosome) and transcriptional networks involved in differentiation, including expression of Wnt ligands and Notch components. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) analysis of the organoids revealed five clusters with distinct gene expression profiles. Together, with the use of γ-secretase inhibitors and scRNA-Seq, confirms that Notch signaling is required for differentiation. Urothelial organoids provide a powerful tool to study cell regeneration and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina P Santos
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eleonora Lapi
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Martínez de Villarreal
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Álvaro-Espinosa
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción Fernández-Barral
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM and IdiPAZ, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Barbáchano
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM and IdiPAZ, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Orlando Domínguez
- Genomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Diego Megías
- Confocal Microscopy Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM and IdiPAZ, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ruan JL, Hsu JW, Browning RJ, Stride E, Yildiz YO, Vojnovic B, Kiltie AE. Mouse Models of Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: Key Considerations for Clinical Translation Based on Molecular Subtypes. Eur Urol Oncol 2019; 2:239-247. [PMID: 31200837 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In the past few years, research has suggested that molecular subtypes in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) may be exploited to accelerate developments in clinical disease management and novel therapeutics. OBJECTIVE To review MIBC mouse models from a molecular subtype perspective, their advantages and limitations, and their applications in translational medicine, based on a PubMed search for publications from January 2000 to February 2018. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Publications relevant to MIBC mouse models and their molecular subtypes were identified in a literature review. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS We classified the models according to the technique used for their establishment. For xenotransplant and allograft models, the inoculated cells and inoculated locations are the major determinants of molecular subtypes. Although the cell lines used in xenotransplant models can cover most of the basal-squamous and luminal subtypes, allograft models offer a more realistic environment in which to reconstruct aspects of the associated stromal and immune features. Autochthonous models, using genetic and/or chemical stimuli to induce disease progression, can also generate models with basal-squamous and luminal subtypes, but further molecular characterisation is needed since other mutational variants may be introduced in these models. CONCLUSIONS We identified preclinical MIBC models with different subtype specifications and assessed their promise and current limitations. These models are versatile tools that can reproduce the molecular complexity of MIBC and support novel therapeutic development. PATIENT SUMMARY Understanding which models of muscle-invasive bladder cancer most accurately represent the clinical situation is important for the development of novel drugs and disease management strategies. We review the different models currently available and their relevance to different clinical subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ling Ruan
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jong-Wei Hsu
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Eleanor Stride
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yesna O Yildiz
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Borivoj Vojnovic
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne E Kiltie
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Yee CH, Zheng Z, Shuman L, Yamashita H, Warrick JI, Wu XR, Raman JD, DeGraff DJ. Maintenance of the bladder cancer precursor urothelial hyperplasia requires FOXA1 and persistent expression of oncogenic HRAS. Sci Rep 2019; 9:270. [PMID: 30670749 PMCID: PMC6342925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis requires accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations, some of which drive tumor initiation. "Oncogene addiction" describes the phenomenon that (1) well-established cancers are dependent on one mutated oncogene or pathway for the maintenance of a malignant phenotype and that (2) withdrawal of the single oncogenic event leads to growth arrest and/or cancer regression. While oncogene addiction has been experimentally validated in advanced tumor models, its role in tumor precursors has not been investigated. We utilized the requirement of Forkhead box A1 (Foxa1) for transcriptional activation of the Upk2-promoter to temporally control the expression of Upk2-HRAS* oncogene, an inducer of urothelial hyperplasia in transgenic mice. Inducible homozygous knockout of Foxa1 in Upk2-HRAS*/UBC-CreERT2/Foxa1loxp/loxp mice results in reduced HRAS* levels. This led to a marked reduction of urothelial proliferation as evidenced by urothelial thinning, degenerative changes such as intracellular vacuole formation, and reduced Ki67 expression. Reduced proliferation did not affect basal, Krt14-positive cells, supporting the fact that Foxa1-regulated Upk2-HRAS* expression occurs primarily in supra-basal cells. Our results indicate that maintenance of urothelial hyperplasia in Upk2-HRAS* mice depends on continuous expression of Foxa1 and activated HRAS, and that mutated receptor tyrosine kinases, FOXA1 and/or other downstream effectors may mediate oncogene addiction in urothelial hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Yee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Zongyu Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lauren Shuman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Hironobu Yamashita
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joshua I Warrick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jay D Raman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David J DeGraff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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11
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Foth M, Ismail NFB, Kung JSC, Tomlinson D, Knowles MA, Eriksson P, Sjödahl G, Salmond JM, Sansom OJ, Iwata T. FGFR3 mutation increases bladder tumourigenesis by suppressing acute inflammation. J Pathol 2018; 246:331-343. [PMID: 30043421 PMCID: PMC6334176 DOI: 10.1002/path.5143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of muscle-invasive bladder cancer show that FGFR3 mutations are generally found in a luminal papillary tumour subtype that is characterised by better survival than other molecular subtypes. To better understand the role of FGFR3 in invasive bladder cancer, we examined the process of tumour development induced by the tobacco carcinogen OH-BBN in genetically engineered models that express mutationally activated FGFR3 S249C or FGFR3 K644E in the urothelium. Both occurrence and progression of OH-BBN-driven tumours were increased in the presence of an S249C mutation compared to wild-type control mice. Interestingly, at an early tumour initiation stage, the acute inflammatory response in OH-BBN-treated bladders was suppressed in the presence of an S249C mutation. However, at later stages of tumour progression, increased inflammation was observed in S249C tumours, long after the carcinogen administration had ceased. Early-phase neutrophil depletion using an anti-Ly6G monoclonal antibody resulted in an increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio at later stages of pathogenesis, indicative of enhanced tumour pathogenesis, which supports the hypothesis that suppression of acute inflammation could play a causative role. Statistical analyses of correlation showed that while initial bladder phenotypes in morphology and inflammation were FGFR3-dependent, increased levels of inflammation were associated with tumour progression at the later stage. This study provides a novel insight into the tumour-promoting effect of FGFR3 mutations via regulation of inflammation at the pre-tumour stage in the bladder. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cholecystitis, Acute/chemically induced
