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Cobbe N, Di Cara F, Spradling AC, Vass S. Margarete Heck (1959-2023): Cell biologist, geneticist, and incandescent social spark. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202311145. [PMID: 38060039 PMCID: PMC10702365 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202311145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Margarete M.S. Heck, professor of cell biology and genetics, University of Edinburgh, died peacefully at home amid her loving family under a blue moon on August 30, 2023, after a long journey with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Di Cara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Allan C. Spradling
- Carnegie Institution for Science and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sharron Vass
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Scotland, UK
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Anders J, König C, Lender C, Hellhund A, Nehls S, Shalabi I, Honecker B, Lorenzen S, Meyer M, Matthiesen J, Cadar D, Roeder T, Galal Metwally N, Lotter H, Bruchhaus I. Genes differentially expressed between pathogenic and non-pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica clones influence pathogenicity-associated phenotypes by multiple mechanisms. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011745. [PMID: 38134215 PMCID: PMC10773965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, two genes involved in amoebic liver abscess formation in a mouse model were identified by their differential expression of non-pathogenic (A1np) and pathogenic (B2p) clones of the Entamoeba histolytica isolate HM:1-IMSS. While overexpression of a gene encoding the metallopeptidase EhMP8-2 reduces the virulence of the pathogenic clone B2p, overexpression of the gene ehi_127670 (ehhp127), encoding a hypothetical protein, increases the virulence of the non-pathogenic clone A1np, while silencing this gene in the pathogenic B2p reduces virulence. To understand the role of both molecules in determining the pathogenicity of E. histolytica, silencing, and overexpression transfectants were characterized in detail. Silencing of ehmp8-2, of the homologous gene ehmp8-1, or both in non-pathogenic A1np trophozoites significantly altered the transcript levels of 347, 216, and 58 genes, respectively. This strong change in the expression profiles caused by the silencing of ehmp8-1 and ehmp8-2 implies that these peptidases regulate the expression of numerous genes. Consequently, numerous phenotypic characteristics, including cytopathic, hemolytic, and cysteine peptidase activity, were altered in response to their silencing. Silencing of ehhp127 in pathogenic B2p trophozoites did not affect the expression of other genes, whereas its overexpression in non-pathogenic A1np trophozoites results in an altered expression of approximately 140 genes. EhHP127 is important for trophozoite motility, as its silencing reduces, while its overexpression enhances movement activity. Interestingly, the specific silencing of ehhp127 also significantly affects cytopathic, cysteine peptidase, and hemolytic activities. All three molecules characterized in this study, namely EhMP8-1, EhMP8-2, and EhHP127, are present in amoeba vesicles. The results show that ehmp8-2 and ehhp127 are not only differentially expressed between pathogenic and non-pathogenic amoebae, but that they also significantly affect amoeba pathogenicity-associated phenotypes by completely different mechanisms. This observation suggests that the regulation of amoeba pathogenicity is achieved by a complex network of molecular mechanisms rather than by single factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliett Anders
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Constantin König
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Lender
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arne Hellhund
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Nehls
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Shalabi
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Honecker
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Lorenzen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Meyer
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jenny Matthiesen
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dániel Cadar
- Department of Arbovirology and Entomology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Kiel University, Department Molecular Physiology, Zoology, Kiel, Germany
- DZL, German Center for Lung Research, ARCN, Airway Research Center North, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nahla Galal Metwally
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannelore Lotter
