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Lin C, Merley A, Jaminet SS. TM4SF1 is a molecular facilitator that distributes cargo proteins intracellularly in endothelial cells in support of blood vessel formation. J Cell Commun Signal 2024; 18:e12031. [PMID: 38946725 PMCID: PMC11208120 DOI: 10.1002/ccs3.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane-4 L-six family member-1 (TM4SF1) is an atypical tetraspanin that is highly and selectively expressed in proliferating endothelial cells and plays an essential role in blood vessel development. TM4SF1 forms clusters on the cell surface called TMED (TM4SF1-enriched microdomains) and recruits other proteins that internalize along with TM4SF1 via microtubules to intracellular locations including the nucleus. We report here that tumor growth and wound healing are inhibited in Tm4sf1-heterozygous mice. Investigating the mechanisms of TM4SF1 activity, we show that 12 out of 18 signaling molecules examined are recruited to TMED on the surface of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and internalize along with TMED; notable among them are PLCγ and HDAC6. When TM4SF1 is knocked down in HUVEC, microtubules are heavily acetylated despite normal levels of HDAC6 protein, and, despite normal levels of VEGFR2, are unable to proliferate. Together, our studies indicate that pathological angiogenesis is inhibited when levels of TM4SF1 are reduced as in Tm4sf1-heterozygous mice; a likely mechanism is that TM4SF1 regulates the intracellular distribution of signaling molecules necessary for endothelial cell proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi‐Iou Lin
- Center for Vascular Biology Research and Department of PathologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of AnesthesiologyRiverview HospitalNoblesvilleIndianaUSA
| | - Anne Merley
- Center for Vascular Biology Research and Department of PathologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Center for Animal Resources and EducationBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Shou‐Ching S. Jaminet
- Center for Vascular Biology Research and Department of PathologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Biology DepartmentAngiex Inc.CambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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2
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Liu C, Yuan W, Yang H, Ni J, Tang L, Zhao H, Neumann D, Ding X, Zhu L. Associating bovine herpesvirus 1 envelope glycoprotein gD with activated phospho-PLC-γ1(S1248). Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0196323. [PMID: 37655900 PMCID: PMC10580943 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01963-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLC-γ1) may locate at distinct subcellular locations, such as cytosol, plasma membrane, and nucleus for varied biological functions. Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) productive infection activates PLC-γ1 signaling, as demonstrated by increased protein levels of phosphorylated-PLC-γ1 at Ser1248 [p-PLC-γ1(S1248)], which benefits virus productive infection. Here, for the first time, we reported that Golgi apparatus also contains activated p-PLC-γ1(S1248). And BoHV-1 productive infection at later stages (24 hpi) increased the accumulation of p-PLC-γ1(S1248) in the Golgi apparatus, where p-PLC-γ1(S1248) forms highlighted puncta observed via a confocal microscope. Coimmunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that the Golgi p-PLC-γ1(S1248) is specifically associated with the viral protein gD but not gC. In addition, we found that p-PLC-γ1(S1248) is consistently associated with both the plasma membrane-associated virions and the released virions. When the virus-infected cells were treated with PLC-γ1-specific inhibitor, U73122, for a short duration of 4 hours prior to the endpoint of virus infection, we found that the viral protein gD was trapped in the Golgi apparatus, suggesting that the PLC-γ1 signaling may facilitate trafficking of progeny virions out of this organelle. These findings provide a novel insight into the interplay between PLC-γ1 signaling and BoHV-1 replication. IMPORTANCE Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) productive infection increases protein levels of phosphorylated-phospholipase C gamma 1 at Ser1248 [p-PLC-γ1(S1248)]. However, whether it causes any variations to p-PLC-γ1(S1248) localization is not well understood. Here, for the first time, we found that partial p-PLC-γ1(S1248) is residing in the Golgi apparatus, where the accumulation is enhanced by virus infection. p-PLC-γ1(S1248) is consistently associated with virions, partially via binding to gD, in both the Golgi apparatus and cytoplasm membranes. Surprisingly, it also associates with the released virions. Of note, this is the first evidenced BoHV-1 virion-bound host protein. It seems that p-PLC-γ1(S1248) works as an escort during trafficking of progeny virions out of Golgi apparatus to the plasma membranes as well as releasing outside of the cell membranes. Furthermore, we showed that the activated p-PLC-γ1(S1248) is potentially implicated in the transport of virions out of Golgi apparatus, which may represent a novel mechanism to regulate virus productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Weifeng Yuan
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Junqing Ni
- Animal Husbandry and Improved Breeds Work Station of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Linke Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Heci Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Donna Neumann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xiuyan Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Liqian Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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3
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Cai W, Nguyen MQ, Wilski NA, Purwin TJ, Vernon M, Tiago M, Aplin AE. A Genome-Wide Screen Identifies PDPK1 as a Target to Enhance the Efficacy of MEK1/2 Inhibitors in NRAS Mutant Melanoma. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2625-2639. [PMID: 35657206 PMCID: PMC9298960 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Melanomas frequently harbor activating NRAS mutations. However, limited advance has been made in developing targeted therapy options for patients with NRAS mutant melanoma. MEK inhibitors (MEKi) show modest efficacy in the clinic and their actions need to be optimized. In this study, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9-based screen and demonstrated that loss of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDPK1) enhances the efficacy of MEKi. The synergistic effects of PDPK1 loss and MEKi was validated in NRAS mutant melanoma cell lines using pharmacologic and molecular approaches. Combined PDPK1 inhibitors (PDPK1i) with MEKi suppressed NRAS mutant xenograft growth and induced gasdermin E-associated pyroptosis. In an immune-competent allograft model, PDPK1i+MEKi increased the ratio of intratumoral CD8+ T cells, delayed tumor growth, and prolonged survival; the combination treatment was less effective against tumors in immune-deficient mice. These data suggest PDPK1i+MEKi as an efficient immunostimulatory strategy against NRAS mutant melanoma. SIGNIFICANCE Targeting PDPK1 stimulates antitumor immunity and sensitizes NRAS mutant melanoma to MEK inhibition, providing rationale for the clinical development of a combinatorial approach for treating patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Cai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Mai Q. Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Nicole A. Wilski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Timothy J. Purwin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Megane Vernon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Manoela Tiago
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Andrew E. Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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4
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The Landscape of PDK1 in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030811. [PMID: 35159078 PMCID: PMC8834120 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) plays a crucial role in the malignant biological behaviors of a wide range of cancers, we review the influence of PDK1 in breast cancer (BC). First, we describe the power of PDK1 in cellular behaviors and characterize the interaction networks of PDK1. Then, we establish the roles of PDK1 in carcinogenesis, growth and survival, metastasis, and chemoresistance in BC cells. More importantly, we sort the current preclinical or clinical trials of PDK1-targeted therapy in BC and find that, even though no selective PDK1 inhibitor is currently available for BC therapy, the combination trials of PDK1-targeted therapy and other agents have provided some benefit. Thus, there is increasing anticipation that PDK1-targeted therapy will have its space in future therapeutic approaches related to BC, and we hope the novel approaches of targeted therapy will be conducive to ameliorating the dismal prognosis of BC patients.