- Cholecystitis, Acute/genetics
- Cholecystitis, Acute/immunology
- Cholecystitis, Acute/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Neutrophil Infiltration
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Phenotype
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Urinary Bladder/immunology
- Urinary Bladder/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder/pathology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/immunology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urothelium/immunology
- Urothelium/metabolism
- Urothelium/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Foth
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | - Nur Faezah Binti Ismail
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Jeng Sum Charmaine Kung
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Darren Tomlinson
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and PathologySt James's University HospitalLeedsUK
| | - Margaret A Knowles
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and PathologySt James's University HospitalLeedsUK
| | - Pontus Eriksson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Gottfrid Sjödahl
- Division of Urological Research, Department of Translational MedicineLund University, Skåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | | | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowUK
| | - Tomoko Iwata
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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12
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Liao Y, Chang HC, Liang FX, Chung PJ, Wei Y, Nguyen TP, Zhou G, Talebian S, Krey LC, Deng FM, Wong TW, Chicote JU, Grifo JA, Keefe DL, Shapiro E, Lepor H, Wu XR, DeSalle R, Garcia-España A, Kim SY, Sun TT. Uroplakins play conserved roles in egg fertilization and acquired additional urothelial functions during mammalian divergence. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:3128-3143. [PMID: 30303751 PMCID: PMC6340209 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-08-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uroplakin (UP) tetraspanins and their associated proteins are major mammalian urothelial differentiation products that form unique two-dimensional crystals of 16-nm particles (“urothelial plaques”) covering the apical urothelial surface. Although uroplakins are highly expressed only in mammalian urothelium and are often referred to as being urothelium specific, they are also expressed in several mouse nonurothelial cell types in stomach, kidney, prostate, epididymis, testis/sperms, and ovary/oocytes. In oocytes, uroplakins colocalize with CD9 on cell-surface and multivesicular body-derived exosomes, and the cytoplasmic tail of UPIIIa undergoes a conserved fertilization-dependent, Fyn-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation that also occurs in Xenopus laevis eggs. Uroplakin knockout and antibody blocking reduce mouse eggs’ fertilization rate in in vitro fertilization assays, and UPII/IIIa double-knockout mice have a smaller litter size. Phylogenetic analyses showed that uroplakin sequences underwent significant mammal-specific changes. These results suggest that, by mediating signal transduction and modulating membrane stability that do not require two-dimensional-crystal formation, uroplakins can perform conserved and more ancestral fertilization functions in mouse and frog eggs. Uroplakins acquired the ability to form two-dimensional-crystalline plaques during mammalian divergence, enabling them to perform additional functions, including umbrella cell enlargement and the formation of permeability and mechanical barriers, to protect/modify the apical surface of the modern-day mammalian urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liao
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Hung-Chi Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Xia Liang
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | | | - Yuan Wei
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Tuan-Phi Nguyen
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Ge Zhou
- Regeneron, Tarrytown, NY 10591
| | - Sheeva Talebian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Lewis C Krey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Fang-Ming Deng
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Tak-Wah Wong
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Javier U Chicote
- Unitat De Recerca, Hospital Joan XXIII, Institut de Investigacio Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - James A Grifo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - David L Keefe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Ellen Shapiro
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Herbert Lepor
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Sackler Institute of Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Robert DeSalle
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 10010
| | - Antonio Garcia-España
- Unitat De Recerca, Hospital Joan XXIII, Institut de Investigacio Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Tung-Tien Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Sackler Institute of Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024
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13
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Ringuette-Goulet C, Bolduc S, Pouliot F. Modeling human bladder cancer. World J Urol 2018; 36:1759-1766. [PMID: 29948049 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-018-2369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bladder cancer is a major public health concern and the treatment options available are unable to significantly prevent disease recurrence and progression. The need for experimental tumor models to efficiently reproduce the pathology of human cancers has prompted researchers to attempt various approaches. METHODS A PubMed search combining the MeSH bladder cancer and models was executed in March 2017. RESULTS We review the advantages and limitations of currently available in vitro 2D and 3D bladder cancer models as well as in vivo rodent models. To date, despite the description of a variety of animal models (including transplantable, carcinogen-induced and genetically engineered models), the establishment of reliable, simple, practicable and reproducible animal models remains an ongoing challenge. Recently, sophisticated 3D culture systems have been designed to better recapitulate the phenotypic and cellular heterogeneity as well as microenvironmental aspects of in vivo tumor growth, while being more flexible to conduct repeated experiments. CONCLUSION Selecting the most appropriate model for a specific application will maximize the conversion of potential therapies from the laboratory to clinical practice and requires an understanding of the various models available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Ringuette-Goulet
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bolduc
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Pouliot
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada.