- RG Molecular Infection Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Biology Department, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Xiang P, Yeung YT, Wang J, Wu Q, Du R, Huang C, Jia X, Gao Y, Zhi Y, Guo F, Wei H, Zhang D, Liu Y, Liu L, Liang L, Wang J, Song Y, Liu K, Fang B. miR-17-3p promotes the proliferation of multiple myeloma cells by downregulating P21 expression through LMLN inhibition. Int J Cancer 2021; 148:3071-3085. [PMID: 33609405 PMCID: PMC8248421 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), a hematological malignancy, has a poor prognosis and requires an invasive procedure. Reports have implicated miRNAs in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of hematological malignancies. In our study, we evaluated the expression profiles of miR-17-3p in plasma and bone marrow mononuclear cells of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and MM patients and healthy subjects. The results showed that the plasma and mononuclear cell expression levels of miR-17-3p in MM patients were higher than those in MGUS patients and normal controls. In addition, the expression of miR-17-3p was positively correlated with diagnostic indexes, such as marrow plasma cell abundance and serum M protein level, and positively correlated with the International Staging System stage of the disease. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested that miR-17-3p might be a diagnostic index of MM. Moreover, miR-17-3p regulated cell proliferation, apoptosis and the cell cycle through P21 in MM cell lines and promoted MM tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, we predicted and verified LMLN as a functional downstream target gene of miR-17-3p. Negatively regulated by miR-17-3p, LMLN inhibits MM cell growth, exerting a tumor suppressive function through P21. Taken together, our data identify miR-17-3p as a promising diagnostic biomarker for MM in the clinic and unveil a new miR-17-3p-LMLN-P21 axis in MM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Xiang
- Department of HematologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Hematology InstituteZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yiu To Yeung
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Jiheng Wang
- Department of Head and Neck ThyroidAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer HospitalZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Qiong Wu
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouHenanChina
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Ruijuan Du
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouHenanChina
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Chuntian Huang
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouHenanChina
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Xuechao Jia
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouHenanChina
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yunfeng Gao
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yafei Zhi
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouHenanChina
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Fangqin Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Huifang Wei
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouHenanChina
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Dandan Zhang
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yuzhang Liu
- Department of HematologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Hematology InstituteZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Lina Liu
- Department of HematologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Hematology InstituteZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Lijie Liang
- Department of HematologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Hematology InstituteZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of HematologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Hematology InstituteZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yongping Song
- Department of HematologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Hematology InstituteZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Kangdong Liu
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouHenanChina
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
- Cancer Chemoprevention International Collaboration LaboratoryZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Baijun Fang
- Department of HematologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Hematology InstituteZhengzhouHenanChina
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Gianferante MD, Wlodarski MW, Atsidaftos E, Da Costa L, Delaporta P, Farrar JE, Goldman FD, Hussain M, Kattamis A, Leblanc T, Lipton JM, Niemeyer CM, Pospisilova D, Quarello P, Ramenghi U, Sankaran VG, Vlachos A, Volejnikova J, Alter BP, Savage SA, Giri N. Genotype-phenotype association and variant characterization in Diamond-Blackfan anemia caused by pathogenic variants in RPL35A. Haematologica 2021; 106:1303-1310. [PMID: 32241839 PMCID: PMC8094096 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.246629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA) is predominantly an autosomal dominant inherited red cell aplasia primarily caused by pathogenic germline variants in ribosomal protein genes. DBA due to pathogenic RPL35A variants has been associated with large 3q29 deletions and phenotypes not common in DBA. We conducted a multi-institutional genotypephenotype study of 45 patients with DBA associated with pathogenic RPL35A germline variants and curated the variant data on 21 additional cases from the literature. Genotype-phenotype analyses were conducted comparing patients with large deletions versus all other pathogenic variants in RPL35A. Twenty-two of the 45 cases had large deletions in RPL35A. After adjusting for multiple tests, a statistically significant association was observed between patients with a large deletion