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Belmonte-Fernández A, Herrero-Ruíz J, Galindo-Moreno M, Limón-Mortés MC, Mora-Santos M, Sáez C, Japón MÁ, Tortolero M, Romero F. Cisplatin-induced cell death increases the degradation of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex through the autophagy/lysosomal pathway. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:488-499. [PMID: 36477079 PMCID: PMC9950126 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin and other platinum-based anticancer agents are among the most widely used chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of different types of cancer. However, it is common to find patients who respond well to treatment at first but later relapse due to the appearance of resistance to cisplatin. Among the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon is the increase in DNA damage repair. Here, we elucidate the effect of cisplatin on the MRN (MRE11-RAD50-NBS1) DNA damage sensor complex. We found that the tumor suppressor FBXW7 is a key factor in controlling the turnover of the MRN complex by inducing its degradation through lysosomes. Inhibition of lysosomal enzymes allowed the detection of the association of FBXW7-dependent ubiquitylated MRN with LC3 and the autophagy adaptor p62/SQSTM1 and the localization of MRN in lysosomes. Furthermore, cisplatin-induced cell death increased MRN degradation, suggesting that this complex is one of the targets that favor cell death. These findings open the possibility of using the induction of the degradation of the MRN complex after genotoxic damage as a potential therapeutic strategy to eliminate tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joaquín Herrero-Ruíz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, E-41012, Spain
| | - María Galindo-Moreno
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, E-41012, Spain
| | - M Cristina Limón-Mortés
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, E-41012, Spain
| | - Mar Mora-Santos
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, E-41012, Spain
| | - Carmen Sáez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) and Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, E-41013, Spain
| | - Miguel Á Japón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) and Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, E-41013, Spain
| | - Maria Tortolero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, E-41012, Spain
| | - Francisco Romero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, E-41012, Spain.
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2
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Volonte D, Sedorovitz M, Galbiati F. Impaired Cdc20 signaling promotes senescence in normal cells and apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102405. [PMID: 35988650 PMCID: PMC9490043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a form of irreversible growth arrest that cancer cells evade. The cell division cycle protein 20 homolog (Cdc20) is a positive regulator of cell division, but how its dysregulation may relate to senescence is unclear. Here, we find that Cdc20 mRNA and protein expression are downregulated in stress-induced premature senescent lung fibroblasts in a p53-dependent manner. Either Cdc20 downregulation or inhibition of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is sufficient to induce premature senescence in lung fibroblasts, while APC/C activation inhibits stress-induced premature senescence. Mechanistically, we show both Cdc20 downregulation and APC/C inhibition induce premature senescence through glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β-mediated phosphorylation and downregulation of securin expression. Interestingly, we determined Cdc20 expression is upregulated in human lung adenocarcinoma. We find that downregulation of Cdc20 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells is sufficient to inhibit cell proliferation and growth in soft agar and to promote apoptosis, but not senescence, in a manner dependent on downregulation of securin following GSK-3β-mediated securin phosphorylation. Similarly, we demonstrate securin expression is downregulated and cell viability is inhibited in NSCLC cells following inhibition of APC/C. Furthermore, we show chemotherapeutic drugs downregulate both Cdc20 and securin protein expression in NSCLC cells. Either Cdc20 downregulation by siRNA or APC/C inhibition sensitize, while securin overexpression inhibits, chemotherapeutic drug-induced NSCLC cell death. Together, our findings provide evidence that Cdc20/APC/C/securin-dependent signaling is a key regulator of cell survival, and its disruption promotes premature senescence in normal lung cells and induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells that have bypassed the senescence barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Volonte
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Morgan Sedorovitz
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ferruccio Galbiati
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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3
