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Igarashi MG, Bhattacharjee R, Willet AH, Gould KL. Polarity kinases that phosphorylate F-BAR protein Cdc15 have unique localization patterns during cytokinesis and contributions to preventing tip septation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000965. [PMID: 37746062 PMCID: PMC10517346 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The Schizosaccharomyces pombe F-BAR protein, Cdc15, facilitates the linkage between the cytokinetic ring and the plasma membrane. Cdc15 is phosphorylated on many sites by four polarity kinases and this antagonizes membrane interaction. Dephosphorylation of Cdc15 during mitosis induces its phase separation, allowing oligomerization, membrane association, and protein partner binding. Here, using live cell imaging we examined whether spatial separation of Cdc15 from its four identified kinases potentially explains their diverse effects on tip septation and the mitotic Cdc15 phosphorylation state. We identified a correlation between kinase localization and their ability to antagonize Cdc15 cytokinetic ring and membrane localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya G. Igarashi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, US
- Current address: Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, US
| | - Rahul Bhattacharjee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, US
- Current address: Twist Bioscience, Quincy, MA, US
| | - Alaina H. Willet
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, US
| | - Kathleen L. Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, US
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2
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Bhattacharjee R, Hall AR, Mangione MC, Igarashi MG, Roberts-Galbraith RH, Chen JS, Vavylonis D, Gould KL. Multiple polarity kinases inhibit phase separation of F-BAR protein Cdc15 and antagonize cytokinetic ring assembly in fission yeast. eLife 2023; 12:83062. [PMID: 36749320 PMCID: PMC9904764 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The F-BAR protein Cdc15 is essential for cytokinesis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and plays a key role in attaching the cytokinetic ring (CR) to the plasma membrane (PM). Cdc15's abilities to bind to the membrane and oligomerize via its F-BAR domain are inhibited by phosphorylation of its intrinsically disordered region (IDR). Multiple cell polarity kinases regulate Cdc15 IDR phosphostate, and of these the DYRK kinase Pom1 phosphorylation sites on Cdc15 have been shown in vivo to prevent CR formation at cell tips. Here, we compared the ability of Pom1 to control Cdc15 phosphostate and cortical localization to that of other Cdc15 kinases: Kin1, Pck1, and Shk1. We identified distinct but overlapping cohorts of Cdc15 phosphorylation sites targeted by each kinase, and the number of sites correlated with each kinases' abilities to influence Cdc15 PM localization. Coarse-grained simulations predicted that cumulative IDR phosphorylation moves the IDRs of a dimer apart and toward the F-BAR tips. Further, simulations indicated that the overall negative charge of phosphorylation masks positively charged amino acids necessary for F-BAR oligomerization and membrane interaction. Finally, simulations suggested that dephosphorylated Cdc15 undergoes phase separation driven by IDR interactions. Indeed, dephosphorylated but not phosphorylated Cdc15 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation to form droplets in vitro that recruit Cdc15 binding partners. In cells, Cdc15 phosphomutants also formed PM-bound condensates that recruit other CR components. Together, we propose that a threshold of Cdc15 phosphorylation by assorted kinases prevents Cdc15 condensation on the PM and antagonizes CR assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhattacharjee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
| | - Aaron R Hall
- Department of Physics, Lehigh UniversityBethlehemUnited States
| | - MariaSanta C Mangione
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
| | - Maya G Igarashi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
| | - Rachel H Roberts-Galbraith
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
| | - Jun-Song Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
| | - Dimitrios Vavylonis
- Department of Physics, Lehigh UniversityBethlehemUnited States,Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron InstituteNew YorkUnited States
| | - Kathleen L Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
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3
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Shin JH, Kim HY, Fu T, Lee KH, Kim KS. CsPOM1, a DYRK Family Kinase, Plays Diverse Roles in Fungal Development, Virulence, and Stress Tolerance in the Anthracnose Pathogen Colletotrichum scovillei. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:861915. [PMID: 35558103 PMCID: PMC9088010 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.861915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum scovillei is the major anthracnose fungus of sweet pepper and chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), causing significant losses in the yield and quality of the pepper fruits. Molecular mechanisms governing development and pathogenicity have been widely studied in many foliar fungal pathogens, but the information on fruit diseases is still limited. In this study, we determined the functional roles of the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase CsPOM1 in C. scovillei. Knockout mutant for CsPOM1 gene was obtained via homology-dependent gene replacement. The ΔCspom1 mutant exhibited a reduction in vegetative growth on osmotic stress, surface hydrophobicity, and conidiation compared with wild-type. Conidia of the ΔCspom1 mutant were already two-celled before inoculation on an induction surface, indicating that CsPOM1 negatively regulates conidial cell division. The ΔCspom1 mutant, similar to wild-type, formed appressoria on the plant surface, but was significantly reduced on hydrophobic coverslips, probably due to a defect in the recognition of surface hydrophobicity. Treatment of conidia with cutin monomers restored appressorium formation on hydrophobic coverslips in the ΔCspom1 mutant. On pepper fruits, the ΔCspom1 mutant exhibited delayed penetration and invasive growth, leading to significantly reduced virulence. Collectively, the results showed that CsPOM1 is important for stress tolerance, conidiation, surface hydrophobicity, appressorium formation, and virulence in C. scovillei.
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4
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Opalko HE, Miller KE, Kim HS, Vargas-Garcia CA, Singh A, Keogh MC, Moseley JB. Arf6 anchors Cdr2 nodes at the cell cortex to control cell size at division. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202109152. [PMID: 34958661 PMCID: PMC8931934 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202109152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fission yeast cells prevent mitotic entry until a threshold cell surface area is reached. The protein kinase Cdr2 contributes to this size control system by forming multiprotein nodes that inhibit Wee1 at the medial cell cortex. Cdr2 node anchoring at the cell cortex is not fully understood. Through a genomic screen, we identified the conserved GTPase Arf6 as a component of Cdr2 signaling. Cells lacking Arf6 failed to divide at a threshold surface area and instead shifted to volume-based divisions at increased overall size. Arf6 stably localized to Cdr2 nodes in its GTP-bound but not GDP-bound state, and its guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), Syt22, was required for both Arf6 node localization and proper size at division. In arf6Δ mutants, Cdr2 nodes detached from the membrane and exhibited increased dynamics. These defects were enhanced when arf6Δ was combined with other node mutants. Our work identifies a regulated anchor for Cdr2 nodes that is required for cells to sense surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Opalko
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Kristi E. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Cesar Augusto Vargas-Garcia
- Grupo de Investigación en Sistemas Agropecuarios Sostenibles, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria – AGROSAVIA, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Abhyudai Singh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | | | - James B. Moseley
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
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5
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Magliozzi JO, Sears J, Cressey L, Brady M, Opalko HE, Kettenbach AN, Moseley JB. Fission yeast Pak1 phosphorylates anillin-like Mid1 for spatial control of cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151784. [PMID: 32421151 PMCID: PMC7401808 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201908017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases direct polarized growth by regulating the cytoskeleton in time and space and could play similar roles in cell division. We found that the Cdc42-activated polarity kinase Pak1 colocalizes with the assembling contractile actomyosin ring (CAR) and remains at the division site during septation. Mutations in pak1 led to defects in CAR assembly and genetic interactions with cytokinesis mutants. Through a phosphoproteomic screen, we identified novel Pak1 substrates that function in polarized growth and cytokinesis. For cytokinesis, we found that Pak1 regulates the localization of its substrates Mid1 and Cdc15 to the CAR. Mechanistically, Pak1 phosphorylates the Mid1 N-terminus to promote its association with cortical nodes that act as CAR precursors. Defects in Pak1-Mid1 signaling lead to misplaced and defective division planes, but these phenotypes can be rescued by synthetic tethering of Mid1 to cortical nodes. Our work defines a new signaling mechanism driven by a cell polarity kinase that promotes CAR assembly in the correct time and place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Magliozzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Jack Sears
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - Lauren Cressey
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - Marielle Brady
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Hannah E Opalko
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - James B Moseley
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
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6