and steroid-resistant anemia, neutropenia, craniofacial abnormalities, chronic gastrointestinal problems, and intellectual disabilities (P<0.01) compared with all other pathogenic variants. Non-large deletion pathogenic variants were spread across RPL35Awith no apparent hot spot and 56% of the individual family variants were observed more than once. In this, the largest known study of DBA patients with pathogenic RPL35A variants, we determined that patients with large deletions have a more severe phenotype that is clinically different from those with non-large deletion variants. Genes of interest also deleted in the 3q29 region that could be associated with some of these phenotypic features include LMLN and IQCG. Management of DBA due to large RPL35A deletions may be challenging due to complex problems and require comprehensive assessments by multiple specialists including immunological, gastrointestinal, and developmental evaluations to provide optimal multidisciplinary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Gianferante
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Evangelia Atsidaftos
- Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Cohen Children's Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Lydie Da Costa
- Service Hematologie Biologique, Hopital Robert-Debré, Université de Paris, France
| | - Polyxeni Delaporta
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Jason E Farrar
- Arkansas Children Research Institute, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, USA
| | | | - Maryam Hussain
- Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Cohen Children's Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Antonis Kattamis
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Thierry Leblanc
- Service Hematologie Biologique, Hopital Robert-Debré, Université de Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey M Lipton
- Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Cohen Children's Medical Center, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ugo Ramenghi
- Pediatric and Public Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Vijay G Sankaran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adrianna Vlachos
- Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Cohen Children's Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Jana Volejnikova
- Palacky University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Blanche P Alter
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sharon A Savage
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Neelam Giri
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
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Abhinav K, Feng L, Morrison E, Jung Y, Dear J, Takahashi S, Heck MMS. The conserved metalloprotease invadolysin is present in invertebrate haemolymph and vertebrate blood. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.044073. [PMID: 31615765 PMCID: PMC6899020 DOI: 10.1242/bio.044073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified invadolysin, a novel essential metalloprotease, for functions in chromosome structure, cell proliferation and migration. Invadolysin also plays an important metabolic role in insulin signalling and is the only protease known to localise to lipid droplets, the main lipid storage organelle in the cell. In silico examination of the protein sequence of invadolysin predicts not only protease and lipase catalytic motifs, but also post-translational modifications and the secretion of invadolysin. Here we show that the protease motif of invadolysin is important for its role in lipid accumulation, but not in glycogen accumulation. The lipase motif does not appear to be functionally important for the accumulation of lipids or glycogen. Post-translational modifications likely contribute to modulating the level, localisation or activity of invadolysin. We identified a secreted form of invadolysin in the soluble fraction of invertebrate hemolymph (where we observe sexually dimorphic forms) and also vertebrate plasma, including in the extracellular vesicle fraction. Biochemical analysis for various post-translational modifications demonstrated that secreted invadolysin is both N- and O-glycosylated, but not apparently GPI-linked. The discovery of invadolysin in the extracellular milieu suggests a role for invadolysin in normal organismal physiology. Summary: In this study, we show that the conserved metalloprotease invadolysin is present in invertebrate hemolymph and vertebrate blood, suggesting the protein may function in organismal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishk Abhinav
- University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Linda Feng
- University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Emma Morrison
- University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Yunshin Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - James Dear
- University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Margarete M S Heck
