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Johnson SC, Annamdevula NS, Leavesley SJ, Francis CM, Rich TC. Hyperspectral imaging and dynamic region of interest tracking approaches to quantify localized cAMP signals. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:191-203. [PMID: 38334148 PMCID: PMC11115359 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger known to orchestrate a myriad of cellular functions over a wide range of timescales. In the last 20 years, a variety of single-cell sensors have been developed to measure second messenger signals including cAMP, Ca2+, and the balance of kinase and phosphatase activities. These sensors utilize changes in fluorescence emission of an individual fluorophore or Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to detect changes in second messenger concentration. cAMP and kinase activity reporter probes have provided powerful tools for the study of localized signals. Studies relying on these and related probes have the potential to further revolutionize our understanding of G protein-coupled receptor signaling systems. Unfortunately, investigators have not been able to take full advantage of the potential of these probes due to the limited signal-to-noise ratio of the probes and the limited ability of standard epifluorescence and confocal microscope systems to simultaneously measure the distributions of multiple signals (e.g. cAMP, Ca2+, and changes in kinase activities) in real time. In this review, we focus on recently implemented strategies to overcome these limitations: hyperspectral imaging and adaptive thresholding approaches to track dynamic regions of interest (ROI). This combination of approaches increases signal-to-noise ratio and contrast, and allows identification of localized signals throughout cells. These in turn lead to the identification and quantification of intracellular signals with higher effective resolution. Hyperspectral imaging and dynamic ROI tracking approaches offer investigators additional tools with which to visualize and quantify multiplexed intracellular signaling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santina C Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, U.S.A
- Center for Lung Biology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, U.S.A
| | - Naga S Annamdevula
- Department of Pharmacology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, U.S.A
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, U.S.A
- Center for Lung Biology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, U.S.A
| | - Silas J Leavesley
- Department of Pharmacology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, U.S.A
- Center for Lung Biology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, U.S.A
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, U.S.A
| | - C Michael Francis
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, U.S.A
- Center for Lung Biology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, U.S.A
| | - Thomas C Rich
- Department of Pharmacology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, U.S.A
- Center for Lung Biology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, U.S.A
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2
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Bajar BT, Guan X, Lam A, Lin MZ, Yasuda R, Laviv T, Chu J. FRET Imaging of Rho GTPase Activity with Red Fluorescent Protein-Based FRET Pairs. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2438:31-43. [PMID: 35147933 PMCID: PMC9976416 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2035-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
With the development of fluorescent proteins (FPs) and advanced optical microscopy techniques, Förster or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) has become a powerful tool for real-time noninvasive visualization of a variety of biological processes, including kinase activities, with high spatiotemporal resolution in living cells and organisms. FRET can be detected in appropriately configured microscopes as changes in fluorescence intensity, lifetime, and anisotropy. Here, we describe the preparation of samples expressing FP-based FRET sensors for RhoA kinase, intensity- and lifetime-based FRET imaging, and postimaging data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce T Bajar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xinmeng Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology & Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Amy Lam
- Departments of Neurobiology and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Z Lin
- Departments of Neurobiology and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ryohei Yasuda
- Neuronal Signal Transduction Group, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Tal Laviv
- Neuronal Signal Transduction Group, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Jun Chu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology & Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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3
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Massengill CI, Day-Cooney J, Mao T, Zhong H. Genetically encoded sensors towards imaging cAMP and PKA activity in vivo. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 362:109298. [PMID: 34339753 PMCID: PMC8659126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a universal second messenger that plays a crucial role in diverse biological functions, ranging from transcription to neuronal plasticity, and from development to learning and memory. In the nervous system, cAMP integrates inputs from many neuromodulators across a wide range of timescales - from seconds to hours - to modulate neuronal excitability and plasticity in brain circuits during different animal behavioral states. cAMP signaling events are both cell-specific and subcellularly compartmentalized. The same stimulus may result in different, sometimes opposite, cAMP dynamics in different cells or subcellular compartments. Additionally, the activity of protein kinase A (PKA), a major cAMP effector, is also spatiotemporally regulated. For these reasons, many laboratories have made great strides toward visualizing the intracellular dynamics of cAMP and PKA. To date, more than 80 genetically encoded sensors, including original and improved variants, have been published. It is starting to become possible to visualize cAMP and PKA signaling events in vivo, which is required to study behaviorally relevant cAMP/PKA signaling mechanisms. Despite significant progress, further developments are needed to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and practical utility of these sensors. This review summarizes the recent advances and challenges in genetically encoded cAMP and PKA sensors with an emphasis on in vivo imaging in the brain during behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian Day-Cooney
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Tianyi Mao
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Haining Zhong
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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4
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Zhang JF, Mehta S, Zhang J. Signaling Microdomains in the Spotlight: Visualizing Compartmentalized Signaling Using Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 61:587-608. [PMID: 33411579 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-053137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