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14
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Wang Z, Zhang C, Sun L, Liang J, Liu X, Li G, Yao K, Zhang W, Jiang T. FGFR3, as a receptor tyrosine kinase, is associated with differentiated biological functions and improved survival of glioma patients. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84587-84593. [PMID: 27829236 PMCID: PMC5356683 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is common in Malignancies. FGFR3 fusion with TACC3 has been reported to have transforming effects in primary glioblastoma and display oncogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. We set out to investigate the role of FGFR3 in glioma through transcriptomic analysis. Results FGFR3 increased in Classical subtype and Neural subtype consistently in CGGA and TCGA cohort. Similar patterns of FGFR3 distribution through subtypes were observed in CGGA and TCGA samples. Gene ontology analysis was performed with genes that were significantly correlated with FGFR3 expression. We found that positively associated biological processes of FGFR3 were focused on differentiated cellular functions and neuronal activities, while negatively correlated biological processes focused on mitosis and cell cycle phase. Clinical investigation showed that higher FGFR3 expression predicted improved survival for glioma patients, especially in Proneural subtype. Moreover, FGFR3 showed very limited relevance with other receptor tyrosine kinases in glioma at transcriptome level. Materials and Methods FGFR3 expression data of glioma was obtained from Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) and TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas). In total, RNA sequencing data of 325 glioma samples and mRNA microarray data of 301 samples from CGGA dataset were enrolled into this study. To consolidate the findings that we have revealed in CGGA dataset, RNA-seq data of 672 glioma samples from TCGA dataset were used as a validation cohort. R language was used as the main tool to perform statistical analysis and graphical work. Conclusions FGFR3 expression increased in classical and neural subtypes and was associated with differentiated cellular functions. FGFR3 showed very limited correlation with other common receptor tyrosine kinases, and predicted improved survival for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network (CGGA), Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbao Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network (CGGA), Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Sun
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network (CGGA), Beijing, China
| | - Jingshan Liang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network (CGGA), Beijing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network (CGGA), Beijing, China
| | - Guanzhang Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network (CGGA), Beijing, China
| | - Kun Yao
- Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network (CGGA), Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network (CGGA), Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network (CGGA), Beijing, China
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15
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Flaig TW, Kamat AM, Hansel D, Ingersoll MA, Barton Grossman H, Mendelsohn C, DeGraff D, Liao JC, Taylor JA. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Albert Institute for Bladder Cancer Research Symposium. Bladder Cancer 2017; 3:211-223. [PMID: 28824949 PMCID: PMC5545918 DOI: 10.3233/blc-170111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Third Annual Albert Institute Bladder Symposium was held on September 8–10th, 2016, in Denver Colorado. Participants discussed several critical topics in the field of bladder cancer: 1) Best practices for tissue analysis and use to optimize correlative studies, 2) Modeling bladder cancer to facilitate understanding and innovation, 3) Targeted therapies for bladder cancer, 4) Tumor phylogeny in bladder cancer, 5) New Innovations in bladder cancer diagnostics. Our understanding of and approach to treating urothelial carcinoma is undergoing rapid advancement. Preclinical models of bladder cancer have been leveraged to increase our basic and mechanistic understanding of the disease. With the approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma, the treatment approach for these patients has quickly changed. In this light, molecularly-defined subtypes of bladder cancer and appropriate pre-clinical models are now essential to the further advancement and appropriate application of these therapeutic improvements. The optimal collection and processing of clinical urothelial carcinoma tissues samples will also be critical in the development of predictive biomarkers for therapeutic selection. Technological advances in other areas including optimal imaging technologies and micro/nanotechnologies are being applied to bladder cancer, especially in the localized setting, and hold the potential for translational impact in the treatment of bladder cancer patients. Taken together, advances in several basic science and clinical areas are now converging in bladder cancer. These developments hold the promise of shaping and improving the clinical care of those with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Flaig
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donna Hansel
- Department of Pathology, University ofCalifornia San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Cathy Mendelsohn
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David DeGraff
- Department of Pathology, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joseph C Liao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John A Taylor
- University of Kansas, Department of Urology, Kansas City, KS, USA
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16
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Cui B, Li B, Liu Q, Cui Y. lncRNA CCAT1 Promotes Glioma Tumorigenesis by Sponging miR‐181b. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4548-4557. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhou Cui
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe People's Hospital of ZhengzhouZhengzhou450002 HenanChina
| | - Baoshan Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Third People's Hospital of QingdaoQingdao266041ShandongChina
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryBrain HospitalPeople's Hospital of WeifangWeifang261021ShandongChina
| | - Youqiang Cui
- Department of NeurosurgeryQianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan250014ShandongChina
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17
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John BA, Said N. Insights from animal models of bladder cancer: recent advances, challenges, and opportunities. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57766-57781. [PMID: 28915710 PMCID: PMC5593682 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (urothelial cancer of the bladder) is the most common malignancy affecting the urinary system with increasing incidence and mortality. Treatment of bladder cancer has not advanced in the past 30 years. Therefore, there is a crucial unmet need for novel therapies, especially for high grade/stage disease that can only be achieved by preclinical model systems that faithfully recapitulate the human disease. Animal models are essential elements in bladder cancer research to comprehensively study the multistep cascades of carcinogenesis, progression and metastasis. They allow for the investigation of premalignant phases of the disease that are not clinically encountered. They can be useful for identification of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for disease progression and for preclinical identification and validation of therapeutic targets/candidates, advancing translation of basic research to clinic. This review summarizes the latest advances in the currently available bladder cancer animal models, their translational potential, merits and demerits, and the prevalent tumor evaluation modalities. Thereby, findings from these model systems would provide valuable information that can help researchers and clinicians utilize the model that best answers their research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bincy Anu John
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Neveen Said
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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18
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FGFR3b Extracellular Loop Mutation Lacks Tumorigenicity In Vivo but Collaborates with p53/pRB Deficiency to Induce High-grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25596. [PMID: 27157475 PMCID: PMC4860634 DOI: 10.1038/srep25596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) occur in up to 80% of low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (LGP-UCB) suggesting that these mutations are tumor drivers, although direct experimental evidence is lacking. Here we show that forced expression of FGFR3b-S249C, the most prevalent FGFR3 mutation in human LGP-UCB, in cultured urothelial cells resulted in slightly reduced surface translocation than wild-type FGFR3b, but nearly twice as much proliferation. When we expressed a mouse equivalent of this mutant (FGFR3b-S243C) in urothelia of adult transgenic mice in a tissue-specific and inducible manner, we observed significant activation of AKT and MAPK pathways. This was, however, not accompanied by urothelial proliferation or tumorigenesis over 12 months, due to compensatory tumor barriers in p16-pRB and p19-p53-p21 axes. Indeed, expressing FGFR3b-S249C in cultured human urothelial cells expressing SV40T, which functionally inactivates pRB/p53, markedly accelerated proliferation and cell-cycle progression. Furthermore, expressing FGFR3b-S243C in transgenic mouse urothelium expressing SV40T converted carcinoma-in-situ to high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma. Together, our study provides new experimental evidence indicating that the FGFR3 mutations have very limited urothelial tumorigenicity and that these mutations must collaborate with other genetic events to drive urothelial tumorigenesis.