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5
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Abstract
Phospholipase C γ1 (PLCγ1) is a member of the PLC family that functions as signal transducer by hydrolyzing membrane lipid to generate second messengers. The unique protein structure of PLCγ1 confers a critical role as a direct effector of VEGFR2 and signaling mediated by other receptor tyrosine kinases. The distinct vascular phenotypes in PLCγ1-deficient animal models and the gain-of-function mutations of PLCγ1 found in human endothelial cancers point to a major physiological role of PLCγ1 in the endothelial system. In this review, we discuss aspects of physiological and molecular function centering around PLCγ1 in the context of endothelial cells and provide a perspective for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Chen
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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6
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Kim H, Lee J, Cho Y. PDK1 is a negative regulator of axon regeneration. Mol Brain 2021; 14:31. [PMID: 33579325 PMCID: PMC7881570 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration in the central nervous system is inefficient. However, the neurons in the peripheral nervous system display robust regeneration after injury, indicating that axonal regeneration is differentially controlled under various conditions. To identify those molecules regulating axon regeneration, comparative analysis from dorsal root ganglion neurons at embryonic or adult stages is utilized, which reveals that PDK1 is functions as a negative regulator of axon regeneration. PDK1 is downregulated in embryonic neurons after axotomy. In contrast, sciatic nerve axotomy upregulated PDK1 at protein levels from adult mice. The knockdown of PDK1 or the chemical inhibition of PDK1 promotes axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Here we present PDK1 as a new player to negatively regulate axon regeneration and as a potential target in the development of therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongcheol Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Maffucci T, Falasca M. Inositol Polyphosphate-Based Compounds as Inhibitors of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-Dependent Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7198. [PMID: 33003448 PMCID: PMC7582811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways regulated by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) enzymes have a well-established role in cancer development and progression. Over the past 30 years, the therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway has been well recognized, and this has led to the development of a multitude of drugs, some of which have progressed into clinical trials, with few of them currently approved for use in specific cancer settings. While many inhibitors compete with ATP, hence preventing the catalytic activity of the kinases directly, a deep understanding of the mechanisms of PI3K-dependent activation of its downstream effectors led to the development of additional strategies to prevent the initiation of this signaling pathway. This review summarizes previously published studies that led to the identification of inositol polyphosphates as promising parent molecules to design novel inhibitors of PI3K-dependent signals. We focus our attention on the inhibition of protein-membrane interactions mediated by binding of pleckstrin homology domains and phosphoinositides that we proposed 20 years ago as a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Maffucci
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
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8
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Gunalan K, Gao X, Yap SSL, Lai SK, Ravasio A, Ganesan S, Li HY, Preiser PR. A processing product of the Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte binding protein RH1 shows a close association with AMA1 during junction formation. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13232. [PMID: 32452132 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum responsible for the most virulent form of malaria invades human erythrocytes through multiple ligand-receptor interactions. The P. falciparum reticulocyte binding protein homologues (PfRHs) are expressed at the apical end of merozoites and form interactions with distinct erythrocyte surface receptors that are important for invasion. Here using a range of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against different regions of PfRH1 we have investigated the role of PfRH processing during merozoite invasion. We show that PfRH1 gets differentially processed during merozoite maturation and invasion and provide evidence that the different PfRH1 processing products have distinct functions during invasion. Using in-situ Proximity Ligation and FRET assays that allow probing of interactions at the nanometre level we show that a subset of PfRH1 products form close association with micronemal proteins Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA1) in the moving junction suggesting a critical role in facilitating junction formation and active invasion. Our data provides evidence that time dependent processing of PfRH proteins is a mechanism by which the parasite is able to regulate distinct functional activities of these large processes. The identification of a specific close association with AMA1 in the junction now may also provide new avenues to target these interactions to prevent merozoite invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthigayan Gunalan
- Division of Molecular Genetics & Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaohong Gao
- Division of Molecular Genetics & Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sally Shu Lin Yap
- Division of Molecular Genetics & Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soak Kuan Lai
- Division of Molecular Genetics & Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrea Ravasio
- Division of Molecular Genetics & Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Chile
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hoi Yeung Li
- Division of Molecular Genetics & Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter R Preiser
- Division of Molecular Genetics & Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Owusu Obeng E, Rusciano I, Marvi MV, Fazio A, Ratti S, Follo MY, Xian J, Manzoli L, Billi AM, Mongiorgi S, Ramazzotti G, Cocco L. Phosphoinositide-Dependent Signaling in Cancer: A Focus on Phospholipase C Isozymes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072581. [PMID: 32276377 PMCID: PMC7177890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PI) form just a minor portion of the total phospholipid content in cells but are significantly involved in cancer development and progression. In several cancer types, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] play significant roles in regulating survival, proliferation, invasion, and growth of cancer cells. Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) catalyze the generation of the essential second messengers diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (InsP3) by hydrolyzing PtdIns(4,5)P2. DAG and InsP3 regulate Protein Kinase C (PKC) activation and the release of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the cytosol, respectively. This event leads to the control of several important biological processes implicated in cancer. PLCs have been extensively studied in cancer but their regulatory roles in the oncogenic process are not fully understood. This review aims to provide up-to-date knowledge on the involvement of PLCs in cancer. We focus specifically on PLCβ, PLCγ, PLCδ, and PLCε isoforms due to the numerous evidence of their involvement in various cancer types.