- University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Burke LC, Ezeribe HO, Kwon AY, Dockery D, Lyons PJ. Carboxypeptidase O is a lipid droplet-associated enzyme able to cleave both acidic and polar C-terminal amino acids. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206824. [PMID: 30388170 PMCID: PMC6214572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase O (CPO) is a member of the M14 family of metallocarboxypeptidases with a preference for the cleavage of C-terminal acidic amino acids. CPO is largely expressed in the small intestine, although it has been detected in other tissues such as the brain and ovaries. CPO does not contain a prodomain, nor is it strongly regulated by pH, and hence appears to exist as a constitutively active enzyme. The goal of this study was to investigate the intracellular distribution and activity of CPO in order to predict physiological substrates and function. The distribution of CPO, when expressed in MDCK cells, was analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Soon after addition of nutrient-rich media, CPO was found to associate with lipid droplets, causing an increase in lipid droplet quantity. As media became depleted, CPO moved to a broader ER distribution, no longer impacting lipid droplet numbers. Membrane cholesterol levels played a role in the distribution and in vitro enzymatic activity of CPO, with cholesterol enrichment leading to decreased lipid droplet association and enzymatic activity. The ability of CPO to cleave C-terminal amino acids within the early secretory pathway (in vivo) was examined using Gaussia luciferase as a substrate, C-terminally tagged with variants of an ER retention signal. While no effect of cholesterol was observed, these data show that CPO does function as an active enzyme within the ER where it removes C-terminal glutamates and aspartates, as well as a number of polar amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea C. Burke
- Department of Biology, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hazel O. Ezeribe
- Department of Biology, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anna Y. Kwon
- Department of Biology, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Donnel Dockery
- Department of Biology, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Lyons
- Department of Biology, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Longevity varies among individuals, but how natural genetic variation contributes to variation in lifespan is poorly understood. Drosophila melanogaster presents an advantageous model system to explore the genetic underpinnings of longevity, since its generation time is brief and both the genetic background and rearing environment can be precisely controlled. The bellwether (blw) gene encodes the α subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Since metabolic rate may influence lifespan, we investigated whether alternative haplotypes in the blw promoter affect lifespan when expressed in a co-isogenic background. We amplified 521 bp upstream promoter sequences containing alternative haplotypes and assessed promoter activity both in vitro and in vivo using a luciferase reporter system. The AG haplotype showed significantly greater expression of luciferase than the GT haplotype. We then overexpressed a blw cDNA construct driven by either the AG or GT haplotype promoter in transgenic flies and showed that the AG haplotype also results in greater blw cDNA expression and a significant decrease in lifespan relative to the GT promoter haplotype, in male flies only. Thus, our results show that naturally occurring regulatory variants of blw affect lifespan in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Frankenberg Garcia
- Program in Genetics, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Mary Anna Carbone
- Program in Genetics, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- Program in Genetics, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert R H Anholt
- Program in Genetics, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
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Chang CW, Abhinav K, Di Cara F, Panagakou I, Vass S, Heck MMS. A role for the metalloprotease invadolysin in insulin signaling and adipogenesis. Biol Chem 2016; 398:373-393. [PMID: 27622830 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Invadolysin is a novel metalloprotease conserved amongst metazoans that is essential for life in Drosophila. We previously showed that invadolysin was essential for the cell cycle and cell migration, linking to metabolism through a role in lipid storage and interaction with mitochondrial proteins. In this study we demonstrate that invadolysin mutants exhibit increased autophagy and decreased glycogen storage - suggestive of a role for invadolysin in insulin signaling in Drosophila. Consistent with this, effectors of insulin signaling were decreased in invadolysin mutants. In addition, we discovered that invadolysin was deposited on newly synthesized lipid droplets in a PKC-dependent manner. We examined two in vitro models of adipogenesis for the expression and localization of invadolysin. The level of invadolysin increased during both murine 3T3-L1 and human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS), adipogenesis. Invadolysin displayed a dynamic localization to lipid droplets over the course of adipogenesis, which may be due to the differential expression of distinct invadolysin variants. Pharmacological inhibition of adipogenesis abrogated the increase in invadolysin. In summary, our results on in vivo and in vitro systems highlight an important role for invadolysin in insulin signaling and adipogenesis.
