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Su Y, Long Y, Xie K. Cingulin family: Structure, function and clinical significance. Life Sci 2024; 341:122504. [PMID: 38354973 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Cingulin and its paralog paracingulin are vital components of the apical junctional complex in vertebrate epithelial and endothelial cells. They are both found in tight junctions (TJ), and paracingulin is also detectable in adherens junctions (AJ) as TJ cytoplasmic plaque proteins. Cingulin and paracingulin interact with other proteins to perform functions. They interact with cytoskeletal proteins, modulate the activity of small GTPases, such as RhoA and Rac1, and regulate gene expression. In addition, cingulin and paracingulin regulate barrier function and many pathological processes, including inflammation and tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the discovery and structure, expression and subcellular distribution, and molecular interactions of cingulin family proteins and discuss their role in development, physiology, and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Su
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - You Long
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Keping Xie
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital and Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangdong 510006, China; The South China University of Technology Comprehensive Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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2
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Maupérin M, Sassi A, Méan I, Feraille E, Citi S. Knock Out of CGN and CGNL1 in MDCK Cells Affects Claudin-2 but Has a Minor Impact on Tight Junction Barrier Function. Cells 2023; 12:2004. [PMID: 37566083 PMCID: PMC10417749 DOI: 10.3390/cells12152004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cingulin (CGN) and paracingulin (CGNL1) are cytoplasmic proteins of tight junctions (TJs), where they play a role in tethering ZO-1 to the actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeletons. The role of CGN and CGNL1 in the barrier function of epithelia is not completely understood. Here, we analyzed the effect of the knock out (KO) of either CGN or CGNL1 or both on the paracellular permeability of monolayers of kidney epithelial (MDCK) cells. KO cells displayed a modest but significant increase in the transepithelial resistance (TER) of monolayers both in the steady state and during junction assembly by the calcium switch, whereas the permeability of the monolayers to 3 kDa dextran was not affected. The permeability to sodium was slightly but significantly decreased in KO cells. This phenotype correlated with slightly increased mRNA levels of claudin-2, slightly decreased protein levels of claudin-2, and reduced junctional accumulation of claudin-2, which was rescued by CGN or CGNL1 but not by ZO-1 overexpression. These results confirm previous observations indicating that CGN and CGNL1 are dispensable for the barrier function of epithelia and suggest that the increase in the TER in clonal lines of MDCK cells KO for CGN, CGNL1, or both is due to reduced protein expression and junctional accumulation of the sodium pore-forming claudin, claudin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Maupérin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ali Sassi
- Department of Cellular and Metabolic Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Méan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Feraille
- Department of Cellular and Metabolic Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Citi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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3
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Alizadeh A, Akbari P, Garssen J, Fink-Gremmels J, Braber S. Epithelial integrity, junctional complexes, and biomarkers associated with intestinal functions. Tissue Barriers 2021; 10:1996830. [PMID: 34719339 PMCID: PMC9359365 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1996830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An intact intestinal barrier is crucial for immune homeostasis and its impairment activates the immune system and may result in chronic inflammation. The epithelial cells of the intestinal barrier are connected by tight junctions, which form an anastomosing network sealing adjacent epithelial cells. Tight junctions are composed of transmembrane and cytoplasmic scaffolding proteins. Transmembrane tight junction proteins at the apical-lateral membrane of the cell consist of occludin, claudins, junctional adhesion molecules, and tricellulin. Cytoplasmic scaffolding proteins, including zonula occludens, cingulin and afadin, provide a direct link between transmembrane tight junction proteins and the intracellular cytoskeleton. Each individual component of the tight junction network closely interacts with each other to form an efficient intestinal barrier. This review aims to describe the molecular structure of intestinal epithelial tight junction proteins and to characterize their organization and interaction. Moreover, clinically important biomarkers associated with impairment of gastrointestinal integrity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Alizadeh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Peyman Akbari
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Fink-Gremmels
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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4
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Panwar S, Sharma S, Tripathi P. Role of Barrier Integrity and Dysfunctions in Maintaining the Healthy Gut and Their Health Outcomes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:715611. [PMID: 34630140 PMCID: PMC8497706 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.715611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surface layers are the critical borders throughout epithelial membranes. These epithelial cells segregate luminal material from external environments. However, mucosal linings are also accountable for absorbing nutrients and requiring specific barrier permeability. These functional acts positioned the mucosal epithelium at the epicenter of communications concerning the mucosal immune coordination and foreign materials, such as dietary antigens and microbial metabolites. Current innovations have revealed that external stimuli can trigger several mechanisms regulated by intestinal mucosal barrier system. Crucial constituents of this epithelial boundary are physical intercellular structures known as tight junctions (TJs). TJs are composed of different types transmembrane proteins linked with cytoplasmic adaptors which helps in attachment to the adjacent cells. Disruption of this barrier has direct influence on healthy or diseased condition, as barrier dysfunctions have been interrelated with the initiation of inflammation, and pathogenic effects following metabolic complications. In this review we focus and overview the TJs structure, function and the diseases which are able to influence TJs during onset of disease. We also highlighted and discuss the role of phytochemicals evidenced to enhance the membrane permeability and integrity through restoring TJs levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Panwar
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sapna Sharma
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhanshu Tripathi
- Food Drug and Chemical Toxicology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
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5
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Holzner S, Bromberger S, Wenzina J, Neumüller K, Holper TM, Petzelbauer P, Bauer W, Weber B, Schossleitner K. Phosphorylated cingulin localises GEF-H1 at tight junctions to protect vascular barriers in blood endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs258557. [PMID: 34345888 PMCID: PMC8445606 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of vascular barriers is a critical step in inflammatory diseases. Endothelial tight junctions (TJs) control barrier function, and the cytoplasmic adaptor protein cingulin connects TJs to signalling pathways. However, local events at TJs during inflammation are largely unknown. In this study, we investigate the local response of TJ adaptor protein cingulin and its interaction with Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor H1 (GEF-H1, also known as ARHGEF2) upon vascular barrier disruption to find a new approach to counteract vascular leak. Based on transendothelial-electrical-resistance (TEER) measurements, cingulin strengthened barrier integrity upon stimulation with histamine, thrombin and VEGF. Cingulin also attenuated myosin light chain 2 (MLC2; also known as MYL2) phosphorylation by localising GEF-H1 to cell junctions. By using cingulin phosphomutants, we verified that the phosphorylation of the cingulin head domain is required for its protective effect. Increased colocalisation of GEF-H1 and cingulin was observed in the vessels of vasculitis patients compared to those in healthy skin. Our findings demonstrate that cingulin can counteract vascular leak at TJs, suggesting the existence of a novel mechanism in blood endothelial cells that protects barrier function during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Holzner
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Bromberger
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Wenzina
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Neumüller
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina-Maria Holper
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Petzelbauer
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Weber
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaudia Schossleitner
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Rouaud F, Sluysmans S, Flinois A, Shah J, Vasileva E, Citi S. Scaffolding proteins of vertebrate apical junctions: structure, functions and biophysics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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González-Mariscal L, Miranda J, Gallego-Gutiérrez H, Cano-Cortina M, Amaya E. Relationship between apical junction proteins, gene expression and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183278. [PMID: 32240623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The apical junctional complex (AJC) is a cell-cell adhesion system present at the upper portion of the lateral membrane of epithelial cells integrated by the tight junction (TJ) and the adherens junction (AJ). This complex is crucial to initiate and stabilize cell-cell adhesion, to regulate the paracellular transit of ions and molecules and to maintain cell polarity. Moreover, we now consider the AJC as a hub of signal transduction that regulates cell-cell adhesion, gene transcription and cell proliferation and differentiation. The molecular components of the AJC are multiple and diverse and depending on the cellular context some of the proteins in this complex act as tumor suppressors or as promoters of cell transformation, migration and metastasis outgrowth. Here, we describe these new roles played by TJ and AJ proteins and their potential use in cancer diagnostics and as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jael Miranda
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Helios Gallego-Gutiérrez
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Misael Cano-Cortina
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elida Amaya
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
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8
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Abstract
Epithelial cells form highly organized polarized sheets with characteristic cell morphologies and tissue architecture. Cell–cell adhesion and intercellular communication are prerequisites of such cohesive sheets of cells, and cell connectivity is mediated through several junctional assemblies, namely desmosomes, adherens, tight and gap junctions. These cell–cell junctions form signalling hubs that not only mediate cell–cell adhesion but impact on multiple aspects of cell behaviour, helping to coordinate epithelial cell shape, polarity and function. This review will focus on the tight and adherens junctions, constituents of the apical junctional complex, and aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the complex signalling that underlies junction assembly, integrity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D Rusu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Marios Georgiou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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9
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Abstract
Tight junctions (TJ) play a central role in the homeostasis of epithelial and endothelial tissues, by providing a semipermeable barrier to ions and solutes, by contributing to the maintenance of cell polarity, and by functioning as signaling platforms. TJ are associated with the actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeletons, and the crosstalk with the cytoskeleton is fundamental for junction biogenesis and physiology. TJ are spatially and functionally connected to adherens junctions (AJ), which are essential for the maintenance of tissue integrity. Mechano-sensing and mechano-transduction properties of several AJ proteins have been characterized during the last decade. However, little is known about how mechanical forces act on TJ and their proteins, how TJ control the mechanical properties of cells and tissues, and what are the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here I review recent studies that have advanced our understanding of the relationships between mechanical force and TJ biology.
