1
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Lénárt N, Cserép C, Császár E, Pósfai B, Dénes Á. Microglia-neuron-vascular interactions in ischemia. Glia 2024; 72:833-856. [PMID: 37964690 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a devastating condition that results in impaired blood flow in the brain leading to acute brain injury. As the most common form of stroke, occlusion of cerebral arteries leads to a characteristic sequence of pathophysiological changes in the brain tissue. The mechanisms involved, and comorbidities that determine outcome after an ischemic event appear to be highly heterogeneous. On their own, the processes leading to neuronal injury in the absence of sufficient blood supply to meet the metabolic demand of the cells are complex and manifest at different temporal and spatial scales. While the contribution of non-neuronal cells to stroke pathophysiology is increasingly recognized, recent data show that microglia, the main immune cells of the central nervous system parenchyma, play previously unrecognized roles in basic physiological processes beyond their inflammatory functions, which markedly change during ischemic conditions. In this review, we aim to discuss some of the known microglia-neuron-vascular interactions assumed to contribute to the acute and delayed pathologies after cerebral ischemia. Because the mechanisms of neuronal injury have been extensively discussed in several excellent previous reviews, here we focus on some recently explored pathways that may directly or indirectly shape neuronal injury through microglia-related actions. These discoveries suggest that modulating gliovascular processes in different forms of stroke and other neurological disorders might have presently unexplored therapeutic potential in combination with neuroprotective and flow restoration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Lénárt
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserép
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Császár
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Gao Y, Fang C, Wang J, Ye Y, Li Y, Xu Q, Kang X, Gu L. Neuroinflammatory Biomarkers in the Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Blood After Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5117-5136. [PMID: 37258724 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The most frequent type of stroke, known as ischemic stroke (IS), is a significant global public health issue. The pathological process of IS and post-IS episodes has not yet been fully explored, but neuroinflammation has been identified as one of the key processes. Biomarkers are objective indicators used to assess normal or pathological processes, evaluate responses to treatment, and predict outcomes, and some biomarkers can also be used as therapeutic targets. After IS, various molecules are produced by different cell types, such as microglia, astrocytes, infiltrating leukocytes, endothelial cells, and damaged neurons, that participate in the neuroinflammatory response within the ischemic brain region. These molecules may either promote or inhibit neuroinflammation and may be released into extracellular spaces, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood, due to reasons such as BBB damage. These neuroinflammatory molecules should be valued as biomarkers to monitor whether their expression levels in the blood, CSF, and brain correlate with the diagnosis and prognosis of IS patients or whether they have potential as therapeutic targets. In addition, although some molecules do not directly participate in the process of neuroinflammation, they have been reported to have potential diagnostic or therapeutic value against post-IS neuroinflammation, and these molecules will also be listed. In this review, we summarize the neuroinflammatory biomarkers in the brain, CSF, and blood after an IS episode and the potential value of these biomarkers for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of IS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikun Gao
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Congcong Fang
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yina Li
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Qingxue Xu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xianhui Kang
- Department of Anesthesia, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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3
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Stephens R, Grainger JR, Smith CJ, Allan SM. Systemic innate myeloid responses to acute ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. Semin Immunopathol 2023; 45:281-294. [PMID: 36346451 PMCID: PMC9641697 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Acute ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke account for significant disability and morbidity burdens worldwide. The myeloid arm of the peripheral innate immune system is critical in the immunological response to acute ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. Neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DC) contribute to the evolution of pathogenic local and systemic inflammation, whilst maintaining a critical role in ongoing immunity protecting against secondary infections. This review aims to summarise the key alterations to myeloid immunity in acute ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). By integrating clinical and preclinical research, we discover how myeloid immunity is affected across multiple organ systems including the brain, blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lung, and evaluate how these perturbations associate with real-world outcomes including infection. These findings are placed in the context of the rapidly developing field of human immunology, which offers a wealth of opportunity for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Stephens
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John R Grainger
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Craig J Smith
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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4
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Yan J, Liu T, Li Y, Zhang J, Shi B, Zhang F, Hou X, Zhang X, Cui W, Li J, Yao H, Li X, Gao Y, Jiang J. Effects of magnetically targeted iron oxide@polydopamine-labeled human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in cerebral infarction in mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:1130-1142. [PMID: 36812482 PMCID: PMC10008509 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are a potential therapeutic candidate for cerebral infarction due to their anti-inflammatory proprieties. However, ensuring the engraftment of sufficient cells into the affected brain area remains a challenge. Herein, magnetic targeting techniques were used for the transplantation of a large number of cells noninvasively. Mice subjected to pMCAO surgery were administered MSCs labeled or not with iron oxide@polydopamine nanoparticles by tail vein injection. Iron oxide@polydopamine particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, and labeled MSCs were characterized by flow cytometry and their differentiation potential was assessed in vitro. Following the systemic injection of iron oxide@polydopamine-labeled MSCs into pMCAO-induced mices, magnetic navigation increased the MSCs localization to the brain lesion site and reduced the lesion volume. Treatment with iron oxide@polydopamine-labeled MSCs also significantly inhibited M1 microglia polarization and increased M2 microglia cell infiltration. Furthermore, western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that microtubule-associated protein 2 and NeuN levels were upregulated the brain tissue of mice treated with iron oxide@polydopamine-labeled MSCs. Thus, iron oxide@polydopamine-labeled MSCs attenuated brain injury and protected neurons by preventing pro-inflammatory microglia activation. Overall, the proposed iron oxide@polydopamine-labeled MSCs approach may overcome the major drawback of the conventional MSCs therapy for the treatment of cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China.,Central Laboratory, Dalian Municipal Women and Children’s Medical Center (Group), Xigang District, Dalian 116012, China
| | - Te Liu
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Bo Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Fuqiang Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Xuejia Hou
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Wanxing Cui
- Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Hua Yao
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Xiuying Li
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Yufei Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, Jilin, China
| | - Jinlan Jiang
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
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5
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He Y, Chen X, Wu M, Hou X, Zhou Z. What type of cell death occurs in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion? A review focusing on pyroptosis and its potential therapeutic implications. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1073511. [PMID: 36937182 PMCID: PMC10017988 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1073511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is a major global disease with chronic cerebral blood flow reduction. It is also the main cause of cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases. Pyroptosis, a novel form of cell death, is characterized by the rupture of the cell membrane and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have identified the involvement of pyroptosis and its mediated inflammatory response in the pathological process of CCH. Therefore, preventing the activation of pyroptosis following CCH is beneficial to inhibit the inflammatory cascade and reduce brain injury. In this review, we discuss the research progress on the relationship between pyroptosis and CCH, in order to provide a reference for research in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan He
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xianhua Hou
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xianhua Hou Zhenhua Zhou
| | - Zhenhua Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xianhua Hou Zhenhua Zhou
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6
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Ye X, Song G, Huang S, Liang Q, Fang Y, Lian L, Zhu S. Caspase-1: A Promising Target for Preserving Blood–Brain Barrier Integrity in Acute Stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:856372. [PMID: 35370546 PMCID: PMC8971909 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.856372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) acts as a physical and biochemical barrier that plays a fundamental role in regulating the blood-to-brain influx of endogenous and exogenous components and maintaining the homeostatic microenvironment of the central nervous system (CNS). Acute stroke leads to BBB disruption, blood substances extravasation into the brain parenchyma, and the consequence of brain edema formation with neurological impairment afterward. Caspase-1, one of the evolutionary conserved families of cysteine proteases, which is upregulated in acute stroke, mainly mediates pyroptosis and compromises BBB integrity via lytic cellular death and inflammatory cytokines release. Nowadays, targeting caspase-1 has been proven to be effective in decreasing the occurrence of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and in attenuating brain edema and secondary damages during acute stroke. However, the underlying interactions among caspase-1, BBB, and stroke still remain ill-defined. Hence, in this review, we are concerned about the roles of caspase-1 activation and its associated mechanisms in stroke-induced BBB damage, aiming at providing insights into the significance of caspase-1 inhibition on stroke treatment in the near future.