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Welte MA. As the fat flies: The dynamic lipid droplets of Drosophila embryos. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1156-85. [PMID: 25882628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Research into lipid droplets is rapidly expanding, and new cellular and organismal roles for these lipid-storage organelles are continually being discovered. The early Drosophila embryo is particularly well suited for addressing certain questions in lipid-droplet biology and combines technical advantages with unique biological phenomena. This review summarizes key features of this experimental system and the techniques available to study it, in order to make it accessible to researchers outside this field. It then describes the two topics most heavily studied in this system, lipid-droplet motility and protein sequestration on droplets, discusses what is known about the molecular players involved, points to open questions, and compares the results from Drosophila embryo studies to what it is known about lipid droplets in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Welte
- Department of Biology University of Rochester, RC Box 270211, 317 Hutchison Hall, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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Rao SG, Janiszewski MM, Duca E, Nelson B, Abhinav K, Panagakou I, Vass S, Heck MMS. Invadolysin acts genetically via the SAGA complex to modulate chromosome structure. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:3546-62. [PMID: 25779050 PMCID: PMC4402531 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of components essential to chromosome structure and behaviour remains a vibrant area of study. We have previously shown that invadolysin is essential in Drosophila, with roles in cell division and cell migration. Mitotic chromosomes are hypercondensed in length, but display an aberrant fuzzy appearance. We additionally demonstrated that in human cells, invadolysin is localized on the surface of lipid droplets, organelles that store not only triglycerides and sterols but also free histones H2A, H2Av and H2B. Is there a link between the storage of histones in lipid droplets and the aberrantly structured chromosomes of invadolysin mutants? We have identified a genetic interaction between invadolysin and nonstop, the de-ubiquitinating protease component of the SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase) chromatin-remodelling complex. invadolysin and nonstop mutants exhibit phenotypic similarities in terms of chromosome structure in both diploid and polyploid cells. Furthermore, IX-141/not1 transheterozygous animals accumulate mono-ubiquitinated histone H2B (ubH2B) and histone H3 tri-methylated at lysine 4 (H3K4me3). Whole mount immunostaining of IX-141/not1 transheterozygous salivary glands revealed that ubH2B accumulates surprisingly in the cytoplasm, rather than the nucleus. Over-expression of the Bre1 ubiquitin ligase phenocopies the effects of mutating either the invadolysin or nonstop genes. Intriguingly, nonstop and mutants of other SAGA subunits (gcn5, ada2b and sgf11) all suppress an invadolysin-induced rough eye phenotype. We conclude that the abnormal chromosome phenotype of invadolysin mutants is likely the result of disrupting the histone modification cycle, as accumulation of ubH2B and H3K4me3 is observed. We further suggest that the mislocalization of ubH2B to the cytoplasm has additional consequences on downstream components essential for chromosome behaviour. We therefore propose that invadolysin plays a crucial role in chromosome organization via its interaction with the SAGA complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Gururaja Rao
- University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Michal M Janiszewski
- University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Edward Duca
- University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Bryce Nelson
- University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kanishk Abhinav
- University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ioanna Panagakou
- University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sharron Vass
- University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Margarete M S Heck
- University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Arrese EL, Saudale FZ, Soulages JL. Lipid Droplets as Signaling Platforms Linking Metabolic and Cellular Functions. Lipid Insights 2014; 7:7-16. [PMID: 25221429 PMCID: PMC4161058 DOI: 10.4137/lpi.s11128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main cells of the adipose tissue of animals, adipocytes, are characterized by the presence of large cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs) that store triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol. However, most cells have LDs and the ability to store lipids. LDs have a well-known central role in storage and provision of fatty acids and cholesterol. However, the complexity of the regulation of lipid metabolism on the surface of the LDs is still a matter of intense study. Beyond this role, a number of recent studies have suggested that LDs have major functions in other cellular processes, such as protein storage and degradation, infection, and immunity. Thus, our perception of LDs has been radically transformed from simple globules of fat to highly dynamic organelles of unexpected complexity. Here, we compiled some recent evidence supporting the emerging view that LDs act as platforms connecting a number of relevant metabolic and cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela L Arrese
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Fredy Z Saudale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Jose L Soulages
