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Cao S, Guo J, Zhu D, Sun Z, Liu L, Zhang Y, Maratbek S, Wang Z, Zhang J, Li W, Ding J, Deng X, Zhang H. Brucella induced upregulation of NO promote macrophages glycolysis through the NF-κB/G6PD pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 142:113038. [PMID: 39276450 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Increased glycolytic metabolism recently emerged as an essential process driving host defense against Brucella, but little is known about how this process is regulated during infection. We have identified a critical role for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factor regulation in glycolytic switching during Brucella infection for the first time. Chromatin immunoprecipitation with next-generation sequencing for NF-κB and DNA Pull-Down revealed two novel NF-κB-binding sites in the enhancer region of the Nitric oxide (NO)production-response regulator gene glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), which is important for the switch to glycolysis during a Brucella infection. These findings demonstrate that Brucella drives metabolic reprogramming by inhibiting host oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and enhancing its glycolysis via the NF-κB-G6PD-NO-pathway. These studies provide a theoretical basis for investigating drugs or vaccines to control Brucella colonization and induction of undulant by manipulating host metabolic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhu Cao
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Jia Guo
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Dexin Zhu
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Zhihua Sun
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Liangbo Liu
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Suleimenov Maratbek
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China; College of Veterinary, National Agricultural University of Kazakhstan, Nur Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhen Wang
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Xinjiang Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Urumqi, China.
| | - Jian Ding
- Xinjiang Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Urumqi, China.
| | - Xingmei Deng
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
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Danggui Buxue Decoction Ameliorates Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis through MicroRNA and Messenger RNA Regulatory Network. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3439656. [PMID: 35518349 PMCID: PMC9064538 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3439656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a putative microRNA (miRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) regulatory network of Danggui Buxue decoction's (DGBXD) amelioration of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). METHODS The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) and differentially expressed mRNAs (DE-mRNAs). Using miRNet, the predicted target genes of identified DE-miRNAs were estimated, and then the target genes of DE-miRNAs in IPF were comprehensively examined. The Enrichr database was used to conduct functional enrichment and pathway enrichment. Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) was employed to obtain the target genes of DGBXD as well as active compounds. A putative miRNA-mRNA regulatory network of DGBXD acting on IPF was developed by intersecting the target genes of DGBXD with the DE-miRNA target genes in IPF. A bleomycin-induced mouse model was established and used to perform histopathology as well as real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses of some miRNA-mRNA pairs. RESULTS Fourteen upmodulated DE-miRNAs and six downmodulated DE-miRNAs were screened. The downstream target genes of upmodulated and downmodulated DE-miRNAs were predicted. Subsequently, 1160 upmodulated DE-mRNAs and 1427 downmodulated DE-mRNAs were identified. Then, target genes of DE-miRNAs comprising 49 downmodulated and 53 upmodulated target genes were further screened to perform functional enrichment and pathway enrichment analyses. Subsequently, 196 target genes of DGBXD were obtained from TCMSP, with six downregulated target genes and six upregulated target genes of DGBXD acting on IPF being identified. A promising miRNA-mRNA regulatory network of DGBXD acting on IPF was developed in this study. Moreover, mir-493 together with its target gene Olr1 and mir-338 together with Hif1a were further validated by qRT-PCR. CONCLUSION This study proposed detailed possible processes of miRNA-mRNA modulatory axis in IPF and constructed a prospective IPF-related miRNA-mRNA modulatory network with the aim of alleviating IPF with DGBXD.