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Magliozzi JO, Moseley JB. Connecting cell polarity signals to the cytokinetic machinery in yeast and metazoan cells. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:1-10. [PMID: 33397181 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1864941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarized growth and cytokinesis are two fundamental cellular processes that exist in virtually all cell types. Mechanisms for asymmetric distribution of materials allow for cells to grow in a polarized manner. This gives rise to a variety of cell shapes seen throughout all cell types. Following polarized growth during interphase, dividing cells assemble a cytokinetic ring containing the protein machinery to constrict and separate daughter cells. Here, we discuss how cell polarity signaling pathways act on cytokinesis, with a focus on direct regulation of the contractile actomyosin ring (CAR). Recent studies have exploited phosphoproteomics to identify new connections between cell polarity kinases and CAR proteins. Existing evidence suggests that some polarity kinases guide the local organization of CAR proteins and structures while also contributing to global organization of the division plane within a cell. We provide several examples of this regulation from budding yeast, fission yeast, and metazoan cells. In some cases, kinase-substrate connections point to conserved processes in these different organisms. We point to several examples where future work can indicate the degree of conservation and divergence in the cell division process of these different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Magliozzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - James B Moseley
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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7
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Bhattacharjee R, Mangione MC, Wos M, Chen JS, Snider CE, Roberts-Galbraith RH, McDonald NA, Presti LL, Martin SG, Gould KL. DYRK kinase Pom1 drives F-BAR protein Cdc15 from the membrane to promote medial division. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:917-929. [PMID: 32101481 PMCID: PMC7185970 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-01-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In many organisms, positive and negative signals cooperate to position the division site for cytokinesis. In the rod-shaped fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, symmetric division is achieved through anillin/Mid1-dependent positive cues released from the central nucleus and negative signals from the DYRK-family polarity kinase Pom1 at cell tips. Here we establish that Pom1's kinase activity prevents septation at cell tips even if Mid1 is absent or mislocalized. We also find that Pom1 phosphorylation of F-BAR protein Cdc15, a major scaffold of the division apparatus, disrupts Cdc15's ability to bind membranes and paxillin, Pxl1, thereby inhibiting Cdc15's function in cytokinesis. A Cdc15 mutant carrying phosphomimetic versions of Pom1 sites or deletion of Cdc15 binding partners suppresses division at cell tips in cells lacking both Mid1 and Pom1 signals. Thus, inhibition of Cdc15-scaffolded septum formation at cell poles is a key Pom1 mechanism that ensures medial division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhattacharjee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37205
| | - MariaSanta C Mangione
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37205
| | - Marcin Wos
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37205
| | - Jun-Song Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37205
| | - Chloe E Snider
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37205
| | - Rachel H Roberts-Galbraith
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37205
| | - Nathan A McDonald
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37205
| | - Libera Lo Presti
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie G Martin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kathleen L Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37205
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8
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Schutt KL, Moseley JB. The phosphatase inhibitor Sds23 regulates cell division symmetry in fission yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2880-2889. [PMID: 31553675 PMCID: PMC6822584 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-05-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal and fungal cells divide through the assembly, anchoring, and constriction of a contractile actomyosin ring (CAR) during cytokinesis. The timing and position of the CAR must be tightly controlled to prevent defects in cell division, but many of the underlying signaling events remain unknown. The conserved heterotrimeric protein phosphatase PP2A controls the timing of events in mitosis, and upstream pathways including Greatwall-Ensa regulate PP2A activity. A role for PP2A in CAR regulation has been less clear, although loss of PP2A in yeast causes defects in cytokinesis. Here, we report that Sds23, an inhibitor of PP2A family protein phosphatases, promotes the symmetric division of fission yeast cells through spatial control of cytokinesis. We found that sds23∆ cells divide asymmetrically due to misplaced CAR assembly, followed by sliding of the CAR away from its assembly site. These mutant cells exhibit delayed recruitment of putative CAR anchoring proteins including the glucan synthase Bgs1. Our observations likely reflect a broader role for regulation of PP2A in cell polarity and cytokinesis because sds23∆ phenotypes were exacerbated when combined with mutations in the fission yeast Ensa homologue, Igo1. These results identify the PP2A regulatory network as a critical component in the signaling pathways coordinating cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Schutt
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - James B Moseley
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
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9
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Palani S, Köster DV, Hatano T, Kamnev A, Kanamaru T, Brooker HR, Hernandez-Fernaud JR, Jones AME, Millar JBA, Mulvihill DP, Balasubramanian MK. Phosphoregulation of tropomyosin is crucial for actin cable turnover and division site placement. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3548-3559. [PMID: 31597679 PMCID: PMC6829654 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201809089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Palani et al. reveal a new mechanism by which the F-actin binding protein tropomyosin is regulated. They find that phosphorylation of tropomyosin reduces its affinity for F-actin, allowing the competing Adf1 to bind and sever actin filaments. Tropomyosin is a coiled-coil actin binding protein key to the stability of actin filaments. In muscle cells, tropomyosin is subject to calcium regulation, but its regulation in nonmuscle cells is not understood. Here, we provide evidence that the fission yeast tropomyosin, Cdc8, is regulated by phosphorylation of a serine residue. Failure of phosphorylation leads to an increased number and stability of actin cables and causes misplacement of the division site in certain genetic backgrounds. Phosphorylation of Cdc8 weakens its interaction with actin filaments. Furthermore, we show through in vitro reconstitution that phosphorylation-mediated release of Cdc8 from actin filaments facilitates access of the actin-severing protein Adf1 and subsequent filament disassembly. These studies establish that phosphorylation may be a key mode of regulation of nonmuscle tropomyosins, which in fission yeast controls actin filament stability and division site placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Palani
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Darius V Köster
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Tomoyuki Hatano
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Anton Kamnev
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Taishi Kanamaru
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Holly R Brooker
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | | | | | - Jonathan B A Millar
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Mohan K Balasubramanian
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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10
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Arbizzani F, Rincon SA, Paoletti A. Increasing ergosterol levels delays formin-dependent assembly of F-actin cables and disrupts division plane positioning in fission yeast. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.227447. [PMID: 31217286 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.227447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In most eukaryotes, cytokinesis is mediated by the constriction of a contractile acto-myosin ring (CR), which promotes the ingression of the cleavage furrow. Many components of the CR interact with plasma membrane lipids suggesting that lipids may regulate CR assembly and function. Although there is clear evidence that phosphoinositides play an important role in cytokinesis, much less is known about the role of sterols in this process. Here, we studied how sterols influence division plane positioning and CR assembly in fission yeast. We show that increasing ergosterol levels in the plasma membrane blocks the assembly of F-actin cables from cytokinetic precursor nodes, preventing their compaction into a ring. Abnormal F-actin cables form after a delay, leading to randomly placed septa. Since the formin Cdc12 was detected on cytokinetic precursors and the phenotype can be partially rescued by inhibiting the Arp2/3 complex, which competes with formins for F-actin nucleation, we propose that ergosterol may inhibit formin dependent assembly of F-actin cables from cytokinetic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio A Rincon
- Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France .,Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Anne Paoletti
- Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France
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11