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19
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Zhou H, Wang X, Mo L, Liu Y, He F, Zhang F, Huang KH, Wu XR. Role of isoenzyme M2 of pyruvate kinase in urothelial tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:23947-60. [PMID: 26992222 PMCID: PMC5029676 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of precancerous lesions to full-fledged cancers requires the affected cells to surpass certain rate-limiting steps. We recently showed that activation of HRAS proto-oncogene in urothelial cells of transgenic mice causes simple urothelial hyperplasia (SUH) which is persistent and whose transition to low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma (UC) must undergo nodular urothelial hyperplasia (NUH). We hypothesized that NUH, which has acquired fibrovascular cores, plays critical roles in mesenchymal-to-epithelial signaling, breaching the barriers of urothelial tumor initiation. Using proteomics involving two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting with pan-phosphotyrosine antibody and MALDI-mass spectrometry, we identified isoform 2 of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) as the major tyrosine-phosphorylated protein switched on during NUH. We extended this finding using specimens from transgenic mice, human UC and UC cell lines, establishing that PKM2, but not its spliced variant PKM1, was over-expressed in low-grade and, more prominently, high-grade UC. In muscle-invasive UC, PKM2 was co-localized with cytokeratins 5 and 14, UC progenitor markers. Specific inhibition of PKM2 by siRNA or shRNA suppressed UC cell proliferation via increased apoptosis, autophagy and unfolded protein response. These results strongly suggest that PKM2 plays an important role in the genesis of low-grade non-invasive and high-grade invasive urothelial carcinomas.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Humans
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Protein Isoforms
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Thyroid Hormones/genetics
- Thyroid Hormones/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Uroplakin II/physiology
- Thyroid Hormone-Binding Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Zhou
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lan Mo
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Feng He
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System Manhattan Campus, New York, NY 10010, USA
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20
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Abstract
Urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the bladder is one of the most common malignancies, causing considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is unique among the epithelial carcinomas as two distinct pathways to tumourigenesis appear to exist: low grade, recurring papillary tumours usually contain oncogenic mutations in FGFR3 or HRAS whereas high grade, muscle invasive tumours with metastatic potential generally have defects in the pathways controlled by the tumour suppressors p53 and retinoblastoma. Over the last two decades, a number of transgenic mouse models of UCC, containing deletions or mutations of key tumour suppressor genes or oncogenes, have helped us understand the mechanisms behind tumour development. In this summary, I present my work investigating the role of the WNT signalling cascade in UCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Wnt Proteins/genetics
- Wnt Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ahmad
- University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust , UK
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21
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Wu XR, Mendelsohn C, DeGraff DJ. Tumorigenicity of RTK/RAS in urothelium. Oncoscience 2015; 2:739-40. [PMID: 26501074 PMCID: PMC4606002 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ru Wu
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cathy Mendelsohn
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J DeGraff
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Lehman HL, Stairs DB. Single and Multiple Gene Manipulations in Mouse Models of Human Cancer. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2015; 8:1-15. [PMID: 26380553 PMCID: PMC4558888 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s21217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of human cancer play a critical role in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of tumorigenesis. Advances continue to be made in modeling human disease in a mouse, though the relevance of a mouse model often relies on how closely it is able to mimic the histologic, molecular, and physiologic characteristics of the respective human cancer. A classic use of a genetically engineered mouse in studying cancer is through the overexpression or deletion of a gene. However, the manipulation of a single gene often falls short of mimicking all the characteristics of the carcinoma in humans; thus a multiple gene approach is needed. Here we review genetic mouse models of cancers and their abilities to recapitulate human carcinoma with single versus combinatorial approaches with genes commonly involved in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Lehman
- Department of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Douglas B Stairs
- Department of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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23
