1
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Isenberg JS, Montero E. Tolerating CD47. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1584. [PMID: 38362603 PMCID: PMC10870051 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) occupies the outer membrane of human cells, where it binds to soluble and cell surface receptors on the same and other cells, sculpting their topography and resulting in a pleiotropic receptor-multiligand interaction network. It is a focus of drug development to temper and accentuate CD47-driven immune cell liaisons, although consideration of on-target CD47 effects remain neglected. And yet, a late clinical trial of a CD47-blocking antibody was discontinued, existent trials were restrained, and development of CD47-targeting agents halted by some pharmaceutical companies. At this point, if CD47 can be exploited for clinical advantage remains to be determined. Herein an airing is made of the seemingly conflicting actions of CD47 that reflect its position as a junction connecting receptors and signalling pathways that impact numerous human cell types. Prospects of CD47 boosting and blocking are considered along with potential therapeutic implications for autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Isenberg
- Department of Diabetes Complications & MetabolismArthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research InstituteCity of Hope National Medical CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Enrique Montero
- Department of Molecular & Cellular EndocrinologyArthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research InstituteCity of Hope National Medical CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
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2
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Zhang L, Yu J, Zheng M, Zhen H, Xie Q, Zhang C, Zhou Z, Jin G. RAGA prevents tumor immune evasion of LUAD by promoting CD47 lysosome degradation. Commun Biol 2023; 6:211. [PMID: 36823443 PMCID: PMC9950044 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 is a macrophage-specific immune checkpoint protein acting by inhibiting phagocytosis. However, the underlying mechanism maintaining CD47 protein stability in cancer is not clear. Here we show that CD47 undergoes degradation via endocytosis/lysosome pathway. The lysosome protein RAGA interacts with and promotes CD47 lysosome localization and degradation. Disruption of RAGA blocks CD47 degradation, leading to CD47 accumulation, high plasma membrane/intracellular CD47 expression ratio and reduced phagocytic clearance of cancer cells. RAGA deficiency promotes tumor growth due to the accumulation of CD47, which sensitizes the tumor to CD47 blockade. Clinical analysis shows that RAGA and CD47 proteins are negatively correlated in lung adenocarcinoma patient samples. High RAGA protein level is related to longer patient survival. In addition, RAGAhighCD47low patients show the longest overall survival. Our study thereby not only reveals a mechanism by which RAGA regulates CD47 lysosome degradation, but also suggests RAGA is a potential diagnostic biomarker of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zhang
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Surgery Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang, 641000, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hui Zhen
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qingqiang Xie
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chundong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guoxiang Jin
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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3
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Zhao H, Song S, Ma J, Yan Z, Xie H, Feng Y, Che S. CD47 as a promising therapeutic target in oncology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:757480. [PMID: 36081498 PMCID: PMC9446754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.757480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD47 is ubiquitously expressed on the surface of cells and plays a critical role in self-recognition. By interacting with SIRPα, TSP-1 and integrins, CD47 modulates cellular phagocytosis by macrophages, determines life span of individual erythrocytes, regulates activation of immune cells, and manipulates synaptic pruning during neuronal development. As such, CD47 has recently be regarded as one of novel innate checkpoint receptor targets for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we will discuss increasing awareness about the diverse functions of CD47 and its role in immune system homeostasis. Then, we will discuss its potential therapeutic roles against cancer and outlines, the possible future research directions of CD47- based therapeutics against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuangshuang Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junwei Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiyong Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongwei Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Emergency, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shusheng Che
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Shusheng Che,
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4
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Targeting CD47 as a Novel Immunotherapy for Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020305. [PMID: 32012878 PMCID: PMC7072283 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains to be incurable despite recent therapeutic advances. CD47, an immune checkpoint known as the "don't eat me" signal, is highly expressed on the surface of various cancers, allowing cancer cells to send inhibitory signals to macrophages and impede phagocytosis and immune response. In this study, we hypothesized that blocking the "don't eat me" signaling using an anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody will induce killing of MM cells. We report that CD47 expression was directly correlated with stage of the disease, from normal to MGUS to MM. Moreover, MM cells had remarkably higher CD47 expression than other cell populations in the bone marrow. These findings indicate that CD47 is specifically expressed on MM and can be used as a potential therapeutic target. Further, blocking of CD47 using an anti-CD47 antibody induced immediate activation of macrophages, which resulted in induction of phagocytosis and killing of MM cells in the 3D-tissue engineered bone marrow model, as early as 4 hours. These results suggest that macrophage checkpoint immunotherapy by blocking the CD47 "don't eat me" signal is a novel and promising strategy for the treatment of MM, providing a basis for additional studies to validate these effects in vivo and in patients.