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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Wilson LOW, Spriggs A, Taylor JM, Fahrer AM. A novel splicing outcome reveals more than 2000 new mammalian protein isoforms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 30:151-6. [PMID: 24262213 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION We have recently characterized an instance of alternative splicing that differs from the canonical gene transcript by deletion of a length of sequence not divisible by three, but where translation can be rescued by an alternative start codon. This results in a predicted protein in which the amino terminus differs markedly in sequence from the known protein product(s), as it is translated from an alternative reading frame. Automated pipelines have annotated thousands of splice variants but have overlooked these protein isoforms, leading to them being underrepresented in current databases. RESULTS Here we describe 1849 human and 733 mouse transcripts that can be transcribed from an alternate ATG. Of these, >80% have not been annotated previously. Those conserved between human and mouse genomes (and hence under likely evolutionary selection) are identified. We provide mass spectroscopy evidence for translation of selected transcripts. Of the described splice variants, only one has previously been studied in detail and converted the encoded protein from an activator of cell-function to a suppressor, demonstrating that these splice variants can result in profound functional change. We investigate the potential functional effects of this splicing using a variety of bioinformatic tools. The 2582 variants we describe are involved in a wide variety of biological processes, and therefore open many new avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence O W Wilson
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 and CSIRO Plant Industry, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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13
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Di Cara F, Duca E, Dunbar DR, Cagney G, Heck MMS. Invadolysin, a conserved lipid-droplet-associated metalloproteinase, is required for mitochondrial function in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:4769-81. [PMID: 23943867 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.133306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the main producers of ATP, the principal energy source of the cell, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), important signaling molecules. Mitochondrial morphogenesis and function depend on a hierarchical network of mechanisms in which proteases appear to be center stage. The invadolysin gene encodes an essential conserved metalloproteinase of the M8 family that is necessary for mitosis and cell migration during Drosophila development. We previously demonstrated that invadolysin is found associated with lipid droplets in cells. Here, we present data demonstrating that invadolysin interacts physically with three mitochondrial ATP synthase subunits. Our studies have focused on the genetic phenotypes of invadolysin and bellwether, the Drosophila homolog of ATP synthase α, mutants. The invadolysin mutation presents defects in mitochondrial physiology similar to those observed in bellwether mutants. The invadolysin and bellwether mutants have parallel phenotypes that affect lipid storage and mitochondrial electron transport chain activity, which result in a reduction in ATP production and an accumulation of ROS. As a consequence, invadolysin mutant larvae show lower energetic status and higher oxidative stress. Our data demonstrate an essential role for invadolysin in mitochondrial function that is crucial for normal development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Cara
- University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, BHF/University Center for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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14
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Satori CP, Henderson MM, Krautkramer EA, Kostal V, Distefano MM, Arriaga EA. Bioanalysis of eukaryotic organelles. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2733-811. [PMID: 23570618 PMCID: PMC3676536 DOI: 10.1021/cr300354g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad P. Satori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Michelle M. Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Elyse A. Krautkramer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Vratislav Kostal
- Tescan, Libusina trida 21, Brno, 623 00, Czech Republic
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry ASCR, Veveri 97, Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Mark M. Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Edgar A. Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
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15
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Vass S, Heck MMS. Perturbation of invadolysin disrupts cell migration in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1198-212. [PMID: 23422038 PMCID: PMC3632754 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Invadolysin is an essential, conserved metalloprotease which links cell division with cell migration and is intriguingly associated with lipid droplets. In this work we examine the expression pattern, protein localisation and gross anatomical consequences of depleting invadolysin in the teleost Danio rerio. We observe that invadolysin plays a significant role in cell migration during development. When invadolysin is depleted by targeted morpholino injection, the appropriate deposition of neuromast clusters and distribution of melanophores are both disrupted. We also observe that blood vessels generated via angiogenesis are affected in invadolysin morphant fish while those formed by vasculogenesis appear normal, demonstrating an unanticipated role for invadolysin in vessel formation. Our results thus highlight a common feature shared by, and a requirement for invadolysin in, these distinct morphological events dependent on cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharron Vass
- University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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16