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10
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Casari I, Domenichini A, Sestito S, Capone E, Sala G, Rapposelli S, Falasca M. Dual PDK1/Aurora Kinase A Inhibitors Reduce Pancreatic Cancer Cell Proliferation and Colony Formation. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111695. [PMID: 31683659 PMCID: PMC6896057 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of different intracellular signaling pathways is a common feature in cancer. Numerous studies indicate that persistent activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is often observed in cancer cells. 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1), a transducer protein that functions downstream of PI3K, is responsible for the regulation of cell proliferation and migration and it also has been found to play a key role in different cancers, pancreatic and breast cancer amongst others. As PI3K is being described to be aberrantly expressed in several cancer types, designing inhibitors targeting various downstream molecules of PI3K has been the focus of anticancer agent development for a long time. In particular, dual inhibitory drugs targeting key signaling molecules in the PI3K pathway have attracted the attention of scientists. Several drugs have progressed to clinical trials, with limited success due to toxicity and bioavailability concerns. Very few anticancer drugs targeting the PI3K pathway have been approved for clinical use and their efficacy is particularly limited towards certain tumors such as pancreatic cancer. Here, we tested two drugs displaying dual inhibitory activity towards PDK1 and Aurora kinase A in a panel of pancreatic cancer cell lines and in two in vivo models of pancreatic cancer. Our data show that both inhibitors are able to impair cell proliferation and clonogenic potential in pancreatic cancer cells. However, the limited activity of both compounds in vivo indicates that further optimization of the pharmacokinetics properties is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Casari
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia.
| | - Alice Domenichini
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia.
| | - Simona Sestito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Emily Capone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche, University "G. d'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Sala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche, University "G. d'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Simona Rapposelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia.
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11
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Dang Q, Chen YA, Hsieh JT. The dysfunctional lipids in prostate cancer. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2019; 7:273-280. [PMID: 31511833 PMCID: PMC6734041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is well-recognized as a lipid-enriched tumor. Lipids represent a diverse array of molecules essential to the cellular structure, defense, energy, and communication. Lipid metabolism can often become dysregulated during tumor development. The increasing body of knowledge on the biological actions of steroid hormone-androgens in PCa has led to the development of several targeted therapies that still represent the standard of care for cancer patients to this day. Sequencing technologies for functional analyses of androgen receptors (ARs) have revealed that AR is also a master regulator of cellular energy metabolism such as fatty acid ß-oxidation, and de novo lipid synthesis. In addition, bioactive lipids are also used as physiological signaling molecules, which have been shown to be involved in PCa progression. This review discusses the potent player(s) in altered lipid metabolism of PCa and describes how lipids and their interactions with proteins can be used for therapeutic advantage. We also discuss the possibility that the altered bioactive lipid mediators affect intracellular signaling pathway and the related transcriptional regulation be of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Dang
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu-An Chen
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX 75390, USA
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12
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Emmanouilidi A, Fyffe CA, Ferro R, Edling CE, Capone E, Sestito S, Rapposelli S, Lattanzio R, Iacobelli S, Sala G, Maffucci T, Falasca M. Preclinical validation of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 inhibition in pancreatic cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:191. [PMID: 31088502 PMCID: PMC6518649 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The very aggressive nature and low survival rate of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) dictates the necessity to find novel efficacious therapies. Recent evidence suggests that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) are key effectors of oncogenic KRAS in PDAC. Herein, we report the role and mechanism of action of PDK1, a protein kinase of the AGC family, in PDAC. METHODS PDAC cell lines were treated with selective PDK1 inhibitors or transfected with specific PDK1-targeting siRNAs. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed to investigate the functional role of PDK1 in PDAC. Specifically, anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth was assessed in PDAC cells upon inhibition or downregulation of PDK1. Detailed investigation of the effect of PDK1 inhibition/downregulation on specific signalling pathways was also performed by Western blotting analysis. A xenograft tumour mouse model was used to determine the effect of pharmacological inhibition of PDK1 on PDAC cells growth in vivo. RESULTS Treatment with specific inhibitors of PDK1 impaired anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth of pancreatic cancer cell lines, as well as pancreatic tumour growth in a xenograft model. Mechanistically, inhibition or downregulation of PDK1 resulted in reduced activation of the serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase family member 3 and subsequent reduced phosphorylation of its target N-Myc downstream regulated 1. Additionally, we found that combination of sub-optimal concentrations of inhibitors selective for PDK1 and the class IB PI3K isoform p110γ inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth and colonies formation more potently than each single treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that PDK1 is a suitable target for therapeutic intervention in PDAC and support the clinical development of PDK1 inhibitors for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Emmanouilidi
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Chanse A Fyffe
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, E1 2AT, London, UK
| | - Riccardo Ferro
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, E1 2AT, London, UK
| | - Charlotte E Edling
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, E1 2AT, London, UK
| | - Emily Capone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche, University G. d'Annunzio di Chieti-Pescara, Centro Studi sull Invecchiamento, CeSI-MeT, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simona Sestito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Rapposelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossano Lattanzio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche, University G. d'Annunzio di Chieti-Pescara, Centro Studi sull Invecchiamento, CeSI-MeT, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Iacobelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche, University G. d'Annunzio di Chieti-Pescara, Centro Studi sull Invecchiamento, CeSI-MeT, 66100, Chieti, Italy.,MediaPharma Srl, Via della Colonnetta, 50/A, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche, University G. d'Annunzio di Chieti-Pescara, Centro Studi sull Invecchiamento, CeSI-MeT, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Tania Maffucci
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, E1 2AT, London, UK
| | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia. .,Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, E1 2AT, London, UK.