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5
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Generous AR, Harrison OJ, Troyanovsky RB, Mateo M, Navaratnarajah CK, Donohue RC, Pfaller CK, Alekhina O, Sergeeva AP, Indra I, Thornburg T, Kochetkova I, Billadeau DD, Taylor MP, Troyanovsky SM, Honig B, Shapiro L, Cattaneo R. Trans-endocytosis elicited by nectins transfers cytoplasmic cargo, including infectious material, between cells. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs235507. [PMID: 31331966 PMCID: PMC6737912 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.235507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we show that cells expressing the adherens junction protein nectin-1 capture nectin-4-containing membranes from the surface of adjacent cells in a trans-endocytosis process. We find that internalized nectin-1-nectin-4 complexes follow the endocytic pathway. The nectin-1 cytoplasmic tail controls transfer: its deletion prevents trans-endocytosis, while its exchange with the nectin-4 tail reverses transfer direction. Nectin-1-expressing cells acquire dye-labeled cytoplasmic proteins synchronously with nectin-4, a process most active during cell adhesion. Some cytoplasmic cargo remains functional after transfer, as demonstrated with encapsidated genomes of measles virus (MeV). This virus uses nectin-4, but not nectin-1, as a receptor. Epithelial cells expressing nectin-4, but not those expressing another MeV receptor in its place, can transfer infection to nectin-1-expressing primary neurons. Thus, this newly discovered process can move cytoplasmic cargo, including infectious material, from epithelial cells to neurons. We name the process nectin-elicited cytoplasm transfer (NECT). NECT-related trans-endocytosis processes may be exploited by pathogens to extend tropism. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Generous
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Virology and Gene Therapy Track, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Oliver J Harrison
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Systems Biology and Medicine, Zuckerman Mind, Brain, Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Regina B Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Mathieu Mateo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chanakha K Navaratnarajah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ryan C Donohue
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Virology and Gene Therapy Track, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Christian K Pfaller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Virology and Gene Therapy Track, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Olga Alekhina
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alina P Sergeeva
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Systems Biology and Medicine, Zuckerman Mind, Brain, Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Indrajyoti Indra
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Theresa Thornburg
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Irina Kochetkova
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | | | - Matthew P Taylor
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Sergey M Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Barry Honig
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Systems Biology and Medicine, Zuckerman Mind, Brain, Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Systems Biology and Medicine, Zuckerman Mind, Brain, Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Virology and Gene Therapy Track, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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6
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Sato-Hashimoto M, Nozu T, Toriba R, Horikoshi A, Akaike M, Kawamoto K, Hirose A, Hayashi Y, Nagai H, Shimizu W, Saiki A, Ishikawa T, Elhanbly R, Kotani T, Murata Y, Saito Y, Naruse M, Shibasaki K, Oldenborg PA, Jung S, Matozaki T, Fukazawa Y, Ohnishi H. Microglial SIRPα regulates the emergence of CD11c + microglia and demyelination damage in white matter. eLife 2019; 8:42025. [PMID: 30910011 PMCID: PMC6435324 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic subset of microglia expressing CD11c appears in response to brain damage. However, the functional role of CD11c+ microglia, as well as the mechanism of its induction, are poorly understood. Here we report that the genetic ablation of signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα), a membrane protein, induced the emergence of CD11c+ microglia in the brain white matter. Mice lacking CD47, a physiological ligand of SIRPα, and microglia-specific SIRPα-knockout mice exhibited the same phenotype, suggesting that an interaction between microglial SIRPα and CD47 on neighbouring cells suppressed the emergence of CD11c+ microglia. A lack of SIRPα did not cause detectable damage to the white matter, but resulted in the increased expression of genes whose expression is characteristic of the repair phase after demyelination. In addition, cuprizone-induced demyelination was alleviated by the microglia-specific ablation of SIRPα. Thus, microglial SIRPα suppresses the induction of CD11c+ microglia that have the potential to accelerate the repair of damaged white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Sato-Hashimoto
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nozu
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Riho Toriba
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ayano Horikoshi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Miho Akaike
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kawamoto
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ayaka Hirose
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yuriko Hayashi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nagai