How cells muster a network of interlinking signaling pathways to faithfully convert diverse external cues to specific functional outcomes remains a central question in biology. Through their ability to convert dynamic biochemical activities to rapid and precise optical readouts, genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors have become instrumental in unraveling the molecular logic controlling the specificity of intracellular signaling. In this review, we discuss how the use of genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors to visualize dynamic signaling events within their native cellular context is elucidating the different strategies employed by cells to organize signaling activities into discrete compartments, or signaling microdomains, to ensure functional specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; .,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Sohum Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; .,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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5
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Deal J, Pleshinger DJ, Johnson SC, Leavesley SJ, Rich TC. Milestones in the development and implementation of FRET-based sensors of intracellular signals: A biological perspective of the history of FRET. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109769. [PMID: 32898611 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Fӧrster resonance energy transfer (FRET) has been described for more than a century. FRET has become a mainstay for the study of protein localization in living cells and tissues. It has also become widely used in the fields that comprise cellular signaling. FRET-based probes have been developed to monitor second messenger signals, the phosphorylation state of peptides and proteins, and subsequent cellular responses. Here, we discuss the milestones that led to FRET becoming a widely used tool for the study of biological systems: the theoretical description of FRET, the insight to use FRET as a molecular ruler, and the isolation and genetic modification of green fluorescent protein (GFP). Each of these milestones were critical to the development of a myriad of FRET-based probes and reporters in common use today. FRET-probes offer a unique opportunity to interrogate second messenger signals and subsequent protein phosphorylation - and perhaps the most effective approach for study of cAMP/PKA pathways. As such, FRET probes are widely used in the study of intracellular signaling pathways. Yet, somehow, the potential of FRET-based probes to provide windows through which we can visualize complex cellular signaling systems has not been fully reached. Hence we conclude by discussing the technical challenges to be overcome if FRET-based probes are to live up to their potential for the study of complex signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Deal
- Basic Medical Sciences Graduate Program, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Center for Lung Biology, Departments of Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - D J Pleshinger
- Center for Lung Biology, Departments of Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Pharmacology and Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - S C Johnson
- Basic Medical Sciences Graduate Program, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Pharmacology and Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - S J Leavesley
- Basic Medical Sciences Graduate Program, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Center for Lung Biology, Departments of Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Pharmacology and Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - T C Rich
- Basic Medical Sciences Graduate Program, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Center for Lung Biology, Departments of Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Pharmacology and Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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6
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Expanding the Toolkit of Fluorescent Biosensors for Studying Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155350. [PMID: 32731410 PMCID: PMC7432370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are key regulators of numerous biological processes in plants. To better understand the mechanisms by which these kinases function, high resolution measurement of MAPK activation kinetics in different biological contexts would be beneficial. One method to measure MAPK activation in plants is via fluorescence-based genetically-encoded biosensors, which can provide real-time readouts of the temporal and spatial dynamics of kinase activation in living tissue. Although fluorescent biosensors have been widely used to study MAPK dynamics in animal cells, there is currently only one MAPK biosensor that has been described for use in plants. To facilitate creation of additional plant-specific MAPK fluorescent biosensors, we report the development of two new tools: an in vitro assay for efficiently characterizing MAPK docking domains and a translocation-based kinase biosensor for use in plants. The implementation of these two methods has allowed us to expand the available pool of plant MAPK biosensors, while also providing a means to generate more specific and selective MAPK biosensors in the future. Biosensors developed using these methods have the potential to enhance our understanding of the roles MAPKs play in diverse plant signaling networks affecting growth, development, and stress response.
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7
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Back to the Future: Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Proteins as Inert Tracers of the Intracellular Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114164. [PMID: 32545175 PMCID: PMC7312867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, the discovery and development of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins (FPs) has brought a revolution into our ability to study biologic phenomena directly within living matter. First, FPs enabled fluorescence-labeling of a variety of molecules of interest to study their localization, interactions and dynamic behavior at various scales-from cells to whole organisms/animals. Then, rationally engineered FP-based sensors facilitated the measurement of physicochemical parameters of living matter-especially at the intracellular level, such as ion concentration, temperature, viscosity, pressure, etc. In addition, FPs were exploited as inert tracers of the intracellular environment in which they are expressed. This oft-neglected role is made possible by two distinctive features of FPs: (i) the quite null, unspecific interactions of their characteristic β-barrel structure with the molecular components of the cellular environment; and (ii) their compatibility with the use of time-resolved fluorescence-based optical microscopy techniques. This review seeks to highlight the potential of such unique combinations of properties and report on the most significative and original applications (and related advancements of knowledge) produced to date. It is envisioned that the use of FPs as inert tracers of living matter structural organization holds a potential for several lines of further development in the next future, discussed in the last section of the review, which in turn can lead to new breakthroughs in bioimaging.