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10
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Abstract
The cytoskeleton is crucially important for the assembly of cell-cell junctions and the homeostatic regulation of their functions. Junctional proteins act, in turn, as anchors for cytoskeletal filaments, and as regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics and signalling proteins. The cross-talk between junctions and the cytoskeleton is critical for the morphogenesis and physiology of epithelial and other tissues, but is not completely understood. Microtubules are implicated in the delivery of junctional proteins to cell-cell contact sites, in the differentiation and spatial organization of the cytoplasm, and in the stabilization of the barrier and adhesive functions of junctions. Here we focus on the relationships between microtubules and junctions of vertebrate epithelial cells. We highlight recent discoveries on the molecular underpinnings of microtubule-junction interactions, and report new data about the interaction of cingulin and paracingulin with microtubules. We also propose a possible new role of junctions as “molecular sinks” for microtubule-associated signalling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Vasileva
- a Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3) , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Sandra Citi
- a Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3) , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
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11
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Zhang L, Feng T, Spicer LJ. The role of tight junction proteins in ovarian follicular development and ovarian cancer. Reproduction 2018; 155:R183-R198. [PMID: 29374086 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJ) are protein structures that control the transport of water, ions and macromolecules across cell layers. Functions of the transmembrane TJ protein, occluding (OCLN) and the cytoplasmic TJ proteins, tight junction protein 1 (TJP1; also known as zona occludens protein-1), cingulin (CGN) and claudins (CLDN) are reviewed, and current evidence of their role in the ovarian function is reviewed. Abundance of OCLN, CLDNs and TJP1 mRNA changed during follicular growth. In vitro treatment with various growth factors known to affect ovarian folliculogenesis indicated that CGN, OCLN and TJP1 are hormonally regulated. The summarized studies indicate that expression of TJ proteins (i.e., OCLN, CLDN, TJP1 and CGN) changes with follicle size in a variety of vertebrate species but whether these changes in TJ proteins are increased or decreased depends on species and cell type. Evidence indicates that autocrine, paracrine and endocrine regulators, such as fibroblast growth factor-9, epidermal growth factor, androgens, tumor necrosis factor-α and glucocorticoids may modulate these TJ proteins. Additional evidence presented indicates that TJ proteins may be involved in ovarian cancer development in addition to normal follicular and luteal development. A model is proposed suggesting that hormonal downregulation of TJ proteins during ovarian follicular development could reduce barrier function (i.e., selective permeability of molecules between theca and granulosa cells) and allow for an increase in the volume of follicular fluid as well as allow additional serum factors into the follicle that may directly impact granulosa cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingna Zhang
- Department of Animal ScienceOklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Tao Feng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary MedicineBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal ScienceOklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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12
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Martínez C, Rodiño-Janeiro BK, Lobo B, Stanifer ML, Klaus B, Granzow M, González-Castro AM, Salvo-Romero E, Alonso-Cotoner C, Pigrau M, Roeth R, Rappold G, Huber W, González-Silos R, Lorenzo J, de Torres I, Azpiroz F, Boulant S, Vicario M, Niesler B, Santos J. miR-16 and miR-125b are involved in barrier function dysregulation through the modulation of claudin-2 and cingulin expression in the jejunum in IBS with diarrhoea. Gut 2017; 66:1537-1538. [PMID: 28082316 PMCID: PMC5561373 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in controlling intestinal epithelial barrier function partly by modulating the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins. We have previously shown differential messenger RNA (mRNA) expression correlated with ultrastructural abnormalities of the epithelial barrier in patients with diarrhoea-predominant IBS (IBS-D). However, the participation of miRNAs in these differential mRNA-associated findings remains to be established. Our aims were (1) to identify miRNAs differentially expressed in the small bowel mucosa of patients with IBS-D and (2) to explore putative target genes specifically involved in epithelial barrier function that are controlled by specific dysregulated IBS-D miRNAs. DESIGN Healthy controls and patients meeting Rome III IBS-D criteria were studied. Intestinal tissue samples were analysed to identify potential candidates by: (a) miRNA-mRNA profiling; (b) miRNA-mRNA pairing analysis to assess the co-expression profile of miRNA-mRNA pairs; (c) pathway analysis and upstream regulator identification; (d) miRNA and target mRNA validation. Candidate miRNA-mRNA pairs were functionally assessed in intestinal epithelial cells. RESULTS IBS-D samples showed distinct miRNA and mRNA profiles compared with healthy controls. TJ signalling was associated with the IBS-D transcriptional profile. Further validation of selected genes showed consistent upregulation in 75% of genes involved in epithelial barrier function. Bioinformatic analysis of putative miRNA binding sites identified hsa-miR-125b-5p and hsa-miR-16 as regulating expression of the TJ genes CGN (cingulin) and CLDN2 (claudin-2), respectively. Consistently, protein expression of CGN and CLDN2 was upregulated in IBS-D, while the respective targeting miRNAs were downregulated. In addition, bowel dysfunction, perceived stress and depression and number of mast cells correlated with the expression of hsa-miR-125b-5p and hsa-miR-16 and their respective target proteins. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of the intestinal epithelial barrier function in IBS-D involves both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. These molecular mechanisms include miRNAs as master regulators in controlling the expression of TJ proteins and are associated with major clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Martínez
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany,Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain,Facultat de Medicina, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruno K Rodiño-Janeiro
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain,Facultat de Medicina, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Lobo
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain,Facultat de Medicina, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Megan L Stanifer
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Klaus
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Granzow
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Eloisa Salvo-Romero
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Alonso-Cotoner
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain,Facultat de Medicina, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Centro deInvestigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain,COST Action BM1106 Genes in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (GENIEUR) European Research Network
| | - Marc Pigrau
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain,Facultat de Medicina, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ralph Roeth
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany,nCounter Core Facility, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Rappold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Huber
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rosa González-Silos
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justo Lorenzo
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Inés de Torres
- Department of Pathology, Facultat de Medicina, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Azpiroz
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain,Facultat de Medicina, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Centro deInvestigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain,COST Action BM1106 Genes in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (GENIEUR) European Research Network
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany,Research Group ‘Cellular Polarity and Viral Infection’ (F140), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - María Vicario
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain,Facultat de Medicina, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Centro deInvestigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain,COST Action BM1106 Genes in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (GENIEUR) European Research Network
| | - Beate Niesler
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany,COST Action BM1106 Genes in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (GENIEUR) European Research Network,nCounter Core Facility, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Javier Santos
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain,Facultat de Medicina, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Centro deInvestigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain,COST Action BM1106 Genes in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (GENIEUR) European Research Network
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13
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Vasileva E, Sluysmans S, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Citi S. Cell-specific diversity in the expression and organization of cytoplasmic plaque proteins of apical junctions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1405:160-176. [PMID: 28617990 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tight and adherens junctions play critical roles in the barrier, adhesion, and signaling functions of epithelial and endothelial cells. How the molecular organization of these junctions is tuned to the widely diverse physiological requirements of each tissue type is not well understood. Here, we address this question by examining the expression, localization, and interactions of major cytoplasmic plaque proteins of tight and adherens junctions in different cultured epithelial and endothelial cell lines. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analyses show that the expression profiles of cingulin, paracingulin, ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3, PLEKHA7, afadin, PDZD11, p120-catenin, and α-catenin, as well as the transmembrane junctional proteins occludin, E-cadherin, and VE-cadherin, are significantly diverse when comparing kidney cells (MDCK, mCCD), keratinocytes (HaCaT), lung carcinoma (A427, A549), and endothelium-derived cells (bEnd.3, meEC, H5V). Proximity ligation and co-immunoprecipitation assays show that PLEKHA7 and PDZD11 are significantly more associated with the tight junction proteins cingulin and ZO-1 in aortic endothelium-derived (meEC) cells but not kidney collecting duct epithelial (mCCD) cells. These results provide evidence that the cytoplasmic plaques of tight and adherens junctions are diverse in their composition and molecular architecture and establish a conceptual framework by which we can rationally address the mechanisms of tissue-dependent junction physiology and signaling by cytoplasmic junctional proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Vasileva