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Kinnaer C, Dudin O, Martin SG. Yeast-to-hypha transition of Schizosaccharomyces japonicus in response to environmental stimuli. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:975-991. [PMID: 30726171 PMCID: PMC6589906 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-12-0774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fungal species are dimorphic, exhibiting both unicellular yeast-like and filamentous forms. Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, a member of the fission yeast clade, is one such dimorphic fungus. Here, we first identify fruit extracts as natural, stress-free, starvation-independent inducers of filamentation, which we use to describe the properties of the dimorphic switch. During the yeast-to-hypha transition, the cell evolves from a bipolar to a unipolar system with 10-fold accelerated polarized growth but constant width, vacuoles segregated to the nongrowing half of the cell, and hyper-lengthening of the cell. We demonstrate unusual features of S. japonicus hyphae: these cells lack a Spitzenkörper, a vesicle distribution center at the hyphal tip, but display more rapid cytoskeleton-based transport than the yeast form, with actin cables being essential for the transition. S. japonicus hyphae also remain mononuclear and undergo complete cell divisions, which are highly asymmetric: one daughter cell inherits the vacuole, the other the growing tip. We show that these elongated cells scale their nuclear size, spindle length, and elongation rates, but display altered division size controls. This establishes S. japonicus as a unique system that switches between symmetric and asymmetric modes of growth and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandre Kinnaer
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Omaya Dudin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie G. Martin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Lim TC, Hatano T, Kamnev A, Balasubramanian MK, Chew TG. Equatorial Assembly of the Cell-Division Actomyosin Ring in the Absence of Cytokinetic Spatial Cues. Curr Biol 2018; 28:955-962.e3. [PMID: 29502950 PMCID: PMC5863765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The position of the division site dictates the size and fate of daughter cells in many organisms. In animal cells, division-site placement involves overlapping mechanisms, including signaling from the central spindle microtubules, astral microtubules, and spindle poles and through polar contractions [1, 2, 3]. In fission yeast, division-site positioning requires overlapping mechanisms involving the anillin-related protein Mid1 and the tip complex (comprising the Kelch-repeat protein Tea1, the Dyrk-kinase Pom1, and the SH3-domain protein Tea4) [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. In addition to these factors, cell shape has also been shown to participate in the maintenance of the position of the actomyosin ring [12, 13, 14]. The first principles guiding actomyosin ring placement, however, have not been elucidated in any organism. Because actomyosin ring positioning, ring assembly, and cell morphogenesis are genetically separable in fission yeast, we have used it to derive actomyosin ring placement mechanisms from first principles. We report that, during ring assembly in the absence of cytokinetic cues (anillin-related Mid1 and tip-complex proteins), actin bundles follow the path of least curvature and assemble actomyosin rings in an equatorial position in spherical protoplasts and along the long axis in cylindrical cells and compressed protoplasts. The equatorial position of rings is abolished upon treatment of protoplasts with an actin-severing compound or by slowing down actin polymerization. We propose that the physical properties of actin filaments/bundles play key roles in actomyosin ring assembly and positioning, and that key cytokinetic molecules may modulate the length of actin filaments to promote ring assembly along the short axis. Spheroplasts lacking cytokinetic spatial cues assemble equatorial actomyosin rings An actin-severing compound abolishes equatorial ring assembly in spheroplasts Actin bundles favor the path of least curvature in the absence of cytokinetic cues
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzer Chyn Lim
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Tomoyuki Hatano
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Anton Kamnev
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Mohan K Balasubramanian
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Ting Gang Chew
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, UK.
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13
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Akamatsu M, Lin Y, Bewersdorf J, Pollard TD. Analysis of interphase node proteins in fission yeast by quantitative and superresolution fluorescence microscopy. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3203-3214. [PMID: 28539404 PMCID: PMC5687023 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-07-0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We used quantitative confocal microscopy and FPALM superresolution microscopy of live fission yeast to investigate the structures and assembly of two types of interphase nodes-multiprotein complexes associated with the plasma membrane that merge together and mature into the precursors of the cytokinetic contractile ring. During the long G2 phase of the cell cycle, seven different interphase node proteins maintain constant concentrations as they accumulate in proportion to cell volume. During mitosis, the total numbers of type 1 node proteins (cell cycle kinases Cdr1p, Cdr2p, Wee1p, and anillin Mid1p) are constant even when the nodes disassemble. Quantitative measurements provide strong evidence that both types of nodes have defined sizes and numbers of constituent proteins, as observed for cytokinesis nodes. Type 1 nodes assemble in two phases-a burst at the end of mitosis, followed by steady increase during interphase to double the initial number. Type 2 nodes containing Blt1p, Rho-GEF Gef2p, and kinesin Klp8p remain intact throughout the cell cycle and are constituents of the contractile ring. They are released from the contractile ring as it disassembles and then associate with type 1 nodes around the equator of the cell during interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Akamatsu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103.,Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103.,Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103
| | - Yu Lin
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103
| | - Joerg Bewersdorf
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103
| | - Thomas D Pollard
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103 .,Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103
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14
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Abstract
A conserved molecular machinery centered on the Cdc42 GTPase regulates cell polarity in diverse organisms. Here we review findings from budding and fission yeasts that reveal both a conserved core polarity circuit and several adaptations that each organism exploits to fulfill the needs of its lifestyle. The core circuit involves positive feedback by local activation of Cdc42 to generate a cluster of concentrated GTP-Cdc42 at the membrane. Species-specific pathways regulate the timing of polarization during the cell cycle, as well as the location and number of polarity sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Geng Chiou
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710;
| | - Mohan K Balasubramanian
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Lew
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710;
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15
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Abstract
SUMMARYCell division-cytokinesis-involves large-scale rearrangements of the entire cell. Primarily driven by cytoskeletal proteins, cytokinesis also depends on topological rearrangements of the plasma membrane, which are coordinated with nuclear division in both space and time. Despite the fundamental nature of the process, different types of eukaryotic cells show variations in both the structural mechanisms of cytokinesis and the regulatory controls. In animal cells and fungi, a contractile actomyosin-based structure plays a central, albeit flexible, role. Here, the underlying molecular mechanisms are summarized and integrated and common themes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Glotzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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16
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Rincon SA, Estravis M, Dingli F, Loew D, Tran PT, Paoletti A. SIN-Dependent Dissociation of the SAD Kinase Cdr2 from the Cell Cortex Resets the Division Plane. Curr Biol 2017; 27:534-542. [PMID: 28162898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proper division plane positioning is crucial for faithful chromosome segregation but also influences cell size, position, or fate [1]. In fission yeast, medial division is controlled through negative signaling by the cell tips during interphase and positive signaling by the centrally placed nucleus at mitotic entry [2-4]: the cell geometry network (CGN), controlled by the inhibitory cortical gradient of the DYRK kinase Pom1 emanating from the cell tips, first promotes the medial localization of cytokinetic ring precursors organized by the SAD kinase Cdr2 to pre-define the division plane [5-8]; then, massive nuclear export of the anillin-like protein Mid1 at mitosis entry confirms or readjusts the division plane according to nuclear position and triggers the assembly of a medial contractile ring [5, 9-11]. Strikingly, the Hippo-like septation initiation network (SIN) induces Cdr2 dissociation from cytokinetic precursors at this stage [12-14]. We show here that SIN-dependent phosphorylation of Cdr2 promotes its interaction with the 14-3-3 protein Rad24 that sequesters it in the cytoplasm during cell division. If this interaction is compromised, cytokinetic precursors are asymmetrically distributed in the cortex of newborn cells, leading to asymmetrical division if nuclear signaling is abolished. We conclude that, through this new function, the SIN resets the division plane in newborn cells to ensure medial division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Rincon
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Miguel Estravis
- Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6290, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Phong T Tran
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France; Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anne Paoletti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France.