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8
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Zhang L, Takahashi Y, Hsu PK, Kollist H, Merilo E, Krysan PJ, Schroeder JI. FRET kinase sensor development reveals SnRK2/OST1 activation by ABA but not by MeJA and high CO 2 during stomatal closure. eLife 2020; 9:e56351. [PMID: 32463362 PMCID: PMC7289597 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sucrose-non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase-2s (SnRK2s) are critical for plant abiotic stress responses, including abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Here, we develop a genetically encoded reporter for SnRK2 kinase activity. This sensor, named SNACS, shows an increase in the ratio of yellow to cyan fluorescence emission by OST1/SnRK2.6-mediated phosphorylation of a defined serine residue in SNACS. ABA rapidly increases FRET efficiency in N. benthamiana leaf cells and Arabidopsis guard cells. Interestingly, protein kinase inhibition decreases FRET efficiency in guard cells, providing direct experimental evidence that basal SnRK2 activity prevails in guard cells. Moreover, in contrast to ABA, the stomatal closing stimuli, elevated CO2 and MeJA, did not increase SNACS FRET ratios. These findings and gas exchange analyses of quintuple/sextuple ABA receptor mutants show that stomatal CO2 signaling requires basal ABA and SnRK2 signaling, but not SnRK2 activation. A recent model that CO2 signaling is mediated by PYL4/PYL5 ABA-receptors could not be supported here in two independent labs. We report a potent approach for real-time live-cell investigations of stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Po-Kai Hsu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Ebe Merilo
- Institute of Technology, University of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Patrick J Krysan
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
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9
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Keyes J, Ganesan A, Molinar-Inglis O, Hamidzadeh A, Zhang J, Ling M, Trejo J, Levchenko A, Zhang J. Signaling diversity enabled by Rap1-regulated plasma membrane ERK with distinct temporal dynamics. eLife 2020; 9:57410. [PMID: 32452765 PMCID: PMC7289600 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of different signals induce specific responses through a common, extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent cascade. It has been suggested that signaling specificity can be achieved through precise temporal regulation of ERK activity. Given the wide distrubtion of ERK susbtrates across different subcellular compartments, it is important to understand how ERK activity is temporally regulated at specific subcellular locations. To address this question, we have expanded the toolbox of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-based ERK biosensors by creating a series of improved biosensors targeted to various subcellular regions via sequence specific motifs to measure spatiotemporal changes in ERK activity. Using these sensors, we showed that EGF induces sustained ERK activity near the plasma membrane in sharp contrast to the transient activity observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Furthermore, EGF-induced plasma membrane ERK activity involves Rap1, a noncanonical activator, and controls cell morphology and EGF-induced membrane protrusion dynamics. Our work strongly supports that spatial and temporal regulation of ERK activity is integrated to control signaling specificity from a single extracellular signal to multiple cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Keyes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Ambhighainath Ganesan
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Olivia Molinar-Inglis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Archer Hamidzadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Jinfan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Megan Ling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
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10
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MacNevin CJ, Watanabe T, Weitzman M, Gulyani A, Fuehrer S, Pinkin NK, Tian X, Liu F, Jin J, Hahn KM. Membrane-Permeant, Environment-Sensitive Dyes Generate Biosensors within Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7275-7282. [PMID: 30994345 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dyes with environment-sensitive fluorescence have proven useful to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of protein activity in living cells. When attached to proteins, their fluorescence can reflect protein conformational changes, post-translational modifications, or protein interactions. However, the utility of such dye-protein conjugates has been limited because it is difficult to load them into cells. They usually must be introduced using techniques that perturb cell physiology, limit throughput, or generate fluorescent vesicles (e.g., electroporation, microinjection, or membrane transduction peptides). Here we circumvent these problems by modifying a proven, environment-sensitive biosensor fluorophore so that it can pass through cell membranes without staining intracellular compartments and can be attached to proteins within living cells using unnatural amino acid (UAA) mutagenesis. Reactive groups were incorporated for attachment to UAAs or small molecules (mero166, azide; mero167, alkyne; mero76, carboxylic acid). These dyes are bright and fluoresce at long wavelengths (reaching ε = 100 000 M-1 cm-1, ϕ = 0.24, with excitation 565 nm and emission 594 nm). The utility of mero166 was demonstrated by in-cell labeling of a UAA to generate a biosensor for the small GTPase Cdc42. In addition, conjugation of mero166 to a small molecule produced a membrane-permeable probe that reported the localization of the DNA methyltransferase G9a in cells. This approach provides a strategy to access biosensors for many targets and to more practically harness the varied environmental sensitivities of synthetic dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J MacNevin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Matthew Weitzman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Akash Gulyani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Sheryl Fuehrer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Nicholas K Pinkin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Xu Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Feng Liu
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Klaus M Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
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11
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Zaman N, Seitz K, Kabir M, George-Schreder LS, Shepstone I, Liu Y, Zhang S, Krysan PJ. A Förster resonance energy transfer sensor for live-cell imaging of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:970-983. [PMID: 30444549 PMCID: PMC6750906 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is dynamically modified in plants. Since MAPKs have been shown to play important roles in a wide range of signaling pathways, the ability to monitor MAPK activity in living plant cells would be valuable. Here, we report the development of a genetically encoded MAPK activity sensor for use in Arabidopsis thaliana. The sensor is composed of yellow and blue fluorescent proteins, a phosphopeptide binding domain, a MAPK substrate domain and a flexible linker. Using in vitro testing, we demonstrated that phosphorylation causes an increase in the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency of the sensor. The FRET efficiency can therefore serve as a readout of kinase activity. We also produced transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing this sensor of MAPK activity (SOMA) and performed live-cell imaging experiments using detached cotyledons. Treatment with NaCl, the synthetic flagellin peptide flg22 and chitin all led to rapid gains in FRET efficiency. Control lines expressing a version of SOMA in which the phosphosite was mutated to an alanine did not show any substantial changes in FRET. We also expressed the sensor in a conditional loss-of-function double-mutant line for the Arabidopsis MAPK genes MPK3 and MPK6. These experiments demonstrated that MPK3/6 are necessary for the NaCl-induced FRET gain of the sensor, while other MAPKs are probably contributing to the chitin and flg22-induced increases in FRET. Taken together, our results suggest that SOMA is able to dynamically report MAPK activity in living plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najia Zaman