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Sluysmans
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Sandra Citi
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
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Raya-Sandino A, Castillo-Kauil A, Domínguez-Calderón A, Alarcón L, Flores-Benitez D, Cuellar-Perez F, López-Bayghen B, Chávez-Munguía B, Vázquez-Prado J, González-Mariscal L. Zonula occludens-2 regulates Rho proteins activity and the development of epithelial cytoarchitecture and barrier function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1714-1733. [PMID: 28554775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silencing Zonula occludens 2 (ZO-2), a tight junctions (TJ) scaffold protein, in epithelial cells (MDCK ZO-2 KD) triggers: 1) Decreased cell to substratum attachment, accompanied by reduced expression of claudin-7 and integrin β1, and increased vinculin recruitment to focal adhesions and stress fibers formation; 2) Lowered cell-cell aggregation and appearance of wider intercellular spaces; 3) Increased RhoA/ROCK activity, mediated by GEF-HI recruitment to cell borders by cingulin; 4) Increased Cdc42 activity, mitotic spindle disorientation and the appearance of cysts with multiple lumens; 5) Increased Rac and cofilin activity, multiple lamellipodia formation and random cell migration but increased wound closure; 6) Diminished cingulin phosphorylation and disappearance of planar network of microtubules at the TJ region; and 7) Increased transepithelial electrical resistance at steady state, coupled to an increased expression of ZO-1 and claudin-4 and a decreased expression of claudin-2 and paracingulin. Hence, ZO-2 is a crucial regulator of Rho proteins activity and the development of epithelial cytoarchitecture and barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Raya-Sandino
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), México D.F. 07360, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Castillo-Kauil
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), México D.F. 07360, Mexico
| | - Alaide Domínguez-Calderón
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), México D.F. 07360, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Alarcón
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), México D.F. 07360, Mexico
| | - David Flores-Benitez
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Francisco Cuellar-Perez
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), México D.F. 07360, Mexico
| | - Bruno López-Bayghen
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), México D.F. 07360, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), México D.F. 07360, Mexico
| | - José Vázquez-Prado
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), México D.F. 07360, Mexico
| | - Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), México D.F. 07360, Mexico.
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Sluysmans S, Vasileva E, Spadaro D, Shah J, Rouaud F, Citi S. The role of apical cell-cell junctions and associated cytoskeleton in mechanotransduction. Biol Cell 2017; 109:139-161. [PMID: 28220498 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201600075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tissues of multicellular organisms are characterised by several types of specialised cell-cell junctions. In vertebrate epithelia and endothelia, tight and adherens junctions (AJ) play critical roles in barrier and adhesion functions, and are connected to the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. The interaction between junctions and the cytoskeleton is crucial for tissue development and physiology, and is involved in the molecular mechanisms governing cell shape, motility, growth and signalling. The machineries which functionally connect tight and AJ to the cytoskeleton comprise proteins which either bind directly to cytoskeletal filaments, or function as adaptors for regulators of the assembly and function of the cytoskeleton. In the last two decades, specific cytoskeleton-associated junctional molecules have been implicated in mechanotransduction, revealing the existence of multimolecular complexes that can sense mechanical cues and translate them into adaptation to tensile forces and biochemical signals. Here, we summarise the current knowledge about the machineries that link tight and AJ to actin filaments and microtubules, and the molecular basis for mechanotransduction at epithelial and endothelial AJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sluysmans
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Genomics and Genetics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Vasileva
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Genomics and Genetics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domenica Spadaro
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Genomics and Genetics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jimit Shah
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Genomics and Genetics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florian Rouaud
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Genomics and Genetics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Citi
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Genomics and Genetics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Tian Y, Gawlak G, Tian X, Shah AS, Sarich N, Citi S, Birukova AA. Role of Cingulin in Agonist-induced Vascular Endothelial Permeability. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23681-23692. [PMID: 27590342 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.720763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Agonist-induced activation of Rho GTPase signaling leads to endothelial cell (EC) permeability and may culminate in pulmonary edema, a devastating complication of acute lung injury. Cingulin is an adaptor protein first discovered in epithelium and is involved in the organization of the tight junctions. This study investigated the role of cingulin in control of agonist-induced lung EC permeability via interaction with RhoA-specific activator GEF-H1. The siRNA-induced cingulin knockdown augmented thrombin-induced EC permeability monitored by measurements of transendothelial electrical resistance and endothelial cell permeability for macromolecules. Increased thrombin-induced permeability in ECs with depleted cingulin was associated with increased activation of GEF-H1 and RhoA detected in pulldown activation assays. Increased GEF-H1 association with cingulin was essential for down-regulation of thrombin-induced RhoA barrier disruptive signaling. Using cingulin-truncated mutants, we determined that GEF-H1 interaction with the rod + tail domain of cingulin was required for inactivation of GEF-H1 and endothelial cell barrier preservation. The results demonstrate the role for association of GEF-H1 with cingulin as the mechanism of RhoA pathway inactivation and rescue of EC barrier after agonist challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Tian
- From the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 and
| | - Grzegorz Gawlak
- From the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 and
| | - Xinyong Tian
- From the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 and
| | - Alok S Shah
- From the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 and
| | - Nicolene Sarich
- From the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 and
| | - Sandra Citi
- the Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna A Birukova
- From the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 and
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17
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Schossleitner K, Rauscher S, Gröger M, Friedl HP, Finsterwalder R, Habertheuer A, Sibilia M, Brostjan C, Födinger D, Citi S, Petzelbauer P. Evidence That Cingulin Regulates Endothelial Barrier Function In Vitro and In Vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:647-54. [PMID: 26821949 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.307032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cingulin is a cytoplasmic component of tight junctions. Although modulation of cingulin levels in cultured epithelial model systems has no significant effect on barrier function, evidence from cingulin knockout mice suggests that cingulin may be involved in the regulation of the behavior of epithelial or endothelial cells. Here, we investigate the role of cingulin in the barrier function of endothelial cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS We show that cingulin is expressed in human endothelial cells of the skin, brain, and lung in vivo and in vitro. Endothelial cingulin colocalizes and coimmunoprecipitates with the tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1 and guanine nucleotide exchange factor-H1. Cingulin overexpression in human umbilical vein endothelial cell induces tight junction formation, increases transendothelial electric resistance, and strengthens barrier function for low and high molecular weight tracers. In contrast, cultured endothelial cells lacking cingulin are more permeable for low molecular weight tracers. In cingulin knockout mice, neurons of the area postrema and Purkinje cells show an increased uptake of small molecular weight tracers indicating decreased barrier function at these sites. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that cingulin participates in the modulation of endothelial barrier function both in human cultured cells in vitro and in mouse brains in vivo. Understanding the role of cingulin in maintaining tight barriers in endothelia may allow developing new strategies for the treatment of vascular leak syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Schossleitner
- From the Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Department of Dermatology (K.S., S.R., M.G., H.P.F., R.F., P.P.), Core Facility Imaging (S.R., M.G.), Department of Cardiac Surgery (A.H.), Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.S.), Department of Surgery (C.B.), and Department of Dermatology (D.F.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Switzerland (S.C.)
| | - Sabine Rauscher
- From the Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Department of Dermatology (K.S., S.R., M.G., H.P.F., R.F., P.P.), Core Facility Imaging (S.R., M.G.), Department of Cardiac Surgery (A.H.), Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.S.), Department of Surgery (C.B.), and Department of Dermatology (D.F.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Switzerland (S.C.)