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13
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), the 'master kinase of the AGC protein kinase family', plays a key role in cancer development and progression. Although it has been rather overlooked, in the last decades a growing number of molecules have been developed to effectively modulate the PDK1 enzyme. AREAS COVERED This review collects different PDK1 inhibitors patented from October 2014 to December 2018. The molecules have been classified on the basis of the chemical structure/type of inhibition, and for each general structure, examples have been discussed in extenso. EXPERT OPINION The role of PDK1 in cancer development and progression as well as in metastasis formation and in chemoresistance has been confirmed by many studies. Therefore, the pharmaceutical discovery in both public and private institutions is still ongoing despite the plentiful molecules already published. The majority of the new molecules synthetized interact with binding sites different from the ATP binding site (i.e. PIF pocket or DFG-out conformation). However, many researchers are still looking for innovative PDK1 modulation strategy such as combination of well-known inhibitory agents or multitarget ligands, aiming to block, together with PDK1, other different critical players in the wide panorama of proteins involved in tumor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sestito
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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14
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Zhou W, Ma Y, Zhang J, Hu J, Zhang M, Wang Y, Li Y, Wu L, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Li H, Lu L, Jin L, Wang J, Yuan Z, Liu J. Predictive model for inflammation grades of chronic hepatitis B: Large-scale analysis of clinical parameters and gene expressions. Liver Int 2017; 37:1632-1641. [PMID: 28328162 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver biopsy is the gold standard to assess pathological features (eg inflammation grades) for hepatitis B virus-infected patients although it is invasive and traumatic; meanwhile, several gene profiles of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) have been separately described in relatively small hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected samples. We aimed to analyse correlations among inflammation grades, gene expressions and clinical parameters (serum alanine amino transaminase, aspartate amino transaminase and HBV-DNA) in large-scale CHB samples and to predict inflammation grades by using clinical parameters and/or gene expressions. METHODS We analysed gene expressions with three clinical parameters in 122 CHB samples by an improved regression model. Principal component analysis and machine-learning methods including Random Forest, K-nearest neighbour and support vector machine were used for analysis and further diagnosis models. Six normal samples were conducted to validate the predictive model. RESULTS Significant genes related to clinical parameters were found enriching in the immune system, interferon-stimulated, regulation of cytokine production, anti-apoptosis, and etc. A panel of these genes with clinical parameters can effectively predict binary classifications of inflammation grade (area under the ROC curve [AUC]: 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.77-0.93), validated by normal samples. A panel with only clinical parameters was also valuable (AUC: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.65-0.86), indicating that liquid biopsy method for detecting the pathology of CHB is possible. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to systematically elucidate the relationships among gene expressions, clinical parameters and pathological inflammation grades in CHB, and to build models predicting inflammation grades by gene expressions and/or clinical parameters as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Zhou
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Hu
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yida Pan
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yitong Zhang
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanqing Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lungen Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Department of Immunology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Department of Immunology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Emmanouilidi A, Lattanzio R, Sala G, Piantelli M, Falasca M. The role of phospholipase Cγ1 in breast cancer and its clinical significance. Future Oncol 2017; 13:1991-1997. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, the most common malignancy among women, is usually detected at an early stage and has a low risk of relapse. Nevertheless, a significant number of patients cannot be cured solely by local treatment. Distinguishing between patients who are of low risk of relapse from those who are of high risk may have important implications to improve treatment outcomes. The PLC-γ1 signaling pathway promotes many physiological processes, including cell migration and invasion. Increasing evidence shows aberrant PLC-γ1 signaling implication in carcinogenesis including breast cancer. In this review, the role of PLC-γ1 in breast cancer and its clinical implications will be discussed, as well as its potential as a prognostic factor and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Emmanouilidi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rossano Lattanzio
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sala
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mauro Piantelli
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Falasca
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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16
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Di Blasio L, Gagliardi PA, Puliafito A, Primo L. Serine/Threonine Kinase 3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinase-1 (PDK1) as a Key Regulator of Cell Migration and Cancer Dissemination. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9030025. [PMID: 28287465 PMCID: PMC5366820 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissecting the cellular signaling that governs the motility of eukaryotic cells is one of the fundamental tasks of modern cell biology, not only because of the large number of physiological processes in which cell migration is crucial, but even more so because of the pathological ones, in particular tumor invasion and metastasis. Cell migration requires the coordination of at least four major processes: polarization of intracellular signaling, regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and membrane extension, focal adhesion and integrin signaling and contractile forces generation and rear retraction. Among the molecular components involved in the regulation of locomotion, the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway has been shown to exert fundamental role. A pivotal node of such pathway is represented by the serine/threonine kinase 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDPK1 or PDK1). PDK1, and the majority of its substrates, belong to the AGC family of kinases (related to cAMP-dependent protein kinase 1, cyclic Guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C), and control a plethora of cellular processes, downstream either to PI3K or to other pathways, such as RAS GTPase-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). Interestingly, PDK1 has been demonstrated to be crucial for the regulation of each step of cell migration, by activating several proteins such as protein kinase B/Akt (PKB/Akt), myotonic dystrophy-related CDC42-binding kinases alpha (MRCKα), Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1), phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCγ1) and β3 integrin. Moreover, PDK1 regulates cancer cell invasion as well, thus representing a possible target to prevent cancer metastasis in human patients. The aim of this review is to summarize the various mechanisms by which PDK1 controls the cell migration process, from cell polarization to actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion regulation, and finally, to discuss the evidence supporting a role for PDK1 in cancer cell invasion and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Di Blasio
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
| | | | | | - Luca Primo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
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17
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Chikh A, Ferro R, Abbott JJ, Piñeiro R, Buus R, Iezzi M, Ricci F, Bergamaschi D, Ostano P, Chiorino G, Lattanzio R, Broggini M, Piantelli M, Maffucci T, Falasca M. Class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase C2β regulates a novel signaling pathway involved in breast cancer progression. Oncotarget 2017; 7:18325-45. [PMID: 26934321 PMCID: PMC4951291 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that the enzymes phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) have a key role in the development and progression of many cancer types and indeed PI3Ks inhibitors are currently being tested in clinical trials. Although eight distinct PI3K isoforms exist, grouped into three classes, most of the evidence currently available are focused on one specific isoform with very little known about the potential role of the other members of this family in cancer. Here we demonstrate that the class II enzyme PI3K-C2β is overexpressed in several human breast cancer cell lines and in human breast cancer specimens. Our data indicate that PI3K-C2β regulates breast cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo and that PI3K-C2β expression in breast tissues is correlated with the proliferative status of the tumor. Specifically we show that downregulation of PI3K-C2β in breast cancer cell lines reduces colony formation, induces cell cycle arrest and inhibits tumor growth, in particular in an estrogen-dependent in vivo xenograft. Investigation of the mechanism of the PI3K-C2β-dependent regulation of cell cycle progression and cell growth revealed that PI3K-C2β regulates cyclin B1 protein levels through modulation of microRNA miR-449a levels. Our data further demonstrate that downregulation of PI3K-C2β inhibits breast cancer cell invasion in vitro and breast cancer metastasis in vivo. Consistent with this, PI3K-C2β is highly expressed in lymph-nodes metastases compared to matching primary tumors. These data demonstrate that PI3K-C2β plays a pivotal role in breast cancer progression and in metastasis development. Our data indicate that PI3K-C2β may represent a key molecular switch that regulates a rate-limiting step in breast tumor progression and therefore it may be targeted to limit breast cancer spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Chikh