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kati Seitz
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mohiuddin Kabir
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Ian Shepstone
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yidong Liu
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Patrick J. Krysan
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- For correspondence ()
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12
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Strömblad S, Lock JG. Using Systems Microscopy to Understand the Emergence of Cell Migration from Cell Organization. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1749:119-134. [PMID: 29525994 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7701-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is a dynamic process that emerges from fine-tuned networks coordinated in three-dimensional space, spanning molecular, subcellular, and cellular scales, and over multiple temporal scales, from milliseconds to days. Understanding how cell migration arises from this complexity requires data collection and analyses that quantitatively integrate these spatial and temporal scales. To meet this need, we have combined quantitative live and fixed cell fluorescence microscopy, customized image analysis tools, multivariate statistical methods, and mathematical modeling. Collectively, this constitutes the systems microscopy strategy that we have applied to dissect how cells organize themselves to migrate. In this overview, we highlight key principles, concepts, and components of our systems microscopy methodology, and exemplify what we have learnt so far and where this approach may lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Strömblad
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - John G Lock
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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13
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Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime (FLT) is a robust intrinsic property and material constant of fluorescent matter. Measuring this important physical indicator has evolved from a laboratory curiosity to a powerful and established technique for a variety of applications in drug discovery, medical diagnostics and basic biological research. This distinct trend was mainly driven by improved and meanwhile affordable laser and detection instrumentation on the one hand, and the development of suitable FLT probes and biological assays on the other. In this process two essential working approaches emerged. The first one is primarily focused on high throughput applications employing biochemical in vitro assays with no requirement for high spatial resolution. The second even more dynamic trend is the significant expansion of assay methods combining highly time and spatially resolved fluorescence data by fluorescence lifetime imaging. The latter approach is currently pursued to enable not only the investigation of immortal tumor cell lines, but also specific tissues or even organs in living animals. This review tries to give an actual overview about the current status of FLT based bioassays and the wide range of application opportunities in biomedical and life science areas. In addition, future trends of FLT technologies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Haardtring 100, D-64295 Darmstadt, Germany
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14
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Integrating cell biology and proteomic approaches in plants. J Proteomics 2017; 169:165-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Ni Q, Mehta S, Zhang J. Live-cell imaging of cell signaling using genetically encoded fluorescent reporters. FEBS J 2017; 285:203-219. [PMID: 28613457 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic advances in fluorescent protein engineering and live-cell imaging techniques in recent years have fueled the concurrent development and application of genetically encoded fluorescent reporters that are tailored for tracking signaling dynamics in living systems over multiple length and time scales. These biosensors are uniquely suited for this challenging task, owing to their specificity, sensitivity, and versatility, as well as to the noninvasive and nondestructive nature of fluorescence and the power of genetic encoding. Over the past 10 years, a growing number of fluorescent reporters have been developed for tracking a wide range of biological signals in living cells and animals, including second messenger and metabolite dynamics, enzyme activation and activity, and cell cycle progression and neuronal activity. Many of these biosensors are gaining wide use and are proving to be indispensable for unraveling the complex biological functions of individual signaling molecules in their native environment, the living cell, shedding new light on the structural and molecular underpinnings of cell signaling. In this review, we highlight recent advances in protein engineering that are likely to help expand and improve the design and application of these valuable tools. We then turn our focus to specific examples of live-cell imaging using genetically encoded fluorescent reporters as an important platform for advancing our understanding of G protein-coupled receptor signaling and neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sohum Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Hiratsuka T, Sano T, Kato H, Komatsu N, Imajo M, Kamioka Y, Sumiyama K, Banno F, Miyata T, Matsuda M. Live imaging of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and protein kinase A activities during thrombus formation in mice expressing biosensors based on Förster resonance energy transfer. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:1487-1499. [PMID: 28453888 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Spatiotemporal regulation of protein kinases during thrombus formation remains elusive in vivo. Activities of protein kinases were live imaged in mouse platelets at laser-ablated arterioles. Protein kinase A was activated in the dislodging platelets at the downstream side of the thrombus. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase was activated at the core of contracting platelet aggregates. SUMMARY Background The dynamic features of thrombus formation have been visualized by conventional video widefield microscopy or confocal microscopy in live mice. However, owing to technical limitations, the precise spatiotemporal regulation of intracellular signaling molecule activities, which have been extensively studied in vitro, remains elusive in vivo. Objectives To visualize, by the use of two-photon excitation microscopy of transgenic mice expressing Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors for extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase A (PKA), ERK and PKA activities during thrombus formation in laser-injured subcutaneous arterioles. Results When a core of densely packed platelets had developed, ERK activity was increased from the basal region close to the injured arterioles. PKA was activated at the downstream side of an unstable shell overlaying the core of platelets. Intravenous administration of a MEK inhibitor, PD0325901, suppressed platelet tethering and dislodged platelet aggregates, indicating that ERK activity is indispensable for both initiation and maintenance of the thrombus. A cAMP analog, dbcAMP, inhibited platelet tethering but failed to dislodge the preformed platelet aggregates, suggesting that PKA can antagonize thrombus formation only in the early phase. Conclusion In vivo imaging of transgenic mice expressing FRET biosensors will open a new opportunity to visualize the spatiotemporal changes in signaling molecule activities not only during thrombus formation but also in other hematologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hiratsuka
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - T Sano
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - H Kato
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - N Komatsu
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Imajo