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Wakana Shimizu
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ayaka Saiki
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishikawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ruwaida Elhanbly
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Takenori Kotani
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoji Murata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Saito
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masae Naruse
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Koji Shibasaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Per-Arne Oldenborg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Histology and Cell Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Takashi Matozaki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
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7
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Qian Y, Fan L, Yue C, Jia F, Sun J, Hu Z, Wang W. Synergetic estrogen receptor-targeting liposome nanocarriers with anti-phagocytic properties for enhanced tumor theranostics. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:1056-1063. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb03351j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A synergetic targeted liposomal system which functionalized with both a tumor identification ligand and an immune targeting ligand was constructed. It could recognize and bind ER-positive breast cancer tissues in a specific way and reduce the macrophage phagocytosis of the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Health Science Platform
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Zihua Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid
- Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics
- Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Yixia Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China
- Beijing 100190
| | - Linyang Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China
- Beijing 100190
| | - Chunyan Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China
- Beijing 100190
| | - Fei Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China
- Beijing 100190
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Health Science Platform
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Zhiyuan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China
- Beijing 100190
| | - Weizhi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China
- Beijing 100190
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8
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Lehrman EK, Wilton DK, Litvina EY, Welsh CA, Chang ST, Frouin A, Walker AJ, Heller MD, Umemori H, Chen C, Stevens B. CD47 Protects Synapses from Excess Microglia-Mediated Pruning during Development. Neuron 2018; 100:120-134.e6. [PMID: 30308165 PMCID: PMC6314207 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microglia regulate synaptic circuit remodeling and phagocytose synaptic material in the healthy brain; however, the mechanisms directing microglia to engulf specific synapses and avoid others remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that an innate immune signaling pathway protects synapses from inappropriate removal. The expression patterns of CD47 and its receptor, SIRPα, correlated with peak pruning in the developing retinogeniculate system, and mice lacking these proteins exhibited increased microglial engulfment of retinogeniculate inputs and reduced synapse numbers in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. CD47-deficient mice also displayed increased functional pruning, as measured by electrophysiology. In addition, CD47 was found to be required for neuronal activity-mediated changes in engulfment, as microglia in CD47 knockout mice failed to display preferential engulfment of less active inputs. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CD47-SIRPα signaling prevents excess microglial phagocytosis and show that molecular brakes can be regulated by activity to protect specific inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Lehrman
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel K Wilton
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth Y Litvina
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christina A Welsh
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen T Chang
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arnaud Frouin
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alec J Walker
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Molly D Heller
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chinfei Chen
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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9
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Rowshanravan B, Halliday N, Sansom DM. CTLA-4: a moving target in immunotherapy. Blood 2018; 131:58-67. [PMID: 29118008 PMCID: PMC6317697 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-06-741033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 695] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD28 and CTLA-4 are members of a family of immunoglobulin-related receptors that are responsible for various aspects of T-cell immune regulation. The family includes CD28, CTLA-4, and ICOS as well as other proteins, including PD-1, BTLA, and TIGIT. These receptors have both stimulatory (CD28, ICOS) and inhibitory roles (CTLA-4, PD-1, BTLA, and TIGIT) in T-cell function. Increasingly, these pathways are targeted as part of immune modulatory strategies to treat cancers, referred to generically as immune checkpoint blockade, and conversely to treat autoimmunity and CTLA-4 deficiency. Here, we focus on the biology of the CD28/CTLA-4 pathway as a framework for understanding the impacts of therapeutic manipulation of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Rowshanravan