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7
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Dabrowska S, Andrzejewska A, Kozlowska H, Strzemecki D, Janowski M, Lukomska B. Neuroinflammation evoked by brain injury in a rat model of lacunar infarct. Exp Neurol 2020; 336:113531. [PMID: 33221395 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of long-term, severe disability worldwide. Immediately after the stroke, endogenous inflammatory processes are upregulated, leading to the local neuroinflammation and the potentiation of brain tissue destruction. The innate immune response is triggered as early as 24 h post-brain ischemia, followed by adaptive immunity activation. Together these immune cells produce many inflammatory mediators, i.e., cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines. Our study examines the immune response components in the early stage of deep brain lacunar infarct in the rat brain, highly relevant to the clinical scenario. The lesion was induced by stereotactic injection of ouabain into the adult rat striatum. Ouabain is a Na/K ATPase pump inhibitor that causes excitotoxicity and brings metabolic and structural changes in the cells leading to focal brain injury. We have shown a surge of neurodegenerative changes in the peri-infarct area in the first days after brain injury. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed early microglial activation and the gradual infiltration of immune cells with a significant increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the ipsilateral hemisphere. In our studies, we identified the higher level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., interleukin-1α, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ, but a lower level of anti-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β2 in the injured brain than in normal rats. Concomitantly focal brain injury showed a significant increase in the level of chemokines, i.e., monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and CC motif chemokine ligand 5 compared to control. Our findings provide new insights into an early inflammatory reaction in our model of the deep-brain lacunar infarct. The results of this study may highlight future stroke immunotherapies for targeting the acute immune response accompanied by the insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Dabrowska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Andrzejewska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Kozlowska
- Laboratory of Advanced Microscopy Techniques, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre PAS, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Damian Strzemecki
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland; Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore. MD 21201, USA
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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Sato K, Tobo A, Mogi C, Tobo M, Yamane N, Tosaka M, Tomura H, Im DS, Okajima F. The protective role of proton-sensing TDAG8 in the brain injury in a mouse ischemia reperfusion model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17193. [PMID: 33057165 PMCID: PMC7566628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular acidification in the brain has been observed in ischemia; however, the physiological and pathophysiological implications of the pH reduction remain largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the roles of proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors, including T-cell death-associated gene 8 (TDAG8), ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1), and G protein-coupled receptor 4 (GPR4) in a mouse ischemia reperfusion model. Cerebral infarction and dysfunctional behavior with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and subsequent reperfusion were exacerbated by the deficiency of TDAG8, whereas no significant effect was observed with the deficiency of OGR1 or GPR4. We confirmed that the pH of the predicted infarction region was 6.5. TDAG8 mRNA was observed in Iba1-positive microglia in the mouse brain. The tMCAO increased the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere and evoked morphological changes in microglia in an evolving cerebral injury. These tMCAO-induced actions were significantly enhanced by the TDAG8 deficiency. Administration of minocycline, which is known to inhibit microglial activation, improved the cerebral infarction and dysfunctional behavior induced by tMCAO in the TDAG8-deficient mouse. Thus, acidic pH/TDAG8 protects against cerebral infarction caused by tMCAO, at least due to the mechanism involving the inhibition of microglial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan.
| | - Ayaka Tobo
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Chihiro Mogi
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tobo
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yamane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tosaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tomura
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Fumikazu Okajima
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aomori University, Aomori, 030-0943, Japan
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9
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Amruta N, Rahman AA, Pinteaux E, Bix G. Neuroinflammation and fibrosis in stroke: The good, the bad and the ugly. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 346:577318. [PMID: 32682140 PMCID: PMC7794086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of death and the main cause of disability in surviving patients. The detrimental interaction between immune cells, glial cells, and matrix components in stroke pathology results in persistent inflammation that progresses to fibrosis. A substantial effort is being directed toward understanding the exact neuroinflammatory events that take place as a result of stroke. The initiation of a potent cytokine response, along with immune cell activation and infiltration in the ischemic core, has massive acute deleterious effects, generally exacerbated by comorbid inflammatory conditions. There is secondary neuroinflammation that promotes further injury, resulting in cell death, but conversely plays a beneficial role, by promoting recovery. This highlights the need for a better understanding of the neuroinflammatory and fibrotic processes, as well as the need to identify new mechanisms and potential modulators. In this review, we summarize several aspects of stroke-induced inflammation, fibrosis, and include a discussion of cytokine inhibitors/inducers, immune cells, and fibro-inflammation signaling inhibitors in order to identify new pharmacological means of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanappa Amruta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Abir A Rahman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, A.V. Hill Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Gregory Bix
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, A.V. Hill Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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10
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Bugay V, Bozdemir E, Vigil FA, Chun SH, Holstein DM, Elliott WR, Sprague CJ, Cavazos JE, Zamora DO, Rule G, Shapiro MS, Lechleiter JD, Brenner R. A Mouse Model of Repetitive Blast Traumatic Brain Injury Reveals Post-Trauma Seizures and Increased Neuronal Excitability. J Neurotrauma 2019; 37:248-261. [PMID: 31025597 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive blast traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects numerous soldiers on the battlefield. Mild TBI has been shown to have long-lasting effects with repeated injury. We have investigated effects on neuronal excitability after repetitive, mild TBI in a mouse model of blast-induced brain injury. We exposed mice to mild blast trauma of an average peak overpressure of 14.6 psi, repeated across three consecutive days. While a single exposure did not reveal trauma as indicated by the glial fibrillary acidic protein indicator, three repetitive blasts did show significant increases. As well, mice had an increased indicator of inflammation (Iba-1) and increased tau, tau phosphorylation, and altered cytokine levels in the spleen. Video-electroencephalographic monitoring 48 h after the final blast exposure demonstrated seizures in 50% (12/24) of the mice, most of which were non-convulsive seizures. Long-term monitoring revealed that spontaneous seizures developed in at least 46% (6/13) of the mice. Patch clamp recording of dentate gyrus hippocampus neurons 48 h post-blast TBI demonstrated a shortened latency to the first spike and hyperpolarization of action potential threshold. We also found that evoked excitatory postsynaptic current amplitudes were significantly increased. These findings indicate that mild, repetitive blast exposures cause increases in neuronal excitability and seizures and eventual epilepsy development in some animals. The non-convulsive nature of the seizures suggests that subclinical seizures may occur in individuals experiencing even mild blast events, if repeated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Bugay