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y Kamioka
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K Sumiyama
- Laboratory for Mouse Genetic Engineering, Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - F Banno
- Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Miyata
- Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Matsuda
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Fiedler BL, Van Buskirk S, Carter KP, Qin Y, Carpenter MC, Palmer AE, Jimenez R. Droplet Microfluidic Flow Cytometer For Sorting On Transient Cellular Responses Of Genetically-Encoded Sensors. Anal Chem 2017; 89:711-719. [PMID: 27959493 PMCID: PMC6019271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent biosensors are important measurement tools for in vivo quantification of pH, concentrations of metal ions and other analytes, and physical parameters such as membrane potential. Both the development of these sensors and their implementation in examining cellular heterogeneity requires technology for measuring and sorting cells based on the fluorescence levels before and after chemical or physical perturbations. We developed a droplet microfluidic platform for the screening and separation of cell populations on the basis of the in vivo response of expressed fluorescence-based biosensors after addition of an exogenous analyte. We demonstrate the capability to resolve the responses of two genetically encoded Zn2+ sensors at a range of time points spanning several seconds and subsequently sort a mixed-cell population of varying ratios with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett L. Fiedler
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder CO 80309
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309
| | | | - Kyle P. Carter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80303
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208
| | - Margaret C. Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80303
| | - Amy E. Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80303
| | - Ralph Jimenez
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder CO 80309
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309
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18
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Li C, Imanishi A, Komatsu N, Terai K, Amano M, Kaibuchi K, Matsuda M. A FRET Biosensor for ROCK Based on a Consensus Substrate Sequence Identified by KISS Technology. Cell Struct Funct 2017; 42:1-13. [DOI: 10.1247/csf.16016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Li
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
| | - Ayako Imanishi
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
| | - Naoki Komatsu
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
| | - Kenta Terai
- Imaging Platform for Spatio-Temporal Information, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Mutsuki Amano
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
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19
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Rodriguez EA, Campbell RE, Lin JY, Lin MZ, Miyawaki A, Palmer AE, Shu X, Zhang J, Tsien RY. The Growing and Glowing Toolbox of Fluorescent and Photoactive Proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 42:111-129. [PMID: 27814948 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, protein engineering has been extensively used to improve and modify the fundamental properties of fluorescent proteins (FPs) with the goal of adapting them for a fantastic range of applications. FPs have been modified by a combination of rational design, structure-based mutagenesis, and countless cycles of directed evolution (gene diversification followed by selection of clones with desired properties) that have collectively pushed the properties to photophysical and biochemical extremes. In this review, we provide both a summary of the progress that has been made during the past two decades, and a broad overview of the current state of FP development and applications in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Robert E Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - John Y Lin
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia.
| | - Michael Z Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Amy E Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA.
| | - Xiaokun Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Roger Y Tsien
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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20
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Yamao M, Aoki K, Yukinawa N, Ishii S, Matsuda M, Naoki H. Two New FRET Imaging Measures: Linearly Proportional to and Highly Contrasting the Fraction of Active Molecules. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164254. [PMID: 27780260 PMCID: PMC5079603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed two new FRET imaging measures for intramolecular FRET biosensors, called linearly proportional (LP) and highly contrasting (HC) measures, which can be easily calculated by the fluorescence intensities of donor and acceptor as a ratio between their weighted sums. As an alternative to the conventional ratiometric measure, which non-linearly depends on the fraction of active molecule, we first developed the LP measure, which is linearly proportional to the fraction of active molecules. The LP measure inherently unmixes bleed-through signals and is robust against fluorescence noise. By extending the LP measure, we furthermore designed the HC measure, which provides highly contrasting images of the molecular activity, more than the ratiometric measure. In addition to their advantages, these measures are insensitive to the biosensor expression level, which is a fundamental property of the ratiometric measure. Using artificial data and FRET imaging data, we showed that the LP measure effectively represents the fraction of active molecules and that the HC measure improves visual interpretability by providing high contrast images of molecular activity. Therefore, the LP and HC measures allow us to gain more quantitative and qualitative insights from FRET imaging than the ratiometric measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Yamao
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoto Yukinawa
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Kunigami, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Shin Ishii
- Imaging Platform for Spatio-temporal Information, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Imaging Platform for Spatio-temporal Information, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Honda Naoki
- Imaging Platform for Spatio-temporal Information, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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21
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Liu C, Gong X, Lin R, Liu F, Chen J, Wang Z, Song L, Chu J. Advances in Imaging Techniques and Genetically Encoded Probes for Photoacoustic Imaging. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:2414-2430. [PMID: 27877244 PMCID: PMC5118604 DOI: 10.7150/thno.15878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a rapidly emerging biomedical imaging modality that is capable of visualizing cellular and molecular functions with high detection sensitivity and spatial resolution in deep tissue. Great efforts and progress have been made on the development of various PA imaging technologies with improved resolution and sensitivity over the past two decades. Various PA probes with high contrast have also been extensively developed, with many important biomedical applications. In comparison with chemical dyes and nanoparticles, genetically encoded probes offer easier labeling of defined cells within tissues or proteins of interest within a cell, have higher stability in vivo, and eliminate the need for delivery of exogenous substances. Genetically encoded probes have thus attracted increasing attention from researchers in engineering and biomedicine. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the existing PA imaging technologies and genetically encoded PA probes, and describe further improvements in PA imaging techniques and the near-infrared photochromic protein BphP1, the most sensitive genetically encoded probe thus far, as well as the potential biomedical applications of BphP1-based PA imaging in vivo.