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3
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Bajgar A, Krejčová G, Doležal T. Polarization of Macrophages in Insects: Opening Gates for Immuno-Metabolic Research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:629238. [PMID: 33659253 PMCID: PMC7917182 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.629238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance and cachexia represent severe metabolic syndromes accompanying a variety of human pathological states, from life-threatening cancer and sepsis to chronic inflammatory states, such as obesity and autoimmune disorders. Although the origin of these metabolic syndromes has not been fully comprehended yet, a growing body of evidence indicates their possible interconnection with the acute and chronic activation of an innate immune response. Current progress in insect immuno-metabolic research reveals that the induction of insulin resistance might represent an adaptive mechanism during the acute phase of bacterial infection. In Drosophila, insulin resistance is induced by signaling factors released by bactericidal macrophages as a reflection of their metabolic polarization toward aerobic glycolysis. Such metabolic adaptation enables them to combat the invading pathogens efficiently but also makes them highly nutritionally demanding. Therefore, systemic metabolism has to be adjusted upon macrophage activation to provide them with nutrients and thus support the immune function. That anticipates the involvement of macrophage-derived systemic factors mediating the inter-organ signaling between macrophages and central energy-storing organs. Although it is crucial to coordinate the macrophage cellular metabolism with systemic metabolic changes during the acute phase of bacterial infection, the action of macrophage-derived factors may become maladaptive if chronic or in case of infection by an intracellular pathogen. We hypothesize that insulin resistance evoked by macrophage-derived signaling factors represents an adaptive mechanism for the mobilization of sources and their preferential delivery toward the activated immune system. We consider here the validity of the presented model for mammals and human medicine. The adoption of aerobic glycolysis by bactericidal macrophages as well as the induction of insulin resistance by macrophage-derived factors are conserved between insects and mammals. Chronic insulin resistance is at the base of many human metabolically conditioned diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cachexia. Therefore, revealing the original biological relevance of cytokine-induced insulin resistance may help to develop a suitable strategy for treating these frequent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bajgar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Gabriela Krejčová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Doležal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
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4
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Jones AE, Divakaruni AS. Macrophage activation as an archetype of mitochondrial repurposing. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 71:100838. [PMID: 31954522 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.100838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are metabolic organelles essential not only for energy transduction, but also a range of other functions such as biosynthesis, ion and metal homeostasis, maintenance of redox balance, and cell signaling. A hallmark example of how mitochondria can rebalance these processes to adjust cell function is observed in macrophages. These innate immune cells are responsible for a remarkable breadth of processes including pathogen elimination, antigen presentation, debris clearance, and wound healing. These diverse, polarized functions often include similarly disparate alterations in the metabolic phenotype associated with their execution. In this chapter, mitochondrial bioenergetics and signaling are viewed through the lens of macrophage polarization: both classical, pro-inflammatory activation and alternative, anti-inflammatory activation are associated with substantive changes to mitochondrial metabolism. Emphasis is placed on recent evidence that aims to clarify the essential - rather than associative - mitochondrial alterations, as well as accumulating data suggesting a degree of plasticity within the metabolic phenotypes that can support pro- and anti-inflammatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Jones
- UCLA Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- UCLA Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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5
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Franchi F, Peterson KM, Paulmurugan R, Folmes C, Lanza IR, Lerman A, Rodriguez-Porcel M. Noninvasive Monitoring of the Mitochondrial Function in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 18:510-8. [PMID: 26865378 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-0929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mitochondria are a gatekeeper of cell survival and mitochondrial function can be used to monitor cell stress. Here we validate a pathway-specific reporter gene to noninvasively image the mitochondrial function of stem cells. PROCEDURES We constructed a mitochondrial sensor with the firefly luciferase (Fluc) reporter gene driven by the NQO1 enzyme promoter. The sensor was introduced in stem cells and validated in vitro and in vivo, in a mouse model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (IR). RESULTS The sensor activity showed an inverse relationship with mitochondrial function (R (2) = -0.975, p = 0.025) and showed specificity and sensitivity for mitochondrial dysfunction. In vivo, NQO1-Fluc activity was significantly higher in IR animals vs. controls, indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction, and was corroborated by ex vivo luminometry. CONCLUSIONS Reporter gene imaging allows assessment of the biology of transplanted mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), providing important information that can be used to improve the phenotype and survival of transplanted stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Franchi