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Jang SM, Redon CE, Aladjem MI. Chromatin-Bound Cullin-Ring Ligases: Regulatory Roles in DNA Replication and Potential Targeting for Cancer Therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:19. [PMID: 29594129 PMCID: PMC5859106 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cullin-RING (Really Interesting New Gene) E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs), the largest family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, are functional multi-subunit complexes including substrate receptors, adaptors, cullin scaffolds, and RING-box proteins. CRLs are responsible for ubiquitination of ~20% of cellular proteins and are involved in diverse biological processes including cell cycle progression, genome stability, and oncogenesis. Not surprisingly, cullins are deregulated in many diseases and instances of cancer. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of CRL-mediated ubiquitination in the regulation of DNA replication/repair, including specific roles in chromatin assembly and disassembly of the replication machinery. The development of novel therapeutics targeting the CRLs that regulate the replication machinery and chromatin in cancer is now an attractive therapeutic strategy. In this review, we summarize the structure and assembly of CRLs and outline their cellular functions and their diverse roles in cancer, emphasizing the regulatory functions of nuclear CRLs in modulating the DNA replication machinery. Finally, we discuss the current strategies for targeting CRLs against cancer in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mirit I. Aladjem
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
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4
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A partnership with the proteasome; the destructive nature of GSK3. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 147:77-92. [PMID: 29102676 PMCID: PMC5954166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK3) was originally reported as a key enzyme of glucose homeostasis through regulation of the rate of glycogen synthesis. It has subsequently been found to influence most cellular processes, including growth, differentiation and death, as part of its role in modulating response to hormonal, nutritional and cellular stress stimuli. More than 100 protein targets for GSK3 have been proposed although only a small fraction of these have been convincingly validated in physiological cell systems. The effects of GSK3 phosphorylation on substrates include alteration of enzyme activity, protein localisation, protein:protein interaction and protein stability. This latter form of regulation of GSK3 substrates is the focus of this review. There is an ever-growing list of GSK3 substrates that upon phosphorylation are targeted to the beta-transducin repeat containing protein (β-TrCP), thereby allowing ubiquitination of bound protein by cullin-1 and so initiating destruction at the proteasome. We propose the existence of a GSK3-β-TrCP ‘destruction hit-list’ that allows co-ordinated removal (or stabilisation) of a set of proteins with a common physiological purpose, through control of GSK3. We identify 29 proteins where there is relatively strong evidence for regulation by a GSK3-β-TrCP axis and note common features of regulation and pathophysiology. Furthermore, we assess the potential of pre-phosphorylation (priming) of these targets (normally a prerequisite for GSK3 recognition) to provide a second layer of regulation delineated by the priming kinase that allows GSK3 to mark them for destruction. Finally, we discuss whether this knowledge improves options for therapeutic intervention.
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5
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Giráldez S, Galindo-Moreno M, Limón-Mortés MC, Rivas AC, Herrero-Ruiz J, Mora-Santos M, Sáez C, Japón MÁ, Tortolero M, Romero F. G 1/S phase progression is regulated by PLK1 degradation through the CDK1/βTrCP axis. FASEB J 2017; 31:2925-2936. [PMID: 28360195 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601108r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a serine/threonine kinase involved in several stages of the cell cycle, including the entry and exit from mitosis, and cytokinesis. Furthermore, it has an essential role in the regulation of DNA replication. Together with cyclin A, PLK1 also promotes CDH1 phosphorylation to trigger its ubiquitination and degradation, allowing cell cycle progression. The PLK1 levels in different type of tumors are very high compared to normal tissues, which is consistent with its role in promoting proliferation. Therefore, several PLK1 inhibitors have been developed and tested for the treatment of cancer. Here, we further analyzed PLK1 degradation and found that cytoplasmic PLK1 is ubiquitinated and subsequently degraded by the SCFβTrCP/proteasome. This procedure is triggered when heat shock protein (HSP) 90 is inhibited with geldanamycin, which results in misfolding of PLK1. We also identified CDK1 as the major kinase involved in this degradation. Our work shows for the first time that HSP90 inhibition arrests cell cycle progression at the G1/S transition. This novel mechanism inhibits CDH1 degradation through CDK1-dependent PLK1 destruction by the SCFβTrCP/proteasome. In these conditions, CDH1 substrates do not accumulate and cell cycle arrests, providing a novel pathway for regulation of the cell cycle at the G1-to-S boundary.-Giráldez, S., Galindo-Moreno, M., Limón-Mortés, M. C., Rivas, A. C., Herrero-Ruiz, J., Mora-Santos, M., Sáez, C., Japón, M. Á., Tortolero, M., Romero, F. G1/S phase progression is regulated by PLK1 degradation through the CDK1/βTrCP axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servando Giráldez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - María Galindo-Moreno