| | - Marion Gröger
- From the Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Department of Dermatology (K.S., S.R., M.G., H.P.F., R.F., P.P.), Core Facility Imaging (S.R., M.G.), Department of Cardiac Surgery (A.H.), Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.S.), Department of Surgery (C.B.), and Department of Dermatology (D.F.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Switzerland (S.C.)
| | - Heinz Peter Friedl
- From the Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Department of Dermatology (K.S., S.R., M.G., H.P.F., R.F., P.P.), Core Facility Imaging (S.R., M.G.), Department of Cardiac Surgery (A.H.), Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.S.), Department of Surgery (C.B.), and Department of Dermatology (D.F.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Switzerland (S.C.)
| | - Richard Finsterwalder
- From the Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Department of Dermatology (K.S., S.R., M.G., H.P.F., R.F., P.P.), Core Facility Imaging (S.R., M.G.), Department of Cardiac Surgery (A.H.), Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.S.), Department of Surgery (C.B.), and Department of Dermatology (D.F.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Switzerland (S.C.)
| | - Andreas Habertheuer
- From the Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Department of Dermatology (K.S., S.R., M.G., H.P.F., R.F., P.P.), Core Facility Imaging (S.R., M.G.), Department of Cardiac Surgery (A.H.), Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.S.), Department of Surgery (C.B.), and Department of Dermatology (D.F.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Switzerland (S.C.)
| | - Maria Sibilia
- From the Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Department of Dermatology (K.S., S.R., M.G., H.P.F., R.F., P.P.), Core Facility Imaging (S.R., M.G.), Department of Cardiac Surgery (A.H.), Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.S.), Department of Surgery (C.B.), and Department of Dermatology (D.F.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Switzerland (S.C.)
| | - Christine Brostjan
- From the Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Department of Dermatology (K.S., S.R., M.G., H.P.F., R.F., P.P.), Core Facility Imaging (S.R., M.G.), Department of Cardiac Surgery (A.H.), Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.S.), Department of Surgery (C.B.), and Department of Dermatology (D.F.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Switzerland (S.C.)
| | - Dagmar Födinger
- From the Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Department of Dermatology (K.S., S.R., M.G., H.P.F., R.F., P.P.), Core Facility Imaging (S.R., M.G.), Department of Cardiac Surgery (A.H.), Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.S.), Department of Surgery (C.B.), and Department of Dermatology (D.F.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Switzerland (S.C.)
| | - Sandra Citi
- From the Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Department of Dermatology (K.S., S.R., M.G., H.P.F., R.F., P.P.), Core Facility Imaging (S.R., M.G.), Department of Cardiac Surgery (A.H.), Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.S.), Department of Surgery (C.B.), and Department of Dermatology (D.F.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Switzerland (S.C.)
| | - Peter Petzelbauer
- From the Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Department of Dermatology (K.S., S.R., M.G., H.P.F., R.F., P.P.), Core Facility Imaging (S.R., M.G.), Department of Cardiac Surgery (A.H.), Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.S.), Department of Surgery (C.B.), and Department of Dermatology (D.F.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Switzerland (S.C.).
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18
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Cao X, Lin H, Muskhelishvili L, Latendresse J, Richter P, Heflich RH. Tight junction disruption by cadmium in an in vitro human airway tissue model. Respir Res 2015; 16:30. [PMID: 25851441 PMCID: PMC4352288 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cadmium (Cd) present in air pollutants and cigarette smoke has the potential of causing multiple adverse health outcomes involving damage to pulmonary and cardiovascular tissue. Injury to pulmonary epithelium may include alterations in tight junction (TJ) integrity, resulting in impaired epithelial barrier function and enhanced penetration of chemicals and biomolecules. Herein, we investigated mechanisms involved in the disruption of TJ integrity by Cd exposure using an in vitro human air-liquid-interface (ALI) airway tissue model derived from normal primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Methods ALI cultures were exposed to noncytotoxic doses of CdCl2 basolaterally and TJ integrity was measured by Trans-Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER) and immunofluorescence staining with TJ markers. PCR array analysis was used to identify genes involved with TJ collapse. To explore the involvement of kinase signaling pathways, cultures were treated with CdCl2 in the presence of kinase inhibitors specific for cellular Src or Protein Kinase C (PKC). Results Noncytotoxic doses of CdCl2 resulted in the collapse of barrier function, as demonstrated by TEER measurements and Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin staining. CdCl2 exposure altered the expression of several groups of genes encoding proteins involved in TJ homeostasis. In particular, down-regulation of select junction-interacting proteins suggested that a possible mechanism for Cd toxicity involves disruption of the peripheral junctional complexes implicated in connecting membrane-bound TJ components to the actin cytoskeleton. Inhibition of kinase signaling using inhibitors specific for cellular Src or PKC preserved the integrity of TJs, possibly by preventing occludin tyrosine hyperphosphorylation, rather than reversing the down-regulation of the junction-interacting proteins. Conclusions Our findings indicate that acute doses of Cd likely disrupt TJ integrity in human ALI airway cultures both through occludin hyperphosphorylation via kinase activation and by direct disruption of the junction-interacting complex.
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19
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González-Mariscal L, Domínguez-Calderón A, Raya-Sandino A, Ortega-Olvera JM, Vargas-Sierra O, Martínez-Revollar G. Tight junctions and the regulation of gene expression. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 36:213-23. [PMID: 25152334 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJ) regulate the paracellular passage of ions and molecules through the paracellular pathway and maintain plasma membrane polarity in epithelial and endothelial cells. Apart from these canonical functions, several proteins of the TJ have been found in recent years to regulate gene expression. This function is found in proteins that shuttle between the nucleus and TJs, and in integral TJ proteins. In this review, we will describe these proteins and their known mechanisms of gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, México, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Alaide Domínguez-Calderón
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Arturo Raya-Sandino
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - José Mario Ortega-Olvera
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Orlando Vargas-Sierra
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Gabriela Martínez-Revollar
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, México, D.F., Mexico
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20
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Ragupathy S, Esmaeili F, Paschoud S, Sublet E, Citi S, Borchard G. Toll-like receptor 2 regulates the barrier function of human bronchial epithelial monolayers through atypical protein kinase C zeta, and an increase in expression of claudin-1. Tissue Barriers 2014; 2:e29166. [PMID: 25101232 PMCID: PMC4117686 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.29166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 in maintaining the integrity of the airway epithelial barrier using the human bronchial epithelial cell line Calu-3. Activation of TLR2 by its ligands, Pam3CysSK4 and Peptidoglycan showed a concentration dependent increase in epithelial barrier function, as measured by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). This was confirmed by a decrease in paracellular flux of fluorescein sodium. This TLR2 induced increase in TEER was significantly reduced by pretreatment with polyclonal anti-human TLR2-neutralizing antibody. TLR2 stimulation in Calu-3 cell monolayers resulted in an increased expression of the tight junction proteins claudin-1 and ZO-1, and a decreased expression of occludin, at both the mRNA and protein levels. A pseudosubstrate inhibitor to PKCζ significantly prevented the TLR2 mediated increase in barrier function. It also prevented the increase in claudin-1 in a concentration dependent manner up to 1 µM. TLR2 stimulation led to an increase in phosphorylation of atypical PKC ζ, which was prevented by the pseudosubstrate inhibitor in a concentration dependent manner. Taken together, our observations support a model whereby increased tight junction barrier function induced by activation of TLR2 occurs through increased expression of claudin-1, and through modulation of PKC ζ activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthikumar Ragupathy
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Farnaz Esmaeili
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Paschoud
- Department of Molecular Biology; Institute of Genetics and Genomics; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland ; Department of Cell Biology; Institute of Genetics and Genomics; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Sublet
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Citi
- Department of Molecular Biology; Institute of Genetics and Genomics; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland ; Department of Cell Biology; Institute of Genetics and Genomics; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Geneva, Switzerland