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Bellmunt J, Werner L, Leow JJ, Mullane SA, Fay AP, Riester M, Van Hummelen P, Taplin ME, Choueiri TK, Van Allen E, Rosenberg J. Somatic Copy Number Abnormalities and Mutations in PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway Have Prognostic Significance for Overall Survival in Platinum Treated Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Tumors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124711. [PMID: 26039708 PMCID: PMC4454515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An integrative analysis was conducted to identify genomic alterations at a pathway level that could predict overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC) treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS DNA and RNA were extracted from 103 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) invasive high-grade UC samples and were screened for mutations, copy number variation (CNV) and gene expression analysis. Clinical data were available from 85 cases. Mutations were analyzed by mass-spectrometry based on genotyping platform (Oncomap 3) and genomic imbalances were detected by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis. Regions with threshold of log2 ratio ≥0.4, or ≤0.6 were defined as either having copy number gain or loss and significantly recurrent CNV across the set of samples were determined using a GISTIC analysis. Expression analysis on selected relevant UC genes was conducted using Nanostring. To define the co-occurrence pattern of mutations and CNV, we grouped genomic events into 5 core signal transduction pathways: 1) TP53 pathway, 2) RTK/RAS/RAF pathway, 3) PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, 4) WNT/CTNNB1, 5) RB1 pathway. Cox regression was used to assess pathways abnormalities with survival outcomes. RESULTS 35 samples (41%) harbored mutations on at least one gene: TP53 (16%), PIK3CA (9%), FGFR3 (2%), HRAS/KRAS (5%), and CTNNB1 (1%). 66% of patients had some sort of CNV. PIK3CA/AKT/mTOR pathway alteration (mutations+CNV) had the greatest impact on OS (p=0.055). At a gene level, overexpression of CTNNB1 (p=0.0008) and PIK3CA (p=0.02) were associated with shorter OS. Mutational status on PIK3CA was not associated with survival. Among other individually found genomic alterations, TP53 mutations (p=0.07), mTOR gain (p=0.07) and PTEN overexpression (p=0.08) have a marginally significant negative impact on OS. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that targeted therapies focusing on the PIK3CA/AKT/mTOR pathway genomic alterations can generate the greatest impact in the overall patient population of high-grade advanced UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Bellmunt
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lillian Werner
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Leow
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A. Mullane
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - André P. Fay
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Markus Riester
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Paul Van Hummelen
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mary-Ellen Taplin
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Toni K. Choueiri
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Eliezer Van Allen
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Rosenberg
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
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24
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Gallo LH, Nelson KN, Meyer AN, Donoghue DJ. Functions of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors in cancer defined by novel translocations and mutations. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:425-49. [PMID: 26003532 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The four receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) within the family of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) are critical for normal development but also play an enormous role in oncogenesis. Mutations and/or abnormal expression often lead to constitutive dimerization and kinase activation of FGFRs, and represent the primary mechanism for aberrant signaling. Sequencing of human tumors has revealed a plethora of somatic mutations in FGFRs that are frequently identical to germline mutations in developmental syndromes, and has also identified novel FGFR fusion proteins arising from chromosomal rearrangements that contribute to malignancy. This review details approximately 200 specific point mutations in FGFRs and 40 different fusion proteins created by translocations involving FGFRs that have been identified in human cancer. This review discusses the effects of these genetic alterations on downstream signaling cascades, and the challenge of drug resistance in cancer treatment with antagonists of FGFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro H Gallo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, United States.
| | - Katelyn N Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, United States.
| | - April N Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, United States.
| | - Daniel J Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, United States.
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25
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Progress made in the use of animal models for the study of high-risk, nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Curr Opin Urol 2015; 24:512-6. [PMID: 24921908 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW High-risk, nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC) represents a costly and difficult-to-treat disease, the molecular pathogenesis of which has a limited understanding. Most preclinical models for the study of bladder cancer are more appropriate for the study of advanced disease. However, recent key advances in preclinical animal models places us at an opportune position to better understand HR-NMIBC. RECENT FINDINGS Discoveries in the basic sciences allow us to better understand tumor biology when building models of bladder cancer. Of note, a key study on urothelial progenitor cells recently highlighted an important role for Sonic hedgehog-positive cells and retinoid signaling that is essential for urothelial development and regeneration. In the translational realm, transgenic mouse models continue to be used, with a recent interest in the role of Wnt/beta-catenin in urothelial carcinomas. Tissue recombination models are also being increasingly utilized to better recreate the tissue microenvironment and better understand stromal-epithelial interactions and the impact of genetic alterations on tissue differentiation. Lastly, the avatar mouse systems, which involve direct xenotransplantation of human tumor specimens into immunocompromised mice, represent an additional approach to study cancer characteristics in a preserved tissue context. SUMMARY With molecular alterations remaining an unclear area of our understanding of HR-NMIBC, preclinical models of bladder cancer serve as essential tools to discover specific genetic compromises in disease pathogenesis and the therapeutics to treat them.