- Cell and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Eda Bozdemir
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Fabio A Vigil
- Cell and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sang H Chun
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Deborah M Holstein
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - William R Elliott
- Sensory Trauma, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston San Antonio, Texas
| | - Cassie J Sprague
- Sensory Trauma, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jose E Cavazos
- Cell and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - David O Zamora
- Sensory Trauma, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Mark S Shapiro
- Cell and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - James D Lechleiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robert Brenner
- Cell and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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11
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Orsini F, Fumagalli S, Császár E, Tóth K, De Blasio D, Zangari R, Lénárt N, Dénes Á, De Simoni MG. Mannose-Binding Lectin Drives Platelet Inflammatory Phenotype and Vascular Damage After Cerebral Ischemia in Mice via IL (Interleukin)-1α. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2678-2690. [PMID: 30354247 PMCID: PMC6221395 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— Circulating complement factors are activated by tissue damage and contribute to acute brain injury. The deposition of MBL (mannose-binding lectin), one of the initiators of the lectin complement pathway, on the cerebral endothelium activated by ischemia is a major pathogenic event leading to brain injury. The molecular mechanisms through which MBL influences outcome after ischemia are not understood yet. Approach and Results— Here we show that MBL-deficient (MBL−/−) mice subjected to cerebral ischemia display better flow recovery and less plasma extravasation in the brain than wild-type mice, as assessed by in vivo 2-photon microscopy. This results in reduced vascular dysfunction as shown by the shift from a pro- to an anti-inflammatory vascular phenotype associated with MBL deficiency. We also show that platelets directly bind MBL and that platelets from MBL−/− mice have reduced inflammatory phenotype as indicated by reduced IL-1α (interleukin-1α) content, as early as 6 hours after ischemia. Cultured human brain endothelial cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and exposed to platelets from MBL−/− mice present less cell death and lower CXCL1 (chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 1) release (downstream to IL-1α) than those exposed to wild-type platelets. In turn, MBL deposition on ischemic vessels significantly decreases after ischemia in mice treated with IL-1 receptor antagonist compared with controls, indicating a reciprocal interplay between MBL and IL-1α facilitating endothelial damage. Conclusions— We propose MBL as a hub of pathogenic vascular events. It acts as an early trigger of platelet IL-1α release, which in turn favors MBL deposition on ischemic vessels promoting an endothelial pro-inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Orsini
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy (F.O., S.F., D.D.B., R.Z., M.-G.D.S.)
| | - Stefano Fumagalli
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy (F.O., S.F., D.D.B., R.Z., M.-G.D.S.)
| | - Eszter Császár
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (E.C., K.T., N.L., A.D.)
| | - Krisztina Tóth
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (E.C., K.T., N.L., A.D.)
| | - Daiana De Blasio
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy (F.O., S.F., D.D.B., R.Z., M.-G.D.S.)
| | - Rosalia Zangari
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy (F.O., S.F., D.D.B., R.Z., M.-G.D.S.)
| | - Nikolett Lénárt
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (E.C., K.T., N.L., A.D.)
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (E.C., K.T., N.L., A.D.)
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy (F.O., S.F., D.D.B., R.Z., M.-G.D.S.)
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12
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Boujon V, Uhlemann R, Wegner S, Wright MB, Laufs U, Endres M, Kronenberg G, Gertz K. Dual PPARα/γ agonist aleglitazar confers stroke protection in a model of mild focal brain ischemia in mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1127-1138. [PMID: 31147725 PMCID: PMC6647083 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) control the expression of genes involved in glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and cell differentiation. Here, we analyzed the effects of aleglitazar, a dual PPARα and PPARγ agonist with balanced affinity for either subtype, on subacute stroke outcome. Healthy young adult mice were subjected to transient 30 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo)/reperfusion. Daily treatment with aleglitazar was begun on the day of MCAo and continued until sacrifice. Blood glucose measurements and lipid profile did not differ between mice receiving aleglitazar and mice receiving vehicle after MCAo. Aleglitazar reduced the size of the ischemic lesion as assessed using NeuN immunohistochemistry on day 7. Sensorimotor performance on the rotarod was impaired during the first week after MCAo, an effect that was significantly attenuated by treatment with aleglitazar. Smaller lesion volume in mice treated with aleglitazar was accompanied by a decrease in mRNA transcription of IL-1β, Vcam-1, and Icam-1, suggesting that reduced proinflammatory signaling and reduced vascular inflammation in the ischemic hemisphere contribute to the beneficial effects of aleglitazar during the first week after stroke. Further experiments in primary murine microglia confirmed that aleglitazar reduces key aspects of microglia activation including NO production, release of proinflammatory cytokines, migration, and phagocytosis. In aggregate, a brief course of PPARα/γ agonist aleglitazar initiated post-event affords stroke protection and functional recovery in a model of mild brain ischemia. Our data underscores the theme of delayed injury processes such as neuroinflammation as promising therapeutic targets in stroke. Key messages PPARα/γ agonist aleglitazar improves stroke outcome after transient brain ischemia. Aleglitazar attenuates inflammatory responses in post-ischemic brain. Aleglitazar reduces microglia migration, phagocytosis, and release of cytokines. Beneficial effects of aleglitazar independent of glucose regulation. Aleglitazar provides extended window of opportunity for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Boujon
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ria Uhlemann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wegner
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew B Wright
- pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Strekin AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), 10115, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Golo Kronenberg
- College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, and Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Karen Gertz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Hypoglycemia-activated Hypothalamic Microglia Impairs Glucose Counterregulatory Responses. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6224. [PMID: 30996341 PMCID: PMC6470310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is a major fuel for the central nervous system and hypoglycemia is a significant homeostatic stressor, which elicits counterregulatory reactions. Hypothalamic metabolic- and stress-related neurons initiate these actions, however recruitment of glia in control such adaptive circuit remain unknown. Groups of fed- and fasted-, vehicle-injected, and fasted + insulin-injected male mice were compared in this study. Bolus insulin administration to fasted mice resulted in hypoglycemia, which increased hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis- and sympathetic activity, increased transcription of neuropeptide Y (Npy) and agouti-related peptide (Agrp) in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and activated IBA1+ microglia in the hypothalamus. Activated microglia were found in close apposition to hypoglycemia-responsive NPY neurons. Inhibition of microglia by minocycline increased counterregulatory sympathetic response to hypoglycemia. Fractalkine-CX3CR1 signaling plays a role in control of microglia during hypoglycemia, because density and solidity of IBA1-ir profiles was attenuated in fasted, insulin-treated, CX3CR1 KO mice, which was parallel with exaggerated neuropeptide responses and higher blood glucose levels following insulin administration. Hypoglycemia increased Il-1b expression in the arcuate nucleus, while IL-1a/b knockout mice display improved glycemic control to insulin administration. In conclusion, activated microglia in the arcuate nucleus interferes with central counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia. These results underscore involvement of microglia in hypothalamic regulation of glucose homeostasis.