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22
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Handly LN, Yao J, Wollman R. Signal Transduction at the Single-Cell Level: Approaches to Study the Dynamic Nature of Signaling Networks. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3669-82. [PMID: 27430597 PMCID: PMC5023475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction, or how cells interpret and react to external events, is a fundamental aspect of cellular function. Traditional study of signal transduction pathways involves mapping cellular signaling pathways at the population level. However, population-averaged readouts do not adequately illuminate the complex dynamics and heterogeneous responses found at the single-cell level. Recent technological advances that observe cellular response, computationally model signaling pathways, and experimentally manipulate cells now enable studying signal transduction at the single-cell level. These studies will enable deeper insights into the dynamic nature of signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Naomi Handly
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QCB), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jason Yao
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QCB), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Roy Wollman
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QCB), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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23
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Lin H, Zhang R, Gunn JR, Esipova TV, Vinogradov S, Gladstone DJ, Jarvis LA, Pogue BW. Comparison of Cherenkov excited fluorescence and phosphorescence molecular sensing from tissue with external beam irradiation. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:3955-68. [PMID: 27120085 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/10/3955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation delivered by a medical linear accelerator (LINAC) generates Cherenkov emission within the treated tissue. A fraction of this light, in the 600-900 nm wavelength region, propagates through centimeters of tissue and can be used to excite optical probes in vivo, enabling molecular sensing of tissue analytes. The success of isolating the emission signal from this Cherenkov excitation background is dependent on key factors such as: (i) the Stokes shift of the probe spectra; (ii) the excited state lifetime; (iii) the probe concentration; (iv) the depth below the tissue surface; and (v) the radiation dose used. Previous studies have exclusively focused on imaging phosphorescent dyes, rather than fluorescent dyes. However there are only a few biologically important phosphorescent dyes and yet in comparison there are thousands of biologically relevant fluorescent dyes. So in this study the focus was a study of efficacy of Cherenkov-excited luminescence using fluorescent commercial near-infrared probes, IRDye 680RD, IRDye 700DX, and IRDye 800CW, and comparing them to the well characterized phosphorescent probe Oxyphor PtG4, an oxygen sensitive dye. Each probe was excited by Cherenkov light from a 6 MV external radiation beam, and measured in continuous wave or time-gated modes. The detection was performed by spectrally resolving the luminescence signals, and measuring them with spectrometer-based separation on an ICCD detector. The results demonstrate that IRDye 700DX and PtG4 allowed for the maximal signal to noise ratio. In the case of the phosphorescent probe, PtG4, with emission decays on the microsecond (μs) time scale, time-gated acquisition was possible, and it allowed for higher efficacy in terms of the probe concentration and detection depth. Phantoms containing the probe at 5 mm depth could be detected at concentrations down to the nanoMolar range, and at depths into the tissue simulating phantom near 3 cm. In vivo studies showed that 5 nmol of dye was readily detected with radiation doses less than 5 cGy. Since concentration, radiation dose and depth each contribute to the level of the detected signal, it may be possible to improve any of these parameters at expense of the others. This paradigm of nanoMolar sensitivity for optical reporters in vivo introduces the concept of molecular sensing of tumors during therapy or diagnostically with biologically relevant concentrations of fluorescent reporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Lin
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. MOE Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fujian 350007, People's Republic of China
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24
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Design and development of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors to monitor intracellular chemical and physical parameters. Biophys Rev 2016; 8:121-138. [PMID: 28510054 PMCID: PMC4884202 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-016-0195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades many researchers have made major contributions towards the development of genetically encoded (GE) fluorescent sensors derived from fluorescent proteins. GE sensors are now used to study biological phenomena by facilitating the measurement of biochemical behaviors at various scales, ranging from single molecules to single cells or even whole animals. Here, we review the historical development of GE fluorescent sensors and report on their current status. We specifically focus on the development strategies of the GE sensors used for measuring pH, ion concentrations (e.g., chloride and calcium), redox indicators, membrane potential, temperature, pressure, and molecular crowding. We demonstrate that these fluroescent protein-based sensors have a shared history of concepts and development strategies, and we highlight the most original concepts used to date. We believe that the understanding and application of these various concepts will pave the road for the development of future GE sensors and lead to new breakthroughs in bioimaging.
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25
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Takaoka S, Kamioka Y, Takakura K, Baba A, Shime H, Seya T, Matsuda M. Live imaging of transforming growth factor-β activated kinase 1 activation in Lewis lung carcinoma 3LL cells implanted into syngeneic mice and treated with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:644-52. [PMID: 26931406 PMCID: PMC4970831 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor‐β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) has been shown to play a crucial role in cell death, differentiation, and inflammation. Here, we live‐imaged robust TAK1 activation in Lewis lung carcinoma 3LL cells implanted into the s.c. tissue of syngeneic C57BL/6 mice and treated with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C). First, we developed and characterized a Förster resonance energy transfer‐based biosensor for TAK1 activity. The TAK1 biosensor, named Eevee‐TAK1, responded to stress‐inducing reagents such as anisomycin, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and interleukin1‐β. The anisomycin‐induced increase in Förster resonance energy transfer was abolished by the TAK1 inhibitor (5z)‐7‐oxozeaenol. Activity of TAK1 in 3LL cells was markedly increased by PolyI:C in the presence of macrophages. 3LL cells expressing Eevee‐TAK1 were implanted into mice and observed through imaging window by two‐photon excitation microscopy. During the growth of tumor, the 3LL cells at the periphery of the tumor showed higher TAK1 activity than the 3LL cells located at the center of the tumor, suggesting that cells at the periphery of the tumor mass were under stronger stress. Injection of PolyI:C, which is known to induce regression of the implanted tumors, induced marked and homogenous TAK1 activation within the tumor tissues. The effect of PolyI:C faded within 4 days. These observations suggest that Eevee‐TAK1 is a versatile tool to monitor cellular stress in cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Takaoka
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamioka
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanako Takakura
- Imaging Platform for Spatio-Temporal Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ai Baba
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shime
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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26