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26
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He F, Melamed J, Tang MS, Huang C, Wu XR. Oncogenic HRAS Activates Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Confers Stemness to p53-Deficient Urothelial Cells to Drive Muscle Invasion of Basal Subtype Carcinomas. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2017-28. [PMID: 25795707 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas of the bladder (MIUCB) exhibit frequent receptor tyrosine kinase alterations, but the precise nature of their contributions to tumor pathophysiology is unclear. Using mutant HRAS (HRAS*) as an oncogenic prototype, we obtained evidence in transgenic mice that RTK/RAS pathway activation in urothelial cells causes hyperplasia that neither progresses to frank carcinoma nor regresses to normal urothelium through a period of one year. This persistent hyperplastic state appeared to result from an equilibrium between promitogenic factors and compensatory tumor barriers in the p19-MDM2-p53-p21 axis and a prolonged G2 arrest. Conditional inactivation of p53 in urothelial cells of transgenic mice expressing HRAS* resulted in carcinoma in situ and basal-subtype MIUCB with focal squamous differentiation resembling the human counterpart. The transcriptome of microdissected MIUCB was enriched in genes that drive epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, the upregulation of which is associated with urothelial cells expressing multiple progenitor/stem cell markers. Taken together, our results provide evidence for RTK/RAS pathway activation and p53 deficiency as a combinatorial theranostic biomarker that may inform the progression and treatment of urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York. Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan Melamed
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Moon-Shong Tang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York. Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, New York. Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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27
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Kobayashi T, Owczarek TB, McKiernan JM, Abate-Shen C. Modelling bladder cancer in mice: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:42-54. [PMID: 25533675 PMCID: PMC4386904 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis and treatment of bladder cancer have improved little in the past 20 years. Bladder cancer remains a debilitating and often fatal disease, and is among the most costly cancers to treat. The generation of informative mouse models has the potential to improve our understanding of bladder cancer progression, as well as to affect its diagnosis and treatment. However, relatively few mouse models of bladder cancer have been described, and in particular, few that develop invasive cancer phenotypes. This Review focuses on opportunities for improving the landscape of mouse models of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomasz B Owczarek
- 1] Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center. [2] Institute of Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | - Cory Abate-Shen
- 1] Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center. [2] Institute of Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. [3] Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. [4] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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28
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Bult CJ, Krupke DM, Begley DA, Richardson JE, Neuhauser SB, Sundberg JP, Eppig JT. Mouse Tumor Biology (MTB): a database of mouse models for human cancer. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:D818-24. [PMID: 25332399 PMCID: PMC4384039 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mouse Tumor Biology (MTB; http://tumor.informatics.jax.org) database is a unique online compendium of mouse models for human cancer. MTB provides online access to expertly curated information on diverse mouse models for human cancer and interfaces for searching and visualizing data associated with these models. The information in MTB is designed to facilitate the selection of strains for cancer research and is a platform for mining data on tumor development and patterns of metastases. MTB curators acquire data through manual curation of peer-reviewed scientific literature and from direct submissions by researchers. Data in MTB are also obtained from other bioinformatics resources including PathBase, the Gene Expression Omnibus and ArrayExpress. Recent enhancements to MTB improve the association between mouse models and human genes commonly mutated in a variety of cancers as identified in large-scale cancer genomics studies, provide new interfaces for exploring regions of the mouse genome associated with cancer phenotypes and incorporate data and information related to Patient-Derived Xenograft models of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Bult
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Debra M Krupke
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Dale A Begley
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | | | | | - John P Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Janan T Eppig
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
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29
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A new tumor suppressor role for the Notch pathway in bladder cancer. Nat Med 2014; 20:1199-205. [PMID: 25194568 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway controls cell fates through interactions between neighboring cells by positively or negatively affecting the processes of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in a context-dependent manner. This pathway has been implicated in human cancer as both an oncogene and a tumor suppressor. Here we report new inactivating mutations in Notch pathway components in over 40% of human bladder cancers examined. Bladder cancer is the fourth most commonly diagnosed malignancy in the male population of the United States. Thus far, driver mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) and, less commonly, in RAS proteins have been identified. We show that Notch activation in bladder cancer cells suppresses proliferation both in vitro and in vivo by directly upregulating dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs), thus reducing the phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2 (ERK1/2). In mouse models, genetic inactivation of Notch signaling leads to Erk1/2 phosphorylation, resulting in tumorigenesis in the urinary tract. Collectively our findings show that loss of Notch activity is a driving event in urothelial cancer.
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30
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Nakayama S, Sng N, Carretero J, Welner R, Hayashi Y, Yamamoto M, Tan AJ, Yamaguchi N, Yasuda H, Li D, Soejima K, Soo RA, Costa DB, Wong KK, Kobayashi SS. β-catenin contributes to lung tumor development induced by EGFR mutations. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5891-902. [PMID: 25164010 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of somatic mutations in EGFR and development of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have revolutionized treatment for lung cancer. However, resistance to TKIs emerges in almost all patients and currently no effective treatment is available. Here, we show that β-catenin is essential for development of EGFR-mutated lung cancers. β-Catenin was upregulated and activated in EGFR-mutated cells. Mutant EGFR preferentially bound to and tyrosine phosphorylated β-catenin, leading to an increase in β-catenin-mediated transactivation, particularly in cells harboring the gefitinib/erlotinib-resistant gatekeeper EGFR-T790M mutation. Pharmacologic inhibition of β-catenin suppressed EGFR-L858R-T790M mutated lung tumor growth, and genetic deletion of the β-catenin gene dramatically reduced lung tumor formation in EGFR-L858R-T790M transgenic mice. These data suggest that β-catenin plays an essential role in lung tumorigenesis and that targeting the β-catenin pathway may provide novel strategies to prevent lung cancer development or overcome resistance to EGFR TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohei Nakayama