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | | | - A Cristina Rivas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Joaquín Herrero-Ruiz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Mar Mora-Santos
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Sáez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Á Japón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Tortolero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Romero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain;
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6
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Liu Q, Tang Y, Chen L, Liu N, Lang F, Liu H, Wang P, Sun X. E3 Ligase SCFβTrCP-induced DYRK1A Protein Degradation Is Essential for Cell Cycle Progression in HEK293 Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26399-26409. [PMID: 27807027 PMCID: PMC5159501 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.717553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DYRK1A, located on the Down syndrome (DS) critical region of chromosome 21, was found to be overexpressed in brains of DS and Alzheimer's disease individuals. DYRK1A was considered to play important roles in the pathogenesis of DS and Alzheimer's disease; however, the degradation mechanism of DYRK1A was still unclear. In this study, we found that DYRK1A was degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in HEK293 cells. The N terminus of DYRK1A that was highly unstable in HEK293 cells contributed to proteolysis of DYRK1A. E3 ligase SCFβTrCP mediated ubiquitination and promoted degradation of DYRK1A through an unconserved binding motif (49SDQQVSALS57) lying in the N terminus. Any Ser-Ala substitution in this motif could decrease the binding between DYRK1A and β-transducin repeat containing protein (βTrCP), resulting in stabilization of DYRK1A. We also found DYRK1A protein was elevated in the G0/G1 phase and decreased in the S and G2/M phase, which was negatively correlated to βTrCP levels in the HEK293 cell cycle. Knockdown of βTrCP caused arrest of the G0/G1 phase, which could be partly rescued by down-regulation of DYRK1A. Our study uncovered a new regulatory mechanism of DYRK1A degradation by SCFβTrCP in HEK293 cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- From the Brain Research Institute
- the Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 10766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, and
| | | | - Long Chen
- National Key Lab of Otolaryngology, and
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012
| | - Fangfang Lang
- the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, 105 Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Heng Liu
- National Key Lab of Otolaryngology, and
| | - Pin Wang
- National Key Lab of Otolaryngology, and
| | - Xiulian Sun
- From the Brain Research Institute,
- National Key Lab of Otolaryngology, and
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7
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Zheng N, Dai X, Wang Z, Wei W. A new layer of degradation mechanism for PR-Set7/Set8 during cell cycle. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:3042-3047. [PMID: 27649746 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1234552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Set8 is critically involved in transcription regulation, cell cycle progression and genomic stability. Emerging evidence has revealed that E3 ubiquitin ligases such as CRL4cdt2 and SCFSkp2 regulate Set8 protein abundance. However, it is unclear whether other E3 ligase(s) could govern Set8 level for proper cell cycle progression in response to genotoxic stress such as UV irradiation. Recently, we report that the SCFβ-TRCP complex regulates Set8 protein stability by targeting it for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Notably, Set8 interacts with the SCFβ-TRCP E3 ligase complex. We further revealed a critical role of CKI in SCFβ-TRCP-mediated degradation of Set8. Mechanistically, CKI-mediated phosphorylation of Set8 at the S253 site promotes its destruction by SCFβ-TRCP. Importantly, SCFβ-TRCP-dependent Set8 destruction also contributes to the tight control of cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, in response to UV irradiation. Here, we summarize our new findings regarding the crucial role of β-TRCP in CKI-mediated Set8 degradation, which could provide new evidence to support that dysregulation of a tight regulatory network of Set8 could lead to aberrant cell cycle process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Zheng
- a The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Xiangpeng Dai
- b Department of Pathology , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- a The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Wenyi Wei
- b Department of Pathology , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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8
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Zheng N, Wang Z, Wei W. Ubiquitination-mediated degradation of cell cycle-related proteins by F-box proteins. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 73:99-110. [PMID: 26860958 PMCID: PMC4798898 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