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, London, UK
| | - Riccardo Ferro
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, London, UK
| | - Jonathan J Abbott
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, London, UK
| | - Roberto Piñeiro
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, London, UK
| | - Richard Buus
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, London, UK
| | - Manuela Iezzi
- Aging Research Centre (Ce.S.I.), Foundation University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca Ricci
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Bergamaschi
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, London, UK
| | - Paola Ostano
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Fondazione Edo and Elvo Tempia, Biella, Italy
| | - Giovanna Chiorino
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Fondazione Edo and Elvo Tempia, Biella, Italy
| | - Rossano Lattanzio
- Aging Research Centre (Ce.S.I.), Foundation University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Massimo Broggini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Piantelli
- Aging Research Centre (Ce.S.I.), Foundation University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Tania Maffucci
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, London, UK
| | - Marco Falasca
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, London, UK.,Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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18
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Yang Y, Kong W, Xia Z, Xiao L, Wang S. Regulation mechanism of PDK1 on macrophage metabolism and function. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:546-553. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Yang
- Exercise Intervention and Health Promotion Hubei Province Synergy Innovation Center; Wuhan Sports University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Weiwei Kong
- Graduate School; Wuhan Sports University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Zhi Xia
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemical Laboratory, College of Physical Education; Jinggangshan University; Ji'an Jiangxi China
| | - Lin Xiao
- School of Physical Education and Health Science; Zhaoqing University; Zhaoqing Guangdong China
| | - Song Wang
- Exercise Intervention and Health Promotion Hubei Province Synergy Innovation Center; Wuhan Sports University; Wuhan Hubei China
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19
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Münzer P, Walker-Allgaier B, Geue S, Geuss E, Hron G, Rath D, Eißler D, Winter S, Schaeffeler E, Meinert M, Schaller M, Greinacher A, Schwab M, Geisler T, Kleinschnitz C, Lang F, Gawaz M, Borst O. PDK1 Determines Collagen-Dependent Platelet Ca
2+
Signaling and Is Critical to Development of Ischemic Stroke In Vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1507-16. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.307105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Activation of platelets by subendothelial collagen results in an increase of cytosolic Ca
2+
concentration ([Ca
2+
]
i
) and is followed by platelet activation and thrombus formation that may lead to vascular occlusion. The present study determined the role of phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) in collagen-dependent platelet Ca
2+
signaling and ischemic stroke in vivo.
Approach and Results—
Platelet activation with collagen receptor glycoprotein VI agonists collagen-related peptide or convulxin resulted in a significant increase in PDK1 activity independent of second-wave signaling. PDK1 deficiency was associated with reduced platelet phospholipase Cγ2–dependent inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate production and intracellular [Ca
2+
]
i
in response to stimulation with collagen-related peptide or convulxin. The defective increase of [Ca
2+
]
i
resulted in a substantial defect in activation-dependent platelet secretion and aggregation on collagen-related peptide stimulation. Furthermore, Rac1 activation and spreading, adhesion to collagen, and thrombus formation under high arterial shear rates were significantly diminished in PDK1-deficient platelets. Mice with PDK1-deficient platelets were protected against arterial thrombotic occlusion after FeCl
3
-induced mesenteric arterioles injury and ischemic stroke in vivo. These mice had significantly reduced brain infarct volumes, with a significantly increased survival of 7 days after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion without increase of intracerebral hemorrhage. Tail bleeding time was prolonged in
pdk1
−/−
mice, reflecting an important role of PDK1 in primary hemostasis.
Conclusions—
PDK1 is required for Ca
2+
-dependent platelet activation on stimulation of collagen receptor glycoprotein VI, arterial thrombotic occlusion, and ischemic stroke in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Münzer
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Britta Walker-Allgaier
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Sascha Geue
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Eva Geuss
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Gregor Hron
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Dominik Rath
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Daniela Eißler
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Stefan Winter
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Monika Meinert
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Martin Schaller
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Andreas Greinacher
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Matthias Schwab
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Tobias Geisler
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Florian Lang
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Meinrad Gawaz
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Oliver Borst
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
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20
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Palaniappan A, Ramar K, Ramalingam S. Computational Identification of Novel Stage-Specific Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer Progression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156665. [PMID: 27243824 PMCID: PMC4887059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that the conversion of normal colon epithelium to adenoma and then to carcinoma stems from acquired molecular changes in the genome. The genetic basis of colorectal cancer has been elucidated to a certain extent, and much remains to be known about the identity of specific cancer genes that are associated with the advancement of colorectal cancer from one stage to the next. Here in this study we attempted to identify novel cancer genes that could underlie the stage-specific progression and metastasis of colorectal cancer. We conducted a stage-based meta-analysis of the voluminous tumor genome-sequencing data and mined using multiple approaches for novel genes driving the progression to stage-II, stage-III and stage-IV colorectal cancer. The consensus of these driver genes seeded the construction of stage-specific networks, which were then analyzed for the centrality of genes, clustering of subnetworks, and enrichment of gene-ontology processes. Our study identified three novel driver genes as hubs for stage-II progression: DYNC1H1, GRIN2A, GRM1. Four novel driver genes were identified as hubs for stage-III progression: IGF1R, CPS1, SPTA1, DSP. Three novel driver genes were identified as hubs for stage-IV progression: GSK3B, GGT1, EIF2B5. We also identified several non-driver genes that appeared to underscore the progression of colorectal cancer. Our study yielded potential diagnostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer as well as novel stage-specific drug targets for rational intervention. Our methodology is extendable to the analysis of other types of cancer to fill the gaps in our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Palaniappan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Karthick Ramar
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India
| | - Satish Ramalingam
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India
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21
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A Small Molecule Inhibitor of PDK1/PLCγ1 Interaction Blocks Breast and Melanoma Cancer Cell Invasion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26142. [PMID: 27199173 PMCID: PMC4873738 DOI: 10.1038/srep26142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence suggests that phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) is a suitable target to counteract tumourigenesis and metastasis dissemination. We recently identified a novel signalling pathway required for PLCγ1 activation which involves formation of a protein complex with 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1). In an effort to define novel strategies to inhibit PLCγ1-dependent signals we tested here whether a newly identified and highly specific PDK1 inhibitor, 2-O-benzyl-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (2-O-Bn-InsP5), could affect PDK1/PLCγ1 interaction and impair PLCγ1-dependent cellular functions in cancer cells. Here, we demonstrate that 2-O-Bn-InsP5 interacts specifically with the pleckstrin homology domain of PDK1 and impairs formation of a PDK1/PLCγ1 complex. 2-O-Bn-InsP5 is able to inhibit the epidermal growth factor-induced PLCγ1 phosphorylation and activity, ultimately resulting in impaired cancer cell migration and invasion. Importantly, we report that 2-O-Bn-InsP5 inhibits cancer cell dissemination in zebrafish xenotransplants. This work demonstrates that the PDK1/PLCγ1 complex is a potential therapeutic target to prevent metastasis and it identifies 2-O-Bn-InsP5 as a leading compound for development of anti-metastatic drugs.