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17
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Nuclear displacement and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) assays to study division site placement and cytokinesis in fission yeast. Methods Cell Biol 2017. [PMID: 28065315 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Cytokinesis is an essential cellular event that completes the cell division cycle. It begins with the assembly of an actomyosin contractile ring that undergoes constriction concomitant with the septum formation to divide the cell in two. Placement of the septum at the right position is important to ensure fidelity of the division process. In fission yeast, the medially placed nucleus is a major spatial cue to position the site of division. In this chapter, we describe a simple synthetic biology-based approach to displace the nucleus and study the consequence on division site positioning. We also describe how to perform fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to follow the dynamics of cytokinetic proteins at defined time points by live-cell microscopy.
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18
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Abstract
Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a good model to study cell-size control. These cells integrate size information into cell cycle controls at both the G1/S and G2/M transitions, although the primary control operates at the entry into mitosis. At G2/M there is both a size threshold, demonstrated by the fact that cells divide when they reach 14 μm in length, and also correction around this threshold, evident from the narrow distribution of sizes within a population. This latter property is referred to as size homeostasis. It has been argued that a population of cells accumulating mass in a linear fashion will have size homeostasis in the absence of size control, if cycle time is controlled by a fixed timer. Because fission yeast cells do not grow in a simple linear fashion, they require a size-sensing mechanism. However, current models do not fully describe all aspects of this control, especially the coordination of cell size with ploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Wood
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom;
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19
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Yasuda T, Takaine M, Numata O, Nakano K. Anillin-related protein Mid1 regulates timely formation of the contractile ring in the fission yeastSchizosaccharomyces japonicus. Genes Cells 2016; 21:594-607. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yasuda
- Department of Biological Sciences; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
| | - Masak Takaine
- Department of Biological Sciences; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
| | - Osamu Numata
- Department of Biological Sciences; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
| | - Kentaro Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
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20
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Rincon SA, Paoletti A. Molecular control of fission yeast cytokinesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 53:28-38. [PMID: 26806637 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis gives rise to two independent daughter cells at the end of the cell division cycle. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has emerged as one of the most powerful systems to understand how cytokinesis is controlled molecularly. Like in most eukaryotes, fission yeast cytokinesis depends on an acto-myosin based contractile ring that assembles at the division site under the control of spatial cues that integrate information on cell geometry and the position of the mitotic apparatus. Cytokinetic events are also tightly coordinated with nuclear division by the cell cycle machinery. These spatial and temporal regulations ensure an equal cleavage of the cytoplasm and an accurate segregation of the genetic material in daughter cells. Although this model system has specificities, the basic mechanisms of contractile ring assembly and function deciphered in fission yeast are highly valuable to understand how cytokinesis is controlled in other organisms that rely on a contractile ring for cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Rincon
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, F-75248 Paris, France; CNRS UMR144, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Anne Paoletti
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, F-75248 Paris, France; CNRS UMR144, F-75248 Paris, France.
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21
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Ullal P, McDonald NA, Chen JS, Lo Presti L, Roberts-Galbraith RH, Gould KL, Martin SG. The DYRK-family kinase Pom1 phosphorylates the F-BAR protein Cdc15 to prevent division at cell poles. J Cell Biol 2015; 211:653-68. [PMID: 26553932 PMCID: PMC4639868 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201504073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Division site positioning is critical for both symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions. In many organisms, positive and negative signals cooperate to position the contractile actin ring for cytokinesis. In rod-shaped fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells, division at midcell is achieved through positive Mid1/anillin-dependent signaling emanating from the central nucleus and negative signals from the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase family kinase Pom1 at the cell poles. In this study, we show that Pom1 directly phosphorylates the F-BAR protein Cdc15, a central component of the cytokinetic ring. Pom1-dependent phosphorylation blocks Cdc15 binding to paxillin Pxl1 and C2 domain protein Fic1 and enhances Cdc15 dynamics. This promotes ring sliding from cell poles, which prevents septum assembly at the ends of cells with a displaced nucleus or lacking Mid1. Pom1 also slows down ring constriction. These results indicate that a strong negative signal from the Pom1 kinase at cell poles converts Cdc15 to its closed state, destabilizes the actomyosin ring, and thus promotes medial septation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Ullal
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathan A McDonald
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jun-Song Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Libera Lo Presti
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rachel H Roberts-Galbraith
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kathleen L Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sophie G Martin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Comparative biology of cell division in the fission yeast clade. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 28:18-25. [PMID: 26263485 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis must be regulated in time and space in order to preserve genome integrity during cell proliferation and to allow daughter cells to adopt distinct fates and geometries during differentiation. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been a popular model organism for understanding spatiotemporal regulation of cytokinesis in a symmetrically dividing cell. Recent work on another member of the same genus, Schisozaccharomyces japonicus, suggests that S. pombe may have evolved an unusual division site placement mechanism based on a recently duplicated anillin paralog. Here we discuss an extraordinary evolutionary plasticity of cytokinesis within the fission yeast clade and argue that the comparative cell biology approach may provide functional insights beyond those afforded by scrutinizing individual model species.