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21
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Guillemot L, Guerrera D, Spadaro D, Tapia R, Jond L, Citi S. MgcRacGAP interacts with cingulin and paracingulin to regulate Rac1 activation and development of the tight junction barrier during epithelial junction assembly. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1995-2005. [PMID: 24807907 PMCID: PMC4072573 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-11-0680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rac1 inhibitor MgcRacGAP regulates Rac1 activation and TJ barrier development during junction assembly in epithelial cells. CGN and CGNL1 recruit MgcRacGAP to the TJ and interact with MgcRacGAP. The regulation of Rho-family GTPases is crucial to direct the formation of cell–cell junctions and tissue barriers. Cingulin (CGN) and paracingulin (CGNL1) control RhoA activation in epithelial cells by interacting with RhoA guanidine exchange factors. CGNL1 depletion also inhibits Rac1 activation during junction assembly. Here we show that, unexpectedly, Madin–Darby canine kidney epithelial cells depleted of both CGN and CGNL1 (double-KD cells) display normal Rac1 activation and tight junction (TJ) formation, despite decreased junctional recruitment of the Rac1 activator Tiam1. The expression of the Rac1 inhibitor MgcRacGAP is decreased in double-KD cells, and the barrier development and Rac1 activation phenotypes are rescued by exogenous expression of MgcRacGAP. MgcRacGAP colocalizes with CGN and CGNL1 at TJs and forms a complex and interacts directly in vitro with CGN and CGNL1. Depletion of either CGN or CGNL1 in epithelial cells results in decreased junctional localization of MgcRacGAP but not of ECT2, a centralspindlin-interacting Rho GEF. These results provide new insight into coordination of Rho-family GTPase activities at junctions, since apical accumulation of CGN and CGNL1 at TJs during junction maturation provides a mechanism to spatially restrict down-regulation of Rac1 activation through the recruitment of MgcRacGAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Guillemot
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Diego Guerrera
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domenica Spadaro
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rocio Tapia
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Jond
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Citi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, SwitzerlandDepartment of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, SwitzerlandInstitute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Paschoud S, Jond L, Guerrera D, Citi S. PLEKHA7 modulates epithelial tight junction barrier function. Tissue Barriers 2014; 2:e28755. [PMID: 24843844 PMCID: PMC4022608 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.28755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PLEKHA7 is a recently identified protein of the epithelial zonula adhaerens (ZA), and is part of a protein complex that stabilizes the ZA, by linking it to microtubules. Since the ZA is important in the assembly and disassembly of tight junctions (TJ), we asked whether PLEKHA7 is involved in modulating epithelial TJ barrier function. We generated clonal MDCK cell lines in which one of four different constructs of PLEKHA7 was inducibly expressed. All constructs were localized at junctions, but constructs lacking the C-terminal region were also distributed diffusely in the cytoplasm. Inducible expression of PLEKHA7 constructs did not affect the expression and localization of TJ proteins, the steady-state value of transepithelial resistance (TER), the development of TER during the calcium switch, and the flux of large molecules across confluent monolayers. In contrast, expression of three out of four constructs resulted both in enhanced recruitment of E-cadherin and associated proteins at the apical ZA and at lateral puncta adherentia (PA), a decreased TER at 18 h after assembly at normal calcium, and an attenuation in the fall in TER after extracellular calcium removal. This latter effect was inhibited when cells were treated with nocodazole. Immunoprecipitation analysis showed that PLEKHA7 forms a complex with the cytoplasmic TJ proteins ZO-1 and cingulin, and this association does not depend on the integrity of microtubules. These results suggest that PLEKHA7 modulates the dynamics of assembly and disassembly of the TJ barrier, through E-cadherin protein complex- and microtubule-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Paschoud
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Biology; University of Geneva; Geneva ; Switzerland Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Jond
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Biology; University of Geneva; Geneva ; Switzerland Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Diego Guerrera
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Biology; University of Geneva; Geneva ; Switzerland Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Citi
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Biology; University of Geneva; Geneva ; Switzerland Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
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Sultana T, Hou M, Stukenborg JB, Töhönen V, Inzunza J, Chagin AS, Sollerbrant K. Mice depleted of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor display normal spermatogenesis and an intact blood-testis barrier. Reproduction 2014; 147:875-83. [PMID: 24625359 DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR (CAR)) is a cell adhesion molecule expressed mainly in epithelial cells. Numerous evidence indicate that CXADR has an important role in testis development and function of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) in vitro. The role of CXADR in testis physiology in vivo has, however, not been addressed. We therefore constructed a conditional CXADR knockout (cKO) mouse model in which CXADR can be depleted at any chosen timepoint by the administration of tamoxifen. We report for the first time that testicular depletion of CXADR in adult and pubertal mice does not alter BTB permeability or germ cell migration across the BTB during spermatogenesis. Adult cKO mice display normal junctional ultra-structure and localization of the junctional proteins claudin-3, occludin, junction-associated molecule-A (JAM-A), and ZO1. The BTB was intact with no leakage of biotin and lanthanum tracers into the tubular lumen. Adult CXADR cKO mice were fertile with normal sperm parameters and litter size. Breeding experiments and genotyping of the pups demonstrated that CXADR-negative sperm could fertilize WT eggs. In addition, knocking down CXADR from postnatal day 9 (P9) does not affect testicular development and BTB formation. These cKO mice were analyzed at P49 and P90 and display an intact barrier and uncompromised fertility. We conclude that CXADR possesses no direct role in testicular physiology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taranum Sultana
- Paediatric Endocrinology UnitDepartment of Women's and Children's HealthDepartment of Biosciences and NutritionNovumDepartment of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mi Hou
- Paediatric Endocrinology UnitDepartment of Women's and Children's HealthDepartment of Biosciences and NutritionNovumDepartment of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Bernd Stukenborg
- Paediatric Endocrinology UnitDepartment of Women's and Children's HealthDepartment of Biosciences and NutritionNovumDepartment of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Virpi Töhönen
- Paediatric Endocrinology UnitDepartment of Women's and Children's HealthDepartment of Biosciences and NutritionNovumDepartment of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jose Inzunza
- Paediatric Endocrinology UnitDepartment of Women's and Children's HealthDepartment of Biosciences and NutritionNovumDepartment of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei S Chagin
- Paediatric Endocrinology UnitDepartment of Women's and Children's HealthDepartment of Biosciences and NutritionNovumDepartment of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, SwedenPaediatric Endocrinology UnitDepartment of Women's and Children's HealthDepartment of Biosciences and NutritionNovumDepartment of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Sollerbrant
- Paediatric Endocrinology UnitDepartment of Women's and Children's HealthDepartment of Biosciences and NutritionNovumDepartment of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ivanov AI. Structure and regulation of intestinal epithelial tight junctions: current concepts and unanswered questions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 763:132-48. [PMID: 23397622 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4711-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelium serves as a key interface between internal body compartments and the gut lumen. The epithelial layer forms a physical barrier that protects the body from the harmful environment of the lumen and also mediates vectorial fluxes of fluids, nutrients and waste. Increased permeability of the epithelial barrier is a common manifestation of different gastrointestinal diseases that enhances body exposure to external pathogens thereby exaggerating mucosal inflammation. Barrier properties of the intestinal epithelium are regulated by specialized adhesive plasma membrane structures known as tight junctions (TJs). It is gengrally believed that disease-related increase in intestinal permeability is caused by defects in TJ structure and functions. This chapter describes the molecular composition of intestinal epithelial TJs, basic mechanisms that regulate TJ functions in healthy gut mucosa as well as molecular events that contribute to increased mucosal permeability during intestinal inflammation. The chapter outlines our current understanding of TJ structure and dynamics and highlights several unresolved questions regarding regulation of this junctional complex under normal conditions and in gastroenterological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I Ivanov
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA.