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14
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O'Boyle C, Haley MJ, Lemarchand E, Smith CJ, Allan SM, Konkel JE, Lawrence CB. Ligature-induced periodontitis induces systemic inflammation but does not alter acute outcome after stroke in mice. Int J Stroke 2019; 15:175-187. [PMID: 30794103 PMCID: PMC7045281 DOI: 10.1177/1747493019834191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Stroke is a major cause of disability and mortality. Poorer outcome after stroke is associated with concomitant inflammatory and infectious disease. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the dental supporting structures and is a prominent risk factor for many systemic disorders, including cardiovascular disease and stroke. While epidemiological studies suggest that periodontitis increases the likelihood of stroke, its impact on stroke severity is poorly understood. Here, we sought to determine the contribution of periodontitis to acute stroke pathology. Methods We characterized a murine ligature model of periodontitis for inflammatory responses that could potentially impact stroke outcome. We applied this model and then subjected mice to either transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. We also enhanced the periodontitis model with repeated intravenous administration of a periodontal-specific lipopolysaccharide to better mimic the clinical condition. Results Ligature-induced periodontitis caused bone loss, bacterial growth, and increased local inflammatory cell trafficking. Systemically, periodontitis increased circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and primed bone marrow monocytes to produce elevated tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). Despite these changes, periodontitis alone or in tandem with repeated lipopolysaccharide challenge did not alter infarct volume, blood–brain barrier breakdown, or systemic inflammation after experimental stroke. Conclusions Our data show that despite elevated systemic inflammation in periodontitis, oral inflammatory disease does not impact acute stroke pathology in terms of severity, determined primarily by infarct volume. This indicates that, at least in this experimental paradigm, periodontitis alone does not alter acute outcome after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor O'Boyle
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael J Haley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Eloise Lemarchand
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Craig J Smith
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Greater Manchester Comprehensive Stroke Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Joanne E Konkel
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Core Technology Facility, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Catherine B Lawrence
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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15
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Wong R, Lénárt N, Hill L, Toms L, Coutts G, Martinecz B, Császár E, Nyiri G, Papaemmanouil A, Waisman A, Müller W, Schwaninger M, Rothwell N, Francis S, Pinteaux E, Denés A, Allan SM. Interleukin-1 mediates ischaemic brain injury via distinct actions on endothelial cells and cholinergic neurons. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 76:126-138. [PMID: 30453020 PMCID: PMC6363965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key contributor to neuroinflammation and brain injury, yet mechanisms by which IL-1 triggers neuronal injury remain unknown. Here we induced conditional deletion of IL-1R1 in brain endothelial cells, neurons and blood cells to assess site-specific IL-1 actions in a model of cerebral ischaemia in mice. Tamoxifen treatment of IL-1R1 floxed (fl/fl) mice crossed with mice expressing tamoxifen-inducible Cre-recombinase under the Slco1c1 promoter resulted in brain endothelium-specific deletion of IL-1R1 and a significant decrease in infarct size (29%), blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown (53%) and neurological deficit (40%) compared to vehicle-treated or control (IL-1R1fl/fl) mice. Absence of brain endothelial IL-1 signalling improved cerebral blood flow, followed by reduced neutrophil infiltration and vascular activation 24 h after brain injury. Conditional IL-1R1 deletion in neurons using tamoxifen inducible nestin-Cre mice resulted in reduced neuronal injury (25%) and altered microglia-neuron interactions, without affecting cerebral perfusion or vascular activation. Deletion of IL-1R1 specifically in cholinergic neurons reduced infarct size, brain oedema and improved functional outcome. Ubiquitous deletion of IL-1R1 had no effect on brain injury, suggesting beneficial compensatory mechanisms on other cells against the detrimental effects of IL-1 on endothelial cells and neurons. We also show that IL-1R1 signalling deletion in platelets or myeloid cells does not contribute to brain injury after experimental stroke. Thus, brain endothelial and neuronal (cholinergic) IL-1R1 mediate detrimental actions of IL-1 in the brain in ischaemic stroke. Cell-specific targeting of IL-1R1 in the brain could therefore have therapeutic benefits in stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Wong
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - Nikolett Lénárt
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony u. 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laura Hill
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - Lauren Toms
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - Graham Coutts
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - Bernadett Martinecz
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony u. 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Császár
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony u. 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nyiri
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony u. 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Athina Papaemmanouil
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner Müller
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nancy Rothwell
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - Sheila Francis
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, S10 2RX Sheffield, UK
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - Adam Denés
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony u. 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK.