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Halliday
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Sansom
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Kim J, Sinha S, Solomon M, Perez-Herrero E, Hsu J, Tsinas Z, Muro S. Co-coating of receptor-targeted drug nanocarriers with anti-phagocytic moieties enhances specific tissue uptake versus non-specific phagocytic clearance. Biomaterials 2017; 147:14-25. [PMID: 28923682 PMCID: PMC5667353 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarriers (NCs) help improve the performance of therapeutics, but their removal by phagocytes in the liver, spleen, tissues, etc. diminishes this potential. Although NC functionalization with polyethylene glycol (PEG) lowers interaction with phagocytes, it also reduces interactions with tissue cells. Coating NCs with CD47, a protein expressed by body cells to avoid phagocytic removal, offers an alternative. Previous studies showed that coating CD47 on non-targeted NCs reduces phagocytosis, but whether this alters binding and endocytosis of actively-targeted NCs remains unknown. To evaluate this, we used polymer NCs targeted to ICAM-1, a receptor overexpressed in many diseases. Co-coating of CD47 on anti-ICAM NCs reduced macrophage phagocytosis by ∼50% for up to 24 h, while increasing endothelial-cell targeting by ∼87% over control anti-ICAM/IgG NCs. Anti-ICAM/CD47 NCs were endocytosed via the CAM-mediated pathway with efficiency similar (0.99-fold) to anti-ICAM/IgG NCs. Comparable outcomes were observed for NCs targeted to PECAM-1 or transferrin receptor, suggesting broad applicability. When injected in mice, anti-ICAM/CD47 NCs reduced liver and spleen uptake by ∼30-50% and increased lung targeting by ∼2-fold (∼10-fold over IgG NCs). Therefore, co-coating NCs with CD47 and targeting moieties reduces macrophage phagocytosis and improves targeted uptake. This strategy may significantly improve the efficacy of targeted drug NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kim
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Sauradeep Sinha
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Melani Solomon
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Edgar Perez-Herrero
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Janet Hsu
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Zois Tsinas
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Silvia Muro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.
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11
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Murata Y, Kotani T, Ohnishi H, Matozaki T. The CD47-SIRPα signalling system: its physiological roles and therapeutic application. J Biochem 2014; 155:335-44. [PMID: 24627525 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα), also known as SHPS-1/BIT/ CD172a, is an immunoglobulin superfamily protein that binds to the protein tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 through its cytoplasmic region. CD47, another immunoglobulin superfamily protein, is a ligand for SIRPα, with the two proteins constituting a cell-cell communication system (the CD47-SIRPα signalling system). SIRPα is particularly abundant in the myeloid-lineage hematopoietic cells such as macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs), whereas CD47 is expressed ubiquitously. Interaction of CD47 (on red blood cells) with SIRPα (on macrophages) is thought to prevent the phagocytosis by the latter cells of the former cells, determining the lifespan of red blood cells. Recent studies further indicate that this signalling system plays important roles in engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells as well as in tumour immune surveillance through regulation of the phagocytic activity of macrophages. In the immune system, the CD47-SIRPα interaction is also important for the development of a subset of CD11c(+)DCs as well as organization of secondary lymphoid organs. Finally, the CD47-SIRPα signalling system likely regulates bone homeostasis by osteoclast development. Newly emerged functions of the CD47-SIRPα signalling system thus provide multiple therapeutic strategies for cancer, autoimmune diseases and bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Murata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Takenori Kotani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Takashi Matozaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
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12
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Sakurai T, Woolls MJ, Jin SW, Murakami M, Simons M. Inter-cellular exchange of cellular components via VE-cadherin-dependent trans-endocytosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90736. [PMID: 24603875 PMCID: PMC3946293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell communications typically involve receptor-mediated signaling initiated by soluble or cell-bound ligands. Here, we report a unique mode of endocytosis: proteins originating from cell-cell junctions and cytosolic cellular components from the neighboring cell are internalized, leading to direct exchange of cellular components between two adjacent endothelial cells. VE-cadherins form transcellular bridges between two endothelial cells that are the basis of adherence junctions. At such adherens junction sites, we observed the movement of the entire VE-cadherin molecule from one endothelial cell into the other with junctional and cytoplasmic components. This phenomenon, here termed trans-endocytosis, requires the establishment of a VE-cadherin homodimer in trans with internalization proceeding in a Rac1-, and actomyosin-dependent manner. Importantly, the trans-endocytosis is not dependent on any known endocytic pathway including clathrin-dependent endocytosis, macropinocytosis or phagocytosis. This novel form of cell-cell communications, leading to a direct exchange of cellular components, was observed in 2D and 3D-cultured endothelial cells as well as in the developing zebrafish vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sakurai