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Guillemot L, Spadaro D, Citi S. The junctional proteins cingulin and paracingulin modulate the expression of tight junction protein genes through GATA-4. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55873. [PMID: 23409073 PMCID: PMC3567034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoplamic junctional proteins cingulin and paracingulin have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression in different cultured cell models. In renal epithelial MDCK cells, depletion of either protein results in a Rho-dependent increase in the expression of claudin-2. Here we examined MDCK cell clones depleted of both cingulin and paracingulin (double-KD cells), and we found that unexpectedly the expression of claudin-2, and also the expression of ZO-3 and claudin-3, were decreased, while RhoA activity was still higher than in control cells. The decreased expression of claudin-2 and other TJ proteins in double–KD cells correlated with reduced levels of the transcription factor GATA-4, and was rescued by overexpression of GATA-4, but not by inhibiting RhoA activity. These results indicate that in MDCK cells GATA-4 is required for the expression of claudin-2 and other TJ proteins, and that maintenance of GATA-4 expression requires either cingulin or paracingulin. These results and previous studies suggest a model whereby cingulin and paracingulin redundantly control the expression of specific TJ proteins through distinct GATA-4- and RhoA-dependent mechanisms, and that in the absence of sufficient levels of GATA-4 the RhoA-mediated upregulation of claudin-2 is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Guillemot
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domenica Spadaro
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Citi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Suzuki T. Regulation of intestinal epithelial permeability by tight junctions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:631-59. [PMID: 22782113 PMCID: PMC11113843 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 876] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal epithelium forms the boundary between the body and external environment. It effectively provides a selective permeable barrier that limits the permeation of luminal noxious molecules, such as pathogens, toxins, and antigens, while allowing the appropriate absorption of nutrients and water. This selective permeable barrier is achieved by intercellular tight junction (TJ) structures, which regulate paracellular permeability. Disruption of the intestinal TJ barrier, followed by permeation of luminal noxious molecules, induces a perturbation of the mucosal immune system and inflammation, and can act as a trigger for the development of intestinal and systemic diseases. In this context, much effort has been taken to understand the roles of extracellular factors, including cytokines, pathogens, and food factors, for the regulation of the intestinal TJ barrier. Here, I discuss the regulation of the intestinal TJ barrier together with its implications for the pathogenesis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Suzuki
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
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Dubé É, Cyr DG. The Blood-Epididymis Barrier and Human Male Fertility. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 763:218-36. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4711-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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29
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The control of gene expression and cell proliferation by the epithelial apical junctional complex. Essays Biochem 2012; 53:83-93. [PMID: 22928510 DOI: 10.1042/bse0530083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The AJC (apical junctional complex) of vertebrate epithelial cells orchestrates cell-cell adhesion and tissue barrier function. In addition, it plays a pivotal role in signalling. Several protein components of the AJC, e.g. the cytoplasmic proteins β-catenin, p120-catenin and ZO (Zonula Occludens)-2, can shuttle to the nucleus, where they interact with transcription factors to regulate gene expression and cell proliferation. Other junctional proteins, e.g. angiomotin, α-catenin and cingulin, are believed to act by sequestering either transcription factors, such as YAP (Yes-associated protein), or regulators of small GTPases, such as GEF (guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor)-H1, at junctions. The signalling activities of AJC proteins are triggered by different extracellular and intracellular cues, including cell density, and physiological or pathological activation of developmentally regulated pathways, such as the Wnt pathway. The interplay between junctional protein complexes, the actin cytoskeleton and signalling pathways is of crucial importance in the regulation of gene expression and cell proliferation.
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Citi S, Pulimeno P, Paschoud S. Cingulin, paracingulin, and PLEKHA7: signaling and cytoskeletal adaptors at the apical junctional complex. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1257:125-32. [PMID: 22671598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cingulin, paracingulin, and PLEKHA7 are proteins localized in the cytoplasmic region of the apical junctional complex of vertebrate epithelial cells. Cingulin has been detected at tight junctions (TJs), whereas paracingulin has been detected at both TJs and adherens junctions (AJs) and PLEKHA7 has been detected at AJs. One function of cingulin and paracingulin is to regulate the activity of Rho family GTPases at junctions through their direct interaction with guanidine exchange factors of RhoA and Rac1. Cingulin also contributes to the regulation of transcription of several genes in different types of cultured cells, in part through its ability to modulate RhoA activity. PLEKHA7, together with paracingulin, is part of a protein complex that links E-cadherin to the microtubule cytoskeleton at AJs. In this paper, we review the current knowledge about these proteins, including their discovery, the characterization of their expression, localization, structure, molecular interactions, and their roles in different developmental and disease model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Citi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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31
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Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are intercellular contacts that seal the space between the individual cells of an epithelial sheet or stratifying epithelia, such as the epidermis, so that they can collectively separate tissue compartments. Intercellular junctions, such as adherens and TJs, play a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of epithelial and endothelial barriers. A variety of components including claudins, occludin, tricellulin, zonula occluden proteins and junctional adhesion molecules have been identified in complex localization patterns in mammalian epidermis. In several skin diseases that are characterized by impaired skin barrier function, altered proliferation/differentiation of the epidermis and/or infiltration of inflammatory cells, altered expression patterns of TJ proteins have been observed. This review is aimed at providing an insight into the molecular composition, tools for identification and understanding the role of TJs in skin diseases and barrier function regulation.
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Guillemot L, Schneider Y, Brun P, Castagliuolo I, Pizzuti D, Martines D, Jond L, Bongiovanni M, Citi S. Cingulin is dispensable for epithelial barrier function and tight junction structure, and plays a role in the control of claudin-2 expression and response to duodenal mucosa injury. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5005-14. [PMID: 22946046 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cingulin (CGN) is a 140 kDa protein, which is localized to the cytoplasmic region of vertebrate tight junctions (TJ), and regulates gene expression and RhoA signaling in cultured cells. To investigate the function of CGN at the organism level, we generated CGN knockout (CGN(-/-)) mice by homologous recombination. CGN(-/-) mice are viable and fertile, and are born at the expected mendelian ratios. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy and permeability assays of epithelial tissues of CGN(-/-) mice show no cingulin labeling at junctions, a normal localization of TJ proteins, and normal TJ structure and barrier function. Microarray analysis of intestinal cells does not show significant changes in gene expression between CGN(-/-) and CGN(+/+) mice, whereas immunoblotting analysis shows a twofold increase in the levels of claudin-2 protein in the duodenum and the kidney of CGN(-/-) mice, compared to CGN(+/+) littermates. Furthermore, CGN(-/-) mice show an exacerbated response to the ulcerogenic action of cysteamine, whereas acute injury of the colon by dextran sodium sulfate elicits undistinguishable responses in CGN(-/-) and CGN(+/+) mice. We conclude that at the organism level cingulin is dispensable for the structure and barrier function of TJ, and is embedded in signaling networks that control the expression of claudin-2, and the mucosal response to acute injury in the duodenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Guillemot
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Liu WY, Wang ZB, Zhang LC, Wei X, Li L. Tight junction in blood-brain barrier: an overview of structure, regulation, and regulator substances. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 18:609-15. [PMID: 22686334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interference that regulates the nutrition and toxic substance in and out of the central nervous system (CNS), and plays a crucial role in maintaining a stable circumstance of the CNS. Tight junctions among adjacent cells form the basic structure of BBB to limiting paracellular permeability. In the present review, the constituents of tight junction proteins are depicted in detail, together with the regulation of tight junction under stimulation and in pathological conditions. Tight junction modulators are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ye Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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34
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Paschoud S, Guillemot L, Citi S. Distinct domains of paracingulin are involved in its targeting to the actin cytoskeleton and regulation of apical junction assembly. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13159-69. [PMID: 22315225 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.315622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracingulin is an M(r) 150-160 kDa cytoplasmic protein of vertebrate epithelial tight and adherens junctions and comprises globular head, coiled-coil rod, and globular tail domains. Unlike its homologous tight junction protein cingulin, paracingulin has been implicated in the control of junction assembly and has been localized at extrajunctional sites in association with actin filaments. Here we analyze the role of paracingulin domains, and specific regions within the head and rod domains, in the function and localization of paracingulin by inducible overexpression of exogenous proteins in epithelial Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and by expression of mutated and chimeric constructs in Rat1 fibroblasts and MDCK cells. The overexpression of the rod + tail domains of paracingulin perturbs the development of the tight junction barrier and Rac1 activation during junction assembly by the calcium switch, indicating that regulation of junction assembly by paracingulin is mediated by these domains. Conversely, only constructs containing the head domain target to junctions in MDCK cells and Rat1 fibroblasts. Furthermore, expression of chimeric cingulin and paracingulin constructs in Rat1 fibroblasts and MDCK cells identifies specific sequences within the head and rod domains of paracingulin as critical for targeting to actin filaments and regulation of junction assembly, respectively. In summary, we characterize the functionally important domains of paracingulin that distinguish it from cingulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Paschoud