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Karen M Peterson
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Clifford Folmes
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Martin Rodriguez-Porcel
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Orekhov AN, Zhelankin AV, Kolmychkova KI, Mitrofanov KY, Kubekina MV, Ivanova EA, Sobenin IA. Susceptibility of monocytes to activation correlates with atherogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:672-6. [PMID: 26551079 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have recently evaluated the susceptibility of circulating monocytes to pro- and anti-inflammatory activation comparing samples from healthy individuals and patients with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Surprisingly, we found a dramatic individual difference in susceptibility to activation between monocytes isolated from the blood of different subjects, regardless of the presence or absence of atherosclerosis. In the present study the monocyte susceptibility to pro-inflammatory activation was evaluated in comparison with mitochondrial DNA mutations that have previously been shown to correlate with the degree of carotid atherosclerosis assessed by intima-media thickness. Among the mutations associated with atherosclerosis were both homoplasmic (absence or presence of the mutation) or heteroplasmic (different proportions of mutant allele). It was found that two homoplasmic mutations, A1811G and G9477A, tended to correlate with the degree of monocyte susceptibility to activation. At the same time, the mutation G9477A inversely correlated with the degree of monocyte activability, that is, the mutation was more prevalent in monocytes with a low degree of activability. We have found that at least three heteroplasmic mutations of mtDNA (G14459A, A1555G, G12315A) earlier known to be associated with human atherosclerosis, also correlate with proinflammatory activation of circulating human monocytes. We suggest that some mutations can cause mitochondrial dysfunction, which in turn may lead to changes of macrophage activities in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Orekhov
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia.
| | - A V Zhelankin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, 121552 Moscow, Russia.
| | - K I Kolmychkova
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, 121552 Moscow, Russia.
| | - K Yu Mitrofanov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia.
| | - M V Kubekina
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, 121552 Moscow, Russia.
| | - E A Ivanova
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - I A Sobenin
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, 121552 Moscow, Russia.
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7
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Thomas DD, Heinecke JL, Ridnour LA, Cheng RY, Kesarwala AH, Switzer CH, McVicar DW, Roberts DD, Glynn S, Fukuto JM, Wink DA, Miranda KM. Signaling and stress: The redox landscape in NOS2 biology. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 87:204-25. [PMID: 26117324 PMCID: PMC4852151 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has a highly diverse range of biological functions from physiological signaling and maintenance of homeostasis to serving as an effector molecule in the immune system. However, deleterious as well as beneficial roles of NO have been reported. Many of the dichotomous effects of NO and derivative reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can be explained by invoking precise interactions with different targets as a result of concentration and temporal constraints. Endogenous concentrations of NO span five orders of magnitude, with levels near the high picomolar range typically occurring in short bursts as compared to sustained production of low micromolar levels of NO during immune response. This article provides an overview of the redox landscape as it relates to increasing NO concentrations, which incrementally govern physiological signaling, nitrosative signaling and nitrosative stress-related signaling. Physiological signaling by NO primarily occurs upon interaction with the heme protein soluble guanylyl cyclase. As NO concentrations rise, interactions with nonheme iron complexes as well as indirect modification of thiols can stimulate additional signaling processes. At the highest levels of NO, production of a broader range of RNS, which subsequently interact with more diverse targets, can lead to chemical stress. However, even under such conditions, there is evidence that stress-related signaling mechanisms are triggered to protect cells or even resolve the stress. This review therefore also addresses the fundamental reactions and kinetics that initiate signaling through NO-dependent pathways, including processes that lead to interconversion of RNS and interactions with molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D Thomas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Julie L Heinecke
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lisa A Ridnour
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert Y Cheng
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aparna H Kesarwala
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher H Switzer
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel W McVicar
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David D Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sharon Glynn
- Prostate Cancer Institute, NUI Galway, Ireland, USA
| | - Jon M Fukuto
- Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
| | - David A Wink