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Natasha Sng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julian Carretero
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Robert Welner
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yuichiro Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mihoko Yamamoto
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alistair J Tan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Norihiro Yamaguchi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hiroyuki Yasuda
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Danan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenzo Soejima
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ross A Soo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Daniel B Costa
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susumu S Kobayashi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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31
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Foth M, Ahmad I, van Rhijn BWG, van der Kwast T, Bergman AM, King L, Ridgway R, Leung HY, Fraser S, Sansom OJ, Iwata T. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 activation plays a causative role in urothelial cancer pathogenesis in cooperation with Pten loss in mice. J Pathol 2014; 233:148-58. [PMID: 24519156 PMCID: PMC4612374 DOI: 10.1002/path.4334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although somatic mutations and overexpression of the tyrosine kinase fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) are strongly associated with bladder cancer, evidence for their functional involvement in the pathogenesis remains elusive. Previously we showed that activation of Fgfr3 alone is not sufficient to initiate urothelial tumourigenesis in mice. Here we hypothesize that cooperating mutations are required for Fgfr3-dependent tumourigenesis in the urothelium and analyse a mouse model in which an inhibitor of Pi3k-Akt signalling, Pten, is deleted in concert with Fgfr3 activation (UroIICreFgfr3(+/) (K644E) Pten(flox) (/flox)). Two main phenotypical characteristics were observed in the urothelium: increased urothelial thickness and abnormal cellular histopathology, including vacuolization, condensed cellular appearance, enlargement of cells and nuclei, and loss of polarity. These changes were not observed when either mutation was present individually. Expression patterns of known urothelial proteins indicated the abnormal cellular differentiation. Furthermore, quantitative analysis showed that Fgfr3 and Pten mutations cooperatively caused cellular enlargement, while Pten contributed to increased cell proliferation. Finally, FGFR3 overexpression was analysed along the level of phosphorylated mTOR in 66 T1 urothelial tumours in tissue microarray, which supported the occurrence of functional association of these two signalling pathways in urothelial pathogenesis. Taken together, this study provides evidence supporting a functional role of FGFR3 in the process of pathogenesis in urothelial neoplasms. Given the wide availability of inhibitors specific to FGF signalling pathways, our model may open the avenue for FGFR3-targeted translation in urothelial disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Size
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/deficiency
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics
- Phenotype
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/deficiency
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder/enzymology
- Urinary Bladder/pathology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/enzymology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Urothelium/enzymology
- Urothelium/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Foth
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Bas W. G. van Rhijn
- Division of Surgical Oncology (Urology), Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus van der Kwast
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andre M. Bergman
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Louise King
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Ridgway
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hing Y. Leung
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sioban Fraser
- Department of Pathology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tomoko Iwata
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Yang X, La Rosa FG, Genova EE, Huber K, Schaack J, DeGregori J, Serkova NJ, Li Y, Su LJ, Kessler E, Flaig TW. Simultaneous activation of Kras and inactivation of p53 induces soft tissue sarcoma and bladder urothelial hyperplasia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74809. [PMID: 24058630 PMCID: PMC3776760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the Cre recombinase-controlled (Cre/LoxP) technique allows the manipulation of specific tumorigenic genes, temporarily and spatially. Our original intention of this study was to investigate the role of Kras and p53 in the development of urinary bladder cancer. First, to validate the effect of intravesical delivery on Cre recombination (Adeno-Cre), we examined activity and expression of β-galactosidase in the bladder of control ROSA transgenic mice. The results confirmed specific recombination as evidenced by β-galactosidase activity in the bladder urothelium of these mice. Then, we administered the same adenovirus into the bladder of double transgenic KrasLSLG12D/+. p53fl/fl mice. The virus solution was held in place by a distal urethral retention suture for 2 hours. To our surprise, there was a rapid development of a spindle-cell tumor with sarcoma characteristics near the suture site, within the pelvic area but outside the urinary track. Since we did not see any detectable β-galactosidase in the area outside of the bladder in the validating (control) experiment, we interpreted that this sarcoma formation was likely due to transduction by Adeno-Cre in the soft tissue of the suture site. To avoid the loss of skin integrity associated with the retention suture, we transitioned to an alternative technique without suture to retain the Adeno-Cre into the bladder cavity. Interestingly, although multiple Adeno-Cre treatments were applied, only urothelial hyperplasia but not carcinogenesis was observed in the subsequent experiments of up to 6 months. In conclusion, we observed that the simultaneous inactivation of p53 and activation of Kras induces quick formation of spindle-cell sarcoma in the soft tissues adjacent to the bladder but slow formation of urothelial hyperplasia inside the bladder. These results strongly suggest that the effect of oncogene regulation to produce either hyperplasia or carcinogenesis greatly depends on the tissue type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Yang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XY); (TWF)
| | - Francisco G. La Rosa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Erin Genova
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kendra Huber
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jerome Schaack
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James DeGregori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Natalie J. Serkova
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Yuan Li
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lih-Jen Su
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Kessler
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas W. Flaig
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XY); (TWF)