F-box proteins, subunits of SKP1-cullin 1-F-box protein (SCF) type of E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, have been validated to play a crucial role in governing various cellular processes such as cell cycle, cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and metastasis. Recently, a wealth of evidence has emerged that F-box proteins is critically involved in tumorigenesis in part through governing the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of cell cycle proteins, and dysregulation of this process leads to aberrant cell cycle progression and ultimately, tumorigenesis. Therefore, in this review, we describe the critical role of F-box proteins in the timely regulation of cell cycle. Moreover, we discuss how F-box proteins involve in tumorigenesis via targeting cell cycle-related proteins using biochemistry studies, engineered mouse models, and pathological gene alternations. We conclude that inhibitors of F-box proteins could have promising therapeutic potentials in part through controlling of aberrant cell cycle progression for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Zheng
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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9
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Cuadrado A. Structural and functional characterization of Nrf2 degradation by glycogen synthase kinase 3/β-TrCP. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:147-157. [PMID: 25937177 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a master regulator of cellular homeostasis that controls the expression of more than 1% of human genes related to biotransformation reactions, redox homeostasis, energetic metabolism, DNA repair, and proteostasis. Its activity has a tremendous impact on physiology and pathology and therefore it is very tightly regulated, mainly at the level of protein stability. In addition to the very well established regulation by the ubiquitin E3 ligase adapter Keap1, recent advances have identified a novel mechanism based on signaling pathways that regulate glycogen synthase kinse-3 (GSK-3). This kinase phosphorylates specific serine residues in the Neh6 domain of Nrf2 to create a degradation domain that is then recognized by the ubiquitin ligase adapter β-TrCP and tagged for proteasome degradation by a Cullin1/Rbx1 complex. Here we review the mechanistic elements and the signaling pathways that participate in this regulation by GSK-3/β-TrCP. These pathways include those activated by ligands of tyrosine kinase, G protein-coupled, metabotropic, and ionotropic receptors that activate phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/ATK and by the canonical WNT signaling pathway, where a fraction of Nrf2 interacts with Axin1/GSK-3. Considering that free Nrf2 protein is localized in the nucleus, we propose a model termed "double flux controller" to explain how Keap1 and β-TrCP coordinate the stability of Nrf2 in several scenarios. The GSK-3/β-TrCP axis provides a novel therapeutic strategy to modulate Nrf2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cuadrado
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Vriend J, Ghavami S, Marzban H. The role of the ubiquitin proteasome system in cerebellar development and medulloblastoma. Mol Brain 2015; 8:64. [PMID: 26475605 PMCID: PMC4609148 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar granule cells precursors are derived from the upper rhombic lip and migrate tangentially independent of glia along the subpial stream pathway to form the external germinal zone. Postnatally, granule cells migrate from the external germinal zone radially through the Purkinje cell layer, guided by Bergmann glia fibers, to the internal granular cell layer. Medulloblastomas (MBs) are the most common malignant childhood brain tumor. Many of these tumors develop from precursor cells of the embryonic rhombic lips. Four main groups of MB are recognized. The WNT group of MBs arise primarily from the lower rhombic lip and embryonic brainstem. The SHH group of MBs originate from cerebellar granule cell precursors in the external germinal zone of the embryonic cerebellum. The cellular origins of type 3 and type 4 MBs are not clear. Several ubiquitin ligases are revealed to be significant factors in development of the cerebellum as well as in the initiation and maintenance of MBs. Proteasome dysfunction at a critical stage of development may be a major factor in determining whether progenitor cells which are destined to become granule cells differentiate normally or become MB cells. We propose the hypothesis that proteasomal activity is essential to regulate the critical transition between proliferating granule cells and differentiated granule cells and that proteasome dysfunction may lead to MB. Proteasome dysfunction could also account for various mutations in MBs resulting from deficiencies in DNA checkpoint and repair mechanisms prior to development of MBs. Data showing a role for the ubiquitin ligases β-TrCP, FBW7, Huwe1, and SKP2 in MBs suggest the possibility of a classification of MBs based on the expression (over expression or under expression) of specific ubiquitin ligases which function as oncogenes, tumor suppressors or cell cycle regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Vriend
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada.