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22
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Sestito S, Daniele S, Nesi G, Zappelli E, Di Maio D, Marinelli L, Digiacomo M, Lapucci A, Martini C, Novellino E, Rapposelli S. Locking PDK1 in DFG-out conformation through 2-oxo-indole containing molecules: Another tools to fight glioblastoma. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 118:47-63. [PMID: 27123901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) is one of the main components of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Also named the "master kinase" of the AGC family, PDK1 plays a critical role in tumorigenesis, by enhancing cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis, as well as in cell invasion and metastasis formation. Although there have been done huge efforts in discovering specific compounds targeting PDK1, nowadays no PDK1 inhibitor has yet entered the clinic. With the aim to pick out novel and potent PDK1 inhibitors, herein we report the design and synthesis of a new class of molecules obtained by merging the 2-oxo-indole nucleus with the 2-oxo-pyridonyl fragment, two moieties with high affinity for the PDK1 hinge region and its DFG-out binding site, respectively. To this purpose, a small series of compounds were synthesised and a tandem application of docking and Molecular Dynamic (MD) was employed to get insight into their mode of binding. The OXID-pyridonyl hybrid 8, possessing the lower IC50 (IC50 = 112 nM), was also tested against recombinant kinases involved in the PI3K/PDK1/Akt pathway and was subjected to vitro studies to evaluate the cytotoxicity and the inhibition of tumour cell migration. All together the results let us to consider 8, as a lead compound of a new generation of PDK1 inhibitors and encourage us to further studies in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sestito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Nesi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Zappelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Danilo Di Maio
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Maria Digiacomo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Annalina Lapucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Simona Rapposelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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23
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Du L, Chen X, Cao Y, Lu L, Zhang F, Bornstein S, Li Y, Owens P, Malkoski S, Said S, Jin F, Kulesz-Martin M, Gross N, Wang XJ, Lu SL. Overexpression of PIK3CA in murine head and neck epithelium drives tumor invasion and metastasis through PDK1 and enhanced TGFβ signaling. Oncogene 2016; 35:4641-52. [PMID: 26876212 PMCID: PMC4985507 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients have a poor prognosis, with invasion and metastasis as major causes of mortality. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway regulates a wide range of cellular processes crucial for tumorigenesis, and PIK3CA amplification and mutation are among the most common genetic alterations in human HNSCC. Compared to the well-documented roles of the PI3K pathway in cell growth and survival, the roles of the PI3K pathway in tumor invasion and metastasis have not been well delineated. We generated a PIK3CA-genetically engineered mouse model (PIK3CA-GEMM) in which wildtype PIK3CA is overexpressed in head and neck epithelium. Although PIK3CA overexpression alone was not sufficient to initiate HNSCC formation, it significantly increased tumor susceptibility in an oral-carcinogenesis mouse model. PIK3CA overexpression in mouse oral epithelium increased tumor invasiveness and metastasis by increasing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and by enriching a cancer stem cell phenotype in tumor epithelial cells. In addition to these epithelial alterations, we also observed marked inflammation in tumor stroma. AKT is a central signaling mediator of the PI3K pathway. However, molecular analysis suggested that progression of PIK3CA-driven HNSCC is facilitated by PDK1 and enhanced TGFβ signaling rather than by AKT. Examination of human HNSCC clinical samples revealed that both PIK3CA and PDK1 protein levels correlated with tumor progression, highlighting the significance of this pathway. In summary, our results offer significant insight into how PIK3CA-overexpression drives HNSCC invasion and metastasis, providing a rationale for targeting PI3K/PDK1 and TGFβ signaling in advanced HNSCC patients with PIK3CA amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Du
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Fourth University Hospital of China Medical University, Shengyang, China
| | - X Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Y Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology, The First University Hospital of China Medical University, Shengyang, Liaoning, China
| | - L Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - F Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - S Bornstein
- Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Y Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P Owens
- Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - S Malkoski
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - S Said
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - F Jin
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First University Hospital of China Medical University, Shengyang, Liaoning, China
| | - M Kulesz-Martin
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - N Gross
- Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - X-J Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - S-L Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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24
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Inhibition of DNA methyltransferase as a novel therapeutic strategy to overcome acquired resistance to dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5134-46. [PMID: 25762617 PMCID: PMC4467138 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual PI3K/mTOR(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitors are being evaluated clinically for the treatment of tumors with a hyperactivated PI3K/mTOR pathway. However, unexpected outcomes were obtained in clinical studies of cancer patients with an aberrant PI3K pathway. In clinical trials, applicable combination regimens are not yet available. In this study, using an integrated analysis of acquired BEZ235-resistant nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, we demonstrate that DNA methyltransferase is a key modulator and a common node upstream of the AKT/mTOR and PDK1/MYC pathways, which are activated in cancer cells with acquired BEZ235 resistance. DNA methyltransferases were upregulated and induced PTEN and PPP2R2B gene hypermethylation, which downregulated their expression in BEZ235-resistant cancer cells. Reduced PTEN and PPP2R2B expression correlated with activated AKT/mTOR and PDK1/MYC pathways and conferred considerable BEZ235 resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Targeting methyltransferases in combination with BEZ235 sensitized BEZ235-resistant cells to BEZ235 in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the potential clinical application of this strategy to overcome BEZ235 resistance.