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 4 Boulevard d'Yvoy, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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35
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Rodgers LS, Fanning AS. Regulation of epithelial permeability by the actin cytoskeleton. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2011; 68:653-60. [PMID: 22083950 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a dynamic structure necessary for cell and tissue organization, including the maintenance of epithelial barriers. The epithelial barrier regulates the movement of ions, macromolecules, immune cells, and pathogens, and is thus essential for normal organ function. Disruption in the epithelial barrier has been shown to coincide with alterations of the actin cytoskeleton in several disease states. These disruptions primarily manifest as increased movement through the paracellular space, which is normally regulated by tight junctions (TJ). Despite extensive research demonstrating a direct link between the actin cytoskeleton and epithelial permeability, our understanding of the physiological mechanisms that link permeability and tight junction structure are still limited. In this review, we explore the role of the actin cytoskeleton at TJ and present several areas for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel S Rodgers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7545, USA
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36
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Citi S, Spadaro D, Schneider Y, Stutz J, Pulimeno P. Regulation of small GTPases at epithelial cell-cell junctions. Mol Membr Biol 2011; 28:427-44. [DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2011.603101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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37
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Jackson VC, Dewilde S, Albo AG, Lis K, Corpillo D, Canepa B. The activity of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-interacting multi-functional protein 1 (AIMP1) on endothelial cells is mediated by the assembly of a cytoskeletal protein complex. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:1857-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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38
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Kingma SDK, Li N, Sun F, Valladares RB, Neu J, Lorca GL. Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 stimulates the innate immune response through Toll-like receptor 9 in Caco-2 cells and increases intestinal crypt Paneth cell number in biobreeding diabetes-prone rats. J Nutr 2011; 141:1023-8. [PMID: 21490291 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.135517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus johnsonii (Ljo) N6.2 has been shown to mitigate the development of type 1 diabetes when administered to diabetes-prone rats. The specific mechanisms underlying this observed response remain under investigation. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of Ljo N6.2 on mucosal inflammatory response using differentiated Caco-2 monolayers. The mRNA expression levels of CCL20, CXCL8, and CXCL10 chemokines were determined by qRT-PCR. Ljo at 10(11) CFU/L induced a strong response in all chemokines examined. To assess the specific host-signaling pathways involved, we performed RT-PCR amplification of Toll-like receptors (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors. TLR7 and TLR9 expression levels were induced 4.2- and 9-fold, respectively, whereas other TLR and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptors were not modified. A similar effect was observed in Caco-2 monolayers treated with Ljo cell-free extract or purified nucleic acids (NA). Increased levels of IFN type 1 and IFN regulators Stat1 and IRF7 followed the upregulation of TLR9. Activation of TLR9 was also evidenced by increased Frizzled 5 expression in Ljo-treated Caco-2 cells and an increase in the number of Paneth cells in Ljo-fed, diabetes-prone rats. These results are in agreement with the polarizing-tolerizing mechanism recently described in which the apical stimulation of TLR9 in intestinal epithelial cells leads to a higher state of immunologic alertness. Furthermore, these results suggest that live probiotics could be, in the future, replaced with select cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D K Kingma
- Department of Pediatrics, Shands Hospital and University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Pulimeno P, Paschoud S, Citi S. A role for ZO-1 and PLEKHA7 in recruiting paracingulin to tight and adherens junctions of epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:16743-50. [PMID: 21454477 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.230862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracingulin is a 160-kDa protein localized in the cytoplasmic region of epithelial tight and adherens junctions, where it regulates RhoA and Rac1 activities by interacting with guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanisms that control the recruitment of paracingulin to cell-cell junctions. We show that paracingulin forms a complex with the tight junction protein ZO-1, and the globular head domain of paracingulin interacts directly with ZO-1 through an N-terminal region containing a conserved ZIM (ZO-1-Interaction-Motif) sequence. Recruitment of paracingulin to cadherin-based cell-cell junctions in Rat1 fibroblasts requires the ZIM-containing region, whereas in epithelial cells removal of this region decreases the junctional localization of paracingulin at tight junctions but not at adherens junctions. Depletion of ZO-1, but not ZO-2, reduces paracingulin accumulation at tight junctions. A yeast two-hybrid screen identifies both ZO-1 and the adherens junction protein PLEKHA7 as paracingulin-binding proteins. Paracingulin forms a complex with PLEKHA7 and its interacting partner p120ctn, and the globular head domain of paracingulin interacts directly with a central region of PLEKHA7. Depletion of PLEKHA7 from Madin-Darby canine kidney cells results in the loss of junctional localization of paracingulin and a decrease in its expression. In summary, we characterize ZO-1 and PLEKHA7 as paracingulin-interacting proteins that are involved in its recruitment to epithelial tight and adherens junctions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Pulimeno
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 4 Boulevard d'Yvoy, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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40
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Paschoud S, Yu D, Pulimeno P, Jond L, Turner JR, Citi S. Cingulin and paracingulin show similar dynamic behaviour, but are recruited independently to junctions. Mol Membr Biol 2010; 28:123-35. [PMID: 21166484 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2010.538937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cingulin (CGN) and paracingulin (CGNL1) are structurally related proteins that regulate Rho family GTPases by recruiting guanine nucleotide exchange factors to epithelial junctions. Although the subcellular localization of cingulin and paracingulin is likely to be essential for their role as adaptor proteins, nothing is known on their in vivo localization, and their dynamics of exchange with the junctional membrane. To address these questions, we generated stable clones of MDCK cells expressing fluorescently tagged cingulin and paracingulin. By FRAP analysis, cingulin and paracingulin show a very similar dynamic behaviour, with recovery curves and mobile fractions that are distinct from ZO-1, and indicate a rapid exchange with a cytosolic pool. Interestingly, only paracingulin, but not cingulin, is peripherally localized in isolated cells, requires the integrity of the microtubule cytoskeleton to be stably anchored to junctions, and associates with E-cadherin. In contrast, both proteins require the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton to maintain their junctional localization. Although cingulin and paracingulin form a complex and can interact in vitro, the junctional recruitment and the dynamics of membrane exchange of paracingulin is independent of cingulin, and vice-versa. In summary, cingulin and paracingulin show a similar dynamic behaviour, but partially distinct localizations and functional interactions with the cytoskeleton, and are recruited independently to junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Paschoud
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Knockdown of farnesylpyrophosphate synthase prevents angiotensin II-mediated cardiac hypertrophy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:2056-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Revised: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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PLEKHA7 is an adherens junction protein with a tissue distribution and subcellular localization distinct from ZO-1 and E-cadherin. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12207. [PMID: 20808826 PMCID: PMC2924883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The pleckstrin-homology-domain-containing protein PLEKHA7 was recently identified as a protein linking the E-cadherin-p120 ctn complex to the microtubule cytoskeleton. Here we characterize the expression, tissue distribution and subcellular localization of PLEKHA7 by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, immunoelectron microscopy, and northern blotting in mammalian tissues. Anti-PLEKHA7 antibodies label the junctional regions of cultured kidney epithelial cells by immunofluorescence microscopy, and major polypeptides of Mr ∼135 kDa and ∼145 kDa by immunoblotting of lysates of cells and tissues. Two PLEKHA7 transcripts (∼5.5 kb and ∼6.5 kb) are detected in epithelial tissues. PLEKHA7 is detected at epithelial junctions in sections of kidney, liver, pancreas, intestine, retina, and cornea, and its tissue distribution and subcellular localization are distinct from ZO-1. For example, PLEKHA7 is not detected within kidney glomeruli. Similarly to E-cadherin, p120 ctn, β-catenin and α-catenin, PLEKHA7 is concentrated in the apical junctional belt, but unlike these adherens junction markers, and similarly to afadin, PLEKHA7 is not localized along the lateral region of polarized epithelial cells. Immunoelectron microscopy definitively establishes that PLEKHA7 is localized at the adherens junctions in colonic epithelial cells, at a mean distance of 28 nm from the plasma membrane. In summary, we show that PLEKHA7 is a cytoplasmic component of the epithelial adherens junction belt, with a subcellular localization and tissue distribution that is distinct from that of ZO-1 and most AJ proteins, and we provide the first description of its distribution and localization in several tissues.