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Pei J, Grishin NV. Cysteine-rich domains related to Frizzled receptors and Hedgehog-interacting proteins. Protein Sci 2012; 21:1172-84. [PMID: 22693159 PMCID: PMC3537238 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Frizzled and Smoothened are homologous seven-transmembrane proteins functioning in the Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways, respectively. They harbor an extracellular cysteine-rich domain (FZ-CRD), a mobile evolutionary unit that has been found in a number of other metazoan proteins and Frizzled-like proteins in Dictyostelium. Domains distantly related to FZ-CRDs, in Hedgehog-interacting proteins (HHIPs), folate receptors and riboflavin-binding proteins (FRBPs), and Niemann-Pick Type C1 proteins (NPC1s), referred to as HFN-CRDs, exhibit similar structures and disulfide connectivity patterns compared with FZ-CRDs. We used computational analyses to expand the homologous set of FZ-CRDs and HFN-CRDs, providing a better understanding of their evolution and classification. First, FZ-CRD-containing proteins with various domain compositions were identified in several major eukaryotic lineages including plants and Chromalveolata, revealing a wider phylogenetic distribution of FZ-CRDs than previously recognized. Second, two new and distinct groups of highly divergent FZ-CRDs were found by sensitive similarity searches. One of them is present in the calcium channel component Mid1 in fungi and the uncharacterized FAM155 proteins in metazoans. Members of the other new FZ-CRD group occur in the metazoan-specific RECK (reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs) proteins that are putative tumor suppressors acting as inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases. Finally, sequence and three-dimensional structural comparisons helped us uncover a divergent HFN-CRD in glypicans, which are important morphogen-binding heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Such a finding reinforces the evolutionary ties between the Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways and underscores the importance of gene duplications in creating essential signaling components in metazoan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Pei
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
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17
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Murphy DJ. The dynamic roles of intracellular lipid droplets: from archaea to mammals. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:541-85. [PMID: 22002710 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, there has been a paradigm shift in our understanding of the roles of intracellular lipid droplets (LDs). New genetic, biochemical and imaging technologies have underpinned these advances, which are revealing much new information about these dynamic organelles. This review takes a comparative approach by examining recent work on LDs across the whole range of biological organisms from archaea and bacteria, through yeast and Drosophila to mammals, including humans. LDs probably evolved originally in microorganisms as temporary stores of excess dietary lipid that was surplus to the immediate requirements of membrane formation/turnover. LDs then acquired roles as long-term carbon stores that enabled organisms to survive episodic lack of nutrients. In multicellular organisms, LDs went on to acquire numerous additional roles including cell- and organism-level lipid homeostasis, protein sequestration, membrane trafficking and signalling. Many pathogens of plants and animals subvert their host LD metabolism as part of their infection process. Finally, malfunctions in LDs and associated proteins are implicated in several degenerative diseases of modern humans, among the most serious of which is the increasingly prevalent constellation of pathologies, such as obesity and insulin resistance, which is associated with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis J Murphy
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Cardiff, CF37 4AT, UK.
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18
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Theodoratos A, Wilson LOW, Gosling KM, Fahrer AM. Splice variants of the condensin II gene Ncaph2 include alternative reading frame translations of exon 1. FEBS J 2012; 279:1422-32. [PMID: 22333158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Condensins I and II are five-protein complexes that are important for the condensation of chromatin. They are essential for mitosis and important for regulating gene expression during interphase. Here, we investigated the transcription and translation of the mouse Ncaph2 gene, which encodes a subunit of condensin II. We identified three splice variants within the first exon, a NAGNAG splice variant at the beginning of exon 16 and alternative 3'-UTRs. In total, Ncaph2 is potentially capable of generating 12 unique mRNA transcripts and six unique proteins. We confirm that Ncaph2 can generate three different N-termini, all encoded by exon 1, one of which is translated from an alternative reading frame. This alternative reading frame splice variant appears to be a novel outcome of splicing. If this is applicable to other genes, it would account for a previously unappreciated level of eukaryotic protein diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Theodoratos
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Kühnlein RP. The contribution of the Drosophila model to lipid droplet research. Prog Lipid Res 2011; 50:348-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Drosophila as a lipotoxicity model organism — more than a promise? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1801:215-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila is a centenarian in research service, but a novice as an invertebrate model system for energy homeostasis research. The last couple of years, however, witnessed numerous technical advances driving the rise of this model organism in central areas of energy balance research such as food perception, feeding control, energy flux and lipometabolism. These studies demonstrate an unanticipated evolutionary conservation of genes and mechanisms governing central aspects of energy homeostasis. Accordingly, research on Drosophila promises both, a systems biology view on the regulatory network, which governs lifelong energy control in a complex eukaryotic organism as well as, important insights into the mammalian energy balance control with a potential impact on the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the treatment of human lipopathologies such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P Kühnlein
- Forschungsgruppe Molekulare Physiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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