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Melissa J. Woolls
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Suk-Won Jin
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Masahiro Murakami
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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13
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Mantilidewi KI, Murata Y, Mori M, Otsubo C, Kotani T, Kusakari S, Ohnishi H, Matozaki T. Shear stress-induced redistribution of vascular endothelial-protein-tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) in endothelial cells and its role in cell elongation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6451-6461. [PMID: 24451369 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.529503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are continuously exposed to shear stress (SS) generated by blood flow. Such stress plays a key role in regulation of various aspects of EC function including cell proliferation and motility as well as changes in cell morphology. Vascular endothelial-protein-tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) is an R3-subtype PTP that possesses multiple fibronectin type III-like domains in its extracellular region and is expressed specifically in ECs. The role of VE-PTP in EC responses to SS has remained unknown, however. Here we show that VE-PTP is diffusely localized in ECs maintained under static culture conditions, whereas it undergoes rapid accumulation at the downstream edge of the cells relative to the direction of flow in response to SS. This redistribution of VE-PTP triggered by SS was found to require its extracellular and transmembrane regions and was promoted by integrin engagement of extracellular matrix ligands. Inhibition of actin polymerization or of Cdc42, Rab5, or Arf6 activities attenuated the SS-induced redistribution of VE-PTP. VE-PTP also underwent endocytosis in the static and SS conditions. SS induced the polarized distribution of internalized VE-PTP. Such an effect was promoted by integrin engagement of fibronectin but prevented by inhibition of Cdc42 activity or of actin polymerization. In addition, depletion of VE-PTP by RNA interference in human umbilical vein ECs blocked cell elongation in the direction of flow induced by SS. Our results suggest that the polarized redistribution of VE-PTP in response to SS plays an important role in the regulation of EC function by blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemala Isnainiasih Mantilidewi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoji Murata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Munemasa Mori
- Laboratory of Biosignal Sciences, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Chihiro Otsubo
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takenori Kotani
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shinya Kusakari
- Laboratory of Biosignal Sciences, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Takashi Matozaki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Laboratory of Biosignal Sciences, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan.
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14
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Abstract
T cell activation is a key event in the adaptive immune response and vital to the generation of both cellular and humoral immunity. Activation is required not only for effective CD4 T cell responses but also to provide help for B cells and the generation of cytotoxic T cell responses. Unsurprisingly, impaired T cell activation results in infectious pathology, whereas dysregulated activation can result in autoimmunity. The decision to activate is therefore tightly regulated and the CD28/CTLA-4 pathway represents this apical decision point at the molecular level. In particular, CTLA-4 (CD152) is an essential checkpoint control for autoimmunity; however, the molecular mechanism(s) by which CTLA-4 achieves its regulatory function are not well understood, especially how it functionally intersects with the CD28 pathway. In this chapter, we review the established molecular and cellular concepts relating to CD28 and CTLA-4 biology, and attempt to integrate these by discussing the transendocytosis of ligands as a new model of CTLA-4 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blagoje Soskic
- School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tiezheng Hou
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Sansom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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15
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Gutiérrez-Vázquez C, Villarroya-Beltri C, Mittelbrunn M, Sánchez-Madrid F. Transfer of extracellular vesicles during immune cell-cell interactions. Immunol Rev 2013; 251:125-42. [PMID: 23278745 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of molecules between cells during cognate immune cell interactions has been reported, and recently a novel mechanism of transfer of proteins and genetic material such as small RNA between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) has been described, involving exchange of extracellular vesicles (EVs) during the formation of the immunological synapse (IS). EVs, a term that encompasses exosomes and microvesicles, has been implicated in cell-cell communication during immune responses associated with tumors, pathogens, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. This review focuses on EV transfer as a mechanism for the exchange of molecules during immune cell-cell interactions.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- R. van Bruggen
