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Sangster ML, Bishop MM, Yao Y, Feitor JF, Shahriar S, Miller ME, Chekuri AK, Budnik B, Bei F, Grishchuk Y. A blood-brain barrier-penetrant AAV gene therapy improves neurological function in symptomatic mucolipidosis IV mice. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101269. [PMID: 38934011 PMCID: PMC11201152 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Mucolipidosis IV (MLIV) is a rare, autosomal recessive, lysosomal disease characterized by intellectual disability, motor deficits, and progressive vision loss. Using adeno-associated vector 9 (AAV9) and AAV-PHP.B as delivery vectors, we previously demonstrated the feasibility of modifying disease course in a mouse model of MLIV by the human MCOLN1 gene transfer. Here, using a primate-enabling capsid AAV.CPP.16 (CPP16), we constructed a new, clinic-oriented MCOLN1 gene expression vector and demonstrated its efficacy in the preclinical model of MLIV. Systemic administration of CPP16-MCOLN1 in adult symptomatic Mcoln1 -/- mice at a dose of 1e12 vg per mouse resulted in MCOLN1 expression in the brain and peripheral tissues, alleviated brain pathology, rescued neuromotor function, and completely prevented paralysis. Notable expression of MCOLN1 transcripts was also detected in the retina of the mouse, which had exhibited significant degeneration at the time of the treatment. However, no increase in retinal thickness was observed after gene therapy treatment. Our results suggest a new AAV-based systemic gene replacement therapy for the treatment of MLIV that could be translated into clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L. Sangster
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Martha M. Bishop
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yizheng Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica F. Feitor
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 201 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sanjid Shahriar
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 201 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Maxwell E. Miller
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anil K. Chekuri
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Bogdan Budnik
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 201 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Fengfeng Bei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yulia Grishchuk
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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LeVine SM. Examining the Role of a Functional Deficiency of Iron in Lysosomal Storage Disorders with Translational Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:2641. [PMID: 37998376 PMCID: PMC10670892 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently presented Azalea Hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease asserts that iron becomes sequestered, leading to a functional iron deficiency that contributes to neurodegeneration. Iron sequestration can occur by iron being bound to protein aggregates, such as amyloid β and tau, iron-rich structures not undergoing recycling (e.g., due to disrupted ferritinophagy and impaired mitophagy), and diminished delivery of iron from the lysosome to the cytosol. Reduced iron availability for biochemical reactions causes cells to respond to acquire additional iron, resulting in an elevation in the total iron level within affected brain regions. As the amount of unavailable iron increases, the level of available iron decreases until eventually it is unable to meet cellular demands, which leads to a functional iron deficiency. Normally, the lysosome plays an integral role in cellular iron homeostasis by facilitating both the delivery of iron to the cytosol (e.g., after endocytosis of the iron-transferrin-transferrin receptor complex) and the cellular recycling of iron. During a lysosomal storage disorder, an enzyme deficiency causes undigested substrates to accumulate, causing a sequelae of pathogenic events that may include cellular iron dyshomeostasis. Thus, a functional deficiency of iron may be a pathogenic mechanism occurring within several lysosomal storage diseases and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M LeVine
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Sangster M, Shahriar S, Niziolek Z, Carisi MC, Lewandowski M, Budnik B, Grishchuk Y. Brain cell type specific proteomics approach to discover pathological mechanisms in the childhood CNS disorder mucolipidosis type IV. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1215425. [PMID: 37609073 PMCID: PMC10440433 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1215425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucolipidosis IV (MLIV) is an ultra-rare, recessively inherited lysosomal disorder resulting from inactivating mutations in MCOLN1, the gene encoding the lysosomal cation channel TRPML1. The disease primarily affects the central nervous system (CNS) and manifests in the first year with cognitive and motor developmental delay, followed by a gradual decline in neurological function across the second decade of life, blindness, and premature death in third or fourth decades. Brain pathology manifestations in MLIV are consistent with hypomyelinating leukodystrophy with brain iron accumulation. Presently, there are no approved or investigational therapies for MLIV, and pathogenic mechanisms remain largely unknown. The MLIV mouse model, Mcoln1-/- mice, recapitulates all major manifestations of the human disease. Here, to better understand the pathological mechanisms in the MLIV brain, we performed cell type specific LC-MS/MS proteomics