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Katrina M Miranda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Appelberg R, Moreira D, Barreira-Silva P, Borges M, Silva L, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Resende M, Correia-Neves M, Jordan MB, Ferreira NC, Abrunhosa AJ, Silvestre R. The Warburg effect in mycobacterial granulomas is dependent on the recruitment and activation of macrophages by interferon-γ. Immunology 2015; 145:498-507. [PMID: 25807843 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomas are the hallmark of mycobacterial disease. Here, we demonstrate that both the cell recruitment and the increased glucose consumption in granulomatous infiltrates during Mycobacterium avium infection are highly dependent on interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Mycobacterium avium-infected mice lacking IFN-γ signalling failed to developed significant inflammatory infiltrations and lacked the characteristic uptake of the glucose analogue fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). To assess the role of macrophages in glucose uptake we infected mice with a selective impairment of IFN-γ signalling in the macrophage lineage (MIIG mice). Although only a partial reduction of the granulomatous areas was observed in infected MIIG mice, the insensitivity of macrophages to IFN-γ reduced the accumulation of FDG. In vivo, ex vivo and in vitro assays showed that macrophage activated by IFN-γ displayed increased rates of glucose uptake and in vitro studies showed also that they had increased lactate production and increased expression of key glycolytic enzymes. Overall, our results show that the activation of macrophages by IFN-γ is responsible for the Warburg effect observed in organs infected with M. avium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Appelberg
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Moreira
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Palmira Barreira-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Margarida Borges
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Letícia Silva
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- Department of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Sciences, IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Advanced Institute of Health Sciences - North (ISCS-N), CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal.,UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Resende
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Michael B Jordan
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nuno C Ferreira
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antero J Abrunhosa
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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9
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García RA, Search DJ, Lupisella JA, Ostrowski J, Guan B, Chen J, Yang WP, Truong A, He A, Zhang R, Yan M, Hellings SE, Gargalovic PS, Ryan CS, Watson LM, Langish RA, Shipkova PA, Carson NL, Taylor JR, Yang R, Psaltis GC, Harrity TW, Robl JA, Gordon DA. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 gene knockout attenuates atherosclerosis and in vivo foam cell formation in hyperlipidemic apoE⁻/⁻ mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53192. [PMID: 23383297 PMCID: PMC3562192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic glucocorticoid excess has been linked to increased atherosclerosis and general cardiovascular risk in humans. The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) increases active glucocorticoid levels within tissues by catalyzing the conversion of cortisone to cortisol. Pharmacological inhibition of 11βHSD1 has been shown to reduce atherosclerosis in murine models. However, the cellular and molecular details for this effect have not been elucidated. Methodology/Principal Findings To examine the role of 11βHSD1 in atherogenesis, 11βHSD1 knockout mice were created on the pro-atherogenic apoE−/− background. Following 14 weeks of Western diet, aortic cholesterol levels were reduced 50% in 11βHSD1−/−/apoE−/− mice vs. 11βHSD1+/+/apoE−/− mice without changes in plasma cholesterol. Aortic 7-ketocholesterol content was reduced 40% in 11βHSD1−/−/apoE−/− mice vs. control. In the aortic root, plaque size, necrotic core area and macrophage content were reduced ∼30% in 11βHSD1−/−/apoE−/− mice. Bone marrow transplantation from 11βHSD1−/−/apoE−/− mice into apoE−/− recipients reduced plaque area 39–46% in the thoracic aorta. In vivo foam cell formation was evaluated in thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages from 11βHSD1+/+/apoE−/− and 11βHSD1−/−/apoE−/− mice fed a Western diet for ∼5 weeks. Foam cell cholesterol levels were reduced 48% in 11βHSD1−/−/apoE−/− mice vs. control. Microarray profiling of peritoneal macrophages revealed differential expression of genes involved in inflammation, stress response and energy metabolism. Several toll-like receptors (TLRs) were downregulated in 11βHSD1−/−/apoE−/− mice including TLR 1, 3 and 4. Cytokine release from 11βHSD1−/−/apoE−/−-derived peritoneal foam cells was attenuated following challenge with oxidized LDL. Conclusions These findings suggest that 11βHSD1 inhibition may have the potential to limit plaque development at the vessel wall and regulate foam cell formation independent of changes in plasma lipids. The diminished cytokine response to oxidized LDL stimulation is consistent with the reduction in TLR expression and suggests involvement of 11βHSD1 in modulating binding of pro-atherogenic TLR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. García
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Debra J. Search
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - John A. Lupisella
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jacek Ostrowski
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Bo Guan
- Applied Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jian Chen
- Applied Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Wen-Pin Yang
- Applied Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Amy Truong
- Applied Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Aiqing He
- Applied Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rongan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mujing Yan