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43
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Effects of combining low frequency ultrasound irradiation with papaverine on the permeability of the blood–tumor barrier. J Neurooncol 2010; 102:213-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Xia Y, Babitt JL, Bouley R, Zhang Y, Da Silva N, Chen S, Zhuang Z, Samad TA, Brenner GJ, Anderson JL, Hong CC, Schneyer AL, Brown D, Lin HY. Dragon enhances BMP signaling and increases transepithelial resistance in kidney epithelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21:666-77. [PMID: 20167703 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2009050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuronal adhesion protein Dragon acts as a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) coreceptor that enhances BMP signaling. Given the importance of BMP signaling in nephrogenesis and its putative role in the response to injury in the adult kidney, we studied the localization and function of Dragon in the kidney. We observed that Dragon localized predominantly to the apical surfaces of tubular epithelial cells in the thick ascending limbs, distal convoluted tubules, and collecting ducts of mice. Dragon expression was weak in the proximal tubules and glomeruli. In mouse inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD3) cells, Dragon generated BMP signals in a ligand-dependent manner, and BMP4 is the predominant endogenous ligand for the Dragon coreceptor. In mIMCD3 cells, BMP4 normally signaled through BMPRII, but Dragon enhanced its signaling through the BMP type II receptor ActRIIA. Dragon and BMP4 increased transepithelial resistance (TER) through the Smad1/5/8 pathway. In epithelial cells isolated from the proximal tubule and intercalated cells of collecting ducts, we observed coexpression of ActRIIA, Dragon, and BMP4 but not BMPRII. Taken together, these results suggest that Dragon may enhance BMP signaling in renal tubular epithelial cells and maintain normal renal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xia
- Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Zhang Z, Xia C, Xue Y, Liu Y. Synergistic effect of low-frequency ultrasound and low-dose bradykinin on increasing permeability of the blood-tumor barrier by opening tight junction. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:2282-9. [PMID: 19326437 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Low-frequency ultrasound (LFU) and bradykinin (BK) have been shown separately to increase the permeability of the blood-tumor barrier (BTB) in the rat model of C6 glioma. This study examined the hypothesis that the combination of LFU and low-dose BK has a synergistic effect on increasing the permeability of BTB and explored the possible underlying mechanism including the involvement of tight junction (TJ). The rats were divided into six groups: control group, LFU group, BK group, 2/3LFU + 1/2BK group, 5/6LFU + 2/3BK group, and LFU + BK group. The BTB permeability was assessed by Evans blue extravasation. The mRNA and protein expressions of TJ-related proteins ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5 were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, immunolocalization, and Western blot test. BTB permeability increased in all the experimental groups, accompanied by opening of local TJ of the BTB, observed by transmission electron microscopy, and decreased mRNA and protein expressions of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5. In addition, there was a further increase in BTB permeability and a further reduction in the expressions of TJ-related proteins in 5/6LFU + 2/3BK and LFU + BK groups, compared with LFU or BK group. These results indicate that LFU and low-dose BK applied in combination act in a synergistic manner to increase BTB permeability. The down-regulation of TJ-related proteins ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5 may be one of the underlying mechanisms of the increase in BTB permeability induced by LFU and BK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Basic Medical Science College of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
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Modulation of Rho guanine exchange factor Lfc activity by protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:5963-73. [PMID: 19667072 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01268-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lfc is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho that demonstrates an unusual ability to associate with microtubules. While several phosphorylated residues have been detected in the Lfc polypeptide, the mechanism(s) by which phosphorylation regulates the exchange activity of Lfc remains unclear. We confirm that Lfc is a phosphorylated protein and demonstrate that 14-3-3 interacts directly and in a phosphorylation-dependent manner with Lfc. We identify AKAP121 as an Lfc-binding protein and show that Lfc is phosphorylated in an AKAP-dependent manner by protein kinase A (PKA). Forskolin treatment induced 14-3-3 binding to Lfc and suppressed the exchange activity of wild-type Lfc on RhoA. Importantly, a mutant of Lfc that is unable to associate with 14-3-3 proteins was resistant to inhibition by forskolin. Tctex-1, a dynein motor light chain, binds to Lfc in a competitive manner with 14-3-3.
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Citi S, Paschoud S, Pulimeno P, Timolati F, De Robertis F, Jond L, Guillemot L. The tight junction protein cingulin regulates gene expression and RhoA signaling. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1165:88-98. [PMID: 19538293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJ) regulate the passage of solutes across epithelial sheets, contribute to the establishment and maintenance of epithelial apico-basal polarity and are involved in the regulation of gene expression and cell proliferation. Cingulin, a Mr 140 kDa protein localized in the cytoplasmic region of TJ, is not directly required for TJ formation and epithelial polarity but regulates RhoA signaling, through its interaction with the RhoA activator GEF-H1, and gene expression. Here we describe in more detail the effect of cingulin mutation in embryoid bodies (EB) on gene expression, by identifying the genes that show the highest degree of up- or downregulation, and the putative canonical pathways that might be affected by cingulin. Furthermore, we show that full-length canine GEF-H1, produced in baculovirus-infected insect cells, interacts with regions both in the cingulin globular head, and in the coiled-coil rod domain. These results extend our previous studies and provide new perspectives for the mechanistic analysis of cingulin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Citi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Van Itallie CM, Fanning AS, Bridges A, Anderson JM. ZO-1 stabilizes the tight junction solute barrier through coupling to the perijunctional cytoskeleton. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:3930-40. [PMID: 19605556 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-04-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ZO-1 binds numerous transmembrane and cytoplasmic proteins and is required for assembly of both adherens and tight junctions, but its role in defining barrier properties of an established tight junction is unknown. We depleted ZO-1 in MDCK cells using siRNA methods and observed specific defects in the barrier for large solutes, even though flux through the small claudin pores was unaffected. This permeability increase was accompanied by morphological alterations and reorganization of apical actin and myosin. The permeability defect, and to a lesser extent morphological changes, could be rescued by reexpression of either full-length ZO-1 or an N-terminal construct containing the PDZ, SH3, and GUK domains. ZO-2 knockdown did not replicate either the permeability or morphological phenotypes seen in the ZO-1 knockdown, suggesting that ZO-1 and -2 are not functionally redundant for these functions. Wild-type and knockdown MDCK cells had differing physiological and morphological responses to pharmacologic interventions targeting myosin activity. Use of the ROCK inhibitor Y27632 or myosin inhibitor blebbistatin increased TER in wild-type cells, whereas ZO-1 knockdown monolayers were either unaffected or changed in the opposite direction; paracellular flux and myosin localization were also differentially affected. These studies are the first direct evidence that ZO-1 limits solute permeability in established tight junctions, perhaps by forming a stabilizing link between the barrier and perijunctional actomyosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Van Itallie
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Tight junctions and the regulation of gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1788:761-7. [PMID: 19121284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion is a key regulator of cell differentiation. Cell interactions with neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix regulate gene expression, cell proliferation, polarity and apoptosis. Apical cell-cell junctions participate in these processes using different types of proteins, some of them exhibit nuclear and junctional localization and are called NACos for Nuclear Adhesion Complexes. Tight junctions are one type of such cell-cell junctions and several signaling complexes have been identified to associate with them. In general, expression of tight junction components suppresses proliferation to allow differentiation in a coordinated manner with adherens junctions and extracellular matrix adhesion. These tight junction components have been shown to affect several signaling and transcriptional pathways, and changes in the expression of tight junction proteins are associated with several disease conditions, such as cancer. Here, we will review how tight junction proteins participate in the regulation of gene expression and cell proliferation, as well as how they are regulated themselves by different mechanisms involved in gene expression and cell differentiation.
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Paschoud S, Citi S. Inducible overexpression of cingulin in stably transfected MDCK cells does not affect tight junction organization and gene expression. Mol Membr Biol 2008; 25:1-13. [PMID: 18097951 DOI: 10.1080/09687680701474009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cingulin is a component of the cytoplasmic domain of vertebrate tight junctions (TJ). Mutation or down-regulation of cingulin in cultured cells results in changes in gene expression. Some of these changes are dependent on RhoA, whose activity is regulated by GEF-H1, which is inactivated by binding to cingulin at junctions. To gain further insights on the function of cingulin through dominant-negative effects, we cloned and sequenced canine cingulin, and developed stable MDCK cell lines where either full-length cingulin, or head or rod+tail domains were inducibly overexpressed. Surprisingly, analysis of these clones by immunoblotting, microarray, immunofluorescence, measurement of transepithelial resistance, and cell density showed that the overexpression of either full-length cingulin or its domains does not significantly affect TJ protein levels, gene expression, RhoA activity, cell density, doubling time, and the organization and function of TJ. These results suggest that compensatory mechanisms prevent dominant-negative effects in this model system, and that modulation of cellular functions by cingulin occurs within physiological protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Paschoud
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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