analysis in the MLIV mouse model and reconstituted molecular signatures of the disease in either freshly isolated populations of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neural stem cells, or whole tissue cortical homogenates from young adult symptomatic Mcoln1-/- mice. Our analysis confirmed on the molecular level major histopathological hallmarks of MLIV universally present in Mcoln1-/- tissue and brain cells, such as hypomyelination, lysosomal dysregulation, and impaired metabolism of lipids and polysaccharides. Importantly, pathway analysis in brain cells revealed mitochondria-related alterations in all Mcoln1-/- brain cells, except oligodendrocytes, that was not possible to resolve in whole tissue. We also report unique proteome signatures and dysregulated pathways for each brain cell population used in this study. These data shed new light on cell-intrinsic mechanisms of MLIV and provide new insights for biomarker discovery and validation to advance translational studies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Sangster
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sanjid Shahriar
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zachary Niziolek
- Bauer Flow Cytometry Core, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Maria Carla Carisi
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bogdan Budnik
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yulia Grishchuk
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Peripheral Inflammatory Cytokine Signature Mirrors Motor Deficits in Mucolipidosis IV. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030546. [PMID: 35159355 PMCID: PMC8834097 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mucolipidosis IV (MLIV) is an autosomal recessive pediatric disease that leads to motor and cognitive deficits and loss of vision. It is caused by a loss of function of the lysosomal channel transient receptor potential mucolipin-1 and is associated with an early pro-inflammatory brain phenotype, including increased cytokine expression. The goal of the current study was to determine whether blood cytokines are linked to motor dysfunction in patients with MLIV and reflect brain inflammatory changes observed in an MLIV mouse model. Methods: To determine the relationship between blood cytokines and motor function, we collected plasma from MLIV patients and parental controls concomitantly with assessment of motor function using the Brief Assessment of Motor Function and Modified Ashworth scales. We then compared these profiles with cytokine profiles in brain and plasma samples collected from the Mcoln1−/− mouse model of MLIV. Results: We found that MLIV patients had prominently increased cytokine levels compared to familial controls and identified profiles of cytokines correlated with motor dysfunction, including IFN-γ, IFN-α2, and IP-10. We found that IP-10 was a key differentiating factor separating MLIV cases from controls based on data from human plasma, mouse plasma, and mouse brain. Conclusions: Our data indicate that MLIV is characterized by increased blood cytokines, which are strongly related to underlying neurological and functional deficits in MLIV patients. Moreover, our data identify the interferon pro-inflammatory axis in both human and mouse signatures, suggesting that interferon signaling is an important aspect of MLIV pathology.
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Zerem A, Ben-Sira L, Vigdorovich N, Leibovitz Z, Fisher Y, Schiffmann R, Grishchuk Y, Misko AL, Orenstein N, Lev D, Lerman-Sagie T, Kidron D. White matter abnormalities and iron deposition in prenatal mucolipidosis IV- fetal imaging and pathology. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:2155-2167. [PMID: 33963976 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV; OMIM 252,650) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder caused by mutations in MCOLN1. MLIV causes psychomotor impairment and progressive vision loss. The major hallmarks of postnatal brain MRI are hypomyelination and thin corpus callosum. Human brain pathology data is scarce and demonstrates storage of various inclusion bodies in all neuronal cell types. The current study describes novel fetal brain MRI and neuropathology findings in a fetus with MLIV. Fetal MRI was performed at 32 and 35 weeks of gestation due to an older sibling with spastic quadriparesis, visual impairment and hypomyelination. Following abnormal fetal MRI results, the parents requested termination of pregnancy according to Israeli regulations. Fetal autopsy was performed after approval of the high committee for pregnancy termination. A genetic diagnosis of MLIV was established in the fetus and sibling. Sequential fetal brain MRI showed progressive curvilinear hypointensities on T2-weighted images in the frontal deep white matter and a thin corpus callosum. Fetal brain pathology exhibited a thin corpus callosum and hypercellular white matter composed of reactive astrocytes and microglia, multifocal white matter abnormalities with mineralized deposits, and numerous aggregates of microglia with focal intracellular iron accumulation most prominent in the frontal lobes. This is the first description in the literature of brain MRI and neuropathology in a fetus with MLIV. The findings demonstrate prenatal white matter involvement with significant activation of microglia and astrocytes and impaired iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Zerem
- Pediatric Neurology Institute, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Ben-Sira
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nitzan Vigdorovich
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach-Tikva, Israel.