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Samuel E. Hellings
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Gargalovic
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Carol S. Ryan
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Linda M. Watson
- Pharmaceutical Compound Optimization: Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Langish
- Pharmaceutical Compound Optimization: Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Petia A. Shipkova
- Pharmaceutical Compound Optimization: Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Nancy L. Carson
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Joseph R. Taylor
- Metabolic Diseases, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Richard Yang
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - George C. Psaltis
- Veterinary Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Thomas W. Harrity
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Robl
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David A. Gordon
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Das S, Singh S, Dowding JM, Oommen S, Kumar A, Sayle TXT, Saraf S, Patra CR, Vlahakis NE, Sayle DC, Self WT, Seal S. The induction of angiogenesis by cerium oxide nanoparticles through the modulation of oxygen in intracellular environments. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7746-55. [PMID: 22858004 PMCID: PMC4590782 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from existing blood vessels and is critical for many physiological and pathophysiological processes. In this study we have shown the unique property of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) to induce angiogenesis, observed using both in vitro and in vivo model systems. In particular, CNPs trigger angiogenesis by modulating the intracellular oxygen environment and stabilizing hypoxia inducing factor 1α endogenously. Furthermore, correlations between angiogenesis induction and CNPs physicochemical properties including: surface Ce(3+)/Ce(4+) ratio, surface charge, size, and shape were also explored. High surface area and increased Ce(3+)/Ce(4+) ratio make CNPs more catalytically active towards regulating intracellular oxygen, which in turn led to more robust induction of angiogenesis. Atomistic simulation was also used, in partnership with in vitro and in vivo experimentation, to reveal that the surface reactivity of CNPs and facile oxygen transport promotes pro-angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Das
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Advanced Materials Processing Analysis Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Janet M. Dowding
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Saji Oommen
- Div. Pulmonary & Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Advanced Materials Processing Analysis Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Thi X. T. Sayle
- Department of Engineering and Applied Science, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 8LA, United Kingdom
| | - Shashank Saraf
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Advanced Materials Processing Analysis Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Chitta Ranjan Patra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Dean C. Sayle
- Department of Engineering and Applied Science, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 8LA, United Kingdom
| | - William T. Self
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Sudipta Seal
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Advanced Materials Processing Analysis Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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11
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Gyurkovics M, Lohinai Z, Győrfi A, Bodor C, Székely AD, Dinya E, Rosivall L. Microvascular regulatory role and increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 in experimental gingivitis. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:194-202. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Gyurkovics
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry; Semmelweis University; Budapest; Hungary
| | - Z. Lohinai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry; Semmelweis University; Budapest; Hungary
| | - A. Győrfi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry; Semmelweis University; Budapest; Hungary
| | - C. Bodor
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine; Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University Research Group for Pediatrics and Nephrology, Semmelweis University; Budapest; Hungary
| | - A. D. Székely
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Histology and Embryology; Semmelweis University; Budapest; Hungary
| | - E. Dinya
- Institute of Health Informatics, Faculty of Medicine; Semmelweis University; Budapest; Hungary
| | - L. Rosivall
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine; Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University Research Group for Pediatrics and Nephrology, Semmelweis University; Budapest; Hungary
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12
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Abstract
TLR agonists initiate a rapid activation program in dendritic cells (DCs) that requires support from metabolic and bioenergetic resources. We found previously that TLR signaling promotes aerobic glycolysis and a decline in oxidative phosphorylation (OXHPOS) and that glucose restriction prevents activation and leads to premature cell death. However, it remained unclear why the decrease in OXPHOS occurs under these circumstances. Using real-time metabolic flux analysis, in the present study, we show that mitochondrial activity is lost progressively after activation by TLR agonists in inflammatory blood monocyte-derived DCs that express inducible NO synthase. We found that this is because of inhibition of OXPHOS by NO and that the switch to glycolysis is a survival response that serves to maintain ATP levels when OXPHOS is inhibited. Our data identify NO as a profound metabolic regulator in inflammatory monocyte-derived DCs.