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23
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Gu Y, Yam C, Oliferenko S. Rewiring of cellular division site selection in evolution of fission yeasts. Curr Biol 2015; 25:1187-94. [PMID: 25866389 PMCID: PMC4425460 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to position the division apparatus exhibit a bewildering diversity [1], but how these mechanisms evolve remains virtually unknown. Here, we explore the plasticity of division site positioning in fission yeasts Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Schizosaccharomyces japonicus. We demonstrate that, whereas both species divide in the middle, only S. pombe uses the anillin Mid1 as a primary nucleus-derived cue to assemble the actomyosin ring at the equatorial cortex. We trace this variance to the divergence in subcellular targeting of Mid1 and show that duplication of an ancestral anillin early in the Schizosaccharomyces lineage may have led to subfunctionalization of the Mid1 orthologs. In contrast to S. pombe, medial assembly of the actomyosin ring in mitotic S. japonicus relies on the cortical anchor protein Cdc15 regulated by the tip-localized kinase Pom1. Our data suggest that division site placement is determined by cortical positioning of the actomyosin-plasma membrane linkers and that both identity of the linker and control of its subcellular targeting are highly modular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Candice Yam
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Snezhana Oliferenko
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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24
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Wang N, Wang M, Zhu YH, Grosel TW, Sun D, Kudryashov DS, Wu JQ. The Rho-GEF Gef3 interacts with the septin complex and activates the GTPase Rho4 during fission yeast cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 26:238-55. [PMID: 25411334 PMCID: PMC4294672 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-07-1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases, activated by Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), are conserved molecular switches for signal transductions that regulate diverse cellular processes, including cell polarization and cytokinesis. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has six Rho GTPases (Cdc42 and Rho1-Rho5) and seven Rho GEFs (Scd1, Rgf1-Rgf3, and Gef1-Gef3). The GEFs for Rho2-Rho5 have not been unequivocally assigned. In particular, Gef3, the smallest Rho GEF, was barely studied. Here we show that Gef3 colocalizes with septins at the cell equator. Gef3 physically interacts with septins and anillin Mid2 and depends on them to localize. Gef3 coprecipitates with GDP-bound Rho4 in vitro and accelerates nucleotide exchange of Rho4, suggesting that Gef3 is a GEF for Rho4. Consistently, Gef3 and Rho4 are in the same genetic pathways to regulate septum formation and/or cell separation. In gef3∆ cells, the localizations of two potential Rho4 effectors--glucanases Eng1 and Agn1--are abnormal, and active Rho4 level is reduced, indicating that Gef3 is involved in Rho4 activation in vivo. Moreover, overexpression of active Rho4 or Eng1 rescues the septation defects of mutants containing gef3∆. Together our data support that Gef3 interacts with the septin complex and activates Rho4 GTPase as a Rho GEF for septation in fission yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mo Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian-Qiu Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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25
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Zieske K, Schwille P. Reconstitution of self-organizing protein gradients as spatial cues in cell-free systems. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25271375 PMCID: PMC4215534 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular protein gradients are significant determinants of spatial organization. However, little is known about how protein patterns are established, and how their positional information directs downstream processes. We have accomplished the reconstitution of a protein concentration gradient that directs the assembly of the cell division machinery in E.coli from the bottom-up. Reconstituting self-organized oscillations of MinCDE proteins in membrane-clad soft-polymer compartments, we demonstrate that distinct time-averaged protein concentration gradients are established. Our minimal system allows to study complex organizational principles, such as spatial control of division site placement by intracellular protein gradients, under simplified conditions. In particular, we demonstrate that FtsZ, which marks the cell division site in many bacteria, can be targeted to the middle of a cell-like compartment. Moreover, we show that compartment geometry plays a major role in Min gradient establishment, and provide evidence for a geometry-mediated mechanism to partition Min proteins during bacterial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Zieske
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Munich, Germany
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26
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Rincon SA, Bhatia P, Bicho C, Guzman-Vendrell M, Fraisier V, Borek WE, Alves FDL, Dingli F, Loew D, Rappsilber J, Sawin KE, Martin SG, Paoletti A. Pom1 regulates the assembly of Cdr2-Mid1 cortical nodes for robust spatial control of cytokinesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:61-77. [PMID: 24982431 PMCID: PMC4085711 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201311097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pom1 regulation of Cdr2 membrane association and interaction with Mid1 prevents Cdr2 assembly into stable nodes in the cell tip region, which ensures proper positioning of cytokinetic ring precursors and accurate division plane positioning in fission yeast. Proper division plane positioning is essential to achieve faithful DNA segregation and to control daughter cell size, positioning, or fate within tissues. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, division plane positioning is controlled positively by export of the division plane positioning factor Mid1/anillin from the nucleus and negatively by the Pom1/DYRK (dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase) gradients emanating from cell tips. Pom1 restricts to the cell middle cortical cytokinetic ring precursor nodes organized by the SAD-like kinase Cdr2 and Mid1/anillin through an unknown mechanism. In this study, we show that Pom1 modulates Cdr2 association with membranes by phosphorylation of a basic region cooperating with the lipid-binding KA-1 domain. Pom1 also inhibits Cdr2 interaction with Mid1, reducing its clustering ability, possibly by down-regulation of Cdr2 kinase activity. We propose that the dual regulation exerted by Pom1 on Cdr2 prevents Cdr2 assembly into stable nodes in the cell tip region where Pom1 concentration is high, which ensures proper positioning of cytokinetic ring precursors at the cell geometrical center and robust and accurate division plane positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Rincon
- Centre de Recherche and Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Payal Bhatia
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bicho
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK
| | - Mercè Guzman-Vendrell
- Centre de Recherche and Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Fraisier
- Centre de Recherche and Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Weronika E Borek
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK
| | - Flavia de Lima Alves
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK
| | - Florent Dingli
- Centre de Recherche and Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, FranceCentre de Recherche and Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Centre de Recherche and Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, FranceCentre de Recherche and Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK
| | - Kenneth E Sawin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK
| | - Sophie G Martin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Anne Paoletti
- Centre de Recherche and Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, F-75248 Paris, France
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27
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Pan KZ, Saunders TE, Flor-Parra I, Howard M, Chang F. Cortical regulation of cell size by a sizer cdr2p. eLife 2014; 3:e02040. [PMID: 24642412 PMCID: PMC3956294 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells can, in principle, control their size by growing to a specified size before commencing cell division. How any cell actually senses its own size remains poorly understood. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe are rod-shaped cells that grow to ∼14 µm in length before entering mitosis. In this study, we provide evidence that these cells sense their surface area as part of this size control mechanism. We show that cells enter mitosis at a certain surface area, as opposed to a certain volume or length. A peripheral membrane protein kinase cdr2p has properties of a dose-dependent 'sizer' that controls mitotic entry. As cells grow, the local cdr2p concentration in nodes at the medial cortex accumulates as a measure of cell surface area. Our findings, which challenge a previously proposed pom1p gradient model, lead to a new model in which cells sense their size by using cdr2p to probe the surface area over the whole cell and relay this information to the medial cortex. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02040.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kally Z Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States
| | - Timothy E Saunders
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratories, Heidelberg, Germany
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ignacio Flor-Parra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States
| | - Martin Howard
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Fred Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States
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28
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Martin SG, Arkowitz RA. Cell polarization in budding and fission yeasts. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:228-53. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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29
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Mishra M, Huang J, Balasubramanian MK. The yeast actin cytoskeleton. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:213-27. [PMID: 24467403 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a complex network of dynamic polymers, which plays an important role in various fundamental cellular processes, including maintenance of cell shape, polarity, cell division, cell migration, endocytosis, vesicular trafficking, and mechanosensation. Precise spatiotemporal assembly and disassembly of actin structures is regulated by the coordinated activity of about 100 highly conserved accessory proteins, which nucleate, elongate, cross-link, and sever actin filaments. Both in vivo studies in a wide range of organisms from yeast to metazoans and in vitro studies of purified proteins have helped shape the current understanding of actin dynamics and function. Molecular genetics, genome-wide functional analysis, sophisticated real-time imaging, and ultrastructural studies in concert with biochemical analysis have made yeast an attractive model to understand the actin cytoskeleton, its molecular dynamics, and physiological function. Studies of the yeast actin cytoskeleton have contributed substantially in defining the universal mechanism regulating actin assembly and disassembly in eukaryotes. Here, we review some of the important insights generated by the study of actin cytoskeleton in two important yeast models the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Mishra