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16
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Yang C, Hawkins KE, Doré S, Candelario-Jalil E. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms of blood-brain barrier damage in ischemic stroke. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 316:C135-C153. [PMID: 30379577 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00136.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As part of the neurovascular unit, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a unique, dynamic regulatory boundary that limits and regulates the exchange of molecules, ions, and cells between the blood and the central nervous system. Disruption of the BBB plays an important role in the development of neurological dysfunction in ischemic stroke. Blood-borne substances and cells have restricted access to the brain due to the presence of tight junctions between the endothelial cells of the BBB. Following stroke, there is loss of BBB tight junction integrity, leading to increased paracellular permeability, which results in vasogenic edema, hemorrhagic transformation, and increased mortality. Thus, understanding principal mediators and molecular mechanisms involved in BBB disruption is critical for the development of novel therapeutics to treat ischemic stroke. This review discusses the current knowledge of how neuroinflammation contributes to BBB damage in ischemic stroke. Specifically, we provide an updated overview of the role of cytokines, chemokines, oxidative and nitrosative stress, adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinases, and vascular endothelial growth factor as well as the role of different cell types in the regulation of BBB permeability in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kimberly E Hawkins
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.,Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurology, Psychiatry, Psychology, and Pharmaceutics, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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17
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Yu K, Youshani AS, Wilkinson FL, O'Leary C, Cook P, Laaniste L, Liao A, Mosses D, Waugh C, Shorrock H, Pathmanaban O, Macdonald A, Kamaly-Asl I, Roncaroli F, Bigger BW. A nonmyeloablative chimeric mouse model accurately defines microglia and macrophage contribution in glioma. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 45:119-140. [PMID: 29679380 PMCID: PMC7379954 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aims Resident and peripherally derived glioma associated microglia/macrophages (GAMM) play a key role in driving tumour progression, angiogenesis, invasion and attenuating host immune responses. Differentiating these cells’ origins is challenging and current preclinical models such as irradiation‐based adoptive transfer, parabiosis and transgenic mice have limitations. We aimed to develop a novel nonmyeloablative transplantation (NMT) mouse model that permits high levels of peripheral chimerism without blood‐brain barrier (BBB) damage or brain infiltration prior to tumour implantation. Methods NMT dosing was determined in C57BL/6J or Pep3/CD45.1 mice conditioned with concentrations of busulfan ranging from 25 mg/kg to 125 mg/kg. Donor haematopoietic cells labelled with eGFP or CD45.2 were injected via tail vein. Donor chimerism was measured in peripheral blood, bone marrow and spleen using flow cytometry. BBB integrity was assessed with anti‐IgG and anti‐fibrinogen antibodies. Immunocompetent chimerised animals were orthotopically implanted with murine glioma GL‐261 cells. Central and peripheral cell contributions were assessed using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. GAMM subpopulation analysis of peripheral cells was performed using Ly6C/MHCII/MerTK/CD64. Results NMT achieves >80% haematopoietic chimerism by 12 weeks without BBB damage and normal life span. Bone marrow derived cells (BMDC) and peripheral macrophages accounted for approximately 45% of the GAMM population in GL‐261 implanted tumours. Existing markers such as CD45 high/low proved inaccurate to determine central and peripheral populations while Ly6C/MHCII/MerTK/CD64 reliably differentiated GAMM subpopulations in chimerised and unchimerised mice. Conclusion NMT is a powerful method for dissecting tumour microglia and macrophage subpopulations and can guide further investigation of BMDC subsets in glioma and neuro‐inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yu
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies Laboratory, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Neurosurgery, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - A S Youshani
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies Laboratory, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Neurosurgery, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - F L Wilkinson
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies Laboratory, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Centre for Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - C O'Leary
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies Laboratory, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - P Cook
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - L Laaniste
- Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Liao
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies Laboratory, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - D Mosses
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - C Waugh
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies Laboratory, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - H Shorrock
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies Laboratory, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - O Pathmanaban
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies Laboratory, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Neurosurgery, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - A Macdonald
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - I Kamaly-Asl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - F Roncaroli
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - B W Bigger
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies Laboratory, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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18
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Wang P, He Q, Liu C, He SZ, Zhu SY, Li YW, Su W, Xiang ST, Zhao B. Functional polymorphism rs3783553 in the 3'-untranslated region of IL-1A increased the risk of ischemic stroke: A case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8522. [PMID: 29145255 PMCID: PMC5704800 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a critical mediator of inflammatory responses in ischemic stroke (IS). The aim of this study was to investigate whether rs3783553 in the 3'-untranslated region of IL-1A was associated with the risk of IS. In this hospital-based case-control study, we genotyped the rs3783553 using polymerase chain reaction in 316 patients with IS and 332 age, sex, and ethnicity-matched controls. Plasma level of IL-1α was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relative luciferase activities were measured by the Dual Luciferase assay system. The presence of ins/ins genotype was associated with higher odds ratios (ORs) of IS compared with del/del genotype (ins/ins vs del/del: adjusted OR 1.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-2.98; recessive model: adjusted OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.06-2.70). The higher risk of IS was also observed in allele comparison (adjusted OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.00-1.65). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, hypertension, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and rs3783553ins/ins genotypes were independent risk factors for IS. Plasma level of IL-1α was higher among IS patients compared with controls (P = .03). Notably, IS patients with the TTCA/TTCA genotype had a higher level of IL-1α compared with those with the del/del genotype (P = .01). Luciferase reporter assay showed that the vector containing the TTCA del allele exhibited a reduced transcriptional activity in the presence of miR-122 and miR-378. These findings indicate that IL-1A rs3783553 ins/ins genotype may increase the susceptibility to IS, possibly by interrupting the binding site of miR-122 and miR-378.
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19
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Hafner-Bratkovič I. The NLRC4 inflammasome: The pieces of the puzzle are falling into place. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/infl-2017-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein platforms for the activation of inflammatory caspases. As components of the innate immune system, they play an important role in the fight against microbes. However, aberrant inflammasome activation has been implicated in auto-inflammatory syndromes. This review focuses on the NLRC4 inflammasome. This is perhaps not the most extensively studied, yet its mechanism of activation is by far the best understood. The NLRC4 inflammasome is activated by several proteins originating from intracellular bacteria, which are first sensed by receptors of the NAIP family. Activated NAIP binds NLRC4, which further recruits dormant NLRC4 molecules in a prion-like oligomerization event. NLRC4 enables a strong amplification of the signal, providing a fast and robust host response. The review also discusses peculiar NLRC4 inflammasome functions in promoting eicosanoid biosynthesis, actin reorganization, and its roles in autoinflammatory syndromes and sterile inflammation. Finally, the first inflammasome-independent engagement of NLRC4 in suppressing melanoma tumor growth is presented. The emerging roles of NLRC4 in various normal and pathological processes demonstrate that there is still plenty to be learned about the NLRC4 mechanism of activation and downstream functions.