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13
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Feingold KR, Shigenaga JK, Kazemi MR, McDonald CM, Patzek SM, Cross AS, Moser A, Grunfeld C. Mechanisms of triglyceride accumulation in activated macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:829-39. [PMID: 22753953 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1111537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
LPS treatment of macrophages induces TG accumulation, which is accentuated by TG-rich lipoproteins or FFA. We defined pathways altered during macrophage activation that contribute to TG accumulation. Glucose uptake increased with activation, accompanied by increased GLUT1. Oxidation of glucose markedly decreased, whereas incorporation of glucose-derived carbon into FA and sterols increased. Macrophage activation also increased uptake of FFA, associated with an increase in CD36. Oxidation of FA was markedly reduced, whereas the incorporation of FA into TGs increased, associated with increased GPAT3 and DGAT2. Additionally, macrophage activation decreased TG lipolysis; however, expression of ATGL or HSL was not altered. Macrophage activation altered gene expression similarly when incubated with exogenous FA or AcLDL. Whereas activation with ligands of TLR2 (zymosan), TLR3 (poly I:C), or TLR4 (LPS) induced alterations in macrophage gene expression, leading to TG accumulation, treatment of macrophages with cytokines had minimal effects. Thus, activation of TLRs leads to accumulation of TG in macrophages by multiple pathways that may have beneficial effects in host defense but could contribute to the accelerated atherosclerosis in chronic infections and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Feingold
- Metabolism Section, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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14
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Spies CM, Straub RH, Buttgereit F. Energy metabolism and rheumatic diseases: from cell to organism. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:216. [PMID: 22747923 PMCID: PMC3446535 DOI: 10.1186/ar3885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In rheumatic and other chronic inflammatory diseases, high amounts of energy for the activated immune system have to be provided and allocated by energy metabolism. In recent time many new insights have been gained into the control of the immune response through metabolic signals. Activation of immune cells as well as reduced nutrient supply and hypoxia in inflamed tissues cause stimulation of glycolysis and other cellular metabolic pathways. However, persistent cellular metabolic signals can promote ongoing chronic inflammation and loss of immune tolerance. On the organism level, the neuroendocrine immune response of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system, which is meant to overcome a transient inflammatory episode, can lead to metabolic disease sequelae if chronically activated. We conclude that, on cellular and organism levels, a prolonged energy appeal reaction is an important factor of chronic inflammatory disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M Spies
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Garedew A, Andreassi C, Moncada S. Mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis, and function are coordinated with the cell cycle by APC/C CDH1. Cell Metab 2012; 15:466-79. [PMID: 22482729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation is associated with a high rate of aerobic glycolysis, which has been widely interpreted as a compensatory mechanism for suppressed mitochondrial function, despite reports of high respiration rates. The molecular mechanisms that link cell proliferation with mitochondrial metabolism, dynamics, and biogenesis remain obscure. Here, we show that proliferation is associated with an increase in both glycolysis and respiration, in conjunction with mitochondrial fusion and biogenesis. Changes in mitochondrial morphology and mass are due to accumulation of OPA1, MFN1, and TFAM, silencing any of which hinders cell proliferation. Moreover, the levels of OPA1, MFN1, and TFAM are regulated by the ubiquitin ligase APC/C(CDH1), which also controls proteasomal degradation of key glycolytic, glutaminolytic, and cell-cycle proteins. Thus, we have identified an important component of the molecular mechanism that coordinates cell proliferation with activation of the mitochondrial metabolic machinery that provides the necessary energy and biosynthetic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assegid Garedew
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK.