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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30
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Kokkoris K, Gallo Castro D, Martin SG. The Tea4-PP1 landmark promotes local growth by dual Cdc42 GEF recruitment and GAP exclusion. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2005-16. [PMID: 24554432 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.142174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarization relies on small GTPases, such as Cdc42, which can break symmetry through self-organizing principles, and landmarks that define the axis of polarity. In fission yeast, microtubules deliver the Tea1-Tea4 complex to mark cell poles for growth, but how this complex activates Cdc42 is unknown. Here, we show that ectopic targeting of Tea4 to cell sides promotes the local activation of Cdc42 and cell growth. This activity requires that Tea4 binds the type I phosphatase (PP1) catalytic subunit Dis2 or Sds21, and ectopic targeting of either catalytic subunit is similarly instructive for growth. The Cdc42 guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor Gef1 and the GTPase-activating protein Rga4 are required for Tea4-PP1-dependent ectopic growth. Gef1 is recruited to ectopic Tea4 and Dis2 locations to promote Cdc42 activation. By contrast, Rga4 is locally excluded by Tea4, and its forced colocalization with Tea4 blocks ectopic growth, indicating that Rga4 must be present, but at sites distinct from Tea4. Thus, a Tea4-PP1 landmark promotes local Cdc42 activation and growth both through Cdc42 GEF recruitment and by creating a local trough in a Cdc42 GAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos Kokkoris
- University of Lausanne, Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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Kiekebusch D, Thanbichler M. Spatiotemporal organization of microbial cells by protein concentration gradients. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Bhatia P, Hachet O, Hersch M, Rincon SA, Berthelot-Grosjean M, Dalessi S, Basterra L, Bergmann S, Paoletti A, Martin SG. Distinct levels in Pom1 gradients limit Cdr2 activity and localization to time and position division. Cell Cycle 2013; 13:538-52. [PMID: 24316795 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Where and when cells divide are fundamental questions. In rod-shaped fission yeast cells, the DYRK-family kinase Pom1 is organized in concentration gradients from cell poles and controls cell division timing and positioning. Pom1 gradients restrict to mid-cell the SAD-like kinase Cdr2, which recruits Mid1/Anillin for medial division. Pom1 also delays mitotic commitment through Cdr2, which inhibits Wee1. Here, we describe quantitatively the distributions of cortical Pom1 and Cdr2. These reveal low profile overlap contrasting with previous whole-cell measurements and Cdr2 levels increase with cell elongation, raising the possibility that Pom1 regulates mitotic commitment by controlling Cdr2 medial levels. However, we show that distinct thresholds of Pom1 activity define the timing and positioning of division. Three conditions-a separation-of-function Pom1 allele, partial downregulation of Pom1 activity, and haploinsufficiency in diploid cells-yield cells that divide early, similar to pom1 deletion, but medially, like wild-type cells. In these cells, Cdr2 is localized correctly at mid-cell. Further, Cdr2 overexpression promotes precocious mitosis only in absence of Pom1. Thus, Pom1 inhibits Cdr2 for mitotic commitment independently of regulating its localization or cortical levels. Indeed, we show Pom1 restricts Cdr2 activity through phosphorylation of a C-terminal self-inhibitory tail. In summary, our results demonstrate that distinct levels in Pom1 gradients delineate a medial Cdr2 domain, for cell division placement, and control its activity, for mitotic commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Bhatia
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Hachet
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Micha Hersch
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sergio A Rincon
- Institut Curie; CNRS UMR144; Paris, France; CNRS UMR144; Paris, France
| | | | - Sascha Dalessi
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia Basterra
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Paoletti
- Institut Curie; CNRS UMR144; Paris, France; CNRS UMR144; Paris, France
| | - Sophie G Martin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
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33
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Wood E, Nurse P. Pom1 and cell size homeostasis in fission yeast. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:3228-36. [PMID: 24047646 PMCID: PMC3865018 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells sense their size and use this information to coordinate cell division with cell growth to maintain a constant cell size within a given population. A model has been proposed for cell size control in the rod-shaped cells of the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This involves a protein localized to the cell ends, which inhibits mitotic activators in the middle of the cell in a cell size-dependent manner. This protein, Pom1, along with another tip-localized protein, Nif1, have been implicated as direct sensors of cell size controlling the onset of mitosis. Here we have investigated cell size variability and size homeostasis at the G 2/M transition, focusing on the role of pom1 and nif1. Cells deleted for either of these 2 genes show wild-type size homeostasis both in size variability analyses and size homeostasis experiments. This indicates that these genes do not have a critical role as direct cell size sensors in the control mechanism. Cell size homeostasis also seems to be independent of Cdc2-Tyr15 phosphorylation, suggesting that the size sensing mechanism in fission yeast may act through an unidentified pathway regulating CDK activity by an unknown mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Wood
- Cell Cycle Laboratory Cancer Research UK London Research Institute; London, UK
| | - Paul Nurse
- Cell Cycle Laboratory Cancer Research UK London Research Institute; London, UK
- Laboratory of Yeast Genetics and Cell Biology; Rockefeller University; New York, NY USA
- The Francis Crick Institute; London, UK
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Jourdain I, Brzezińska EA, Toda T. Fission yeast Nod1 is a component of cortical nodes involved in cell size control and division site placement. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54142. [PMID: 23349808 PMCID: PMC3547912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cells enter mitosis once they have reached a defined size. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, mitotic entry is orchestrated by a geometry-sensing mechanism that involves the Cdk1/Cdc2-inhibiting Wee1 kinase. The factors upstream of Wee1 gather together in interphase to form a characteristic medial and cortical belt of nodes. Nodes are also considered to be precursors of the cytokinesis contractile actomyosin ring (CAR). Here we describe a new component of the interphase nodes and cytokinesis rings, which we named Nod1. Consistent with its role in cell size control at division, nod1Δ cells were elongated and epistatic with regulators of Wee1. Through biochemical and localisation studies, we placed Nod1 in a complex with the Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor Gef2. Nod1 and Gef2 mutually recruited each other in nodes and Nod1 also assembles Gef2 in rings. Like gef2Δ, nod1Δ cells showed a mild displacement of their division plane and this phenotype was severely exacerbated when the parallel Polo kinase pathway was also compromised. We conclude that Nod1 specifies the division site by localising Gef2 to the mitotic cell middle. Previous work showed that Gef2 in turn anchors factors that control the spatio-temporal recruitment of the actin nucleation machinery. It is believed that the actin filaments originated from the nodes pull nodes together into a single contractile ring. Surprisingly however, we found that node proteins could form pre-ring helical filaments in a cdc12-112 mutant in which nucleation of the actin ring is impaired. Furthermore, the deletion of either nod1 or gef2 created an un-expected situation where different ring components were recruited sequentially rather than simultaneously. At later stages of cytokinesis, these various rings appeared inter-fitted rather than merged. This study brings a new slant to the understanding of CAR assembly and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Jourdain
- Cell Regulation Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elspeth A. Brzezińska
- Cell Regulation Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Takashi Toda
- Cell Regulation Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
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35
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Blt1 and Mid1 provide overlapping membrane anchors to position the division plane in fission yeast. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 33:418-28. [PMID: 23149940 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01286-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial control of cytokinesis is essential for proper cell division. The molecular mechanisms that anchor the dynamic assembly and constriction of the cytokinetic ring at the plasma membrane remain unclear. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the cytokinetic ring is assembled in the cell middle from cortical node precursors that are positioned by the anillin-like protein Mid1. During mitotic entry, cortical nodes mature and then compact into a contractile ring positioned in the cell middle. The molecular link between Mid1 and medial cortical nodes remains poorly defined. Here we show that Blt1, a previously enigmatic cortical node protein, promotes the robust association of Mid1 with cortical nodes. Blt1 interacts with Mid1 through the RhoGEF Gef2 to stabilize nodes at the cell cortex during the early stages of contractile ring assembly. The Blt1 N terminus is required for localization and function, while the Blt1 C terminus promotes cortical localization by interacting with phospholipids. In cells lacking membrane binding by both Mid1 and Blt1, nodes detach from the cell cortex and generate aberrant cytokinetic rings. We conclude that Blt1 acts as a scaffolding protein for precursors of the cytokinetic ring and that Blt1 and Mid1 provide overlapping membrane anchors for proper division plane positioning.