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25
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PDK1: A signaling hub for cell migration and tumor invasion. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1856:178-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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26
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Arabshahi HJ, van Rensburg M, Pilkington LI, Jeon CY, Song M, Gridel LM, Leung E, Barker D, Vuica-Ross M, Volcho KP, Zakharenko AL, Lavrik OI, Reynisson J. A synthesis, in silico, in vitro and in vivo study of thieno[2,3-b]pyridine anticancer analogues. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The thieno[2,3-b]pyridines bind to TDP1 with the best analogue 9d with IC50 at 0.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa I. Pilkington
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1142
- New Zealand
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre and Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology
| | - Chae Yeon Jeon
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1142
- New Zealand
| | - Mirae Song
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1142
- New Zealand
| | - Ling-Mey Gridel
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1142
- New Zealand
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre and Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology
- University of Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - David Barker
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1142
- New Zealand
| | | | - Konstantin P. Volcho
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University
| | - Alexandra L. Zakharenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
| | - Olga I. Lavrik
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1142
- New Zealand
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27
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Upregulation of PDK1 associates with poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with facilitating tumorigenicity in vitro. Med Oncol 2014; 31:337. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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28
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Gagliardi PA, di Blasio L, Puliafito A, Seano G, Sessa R, Chianale F, Leung T, Bussolino F, Primo L. PDK1-mediated activation of MRCKα regulates directional cell migration and lamellipodia retraction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:415-34. [PMID: 25092657 PMCID: PMC4121984 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201312090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Directional cell migration is of paramount importance in both physiological and pathological processes, such as development, wound healing, immune response, and cancer invasion. Here, we report that 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) regulates epithelial directional migration and invasion by binding and activating myotonic dystrophy kinase-related CDC42-binding kinase α (MRCKα). We show that the effect of PDK1 on cell migration does not involve its kinase activity but instead relies on its ability to bind membrane phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate. Upon epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation, PDK1 and MRCKα colocalize at the cell membrane in lamellipodia. We demonstrate that PDK1 positively modulates MRCKα activity and drives its localization within lamellipodia. Likewise, the retraction phase of lamellipodia is controlled by PDK1 through an MRCKα-dependent mechanism. In summary, we discovered a functional pathway involving PDK1-mediated activation of MRCKα, which links EGF signaling to myosin contraction and directional migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Armando Gagliardi
- Department of Oncology and Center for Molecular Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin 10060, Italy Laboratory of Cell Migration, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo 10060, Italy
| | - Laura di Blasio
- Department of Oncology and Center for Molecular Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin 10060, Italy Laboratory of Cell Migration, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo 10060, Italy
| | - Alberto Puliafito
- Department of Oncology and Center for Molecular Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin 10060, Italy Laboratory of Cell Migration, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo 10060, Italy
| | - Giorgio Seano
- Department of Oncology and Center for Molecular Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin 10060, Italy Laboratory of Cell Migration, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo 10060, Italy
| | - Roberto Sessa
- Department of Oncology and Center for Molecular Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin 10060, Italy Laboratory of Cell Migration, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo 10060, Italy
| | - Federica Chianale
- Department of Oncology and Center for Molecular Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin 10060, Italy Laboratory of Cell Migration, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo 10060, Italy
| | - Thomas Leung
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A-STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Federico Bussolino
- Department of Oncology and Center for Molecular Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin 10060, ItalyDepartment of Oncology and Center for Molecular Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin 10060, Italy Laboratory of Cell Migration, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo 10060, Italy
| | - Luca Primo
- Department of Oncology and Center for Molecular Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin 10060, ItalyDepartment of Oncology and Center for Molecular Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin 10060, Italy Laboratory of Cell Migration, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo 10060, Italy
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29
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DC electric fields direct breast cancer cell migration, induce EGFR polarization, and increase the intracellular level of calcium ions. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:1115-25. [PMID: 23657921 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Migration of cancer cells leads to invasion of primary tumors to distant organs (i.e., metastasis). Growing number of studies have demonstrated the migration of various cancer cell types directed by applied direct current electric fields (dcEF), i.e., electrotaxis, and suggested its potential implications in metastasis. MDA-MB-231 cell, a human metastatic breast cancer cell line, has been shown to migrate toward the anode of dcEF. Further characterizations of MDA-MB-231 cell electrotaxis and investigation of its underlying signaling mechanisms will lead to a better understanding of electrically guided cancer cell migration and metastasis. Therefore, we quantitatively characterized MDA-MB-231 cell electrotaxis and a few associated signaling events. Using a microfluidic device that can create well-controlled dcEF, we showed the anode-directing migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, surface staining of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and confocal microscopy showed the dcEF-induced anodal EGFR polarization in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, we showed an increase of intracellular calcium ions in MDA-MB-231 cells upon dcEF stimulation. Altogether, our study provided quantitative measurements of electrotactic migration of MDA-MB-231 cells, and demonstrated the electric field-mediated EGFR and calcium signaling events, suggesting their involvement in breast cancer cell electrotaxis.