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16
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TXNIP links innate host defense mechanisms to oxidative stress and inflammation in retinal Muller glia under chronic hyperglycemia: implications for diabetic retinopathy. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:438238. [PMID: 22474421 PMCID: PMC3313582 DOI: 10.1155/2012/438238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin Interacting Protein (TXNIP) mediates retinal inflammation, gliosis, and apoptosis in experimental diabetes. Here, we investigate the temporal response of Muller glia to high glucose (HG) and TXNIP expression using a rat Muller cell line (rMC1) in culture. We examined if HG-induced TXNIP expression evokes host defense mechanisms in rMC1 in response to metabolic abnormalities. HG causes sustained up-regulation of TXNIP (2 h to 5 days), ROS generation, ATP depletion, ER stress, and inflammation. Various cellular defense mechanisms are activated by HG: (i) NLRP3 inflammasome, (ii) ER stress response (sXBP1), (iii) hypoxic-like HIF-1α induction, (iv) autophagy/mitophagy, and (v) apoptosis. We also found in vivo that streptozocin-induced diabetic rats have higher retinal TXNIP and innate immune response gene expression than normal rats. Knock down of TXNIP by intravitreal siRNA reduces inflammation (IL-1β) and gliosis (GFAP) in the diabetic retina. TXNIP ablation in vitro prevents ROS generation, restores ATP level and autophagic LC3B induction in rMC1. Thus, our results show that HG sustains TXNIP up-regulation in Muller glia and evokes a program of cellular defense/survival mechanisms that ultimately lead to oxidative stress, ER stress/inflammation, autophagy and apoptosis. TXNIP is a potential target to ameliorate blinding ocular complications of diabetic retinopathy.
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17
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Szijgyarto Z, Garedew A, Azevedo C, Saiardi A. Influence of inositol pyrophosphates on cellular energy dynamics. Science 2011; 334:802-5. [PMID: 22076377 DOI: 10.1126/science.1211908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
With its high-energy phosphate bonds, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main intracellular energy carrier. It also functions in most signaling pathways, as a phosphate donor or a precursor for cyclic adenosine monophosphate. We show here that inositol pyrophosphates participate in the control of intracellular ATP concentration. Yeasts devoid of inositol pyrophosphates have dysfunctional mitochondria but, paradoxically, contain four times as much ATP because of increased glycolysis. We demonstrate that inositol pyrophosphates control the activity of the major glycolytic transcription factor GCR1. Thus, inositol pyrophosphates regulate ATP concentration by altering the glycolytic/mitochondrial metabolic ratio. Metabolic reprogramming through inositol pyrophosphates is an evolutionary conserved mechanism that is also preserved in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Szijgyarto
- Cell Biology Unit, Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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18
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Diers AR, Broniowska KA, Darley-Usmar VM, Hogg N. Differential regulation of metabolism by nitric oxide and S-nitrosothiols in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H803-12. [PMID: 21685262 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00210.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosation of thiols in key proteins in cell signaling pathways is thought to be an important contributor to nitric oxide (NO)-dependent control of vascular (patho)physiology. Multiple metabolic enzymes are targets of both NO and S-nitrosation, including those involved in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Thus it is important to understand how these metabolic pathways are integrated by NO-dependent mechanisms. Here, we compared the effects of NO and S-nitrosation on both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in bovine aortic endothelial cells using extracellular flux technology to determine common and unique points of regulation. The compound S-nitroso-L-cysteine (L-CysNO) was used to initiate intracellular S-nitrosation since it is transported into cells and results in stable S-nitrosation in vitro. Its effects were compared with the NO donor DetaNONOate (DetaNO). DetaNO treatment caused only a decrease in the reserve respiratory capacity; however, L-CysNO impaired both this parameter and basal respiration