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
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17
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Burger P, de Korte D, van den Berg TK, van Bruggen R. CD47 in Erythrocyte Ageing and Clearance - the Dutch Point of View. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:348-52. [PMID: 23801927 DOI: 10.1159/000342231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, an important role for CD47, a well-known 'don't eat me' signal, in the clearance of aged erythrocytes was revealed. Experimental data support the conversion of CD47 from a 'don't eat me' to an 'eat me' signal through a conformational change in CD47. Intriguingly, erythrocyte phagocytosis after this switch seems to be mediated by the same receptor that normally signals inhibition of phagocytosis, SIRPα. In this review, the possible molecular mechanisms leading to this conformational change in CD47 as well as the possible signal transduction events leading to phagocytosis after this switch are discussed. Lastly, the consequences of this newly identified mode of erythrocyte phagocytosis for the clearance of aged erythrocytes during normal turnover and after erythrocyte transfusion are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Burger
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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18
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Conant K, Lim ST, Randall B, Maguire-Zeiss KA. Matrix metalloproteinase dependent cleavage of cell adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of CNS dysfunction with HIV and methamphetamine. Curr HIV Res 2012; 10:384-91. [PMID: 22591362 PMCID: PMC6035363 DOI: 10.2174/157016212802138733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically appropriate levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are likely important to varied aspects of CNS function. In particular, these enzymes may contribute to neuronal activity dependent synaptic plasticity and to cell mobility in processes including stem cell migration and immune surveillance. Levels of MMPs may, however, be substantially increased in the setting of HIV infection with methamphetamine abuse. Elevated MMP levels might in turn influence integrity of the blood brain barrier, as has been demonstrated in published work. Herein we suggest that elevated levels of MMPs can also contribute to microglial activation as well as neuronal and synaptic injury through a mechanism that involves cleavage of specific cell and synaptic adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Conant
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Research Building EP-16, 3970 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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19
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Andersson ER. The role of endocytosis in activating and regulating signal transduction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1755-71. [PMID: 22113372 PMCID: PMC11114983 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is increasingly understood to play crucial roles in most signaling pathways, from determining which signaling components are activated, to how the signal is subsequently transduced and/or terminated. Whether a receptor-ligand complex is internalized via a clathrin-dependent or clathrin-independent endocytic route, and the complexes' subsequent trafficking through specific endocytic compartments, to then be recycled or degraded, has profound effects on signaling output. This review discusses the roles of endocytosis in three markedly different signaling pathways: the Wnt, Notch, and Eph/Ephrin pathways. These offer fundamentally different signaling systems: (1) diffusible ligands inducing signaling in one cell, (2) membrane-tethered ligands inducing signaling in a contacting receptor cell, and (3) bi-directional receptor-ligand signaling in two contacting cells. In each of these systems, endocytosis controls signaling in fascinating ways, and comparison of their similarities and dissimilarities will help to expand our understanding of endocytic control of signal transduction across multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Abstract
CD47 on erythrocytes inhibits phagocytosis through interaction with the inhibitory immunoreceptor SIRPα expressed by macrophages. Thus, the CD47-SIRPα interaction constitutes a negative signal for erythrocyte phagocytosis. However, we report here that CD47 does not only function as a "do not eat me" signal for uptake but can also act as an "eat me" signal. In particular, a subset of old erythrocytes present in whole blood was shown to bind and to be phagocytosed via CD47-SIRPα interactions. Furthermore, we provide evidence that experimental aging of erythrocytes induces a conformational change in CD47 that switches the molecule from an inhibitory signal into an activating one. Preincubation of experimentally aged erythrocytes with human serum before the binding assay was required for this activation. We also demonstrate that aged erythrocytes have the capacity to bind the CD47-binding partner thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and that treatment of aged erythrocytes with a TSP-1-derived peptide enabled their phagocytosis by human red pulp macrophages. Finally, CD47 on erythrocytes that had been stored for prolonged time was shown to undergo a conformational change and bind TSP-1. These findings reveal a more complex role for CD47-SIRPα interactions in erythrocyte phagocytosis, with CD47 acting as a molecular switch for controlling erythrocyte phagocytosis.