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20
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Ishii T, Ueyama T, Shigyo M, Kohta M, Kondoh T, Kuboyama T, Uebi T, Hamada T, Gutmann DH, Aiba A, Kohmura E, Tohda C, Saito N. A Novel Rac1-GSPT1 Signaling Pathway Controls Astrogliosis Following Central Nervous System Injury. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1240-1250. [PMID: 27941025 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.748871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrogliosis (i.e. glial scar), which is comprised primarily of proliferated astrocytes at the lesion site and migrated astrocytes from neighboring regions, is one of the key reactions in determining outcomes after CNS injury. In an effort to identify potential molecules/pathways that regulate astrogliosis, we sought to determine whether Rac/Rac-mediated signaling in astrocytes represents a novel candidate for therapeutic intervention following CNS injury. For these studies, we generated mice with Rac1 deletion under the control of the GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) promoter (GFAP-Cre;Rac1flox/flox). GFAP-Cre;Rac1flox/flox (Rac1-KO) mice exhibited better recovery after spinal cord injury and exhibited reduced astrogliosis at the lesion site relative to control. Reduced astrogliosis was also observed in Rac1-KO mice following microbeam irradiation-induced injury. Moreover, knockdown (KD) or KO of Rac1 in astrocytes (LN229 cells, primary astrocytes, or primary astrocytes from Rac1-KO mice) led to delayed cell cycle progression and reduced cell migration. Rac1-KD or Rac1-KO astrocytes additionally had decreased levels of GSPT1 (G1 to S phase transition 1) expression and reduced responses of IL-1β and GSPT1 to LPS treatment, indicating that IL-1β and GSPT1 are downstream molecules of Rac1 associated with inflammatory condition. Furthermore, GSPT1-KD astrocytes had cell cycle delay, with no effect on cell migration. The cell cycle delay induced by Rac1-KD was rescued by overexpression of GSPT1. Based on these results, we propose that Rac1-GSPT1 represents a novel signaling axis in astrocytes that accelerates proliferation in response to inflammation, which is one important factor in the development of astrogliosis/glial scar following CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Ishii
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ueyama
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan,
| | - Michiko Shigyo
- the Division of Neuromedical Science, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kohta
- the Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kondoh
- the Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Kuboyama
- the Division of Neuromedical Science, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Uebi
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hamada
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - David H Gutmann
- the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and
| | - Atsu Aiba
- the Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiji Kohmura
- the Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tohda
- the Division of Neuromedical Science, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Naoaki Saito
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan,
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21
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Szalay G, Martinecz B, Lénárt N, Környei Z, Orsolits B, Judák L, Császár E, Fekete R, West BL, Katona G, Rózsa B, Dénes Á. Microglia protect against brain injury and their selective elimination dysregulates neuronal network activity after stroke. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11499. [PMID: 27139776 PMCID: PMC4857403 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the main immune cells of the brain and contribute to common brain diseases. However, it is unclear how microglia influence neuronal activity and survival in the injured brain in vivo. Here we develop a precisely controlled model of brain injury induced by cerebral ischaemia combined with fast in vivo two-photon calcium imaging and selective microglial manipulation. We show that selective elimination of microglia leads to a striking, 60% increase in infarct size, which is reversed by microglial repopulation. Microglia-mediated protection includes reduction of excitotoxic injury, since an absence of microglia leads to dysregulated neuronal calcium responses, calcium overload and increased neuronal death. Furthermore, the incidence of spreading depolarization (SD) is markedly reduced in the absence of microglia. Thus, microglia are involved in changes in neuronal network activity and SD after brain injury in vivo that could have important implications for common brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Szalay
- Two-Photon Imaging Center, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Martinecz
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Lénárt
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Környei
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Barbara Orsolits
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Linda Judák
- Two-Photon Imaging Center, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary.,MTA-PPKE ITK-NAP B - Two-photon measurement Technology Research Group, Pázmány Péter University, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Eszter Császár
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Rebeka Fekete
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Brian L West
- Plexxikon, Inc., Berkeley, California 94710, USA
| | - Gergely Katona
- MTA-PPKE ITK-NAP B - Two-photon measurement Technology Research Group, Pázmány Péter University, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Balázs Rózsa
- Two-Photon Imaging Center, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary.,MTA-PPKE ITK-NAP B - Two-photon measurement Technology Research Group, Pázmány Péter University, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony U. 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary
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22
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Clausen BH, Lambertsen KL, Dagnæs-Hansen F, Babcock AA, von Linstow CU, Meldgaard M, Kristensen BW, Deierborg T, Finsen B. Cell therapy centered on IL-1Ra is neuroprotective in experimental stroke. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:775-91. [PMID: 26860727 PMCID: PMC4835531 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies are emerging as new promising treatments in stroke. However, their functional mechanism and therapeutic potential during early infarct maturation has so far received little attention. Here, we asked if cell-based delivery of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), a known neuroprotectant in stroke, can promote neuroprotection, by modulating the detrimental inflammatory response in the tissue at risk. We show by the use of IL-1Ra-overexpressing and IL-1Ra-deficient mice that IL-1Ra is neuroprotective in stroke. Characterization of the cellular and spatiotemporal production of IL-1Ra and IL-1α/β identifies microglia, not infiltrating leukocytes, as the major sources of IL-1Ra after experimental stroke, and shows IL-1Ra and IL-1β to be produced by segregated subsets of microglia with a small proportion of these cells co-expressing IL-1α. Reconstitution of whole body irradiated mice with IL-1Ra-producing bone marrow cells is associated with neuroprotection and recruitment of IL-1Ra-producing leukocytes after stroke. Neuroprotection is also achieved by therapeutic injection of IL-1Ra-producing bone marrow cells 30 min after stroke onset, additionally improving the functional outcome in two different stroke models. The IL-1Ra-producing bone marrow cells increase the number of IL-1Ra-producing microglia, reduce the availability of IL-1β, and modulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in the ischemic cortex. The importance of these results is underlined by demonstration of IL-1Ra-producing cells in the human cortex early after ischemic stroke. Taken together, our results attribute distinct neuroprotective or neurotoxic functions to segregated subsets of microglia and suggest that treatment strategies increasing the production of IL-1Ra by infiltrating leukocytes or microglia may also be neuroprotective if applied early after stroke onset in patients.