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36
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Hachet O, Bendezú FO, Martin SG. Fission yeast: in shape to divide. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:858-64. [PMID: 23127610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
How are cell morphogenesis and cell cycle coordinated? The fission yeast is a rod-shaped unicellular organism widely used to study how a cell self-organizes in space and time. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding how the cell acquires and maintains its regular rod shape and uses it to control cell division. The cellular body plan is established by microtubules, which mark antipodal growth zones and medial division. In turn, cellular dimensions are defined by the small GTPase Cdc42 and downstream regulators of vesicle trafficking. Yeast cells then repetitively use their simple rod shape to orchestrate the position and timing of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Hachet
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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37
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Balasubramanian MK, Srinivasan R, Huang Y, Ng KH. Comparing contractile apparatus-driven cytokinesis mechanisms across kingdoms. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:942-56. [PMID: 23027576 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the final stage of the cell cycle during which a cell physically divides into two daughters through the assembly of new membranes (and cell wall in some cases) between the forming daughters. New membrane assembly can either proceed centripetally behind a contractile apparatus, as in the case of prokaryotes, archaea, fungi, and animals or expand centrifugally, as in the case of higher plants. In this article, we compare the mechanisms of cytokinesis in diverse organisms dividing through the use of a contractile apparatus. While an actomyosin ring participates in cytokinesis in almost all centripetally dividing eukaryotes, the majority of bacteria and archaea (except Crenarchaea) divide using a ring composed of the tubulin-related protein FtsZ. Curiously, despite molecular conservation of the division machinery components, division site placement and its cell cycle regulation occur by a variety of unrelated mechanisms even among organisms from the same kingdom. While molecular motors and cytoskeletal polymer dynamics contribute to force generation during eukaryotic cytokinesis, cytoskeletal polymer dynamics alone appears to be sufficient for force generation during prokaryotic cytokinesis. Intriguingly, there are life forms on this planet that appear to lack molecules currently known to participate in cytokinesis and how these cells perform cytokinesis remains a mystery waiting to be unravelled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan K Balasubramanian
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604.
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38
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Rincon SA, Paoletti A. Mid1/anillin and the spatial regulation of cytokinesis in fission yeast. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:764-77. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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39
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Abstract
Cell size is an important adaptive trait that influences nearly all aspects of cellular physiology. Despite extensive characterization of the cell-cycle regulatory network, the molecular mechanisms coupling cell growth to division, and thereby controlling cell size, have remained elusive. Recent work in yeast has reinvigorated the size control field and suggested provocative mechanisms for the distinct functions of setting and sensing cell size. Further examination of size-sensing models based on spatial gradients and molecular titration, coupled with elucidation of the pathways responsible for nutrient-modulated target size, may reveal the fundamental principles of eukaryotic cell size control.
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40
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Howard M. How to build a robust intracellular concentration gradient. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:311-7. [PMID: 22503534 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Concentration gradients of morphogens are critical regulators of patterning in developmental biology. Increasingly, intracellular concentration gradients have also been found to orchestrate spatial organization, but inside single cells, where they regulate processes such as cell division, polarity and mitotic spindle dynamics. Here, we discuss recent progress in understanding how such intracellular gradients can be built robustly. We focus particularly on the Pom1p gradient in fission yeast, elucidating how various buffering mechanisms operate to ensure precise gradient formation. In this case, a systems-level understanding of the entire mechanism of precise gradient construction is now within reach, with important implications for gradients in both intracellular and developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Howard
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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41
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Lee IJ, Wu JQ. Characterization of Mid1 domains for targeting and scaffolding in fission yeast cytokinesis. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2973-85. [PMID: 22427686 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.102574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Division-site selection and contractile-ring assembly are two crucial steps in cytokinesis. In fission yeast, the anillin-like Mid1 protein specifies the division site at the cell equator by assembling cortical nodes, the precursors of the contractile ring. Thus, Mid1 is essential for linking the positional cues for the cleavage site to contractile-ring formation. However, how Mid1 domains cooperate to regulate cytokinesis is poorly understood. Here we unravel the functions of different Mid1 domains (motifs) by a series of truncations. We report that the conserved PH domain stabilizes Mid1 in nodes by binding to lipids and is required for Mid1 cortical localization during interphase in the absence of Cdr2 kinase. Mid1 lacking an internal region that is approximately one third of the full-length protein has higher nuclear and cortical concentration and suppresses the division-site positioning defects in cells with a deletion of the dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase Pom1. The N-terminus of Mid1 physically interacts with cytokinesis node proteins. When fused to cortical node protein Cdr2, Mid1(1-100) is sufficient to assemble cytokinesis nodes and the contractile ring. Collectively, our study recognizes domains regulating Mid1 cortical localization and reveals domains sufficient for contractile-ring assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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42
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Saunders TE, Pan KZ, Angel A, Guan Y, Shah JV, Howard M, Chang F. Noise reduction in the intracellular pom1p gradient by a dynamic clustering mechanism. Dev Cell 2012; 22:558-72. [PMID: 22342545 PMCID: PMC3312004 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemical gradients can generate pattern formation in biological systems. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a cortical gradient of pom1p (a DYRK-type protein kinase) functions to position sites of cytokinesis and cell polarity and to control cell length. Here, using quantitative imaging, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, and mathematical modeling, we study how its gradient distribution is formed. Pom1p gradients exhibit large cell-to-cell variability, as well as dynamic fluctuations in each individual gradient. Our data lead to a two-state model for gradient formation in which pom1p molecules associate with the plasma membrane at cell tips and then diffuse on the membrane while aggregating into and fragmenting from clusters, before disassociating from the membrane. In contrast to a classical one-component gradient, this two-state gradient buffers against cell-to-cell variations in protein concentration. This buffering mechanism, together with time averaging to reduce intrinsic noise, allows the pom1p gradient to specify positional information in a robust manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Saunders
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratories, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kally Z. Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Andrew Angel
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Yinghua Guan
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jagesh V. Shah
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Martin Howard
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Fred Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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43
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Ye Y, Lee IJ, Runge KW, Wu JQ. Roles of putative Rho-GEF Gef2 in division-site positioning and contractile-ring function in fission yeast cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:1181-95. [PMID: 22298427 PMCID: PMC3315812 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-09-0800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
How Rho-GEFs and Rho GTPases regulate division-site selection during cytokinesis in fission yeast is unknown. The Rho-GEF Gef2 interacts with the anillin Mid1 to regulate contractile-ring positioning and assembly in coordination with the polo kinase Plo1. In addition, Gef2 is involved in contractile-ring stability and disassembly. Cytokinesis is crucial for integrating genome inheritance and cell functions. In multicellular organisms, Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and Rho GTPases are key regulators of division-plane specification and contractile-ring formation during cytokinesis, but how they regulate early steps of cytokinesis in fission yeast remains largely unknown. Here we show that putative Rho-GEF Gef2 and Polo kinase Plo1 coordinate to control the medial cortical localization and function of anillin-related protein Mid1. The division-site positioning defects of gef2∆ plo1-ts18 double mutant can be partially rescued by increasing Mid1 levels. We find that Gef2 physically interacts with the Mid1 N-terminus and modulates Mid1 cortical binding. Gef2 localization to cortical nodes and the contractile ring depends on its last 145 residues, and the DBL-homology domain is important for its function in cytokinesis. Our data suggest the interaction between Rho-GEFs and anillins is an important step in the signaling pathways during cytokinesis. In addition, Gef2 also regulates contractile-ring function late in cytokinesis and may negatively regulate the septation initiation network. Collectively, we propose that Gef2 facilitates and stabilizes Mid1 binding to the medial cortex, where the localized Mid1 specifies the division site and induces contractile-ring assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Ye
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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44
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Wu P, Zhao R, Ye Y, Wu JQ. Roles of the DYRK kinase Pom2 in cytokinesis, mitochondrial morphology, and sporulation in fission yeast. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28000. [PMID: 22174761 PMCID: PMC3236194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pom2 is predicted to be a dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation regulated kinase (DYRK) related to Pom1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. DYRKs share a kinase domain capable of catalyzing autophosphorylation on tyrosine and exogenous phosphorylation on serine/threonine residues. Here we show that Pom2 is functionally different from the well-characterized Pom1, although they share 55% identity in the kinase domain and the Pom2 kinase domain functionally complements that of Pom1. Pom2 localizes to mitochondria throughout the cell cycle and to the contractile ring during late stages of cytokinesis. Overexpression but not deletion of pom2 results in severe defects in cytokinesis, indicating that Pom2 might share an overlapping function with other proteins in regulating cytokinesis. Gain and loss of function analyses reveal that Pom2 is required for maintaining mitochondrial morphology independently of microtubules. Intriguingly, most meiotic pom2Δ cells form aberrant asci with meiotic and/or forespore membrane formation defects. Taken together, Pom2 is a novel DYRK kinase involved in regulating cytokinesis, mitochondrial morphology, meiosis, and sporulation in fission yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.