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11
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Randle SJ, Laman H. F-box protein interactions with the hallmark pathways in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 36:3-17. [PMID: 26416465 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
F-box proteins (FBP) are the substrate specifying subunit of Skp1-Cul1-FBP (SCF)-type E3 ubiquitin ligases and are responsible for directing the ubiquitination of numerous proteins essential for cellular function. Due to their ability to regulate the expression and activity of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, FBPs themselves play important roles in cancer development and progression. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of FBPs and their targets in relation to their interaction with the hallmarks of cancer cell biology, including the regulation of proliferation, epigenetics, migration and invasion, metabolism, angiogenesis, cell death and DNA damage responses. Each cancer hallmark is revealed to have multiple FBPs which converge on common signalling hubs or response pathways. We also highlight the complex regulatory interplay between SCF-type ligases and other ubiquitin ligases. We suggest six highly interconnected FBPs affecting multiple cancer hallmarks, which may prove sensible candidates for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J Randle
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Heike Laman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom.
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12
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Herrero-Ruiz J, Mora-Santos M, Giráldez S, Sáez C, Japón MA, Tortolero M, Romero F. βTrCP controls the lysosome-mediated degradation of CDK1, whose accumulation correlates with tumor malignancy. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7563-74. [PMID: 25149538 PMCID: PMC4202144 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, cell cycle progression is controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases, among which CDK1 plays important roles in the regulation of the G2/M transition, G1 progression and G1/S transition. CDK1 is highly regulated by its association to cyclins, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, changes in subcellular localization, and by direct binding of CDK inhibitor proteins. CDK1 steady-state protein levels are held constant throughout the cell cycle by a coordinated regulation of protein synthesis and degradation. We show that CDK1 is ubiquitinated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase SCFβTrCP and degraded by the lysosome. Furthermore, we found that DNA damage not only triggers the stabilization of inhibitory phosphorylation sites on CDK1 and repression of CDK1 gene expression, but also regulates βTrCP-induced CDK1 degradation in a cell type-dependent manner. Specifically, treatment with the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin in certain cell lines provokes CDK1 degradation and induces apoptosis, whereas in others it inhibits destruction of the protein. These observations raise the possibility that different tumor types, depending on their pathogenic spectrum mutations, may display different sensitivity to βTrCP-induced CDK1 degradation after DNA damage. Finally, we found that CDK1 accumulation in patients’ tumors shows a negative correlation with βTrCP and a positive correlation with the degree of tumor malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Herrero-Ruiz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mar Mora-Santos
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Servando Giráldez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Sáez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miguel A Japón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maria Tortolero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Romero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Dual regulation of transcription factor Nrf2 by Keap1 and by the combined actions of β-TrCP and GSK-3. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 43:611-20. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20150011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45 (NF-E2 p45)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a master regulator of redox homoeostasis that allows cells to adapt to oxidative stress and also promotes cell proliferation. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms by which oxidants/electrophilic agents and growth factors increase Nrf2 activity. In the former case, oxidants/electrophiles increase the stability of Nrf2 by antagonizing the ability of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) to target the transcription factor for proteasomal degradation via the cullin-3 (Cul3)–RING ubiquitin ligase CRLKeap1. In the latter case, we speculate that growth factors increase the stability of Nrf2 by stimulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)−protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt signalling, which in turn results in inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and in doing so prevents the formation of a DSGIS motif-containing phosphodegron in Nrf2 that is recognized by the β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP) Cul1-based E3 ubiquitin ligase complex SCFβ-TrCP. We present data showing that in the absence of Keap1, the electrophile tert-butyl hydroquinone (tBHQ) can stimulate Nrf2 activity and induce the Nrf2-target gene NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), whilst simultaneously causing inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9. Together, these observations suggest that tBHQ can suppress the ability of SCFβ-TrCP to target Nrf2 for proteasomal degradation by increasing PI3K−PKB/Akt signalling. We also propose a scheme that explains how other protein kinases that inhibit GSK-3 could stimulate induction of Nrf2-target genes by preventing formation of the DSGIS motif-containing phosphodegron in Nrf2.