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21
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Walker LSK, Sansom DM. The emerging role of CTLA4 as a cell-extrinsic regulator of T cell responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:852-63. [PMID: 22116087 DOI: 10.1038/nri3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The T cell protein cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) was identified as a crucial negative regulator of the immune system over 15 years ago, but its mechanisms of action are still under debate. It has long been suggested that CTLA4 transmits an inhibitory signal to the cells that express it. However, not all the available data fit with a cell-intrinsic function for CTLA4, and other studies have suggested that CTLA4 functions in a T cell-extrinsic manner. Here, we discuss the data for and against the T cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic functions of CTLA4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy S K Walker
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK.
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22
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Qureshi OS, Zheng Y, Nakamura K, Attridge K, Manzotti C, Schmidt EM, Baker J, Jeffery LE, Kaur S, Briggs Z, Hou TZ, Futter CE, Anderson G, Walker LS, Sansom DM. Trans-endocytosis of CD80 and CD86: a molecular basis for the cell-extrinsic function of CTLA-4. Science 2011; 332:600-3. [PMID: 21474713 PMCID: PMC3198051 DOI: 10.1126/science.1202947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1216] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is an essential negative regulator of T cell immune responses whose mechanism of action is the subject of debate. CTLA-4 shares two ligands (CD80 and CD86) with a stimulatory receptor, CD28. Here, we show that CTLA-4 can capture its ligands from opposing cells by a process of trans-endocytosis. After removal, these costimulatory ligands are degraded inside CTLA-4-expressing cells, resulting in impaired costimulation via CD28. Acquisition of CD86 from antigen-presenting cells is stimulated by T cell receptor engagement and observed in vitro and in vivo. These data reveal a mechanism of immune regulation in which CTLA-4 acts as an effector molecule to inhibit CD28 costimulation by the cell-extrinsic depletion of ligands, accounting for many of the known features of the CD28-CTLA-4 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S. Qureshi
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yong Zheng
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kyoko Nakamura
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kesley Attridge
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Claire Manzotti
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Emily M. Schmidt
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jennifer Baker
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Louisa E. Jeffery
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Satdip Kaur
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zoe Briggs
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tie Z. Hou
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Clare E. Futter
- Department of Cell Biology, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Graham Anderson
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Lucy S.K. Walker
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - David M. Sansom
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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23
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Kurihara H, Harita Y, Ichimura K, Hattori S, Sakai T. SIRP-alpha-CD47 system functions as an intercellular signal in the renal glomerulus. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F517-27. [PMID: 20554646 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00571.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The renal glomerulus consists of endothelial cells, podocytes, and mesangial cells. These cells cooperate with each other for glomerular filtration; however, the intercellular signaling molecules between glomerular cells are not fully determined. Tyrosine phosphorylation of slit diaphragm molecules is a key to the detection of the signal to podocytes from other cells. Although src kinase is involved in this event, the molecules working for dephosphorylation remain unclear. We demonstrate that signal-inhibitory regulatory protein (SIRP)-alpha, which recruits a broadly distributed tyrosine dephosphorylase SHP-2 to the plasma membrane, is located in podocytes. SIRP-alpha is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, which has three immunoglobulin-like domains in the extracellular region and two SH2 binding motifs in the cytoplasm. This molecule functions as a scaffold for many proteins, especially the SHP-2 molecule. SIRP-alpha is concentrated in the slit diaphragm region of normal podocytes. CD47, a ligand for SIRP-alpha, is also expressed in the glomerulus. CD47 is located along the plasma membrane of mesangial cells, but not on podocytes. CD47 is markedly decreased during mesangiolysis, but increased in mesangial cells in the restoration stage. SIRP-alpha is heavily tyrosine phosphorylated under normal conditions; however, tyrosine phosphorylation of SIRP-alpha was markedly decreased during mesangiolysis induced by Thy1.1 monoclonal antibody injection. It is known that the cytoplasmic domain of SIPR-alpha is dephosphorylated when CD47 binds to the extracellular domain of SIRP-alpha. The data suggest that the CD47-SIRP-alpha interaction may be functionally important in cell-cell communication in the diseased glomerulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetake Kurihara