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23
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Singh V, Roth S, Veltkamp R, Liesz A. HMGB1 as a Key Mediator of Immune Mechanisms in Ischemic Stroke. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:635-51. [PMID: 26493086 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Stroke is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Inflammatory cascades have a major impact on outcome and regeneration after ischemic stroke. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has come into the focus of experimental and clinical stroke research because it is released from necrotic brain tissue and its differential redox forms attract and activate immune cells after ischemic brain injury. HMGB1 is a potent inducer of inflammatory cascades, and thereby, secondary deterioration of neurological outcome. RECENT ADVANCES The role of HMGB1 in sterile inflammation is well established. Emerging evidence suggests that HMGB1 modulates neuroinflammation after experimental brain ischemia and that it may be a useful prognostic biomarker for stroke patients. CRITICAL ISSUES HMGB1 is instantly released from necrotic cells in the ischemic core and activates an early inflammatory response. In addition, brain-released HMGB1 can be redox modified in the circulation and activate peripheral immune cells. HMGB1 concentrations correlate with disease severity and outcome after brain injury. This is the first review depicting the crucial role of HMGB1 in the initiation and perpetuation of secondary immune alterations after experimental and clinical stroke. FUTURE DIRECTIONS HMGB1-dependent signaling pathways are on the verge and have the potential to become a central topic in experimental stroke research. Current and upcoming projects in this field will be paving the way for future translational approaches targeting the center of poststroke inflammation to improve stroke recovery and long-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikramjeet Singh
- 1 Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research , Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany .,2 Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) , Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Roth
- 1 Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research , Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany .,2 Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) , Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- 3 Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur Liesz
- 1 Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research , Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany .,2 Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) , Munich, Germany
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24
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Zhao Y, Wang X, Dong P, Xu Q, Ma Z, Mu Q, Sun X, Jiang Z, Wang X. Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviated brain injury via down-regulation of interleukin-1β in focal cerebral ischemic rats. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:1541-1550. [PMID: 27186280 PMCID: PMC4859639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays an important role in brain injury after focal ischemia, and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are capable of reducing the expression of IL-1β, we investigated the effects of BMSCs transplantation on brain edema and cerebral infarction as well as the underlying mechanisms via IL-1β. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: Normal + phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) + PBS, Normal + BMSCs, MCAO + BMSCs and MCAO + IL-1ra (an antagonist of IL-1β). BMSCs were transplanted 24 hours after MCAO, and brain edema was evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and brain water content method after BMSCs transplantation. The expression of NeuN and AQP4 was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Protein level of AQP4 and IL-1β was detected by western blot analysis 48 hours after transplantation. The results showed that BMSCs transplantation reduced brain edema by measurement of brain water content and ADC Value of MRI, as well as the expression of AQP4 and IL-1β. It was also found that BMSCs transplantation could alleviate the cerebral infarction volume and neuronal damage. Both the brain edema and the cerebral infarction were associated with IL-1β expression. In conclusion, BMSCs transplantation was capable of alleviating brain edema as well as reducing cerebral infarction via down-regulation of IL-1β expression, thus repair the injured brain in focal cerebral ischemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Medical Institute, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang, Shandong, PR China
| | - Peng Dong
- Department of Medical Imaging, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang, Shandong, PR China
| | - Qinyan Xu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ze Ma
- Department of Medical Imaging, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang, Shandong, PR China
| | - Qingjie Mu
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Medical Institute, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xihe Sun
- Department of Medical Imaging, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhengchen Jiang
- Clinical Medical Institute, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Brough D, Rothwell NJ, Allan SM. Interleukin-1 as a pharmacological target in acute brain injury. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:1488-94. [PMID: 26096539 DOI: 10.1113/ep085135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? This review discusses the latest findings on the contribution of inflammation to brain injury, how inflammation is a therapeutic target, and details of recent and forthcoming clinical studies. What advances does it highlight? Here we highlight recent advances on the role and regulation of inflammasomes, and the latest clinical progress in targeting inflammation. Acute brain injury is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Despite this, treatments for acute brain injuries are limited, and there remains a massive unmet clinical need. Inflammation has emerged as a major contributor to non-communicable diseases, and there is now substantial and growing evidence that inflammation, driven by the cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1), worsens acute brain injury. Interleukin-1 is regulated by large, multimolecular complexes called inflammasomes. Here, we discuss the latest research on the regulation of inflammasomes and IL-1 in the brain, preclinical efforts to establish the IL-1 system as a therapeutic target, and the promise of recent and future clinical studies on blocking the action of IL-1 for the treatment of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brough
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nancy J Rothwell
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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26
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Amantea D, Micieli G, Tassorelli C, Cuartero MI, Ballesteros I, Certo M, Moro MA, Lizasoain I, Bagetta G. Rational modulation of the innate immune system for neuroprotection in ischemic stroke. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:147. [PMID: 25972779 PMCID: PMC4413676 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a dualistic role in the evolution of ischemic brain damage and has also been implicated in ischemic tolerance produced by different conditioning stimuli. Early after ischemia, perivascular astrocytes release cytokines and activate metalloproteases (MMPs) that contribute to blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption and vasogenic oedema; whereas at later stages, they provide extracellular glutamate uptake, BBB regeneration and neurotrophic factors release. Similarly, early activation of microglia contributes to ischemic brain injury via the production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and proteases. Nevertheless, microglia also contributes to the resolution of inflammation, by releasing IL-10 and tumor growth factor (TGF)-β, and to the late reparative processes by phagocytic activity and growth factors production. Indeed, after ischemia, microglia/macrophages differentiate toward several phenotypes: the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype is classically activated via toll-like receptors or interferon-γ, whereas M2 phenotypes are alternatively activated by regulatory mediators, such as ILs 4, 10, 13, or TGF-β. Thus, immune cells exert a dualistic role on the evolution of ischemic brain damage, since the classic phenotypes promote injury, whereas alternatively activated M2 macrophages or N2 neutrophils prompt tissue remodeling and repair. Moreover, a subdued activation of the immune system has been involved in ischemic tolerance, since different preconditioning stimuli act via modulation of inflammatory mediators, including toll-like receptors and cytokine signaling pathways. This further underscores that the immuno-modulatory approach for the treatment of ischemic stroke should be aimed at blocking the detrimental effects, while promoting the beneficial responses of the immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Tassorelli
- C. Mondino National Neurological Institute Pavia, Italy ; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - María I Cuartero
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Ballesteros
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Michelangelo Certo
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
| | - María A Moro
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Rende, Italy ; Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
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27
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Brough D, Denes A. Interleukin-1α and brain inflammation. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:323-30. [PMID: 25906979 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute brain injuries such as caused by stroke are amongst the leading causes of death and are the leading cause of disability. Despite this there are very limited therapeutic options, and new therapeutic strategies and targets are required. Inflammation is known to exacerbate brain injury and is now considered as a potential therapeutic target. The damaging inflammation that occurs after acute brain injury is driven by pro-inflammatory members of the interleukin (IL)-1 cytokine family, namely, IL-1α and IL-1β. Previous research efforts have focussed on the biology and contribution of IL-1β. However, we now recognise that IL-1α is an early and important mediator of inflammation after injury. This review focuses on what is known about IL-1α, its regulation and its contribution to brain injury. Inhibiting mechanisms regulating the processing and release of IL-1α may offer new therapeutic targets for the treatment of devastating acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brough
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam Denes
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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28
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AIM2 and NLRC4 inflammasomes contribute with ASC to acute brain injury independently of NLRP3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4050-5. [PMID: 25775556 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419090112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation that contributes to acute cerebrovascular disease is driven by the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 and is known to exacerbate resulting injury. The activity of interleukin-1 is regulated by multimolecular protein complexes called inflammasomes. There are multiple potential inflammasomes activated in diverse diseases, yet the nature of the inflammasomes involved in brain injury is currently unknown. Here, using a rodent model of stroke, we show that the NLRC4 (NLR family, CARD domain containing 4) and AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) inflammasomes contribute to brain injury. We also show that acute ischemic brain injury is regulated by mechanisms that require ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD), a common adaptor protein for several inflammasomes, and that the NLRP3 (NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome is not involved in this process. These discoveries identify the NLRC4 and AIM2 inflammasomes as potential therapeutic targets for stroke and provide new insights into how the inflammatory response is regulated after an acute injury to the brain.