| | - Zvi Leibovitz
- Fetal Neurology Clinic, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
- Obstetrics-Gynecology Ultrasound Unit, Bnai-Zion Medical Center and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yael Fisher
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus Haifa and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Yulia Grishchuk
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Albert L Misko
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naama Orenstein
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Genetics Clinic, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Dorit Lev
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Fetal Neurology Clinic, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
- Genetics Institute, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Tally Lerman-Sagie
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Fetal Neurology Clinic, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Debora Kidron
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Pathology Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
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Misko A, Wood L, Kiselyov K, Slaugenhaupt S, Grishchuk Y. Progress in elucidating pathophysiology of mucolipidosis IV. Neurosci Lett 2021; 755:135944. [PMID: 33965501 PMCID: PMC8253105 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucolipidosis IV (MLIV) is an autosomal-recessive disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in the MCOLN1 gene encoding the non-selective cationic lysosomal channel transient receptor potential mucolipin-1 (TRPML1). Patients with MLIV suffer from severe motor and cognitive deficits that manifest in early infancy and progressive loss of vision leading to blindness in the second decade of life. There are no therapies available for MLIV and the unmet medical need is extremely high. Here we review the spectrum of clinical presentations and the latest research in the MLIV pre-clinical model, with the aim of highlighting the progress in understanding the pathophysiology of the disease. These highlights include elucidation of the neurodevelopmental versus neurodegenerative features over the course of disease, hypomyelination as one of the major brain pathological disease hallmarks, and dysregulation of cytokines, with emerging evidence of IFN-gamma pathway upregulation in response to TRPML1 loss and pro-inflammatory activation of astrocytes and microglia. These scientific advances in the MLIV field provide a basis for future translational research, including biomarker and therapy development, that are desperately needed for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Misko
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Levi Wood
- Georgia W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, United States
| | - Kirill Kiselyov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, United States
| | - Susan Slaugenhaupt
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Yulia Grishchuk
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States.
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DeRosa S, Salani M, Smith S, Sangster M, Miller-Browne V, Wassmer S, Xiao R, Vandenberghe L, Slaugenhaupt S, Misko A, Grishchuk Y. MCOLN1 gene therapy corrects neurologic dysfunction in the mouse model of mucolipidosis IV. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:908-922. [PMID: 33822942 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucolipidosis IV (MLIV) is an orphan disease leading to debilitating psychomotor deficits and vision loss. It is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the MCOLN1 gene that encodes the lysosomal transient receptor potential channel mucolipin1, or TRPML1. With no existing therapy, the unmet need in this disease is very high. Here, we showed that AAV-mediated CNS-targeted gene transfer of the human MCOLN1 gene rescued motor function and alleviated brain pathology in the MLIV mouse model. Using the AAV-PHP.b vector in symptomatic mice, we showed long-term reversal of declined motor function and significant delay of paralysis. Next, using self-complementary AAV9 clinical candidate vector, we showed that its intracerebroventricular administration in post-natal day 1 mice significantly improved motor function, myelination and reduced lysosomal storage load in the MLIV mouse brain. Based on our data and general advancements in the gene therapy field, we propose scAAV9-mediated CSF-targeted MCOLN1 gene transfer as a therapeutic strategy in MLIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha DeRosa
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Monica Salani
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sierra Smith
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Madison Sangster
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Victoria Miller-Browne
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sarah Wassmer
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ru Xiao
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Luk Vandenberghe
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Susan Slaugenhaupt
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Albert Misko
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yulia Grishchuk
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Vardi A, Pri-Or A, Wigoda N, Grishchuk Y, Futerman AH. Proteomics analysis of a human brain sample from a mucolipidosis type IV patient reveals pathophysiological pathways. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:39. [PMID: 33478506 PMCID: PMC7818904 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV), an ultra-rare neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorder, is caused by mutations in the MCOLN1 gene, which encodes the late endosomal/lysosomal transient receptor potential channel TRPML1 (mucolipin 1). The precise pathophysiogical pathways that cause neurological disease in MLIV are poorly understood. Recently, the first post-mortem brain sample became available from a single MLIV patient, and in the current study we performed mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics on this tissue with a view to delineating pathological pathways, and to compare with previously-published data on MLIV, including studies using the Mcoln1−/− mouse. Results A number of pathways were altered in two brain regions from the MLIV patient, including those related to the lysosome, lipid metabolism, myelination, cellular trafficking and autophagy, mTOR and calmodulin, the complement system and interferon signaling. Of these, levels of some proteins not known previously to be associated with MLIV were altered, including APOD, PLIN4, ATG and proteins related to interferon signaling. Moreover, when proteins detected by proteomics in the human brain were compared with their orthologs detected in the Mcoln1−/− mouse by RNAseq, the results were remarkably similar. Finally, analysis of proteins in human and mouse CSF suggest that calbindin 1 and calbindin 2 might be useful as biomarkers to help chart the course of disease development. Conclusions Despite the sample size limitations, our findings are consistent with the relatively general changes in lysosomal function previously reported in MLIV, and shed light on new pathways of disease pathophysiology, which is required in order to understand the course of disease development and to determine the efficacy of therapies when they become available for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Vardi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amir Pri-Or
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Wigoda
- The Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yulia Grishchuk
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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