- Department of Anatomy, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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24
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Mori M, Murata Y, Kotani T, Kusakari S, Ohnishi H, Saito Y, Okazawa H, Ishizuka T, Mori M, Matozaki T. Promotion of cell spreading and migration by vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) in cooperation with integrins. J Cell Physiol 2010; 224:195-204. [PMID: 20301196 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) is a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase with a single catalytic domain in its cytoplasmic region and multiple fibronectin type III-like domains in its extracellular region. VE-PTP is expressed specifically in endothelial cells and is implicated in regulation of angiogenesis. The molecular basis for such regulation by VE-PTP has remained largely unknown, however. We now show that forced expression of VE-PTP promoted cell spreading as well as formation of lamellipodia and filopodia in cultured fibroblasts plated on fibronectin. These effects of VE-PTP on cell morphology required its catalytic activity as well as activation of integrins and Ras. In addition, VE-PTP-induced cell spreading and lamellipodium formation were prevented by inhibition of Src family kinases or of Rac or Cdc42. Indeed, forced expression of VE-PTP increased the level of c-Src phosphorylation at tyrosine-416. Moreover, the VE-PTP-induced changes in cell morphology were suppressed by expression of dominant negative forms of FRG or Vav2, both of which are guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rho family proteins and are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation. Forced expression of VE-PTP also enhanced fibronectin-dependent migration of cultured fibroblasts. Conversely, depletion of VE-PTP by RNA interference in human umbilical vein endothelial cells or mouse endothelioma cells inhibited cell spreading on fibronectin. These results suggest that VE-PTP, in cooperation with integrins, regulates the spreading and migration of endothelial cells during angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munemasa Mori
- Laboratory of Biosignal Sciences, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
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25
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Cameron B, Landreth GE. Inflammation, microglia, and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 37:503-9. [PMID: 19833208 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the brain's tissue macrophage and representative of the innate immune system. These cells normally provide tissue maintenance and immune surveillance of the brain. In the Alzheimer's disease brain, amyloid deposition provokes the phenotypic activation of microglia and their elaboration of proinflammatory molecules. Recent work has implicated Toll-like receptors in microglial recognition and response to amyloid fibrils. It is now evident that these cells exhibit more complex and heterogeneous phenotypes than previously appreciated that reflect both the plasticity of cells in this lineage and their ability to transition between activation states. The phenotypic diversity is associated with inactivation of the inflammatory response and tissue repair. We discuss recent evidence that the brain can be infiltrated by circulating monocytes in the diseased brain and that these cells may comprise a unique subpopulation of myeloid cells that may be functionally distinct from the endogenous microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Cameron
- Alzheimer Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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26
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Barclay AN. Signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPalpha)/CD47 interaction and function. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:47-52. [PMID: 19223164 PMCID: PMC3128989 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIRPalpha is an inhibitory receptor present on myeloid cells that interacts with a widely distributed membrane protein CD47. The activating member SIRPbeta, despite extensive sequence similarity to SIRPalpha in the extracellular region, shows negligible binding to CD47. The SIRPalpha/CD47 interaction is unusual in that it can lead to bidirectional signalling through both SIRPalpha and CD47. This review concentrates on the interactions of SIRPalpha with CD47 where recent data have shed light on the structure of the proteins including determining why the activating SIRPbeta does not bind CD47, evidence of extensive polymorphisms and implication for the evolution and function of this protein and paired receptors in general. The interaction may be modified by endocytosis of the receptors, cleavage by proteolysis and through interactions of surfactant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Neil Barclay
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
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