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Zhao J, Han J, Jiang J, Shi S, Ma X, Liu X, Wang C, Nie X, He Y, Jiang S, Wan C. The downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is associated with zinc deficiency-induced proliferative deficit of C17.2 neural stem cells. Brain Res 2015; 1615:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Hellmuth S, Böttger F, Pan C, Mann M, Stemmann O. PP2A delays APC/C-dependent degradation of separase-associated but not free securin. EMBO J 2014; 33:1134-47. [PMID: 24781523 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201488098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The universal triggering event of eukaryotic chromosome segregation is cleavage of centromeric cohesin by separase. Prior to anaphase, most separase is kept inactive by association with securin. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) constitutes another binding partner of human separase, but the functional relevance of this interaction has remained enigmatic. We demonstrate that PP2A stabilizes separase-associated securin by dephosphorylation, while phosphorylation of free securin enhances its polyubiquitylation by the ubiquitin ligase APC/C and proteasomal degradation. Changing PP2A substrate phosphorylation sites to alanines slows degradation of free securin, delays separase activation, lengthens early anaphase, and results in anaphase bridges and DNA damage. In contrast, separase-associated securin is destabilized by introduction of phosphorylation-mimetic aspartates or extinction of separase-associated PP2A activity. G2- or prometaphase-arrested cells suffer from unscheduled activation of separase when endogenous securin is replaced by aspartate-mutant securin. Thus, PP2A-dependent stabilization of separase-associated securin prevents precocious activation of separase during checkpoint-mediated arrests with basal APC/C activity and increases the abruptness and fidelity of sister chromatid separation in anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cuiping Pan
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Olaf Stemmann
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Mora-Santos M, Castilla C, Herrero-Ruiz J, Giráldez S, Limón-Mortés MC, Sáez C, Japón MÁ, Tortolero M, Romero F. A single mutation in Securin induces chromosomal instability and enhances cell invasion. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:500-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Mora-Santos M, Limón-Mortés MC, Giráldez S, Herrero-Ruiz J, Sáez C, Japón MÁ, Tortolero M, Romero F. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta) negatively regulates PTTG1/human securin protein stability, and GSK3beta inactivation correlates with securin accumulation in breast tumors. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30047-56. [PMID: 21757741 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.232330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PTTG1, also known as securin, is an inactivating partner of separase, the major effector for chromosome segregation during mitosis. At the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, securin is targeted for proteasomal destruction by the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome, allowing activation of separase. In addition, securin is overexpressed in metastatic or genomically instable tumors, suggesting a relevant role for securin in tumor progression. Stability of securin is regulated by phosphorylation; some phosphorylated forms are degraded out of mitosis, by the action of the SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein (SCF) complex. The kinases targeting securin for proteolysis have not been identified, and mechanistic insight into the cause of securin accumulation in human cancers is lacking. Here, we demonstrate that glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) phosphorylates securin to promote its proteolysis via SCF(βTrCP) E3 ubiquitin ligase. Importantly, a strong correlation between securin accumulation and GSK3β inactivation was observed in breast cancer tissues, indicating that GSK3β inactivation may account for securin accumulation in breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Mora-Santos
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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SCF/{beta}-TrCP promotes glycogen synthase kinase 3-dependent degradation of the Nrf2 transcription factor in a Keap1-independent manner. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:1121-33. [PMID: 21245377 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01204-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of transcription factor Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) involves redox-sensitive proteasomal degradation via the E3 ubiquitin ligase Keap1/Cul3. However, Nrf2 is controlled by other mechanisms that have not yet been elucidated. We now show that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) phosphorylates a group of Ser residues in the Neh6 domain of mouse Nrf2 that overlap with an SCF/β-TrCP destruction motif (DSGIS, residues 334 to 338) and promotes its degradation in a Keap1-independent manner. Nrf2 was stabilized by GSK-3 inhibitors in Keap1-null mouse embryo fibroblasts. Similarly, an Nrf2(ΔETGE) mutant, which cannot be degraded via Keap1, accumulated when GSK-3 activity was blocked. Phosphorylation of a Ser cluster in the Neh6 domain of Nrf2 stimulated its degradation because a mutant Nrf2(ΔETGE 6S/6A) protein, lacking these Ser residues, exhibited a longer half-life than Nrf2(ΔETGE). Moreover, Nrf2(ΔETGE 6S/6A) was insensitive to β-TrCP regulation and exhibited lower levels of ubiquitination than Nrf2(ΔETGE). GSK-3β enhanced ubiquitination of Nrf2(ΔETGE) but not that of Nrf2(ΔETGE 6S/6A). The Nrf2(ΔETGE) protein but not Nrf2(ΔETGE 6S/6A) coimmunoprecipitated with β-TrCP, and this association was enhanced by GSK-3β. Our results show for the first time that Nrf2 is targeted by GSK-3 for SCF/β-TrCP-dependent degradation. We propose a "dual degradation" model to describe the regulation of Nrf2 under different pathophysiological conditions.