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29
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Smith CJ, Denes A, Tyrrell PJ, Di Napoli M. Phase II anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating drugs for acute ischaemic stroke. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:623-43. [PMID: 25727670 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause of adult neurological disability. Despite advances in stroke unit care, and increasing use of thrombolysis, there remains an urgent need for safe and effective treatments for acute ischaemic stroke. However, this is against a backdrop of multiple failures in translational drug development. Cerebral ischaemia initiates a complex cascade of immune and inflammatory pathways in the brain microvasculature and periphery, which contribute to the evolution of cerebral injury, resolution and repair. Targeting specific inflammatory or immune pathways, therefore, represents an attractive treatment strategy in acute ischaemic stroke. Although anti-inflammatory drugs have already failed in clinical trial development, several are currently at the Phase II developmental stage. AREAS COVERED The authors highlight several candidate drugs, which modulate a range of inflammatory and immune pathways, and have been investigated in pre-clinical and Phase II studies to date. EXPERT OPINION Drugs targeting inflammatory and immune pathways offer theoretical advantages including potentially longer therapeutic time windows and effects complementary to thrombolysis (ameliorating reperfusion injury). Fundamental changes in the approach to pre-clinical and clinical drug development are required to facilitate successful translation of promising candidate drugs into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Smith
- Greater Manchester Comprehensive Stroke Centre, Department of Medical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Foundation Trust , Salford , UK
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30
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Shichita T, Ito M, Yoshimura A. Post-ischemic inflammation regulates neural damage and protection. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:319. [PMID: 25352781 PMCID: PMC4196547 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-ischemic inflammation is important in ischemic stroke pathology. However, details of the inflammation process, its resolution after stroke and its effect on pathology and neural damage have not been clarified. Brain swelling, which is often fatal in ischemic stroke patients, occurs at an early stage of stroke due to endothelial cell injury and severe inflammation by infiltrated mononuclear cells including macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. At early stage of inflammation, macrophages are activated by molecules released from necrotic cells [danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)], and inflammatory cytokines and mediators that increase ischemic brain damage by disruption of the blood–brain barrier are released. After post-ischemic inflammation, macrophages function as scavengers of necrotic cell and brain tissue debris. Such macrophages are also involved in tissue repair and neural cell regeneration by producing tropic factors. The mechanisms of inflammation resolution and conversion of inflammation to neuroprotection are largely unknown. In this review, we summarize information accumulated recently about DAMP-induced inflammation and the neuroprotective effects of inflammatory cells, and discuss next generation strategies to treat ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shichita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University Tokyo, Japan ; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Ito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Amantea D, Certo M, Russo R, Bagetta G, Corasaniti MT, Tassorelli C. Early reperfusion injury is associated to MMP2 and IL-1β elevation in cortical neurons of rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neuroscience 2014; 277:755-63. [PMID: 25108165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiological processes implicated in ischemic brain damage are strongly affected by an inflammatory reaction characterized by activation of immune cells and release of soluble mediators, including cytokines and chemokines. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β has been implicated in ischemic brain injury, however, to date, the mechanisms involved in the maturation of this cytokine in the ischemic brain have not been completely elucidated. We have previously suggested that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may be implicated in cytokine production under pathological conditions. Here, we demonstrate that significant elevation of IL-1β occurs in the cortex as early as 1h after the beginning of reperfusion in rats subjected to 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). At this early stage, we observe increased expression of IL-1β in pericallosal astroglial cells and in cortical neurons and this latter signal colocalizes with elevated gelatinolytic activity. By gel zymography, we demonstrate that the increased gelatinolytic signal at 1-h reperfusion is mainly ascribed to MMP2. Thus, MMP2 seems to contribute to early brain elevation of IL-β after transient ischemia and this mechanism may promote damage since pharmacological inhibition of gelatinases by the selective MMP2/MMP9 inhibitor V provides neuroprotection in rats subjected to transient MCAo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Amantea
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy.
| | - M Certo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - R Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - G Bagetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - M T Corasaniti
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - C Tassorelli
- IRCCS National Neurological Institute C. Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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32
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Current preclinical studies on neuroinflammation and changes in blood-brain barrier integrity by MDMA and methamphetamine. Neuropharmacology 2014; 87:125-34. [PMID: 24594477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential in the maintenance of brain homeostasis both by preserving normal brain functioning and also by protecting the brain from exposure to a range of potentially harmful substances. This review presents some of the evidence of BBB disruption following exposure to the substituted amphetamines 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') and methamphetamine (METH), two drugs of abuse which are widely consumed recreationally by younger sectors of the population. Both MDMA and METH have been shown to produce disruption of the BBB as reflected by IgG extravasation and Evans Blue leakage. In particular, METH decreases the expression of basal lamina proteins associated with an increase in matrix metalloproteinase activity. These changes in BBB integrity appear to be related to MDMA-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) JNK1/2. The consequences of the disruption in the BBB by these two drugs remain to be established, but there is evidence in the literature that, at least in the case of METH, increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity may be related to increased behavioural sensitization and reward perhaps because of the modification of the passage of the drug into the CNS. In addition, the high incidence of AIDS-related neurologic disease in METH users may also be related to increased entry into the brain of virally derived neurotoxic products. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'CNS Stimulants'.
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33
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Abstract
Acute cerebrovascular disease can affect people at all stages of life, from neonates to the elderly, with devastating consequences. It is responsible for up to 10% of deaths worldwide, is a major cause of disability, and represents an area of real unmet clinical need. Acute cerebrovascular disease is multifactorial with many mechanisms contributing to a complex pathophysiology. One of the major processes worsening disease severity and outcome is inflammation. Pro-inflammatory cytokines of the interleukin (IL)-1 family are now known to drive damaging inflammatory processes in the brain. The aim of this review is to discuss the recent literature describing the role of IL-1 in acute cerebrovascular disease and to provide an update on our current understanding of the mechanisms of IL-1 production. We also discuss the recent literature where the effects of IL-1 have been targeted in animal models, thus reviewing potential future strategies that may limit the devastating effects of acute cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Galea
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center, Brain Injury Research Group, Clinical Sciences Building, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
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