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MacNevin CJ, Toutchkine A, Marston DJ, Hsu CW, Tsygankov D, Li L, Liu B, Qi T, Nguyen DV, Hahn KM. Ratiometric Imaging Using a Single Dye Enables Simultaneous Visualization of Rac1 and Cdc42 Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2571-5. [PMID: 26863024 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors that report endogenous protein activity in vivo can be based on environment-sensing fluorescent dyes. The dyes can be attached to reagents that bind selectively to a specific conformation of the targeted protein, such that binding leads to a fluorescence change. Dyes that are sufficiently bright for use at low, nonperturbing intracellular concentrations typically undergo changes in intensity rather than the shifts in excitation or emission maxima that would enable precise quantitation through ratiometric imaging. We report here mero199, an environment-sensing dye that undergoes a 33 nm solvent-dependent shift in excitation. The dye was used to generate a ratiometric biosensor of Cdc42 (CRIB199) without the need for additional fluorophores. CRIB199 was used in the same cell with a FRET sensor of Rac1 activation to simultaneously observe Cdc42 and Rac1 activity in cellular protrusions, indicating that Rac1 but not Cdc42 activity was reduced during tail retraction, and specific protrusions had reduced Cdc42 activity. A novel program (EdgeProps) used to correlate localized activation with cell edge dynamics indicated that Rac1 was specifically reduced during retraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J MacNevin
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alexei Toutchkine
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Daniel J Marston
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Chia-Wen Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Denis Tsygankov
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Timothy Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Dan-Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Klaus M Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Gomez EJ, Gerhardt K, Judd J, Tabor JJ, Suh J. Light-Activated Nuclear Translocation of Adeno-Associated Virus Nanoparticles Using Phytochrome B for Enhanced, Tunable, and Spatially Programmable Gene Delivery. ACS NANO 2016; 10:225-237. [PMID: 26618393 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gene delivery vectors that are activated by external stimuli may allow improved control over the location and the degree of gene expression in target populations of cells. Light is an attractive stimulus because it does not cross-react with cellular signaling networks, has negligible toxicity, is noninvasive, and can be applied in space and time with unparalleled precision. We used the previously engineered red (R)/far-red (FR) light-switchable protein phytochrome B (PhyB) and its R light dependent interaction partner phytochrome interacting factor 6 (PIF6) from Arabidopsis thaliana to engineer an adeno-associated virus (AAV) platform whose gene delivery efficiency is controlled by light. Upon exposure to R light, AAV engineered to display PIF6 motifs on the capsid bind to PhyB tagged with a nuclear localization sequence (NLS), resulting in significantly increased translocation of viruses into the host cell nucleus and overall gene delivery efficiency. By modulating the ratio of R to FR light, the gene delivery efficiency can be tuned to as little as 35% or over 600% of the unengineered AAV. We also demonstrate spatial control of gene delivery using projected patterns of codelivered R and FR light. Overall, our successful use of light-switchable proteins in virus capsid engineering extends these important optogenetic tools into the adjacent realm of nucleic acid delivery and enables enhanced, tunable, and spatially controllable regulation of viral gene delivery. Our current light-triggered viral gene delivery prototype may be broadly useful for genetic manipulation of cells ex vivo or in vivo in transgenic model organisms, with the ultimate prospect of achieving dose- and site-specific gene expression profiles for either therapeutic (e.g., regenerative medicine) or fundamental discovery research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Gomez
- Department of Bioengineering, ‡Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, and §Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Karl Gerhardt
- Department of Bioengineering, ‡Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, and §Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Justin Judd
- Department of Bioengineering, ‡Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, and §Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Tabor
- Department of Bioengineering, ‡Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, and §Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Junghae Suh
- Department of Bioengineering, ‡Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, and §Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Vandame P, Spriet C, Trinel D, Gelaude A, Caillau K, Bompard C, Biondi E, Bodart JF. The spatio-temporal dynamics of PKA activity profile during mitosis and its correlation to chromosome segregation. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3232-40. [PMID: 25485503 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.950907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic adenosine monophosphate dependent kinase protein (PKA) controls a variety of cellular processes including cell cycle regulation. Here, we took advantages of genetically encoded FRET-based biosensors, using an AKAR-derived biosensor to characterize PKA activity during mitosis in living HeLa cells using a single-cell approach. We measured PKA activity changes during mitosis. HeLa cells exhibit a substantial increase during mitosis, which ends with telophase. An AKAREV T>A inactive form of the biosensor and H89 inhibitor were used to ascertain for the specificity of the PKA activity measured. On a spatial point of view, high levels of activity near to chromosomal plate during metaphase and anaphase were detected. By using the PKA inhibitor H89, we assessed the role of PKA in the maintenance of a proper division phenotype. While this treatment in our hands did not impaired cell cycle progression in a drastic manner, inhibition of PKA leads to a dramatic increase in chromososme misalignement on the spindle during metaphase that could result in aneuploidies. Our study emphasizes the insights that can be gained with genetically encoded FRET-based biosensors, which enable to overcome the shortcomings of classical methologies and unveil in vivo PKA spatiotemporal profiles in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Vandame
- a Laboratoire de Régulation des Signaux de division; EA4479; Université Lille1; Université Lille Nord de France; Villeneuve d'Ascq, France Institut Fédératif de Recherche (IFR)147; Site de Recherche Intégré en Cancérologie (SIRIC) ONCOLILLE
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29
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Kolch W, Halasz M, Granovskaya M, Kholodenko BN. The dynamic control of signal transduction networks in cancer cells. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:515-27. [PMID: 26289315 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is often considered a genetic disease. However, much of the enormous plasticity of cancer cells to evolve different phenotypes, to adapt to challenging microenvironments and to withstand therapeutic assaults is encoded by the structure and spatiotemporal dynamics of signal transduction networks. In this Review, we discuss recent concepts concerning how the rich signalling dynamics afforded by these networks are regulated and how they impinge on cancer cell proliferation, survival, invasiveness and drug resistance. Understanding this dynamic circuitry by mathematical modelling could pave the way to new therapeutic approaches and personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular &Biomedical Research, University College Dublin
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Marina Granovskaya
- Roche Moscow Limited, Business Center Neglinnaya Plaza, Building 2, Trubnaya Square, 107031 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris N Kholodenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular &Biomedical Research, University College Dublin
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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30
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Abstract
Convergent advances in optical imaging and genetic engineering have fueled the development of new technologies for biological visualization. Those technologies include genetically encoded indicators based on fluorescent proteins (FPs) for imaging ions, molecules, and enzymatic activities "to spy on cells," as phrased by Roger Tsien, by sneaking into specific tissues, cell types, or subcellular compartments, and reporting on specific intracellular activities. Here we review the current range of unimolecular indicators whose working principle is the conversion of a protein conformational change into a fluorescence signal. Many of the indicators have been developed from fluorescence resonance energy transfer- and single-FP-based approaches.