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Abstract
The pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG1) encodes a multifunctional protein (PTTG) that is overexpressed in numerous tumours, including pituitary, thyroid, breast and ovarian carcinomas. PTTG induces cellular transformation in vitro and tumourigenesis in vivo, and several mechanisms by which PTTG contributes to tumourigenesis have been investigated. Also known as the human securin, PTTG is involved in cell cycle regulation, controlling the segregation of sister chromatids during mitosis. This review outlines current information regarding PTTG structure, expression, regulation and function in the pathogenesis of neoplasia. Recent progress concerning the use of PTTG as a prognostic marker or therapeutic target will be considered. In addition, the PTTG binding factor (PBF), identified through its interaction with PTTG, has also been established as a proto-oncogene that is upregulated in several cancers. Current knowledge regarding PBF is outlined and its role both independently and alongside PTTG in endocrine and related cancers is discussed.
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Molina-Jiménez F, Benedicto I, Murata M, Martín-Vílchez S, Seki T, Antonio Pintor-Toro J, Tortolero M, Moreno-Otero R, Okazaki K, Koike K, Barbero JL, Matsuzaki K, Majano PL, López-Cabrera M. Expression of pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 (PTTG1)/securin in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated liver diseases: evidence for an HBV X protein-mediated inhibition of PTTG1 ubiquitination and degradation. Hepatology 2010; 51:777-87. [PMID: 20198633 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is strongly associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the viral HBx protein plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of liver tumors. Because the protooncogene pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 (PTTG1) is overexpressed in HCC, we investigated the regulation of this protein by HBx. We analyzed PTTG1 expression levels in liver biopsies from patients chronically infected with HBV, presenting different disease stages, and from HBx transgenic mice. PTTG1 was undetectable in biopsies from chronic hepatitis B patients or from normal mouse livers. In contrast, hyperplastic livers from transgenic mice and biopsies from patients with cirrhosis, presented PTTG1 expression which was found mainly in HBx-expressing hepatocytes. PTTG1 staining was further increased in HCC specimens. Experiments in vitro revealed that HBx induced a marked accumulation of PTTG1 protein without affecting its messenger RNA levels. HBx expression promoted the inhibition of PTTG1 ubiquitination, which in turn impaired its degradation by the proteasome. Glutathione S-transferase pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that the interaction between PTTG1 and the Skp1-Cul1-F-box ubiquitin ligase complex (SCF) was partially disrupted, possibly through a mechanism involving protein-protein interactions of HBx with PTTG1 and/or SCF. Furthermore, confocal analysis revealed that HBx colocalized with PTTG1 and Cul1. We propose that HBx promotes an abnormal accumulation of PTTG1, which may provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of HBV-related pathogenesis of progressive liver disease leading to HCC development.
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Hilliard JG, Cooper AL, Slusser JG, Davido DJ. A flow cytometric assay for the study of E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Cytometry A 2009; 75:634-41. [PMID: 19504579 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Current methods for monitoring E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in cell culture or in vivo are limited. As a result, the degradation of cellular targets by many E3 ubiquitin ligases in live cells has not yet been examined. For this study, a target of an E3 ubiquitin ligase was expressed as a fluorescently labeled protein in cell culture. If the E3 ubiquitin ligase mediates the degradation of a target protein in cell culture, it is expected that the target will show a reduced fluorescence signal by FCM analysis. We initially used the E3 ubiquitin ligase, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) and one of its targets, promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein, to determine the feasibility of our approach. Cells expressing a PML-GFP fusion protein were selected by cell sorting and infected with an adenoviral vector expressing ICP0. In contrast to mock-infected cells, only PML-GFP-expressing cells infected with the ICP0 adenoviral vector led to a significant decrease in the fluorescence signal of PML-GFP when examined by fluorescence microscopy and FCM analysis. Our results suggest that it is possible to examine the live activity of an E3 ubiquitin ligase (via one of its targets) in cell culture by FCM analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Hilliard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA
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