in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, DetaNO stimulated extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), a surrogate marker of glycolysis, whereas L-CysNO stimulated ECAR at low concentrations and inhibited it at higher concentrations. Moreover, a temporal relationship between NO- and S-nitrosation-mediated effects on metabolism was identified, whereby NO caused a rapid impairment in mitochondrial function, which was eventually overwhelmed by S-nitrosation-dependent processes. Taken together, these results suggest that severe pharmacological nitrosative stress may differentially regulate metabolic pathways through both intracellular S-nitrosation and NO-dependent mechanisms. Moreover, these data provide insight into the role of NO and related compounds in vascular (patho)physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R Diers
- Department of Biophysics, Redox Biology Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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19
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Tannahill GM, O'Neill LAJ. The emerging role of metabolic regulation in the functioning of Toll-like receptors and the NOD-like receptor Nlrp3. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1568-72. [PMID: 21565193 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While it has long been suspected that inflammation participates in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders such as the insulin resistance that occurs in type 2 diabetes, recent work suggests that this is not the only important interaction between metabolism and inflammation. Inroads into the understanding of the relationship between metabolic pathways and inflammation are indicating that signaling by innate immune receptors such as TLR4 and Nlrp3 regulate metabolism. TLRs have been shown to promote glycolysis, whilst Nlrp3-mediated production of IL-1β causes insulin resistance. A key role for the hypoxia-sensing transcription factor HIF1α in the functioning of macrophages activated by TLRs has also recently emerged. This review will assess recent evidence for these complex interactions and speculate on their importance for innate immunity and inflammation.
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20
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Poitz DM, Augstein A, Weinert S, Braun-Dullaeus RC, Strasser RH, Schmeisser A. OxLDL and macrophage survival: essential and oxygen-independent involvement of the Hif-pathway. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106:761-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Revised: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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Activated macrophages utilize glycolytic ATP to maintain mitochondrial membrane potential and prevent apoptotic cell death. Cell Death Differ 2010; 17:1540-50. [PMID: 20339378 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously analysed the bioenergetic consequences of activating J774.A1 macrophages (MΦ) with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and found that there is a nitric oxide (NO)-dependent mitochondrial impairment and stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, which synergize to activate glycolysis and generate large quantities of ATP. We now show, using tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) fluorescence and time-lapse confocal microscopy, that these cells maintain a high mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ(m)) despite the complete inhibition of respiration. The maintenance of high ΔΨ(m) is due to the use of a significant proportion of glycolytically generated ATP as a defence mechanism against cell death. This is achieved by the reverse functioning of F(o)F(1)-ATP synthase and adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT). Treatment of activated MΦ with inhibitors of either of these enzymes, but not with inhibitors of the respiratory chain complexes I to IV, led to a collapse in ΔΨ(m) and to an immediate increase in intracellular [ATP], due to the prevention of ATP hydrolysis by the F(o)F(1)-ATP synthase. This collapse in ΔΨ(m) was followed by translocation of Bax from cytosol to the mitochondria, release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, activation of caspases 3 and 9 and subsequent apoptotic cell death. Our results indicate that during inflammatory activation 'glycolytically competent cells' such as MΦ use significant amounts of the glycolytically generated ATP to maintain ΔΨ(m) and thereby prevent apoptosis.
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