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31
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Pouvreau S. Spatiotemporal mapping of PKA activity using biosensors. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:471. [PMID: 25692715 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1006555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Pouvreau
- a University of Bordeaux ; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience ; UMR 5297; Bordeaux , France
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32
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Nunes AR, Holmes AP, Conde SV, Gauda EB, Monteiro EC. Revisiting cAMP signaling in the carotid body. Front Physiol 2014; 5:406. [PMID: 25389406 PMCID: PMC4211388 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic carotid body (CB) activation is now recognized as being essential in the development of hypertension and promoting insulin resistance; thus, it is imperative to characterize the chemotransduction mechanisms of this organ in order to modulate its activity and improve patient outcomes. For several years, and although controversial, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was considered an important player in initiating the activation of the CB. However, its relevance was partially displaced in the 90s by the emerging role of the mitochondria and molecules such as AMP-activated protein kinase and O2-sensitive K+ channels. Neurotransmitters/neuromodulators binding to metabotropic receptors are essential to chemotransmission in the CB, and cAMP is central to this process. cAMP also contributes to raise intracellular Ca2+ levels, and is intimately related to the cellular energetic status (AMP/ATP ratio). Furthermore, cAMP signaling is a target of multiple current pharmacological agents used in clinical practice. This review (1) provides an outline on the classical view of the cAMP-signaling pathway in the CB that originally supported its role in the O2/CO2 sensing mechanism, (2) presents recent evidence on CB cAMP neuromodulation and (3) discusses how CB activity is affected by current clinical therapies that modify cAMP-signaling, namely dopaminergic drugs, caffeine (modulation of A2A/A2B receptors) and roflumilast (PDE4 inhibitors). cAMP is key to any process that involves metabotropic receptors and the intracellular pathways involved in CB disease states are likely to involve this classical second messenger. Research examining the potential modification of cAMP levels and/or interactions with molecules associated with CB hyperactivity is currently in its beginning and this review will open doors for future explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Nunes
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andrew P Holmes
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK
| | - Sílvia V Conde
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Estelle B Gauda
- Neonatology Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
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Sands B, Jenkins P, Peria WJ, Naivar M, Houston JP, Brent R. Measuring and sorting cell populations expressing isospectral fluorescent proteins with different fluorescence lifetimes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109940. [PMID: 25302964 PMCID: PMC4193854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Study of signal transduction in live cells benefits from the ability to visualize and quantify light emitted by fluorescent proteins (XFPs) fused to different signaling proteins. However, because cell signaling proteins are often present in small numbers, and because the XFPs themselves are poor fluorophores, the amount of emitted light, and the observable signal in these studies, is often small. An XFP's fluorescence lifetime contains additional information about the immediate environment of the fluorophore that can augment the information from its weak light signal. Here, we constructed and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae variants of Teal Fluorescent Protein (TFP) and Citrine that were isospectral but had shorter fluorescence lifetimes, ∼1.5 ns vs ∼3 ns. We modified microscopic and flow cytometric instruments to measure fluorescence lifetimes in live cells. We developed digital hardware and a measure of lifetime called a “pseudophasor” that we could compute quickly enough to permit sorting by lifetime in flow. We used these abilities to sort mixtures of cells expressing TFP and the short-lifetime TFP variant into subpopulations that were respectively 97% and 94% pure. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using information about fluorescence lifetime to help quantify cell signaling in living cells at the high throughput provided by flow cytometry. Moreover, it demonstrates the feasibility of isolating and recovering subpopulations of cells with different XFP lifetimes for subsequent experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Sands
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Patrick Jenkins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - William J. Peria
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mark Naivar
- Darkling X, LLC, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jessica P. Houston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Roger Brent
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Housden BE, Perrimon N. Spatial and temporal organization of signaling pathways. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:457-64. [PMID: 25155749 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development and maintenance of the many different cell types in metazoan organisms requires robust and diverse intercellular communication mechanisms. Relatively few such signaling pathways have been identified, leading to the question of how such a broad diversity of output is generated from relatively simple signals. Recent studies have revealed complex mechanisms integrating temporal and spatial information to generate diversity in signaling pathway output. We review some general principles of signaling pathways, focusing on transcriptional outputs in Drosophila. We consider the role of spatial and temporal aspects of different transduction pathways and then discuss how recently developed tools and approaches are helping to dissect the complex mechanisms linking pathway stimulation to output.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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35
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Sample V, Mehta S, Zhang J. Genetically encoded molecular probes to visualize and perturb signaling dynamics in living biological systems. Development 2014. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.110239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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