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Zhang H, Duan CJ, Chen W, Wang SQ, Zhang SK, Dong S, Cheng YD, Zhang CF. Clinical significance of SH2B1 adaptor protein expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:2355-62. [PMID: 22901222 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.5.2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The SH2B1 adaptor protein is recruited to multiple ligand-activated receptor tyrosine kinases that play important role in the physiologic and pathologic features of many cancers. The purpose of this study was to assess SH2B1 expression and to explore its contribution to the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS SH2B1 expression in 114 primary NSCLC tissue specimens was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and patients' outcome. Additionally, 15 paired NSCLC background tissues, 5 NSCLC cell lines and a normal HBE cell line were evaluated for SH2B1 expression by RT-PCR and immunoblotting, immunofluorescence being applied for the cell lines. RESULTS SH2B1 was found to be overexpressed in NSCLC tissues and NSCLC cell lines. More importantly, high SH2B1 expression was significantly associated with tumor grade, tumor size, clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and recurrence respectively. Survival analysis demonstrated that patients with high SH2B1 expression had both poorer disease- free survival and overall survival than other patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that SH2B1 overexpression was an independent prognostic factor for patients with NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the SH2B1 protein may contribute to the malignant progression of NSCLC and could offer a novel prognostic indicator for patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Ahmad I, Sansom OJ, Leung HY. Exploring molecular genetics of bladder cancer: lessons learned from mouse models. Dis Model Mech 2012; 5:323-32. [PMID: 22422829 PMCID: PMC3339826 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.008888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the bladder is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, causing considerable morbidity and mortality. It is unusual among the epithelial carcinomas because tumorigenesis can occur by two distinct pathways: low-grade, recurring papillary tumours usually contain oncogenic mutations in FGFR3 or HRAS, whereas high-grade, muscle-invasive tumours with metastatic potential generally have defects in the pathways controlled by the tumour suppressors p53 and retinoblastoma (RB). Over the past 20 years, a plethora of genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of UCC have been developed, containing deletions or mutations of key tumour suppressor genes or oncogenes. In this review, we provide an up-to-date summary of these GEM models, analyse their flaws and weaknesses, discuss how they have advanced our understanding of UCC at the molecular level, and comment on their translational potential. We also highlight recent studies supporting a role for dysregulated Wnt signalling in UCC and the development of mouse models that recapitulate this dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ahmad
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
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Shen TH, Gladoun N, Castillo-Martin M, Bonal D, Domingo-Domenech J, Charytonowicz D, Cordon-Cardo C. A BAC-based transgenic mouse specifically expresses an inducible Cre in the urothelium. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35243. [PMID: 22496911 PMCID: PMC3322165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cre-loxp mediated conditional knockout strategy has played critical roles for revealing functions of many genes essential for development, as well as the causal relationships between gene mutations and diseases in the postnatal adult mice. One key factor of this strategy is the availability of mice with tissue- or cell type-specific Cre expression. However, the success of the traditional molecular cloning approach to generate mice with tissue specific Cre expression often depends on luck. Here we provide a better alternative by using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based recombineering to insert iCreERT2 cDNA at the ATG start of the Upk2 gene. The BAC-based transgenic mice express the inducible Cre specifically in the urothelium as demonstrated by mRNA expression and staining for LacZ expression after crossing with a Rosa26 reporter mouse. Taking into consideration the size of the gene of interest and neighboring genes included in a BAC, this method should be widely applicable for generation of mice with tissue specific gene expression or deletions in a more specific manner than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Huai Shen
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nataliya Gladoun
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mireia Castillo-Martin
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dennis Bonal
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Josep Domingo-Domenech
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Charytonowicz
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhou H, Huang HY, Shapiro E, Lepor H, Huang WC, Mohammadi M, Mohr I, Tang MS, Huang C, Wu XR. Urothelial tumor initiation requires deregulation of multiple signaling pathways: implications in target-based therapies. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:770-80. [PMID: 22287562 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although formation of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) requires multiple steps and proceeds along divergent pathways, the underlying genetic and molecular determinants for each step and pathway remain undefined. By developing transgenic mice expressing single or combinatorial genetic alterations in urothelium, we demonstrated here that overcoming oncogene-induced compensatory tumor barriers was critical for urothelial tumor initiation. Constitutively active Ha-ras (Ras*) elicited urothelial hyperplasia that was persistent and did not progress to tumors over a 10 months period. This resistance to tumorigenesis coincided with increased expression of p53 and all pRb family proteins. Expression of a Simian virus 40 T antigen (SV40T), which disables p53 and pRb family proteins, in urothelial cells expressing Ras* triggered early-onset, rapidly-growing and high-grade papillary UCB that strongly resembled the human counterpart (pTaG3). Urothelial cells expressing both Ras* and SV40T had defective G(1)/S checkpoint, elevated Ras-GTPase and hyperactivated AKT-mTOR signaling. Inhibition of the AKT-mTOR pathway with rapamycin significantly reduced the size of high-grade papillary UCB but hyperactivated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Inhibition of AKT-mTOR, MAPK and STAT3 altogether resulted in much greater tumor reduction and longer survival than did inhibition of AKT-mTOR pathway alone. Our studies provide the first experimental evidence delineating the combinatorial genetic events required for initiating high-grade papillary UCB, a poorly defined and highly challenging clinical entity. Furthermore, they suggest that targeted therapy using a single agent such as rapamycin may not be highly effective in controlling high-grade UCB and that combination therapy employing inhibitors against multiple targets are more likely to achieve desirable therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Zhou
- Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Ahmad I, Iwata T, Leung HY. Mechanisms of FGFR-mediated carcinogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:850-60. [PMID: 22273505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the evidence for a role of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) mediated signalling in carcinogenesis are considered and relevant underlying mechanisms highlighted. FGF signalling mediated by FGFR follows a classic receptor tyrosine kinase signalling pathway and its deregulation at various points of its cascade could result in malignancy. Here we review the accumulating reports that revealed the association of FGF/FGFRs to various types of cancer at a genetic level, along with in vitro and in vivo evidences available so far, which indicates the functional involvement of FGF signalling in tumour formation and progression. An increasing number of drugs against the FGF pathways is currently in clinical testing. We will discuss the strategies for future FGF research in cancer and translational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ahmad
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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