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45
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Panbianco C, Gotta M. Coordinating cell polarity with cell division in space and time. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:672-80. [PMID: 21930382 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Decisions of when and where to divide are crucial for cell survival and fate, and for tissue organization and homeostasis. The temporal coordination of mitotic events during cell division is essential to ensure that each daughter cell receives one copy of the genome. The spatial coordination of these events is also crucial because the cytokinetic furrow must be aligned with the axis of chromosome segregation and, in asymmetrically dividing cells, the polarity axis. Several recent papers describe how cell shape and polarity are coordinated with cell division in single cells and tissues and begin to unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms, revealing common principles and molecular players. Here, we discuss how cells regulate the spatial and temporal coordination of cell polarity with cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Panbianco
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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46
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A Phosphorylation Cycle Shapes Gradients of the DYRK Family Kinase Pom1 at the Plasma Membrane. Cell 2011; 145:1116-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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47
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Laporte D, Coffman VC, Lee IJ, Wu JQ. Assembly and architecture of precursor nodes during fission yeast cytokinesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 192:1005-21. [PMID: 21422229 PMCID: PMC3063137 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201008171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mapping of fission yeast precursor node interaction modules and assembly reveals important steps in contractile ring assembly. The contractile ring is essential for cytokinesis in most fungal and animal cells. In fission yeast, cytokinesis nodes are precursors of the contractile ring and mark the future cleavage site. However, their assembly and architecture have not been well described. We found that nodes are assembled stoichiometrically in a hierarchical order with two modules linked by the positional marker anillin Mid1. Mid1 first recruits Cdc4 and IQGAP Rng2 to form module I. Rng2 subsequently recruits the myosin-II subunits Myo2 and Rlc1. Mid1 then independently recruits the F-BAR protein Cdc15 to form module II. Mid1, Rng2, Cdc4, and Cdc15 are stable node components that accumulate close to the plasma membrane. Both modules recruit the formin Cdc12 to nucleate actin filaments. Myo2 heads point into the cell interior, where they efficiently capture actin filaments to condense nodes into the contractile ring. Collectively, our work characterizing the assembly and architecture of precursor nodes defines important steps and molecular players for contractile ring assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Laporte
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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48
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Tostevin F. Precision of sensing cell length via concentration gradients. Biophys J 2011; 100:294-303. [PMID: 21244825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Unicellular organisms are typically found to have a characteristic cell size. To achieve a homeostatic distribution of cell sizes over many generations requires that cell length is actively sensed and regulated. However, the mechanisms by which cell size is controlled remain poorly understood. Recent experiments in fission yeast have shown that cell length is controlled in part by polar gradients of the protein Pom1 together with localized measurement of concentration at midcell. Dilution as the cell grows leads to a reduction in the midcell protein concentration, which lifts a block on mitosis. Here we analyze the precision of this mechanism for length sensing in the presence of inevitable intrinsic noise in the processes leading to formation and measurement of this gradient. We find that the use of concentration gradients allows for more robust length sensing than a comparable spatially uniform system, and allows for reliable length determination even if the average protein concentration throughout the cell remains constant as the cell grows. Optimal values for the gradient decay length and receptor dissociation constant emerge from maximizing sensitivity while minimizing the impact of density fluctuations.
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49
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Goyal A, Takaine M, Simanis V, Nakano K. Dividing the spoils of growth and the cell cycle: The fission yeast as a model for the study of cytokinesis. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2011; 68:69-88. [PMID: 21246752 PMCID: PMC3044818 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the final stage of the cell cycle, and ensures completion of both genome segregation and organelle distribution to the daughter cells. Cytokinesis requires the cell to solve a spatial problem (to divide in the correct place, orthogonally to the plane of chromosome segregation) and a temporal problem (to coordinate cytokinesis with mitosis). Defects in the spatiotemporal control of cytokinesis may cause cell death, or increase the risk of tumor formation [Fujiwara et al., 2005 (Fujiwara T, Bandi M, Nitta M, Ivanova EV, Bronson RT, Pellman D. 2005. Cytokinesis failure generating tetraploids promotes tumorigenesis in p53-null cells. Nature 437:1043–1047); reviewed by Ganem et al., 2007 (Ganem NJ, Storchova Z, Pellman D. 2007. Tetraploidy, aneuploidy and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 17:157–162.)]. Asymmetric cytokinesis, which permits the generation of two daughter cells that differ in their shape, size and properties, is important both during development, and for cellular homeostasis in multicellular organisms [reviewed by Li, 2007 (Li R. 2007. Cytokinesis in development and disease: variations on a common theme. Cell Mol Life Sci 64:3044–3058)]. The principal focus of this review will be the mechanisms of cytokinesis in the mitotic cycle of the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This simple model has contributed significantly to our understanding of how the cell cycle is regulated, and serves as an excellent model for studying aspects of cytokinesis. Here we will discuss the state of our knowledge of how the contractile ring is assembled and disassembled, how it contracts, and what we know of the regulatory mechanisms that control these events and assure their coordination with chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Goyal
- EPFL SV ISREC UPSIMSV2.1830, Station 19, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Masak Takaine
- Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Tsukuba1-1-1 Tennohdai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Viesturs Simanis
- EPFL SV ISREC UPSIMSV2.1830, Station 19, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kentaro Nakano
- Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Tsukuba1-1-1 Tennohdai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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Aranda S, Laguna A, de la Luna S. DYRK family of protein kinases: evolutionary relationships, biochemical properties, and functional roles. FASEB J 2011; 25:449-62. [PMID: 21048044 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-165837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinases (DYRKs) comprise a family of protein kinases within the CMGC group of the eukaryotic kinome. Members of the DYRK family are found in 4 (animalia, plantae, fungi, and protista) of the 5 main taxa or kingdoms, and all DYRK proteins studied to date share common structural, biochemical, and functional properties with their ancestors in yeast. Recent work on DYRK proteins indicates that they participate in several signaling pathways critical for developmental processes and cell homeostasis. In this review, we focus on the DYRK family of proteins from an evolutionary, biochemical, and functional point of view and discuss the most recent, relevant, and controversial contributions to the study of these kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Aranda
- Center for Genomic Regulation, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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