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30
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Arabshahi HJ, Leung E, Barker D, Reynisson J. The development of thieno[2,3-b]pyridine analogues as anticancer agents applying in silico methods. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00320e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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31
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Leung E, Hung JM, Barker D, Reynisson J. The effect of a thieno[2,3-b]pyridine PLC-γ inhibitor on the proliferation, morphology, migration and cell cycle of breast cancer cells. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00290j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Nüesch JPF, Rommelaere J. Tumor suppressing properties of rodent parvovirus NS1 proteins and their derivatives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 818:99-124. [PMID: 25001533 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6458-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy with monospecific agents is often hampered by the rapid development of tumor resistance to the drug used. Therefore, combination treatments aiming at several different targets are sought. Viral regulatory proteins, modified or not, appear ideal for this purpose because of their multimodal killing action against neoplastically transformed cells. The large nonstructural protein NS1 of rodent parvoviruses is an excellent candidate for an anticancer agent, shown to interfere specifically with cancer cell growth and survival. The present review describes the structure, functions, and regulation of the multifunctional protein NS1, its specific interference with cell processes and cell protein activities, and what is known so far about the mechanisms underlying NS1 interference with cancer growth. It further outlines prospects for the development of new, multimodal cancer toxins and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürg P F Nüesch
- Program "Infection and Cancer", Division Tumor Virology (F010), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum/German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany,
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33
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Nesi G, Sestito S, Mey V, Ricciardi S, Falasca M, Danesi R, Lapucci A, Breschi MC, Fogli S, Rapposelli S. Synthesis of Novel 3,5-Disubstituted-2-oxindole Derivatives As Antitumor Agents against Human Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:1137-41. [PMID: 24900620 DOI: 10.1021/ml400162g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the antitumor activity of novel 2-oxindole derivatives against a well-characterized human nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line. Test compounds produced an antiproliferative activity in the low micromolar/submicromolar range of concentrations and significantly induced typical apoptotic morphology with cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation and fragmentation, and rupture of cells into debris in a relatively low percentage of A549 cells. Cell cycle arrest occurred at the G1/S phase (1a and 2), and Akt phosphorylation was significantly inhibited at Thr308 and Ser473. The most active compound (1a) has an IC50 6-fold lower than the Akt inhibitor, perifosine. These data suggest that the new compounds may be cytostatic and may have maximum clinical effects in NSCLC patients who do not respond to EGFR inhibitors. These findings prompt us to further explore the oxindole structure as leading scaffold to design new molecules with potent antitumor activity against NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Nesi
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Sestito
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Queen Mary University
of London, Barts, and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Inositide Signalling Group, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Mey
- Division
of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Ricciardi
- Division
of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Falasca
- Queen Mary University
of London, Barts, and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Inositide Signalling Group, London, United Kingdom
| | - Romano Danesi
- Division
of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Annalina Lapucci
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria C. Breschi
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Fogli
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Rapposelli
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Fyffe C, Falasca M. 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 as an emerging target in the management of breast cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2013; 5:271-80. [PMID: 24039447 PMCID: PMC3771848 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s35026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It should be noted that 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) is a protein encoded by the PDPK1 gene, which plays a key role in the signaling pathways activated by several growth factors and hormones. PDK1 is a crucial kinase that functions downstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activation and activates members of the AGC family of protein kinases, such as protein kinase B (Akt), protein kinase C (PKC), p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinases, and serum glucocorticoid-dependent kinase, by phosphorylating serine/threonine residues in the activation loop. AGC kinases are known to play crucial roles in regulating physiological processes relevant to metabolism, growth, proliferation, and survival. Changes in the expression and activity of PDK1 and several AGC kinases have been linked to human diseases including cancer. Recent data have revealed that the alteration of PDK1 is a critical component of oncogenic phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling in breast cancer, suggesting that inhibition of PDK1 can inhibit breast cancer progression. Indeed, PDK1 is highly expressed in a majority of human breast cancer cell lines and both PDK1 protein and messenger ribonucleic acid are overexpressed in a majority of human breast cancers. Furthermore, overexpression of PDK1 is sufficient to transform mammary epithelial cells. PDK1 plays an essential role in regulating cell migration, especially in the context of phosphatase and tensin homologue deficiency. More importantly, downregulation of PDK1 levels inhibits migration and experimental metastasis of human breast cancer cells. Thus, targeting PDK1 may be a valuable anticancer strategy that may improve the efficacy of chemotherapeutic strategies in breast cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the evidence that has been reported to support the idea that PDK1 may be a key target in breast cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanse Fyffe
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Inositide Signallling Group, London, UK
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Arencibia JM, Pastor-Flores D, Bauer AF, Schulze JO, Biondi RM. AGC protein kinases: from structural mechanism of regulation to allosteric drug development for the treatment of human diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:1302-21. [PMID: 23524293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The group of AGC protein kinases includes more than 60 protein kinases in the human genome, classified into 14 families: PDK1, AKT/PKB, SGK, PKA, PKG, PKC, PKN/PRK, RSK, NDR, MAST, YANK, DMPK, GRK and SGK494. This group is also widely represented in other eukaryotes, including causative organisms of human infectious diseases. AGC kinases are involved in diverse cellular functions and are potential targets for the treatment of human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, neurological disorders, inflammation and viral infections. Small molecule inhibitors of AGC kinases may also have potential as novel therapeutic approaches against infectious organisms. Fundamental in the regulation of many AGC kinases is a regulatory site termed the "PIF-pocket" that serves as a docking site for substrates of PDK1. This site is also essential to the mechanism of activation of AGC kinases by phosphorylation and is involved in the allosteric regulation of N-terminal domains of several AGC kinases, such as PKN/PRKs and atypical PKCs. In addition, the C-terminal tail and its interaction with the PIF-pocket are involved in the dimerization of the DMPK family of kinases and may explain the molecular mechanism of allosteric activation of GRKs by GPCR substrates. In this review, we briefly introduce the AGC kinases and their known roles in physiology and disease and the discovery of the PIF-pocket as a regulatory site in AGC kinases. Finally, we summarize the current status and future therapeutic potential of small molecules directed to the PIF-pocket; these molecules can allosterically activate or inhibit the kinase as well as act as substrate-selective inhibitors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Inhibitors of Protein Kinases (2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Arencibia
- Research Group PhosphoSites, Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 controls breast tumor growth in a kinase-dependent but Akt-independent manner. Neoplasia 2013; 14:719-31. [PMID: 22952425 DOI: 10.1593/neo.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) is the pivotal element of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway because it phosphorylates Akt/PKB through interactions with phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 phosphate. Recent data indicate that PDK1 is overexpressed in many breast carcinomas and that alterations of PDK1 are critical in the context of oncogenic PI3K activation. However, the role of PDK1 in tumor progression is still controversial. Here, we show that PDK1 is required for anchorage-independent and xenograft growth of breast cancer cells harboring either PI3KCA or KRAS mutations. In fact, PDK1 silencing leads to increased anoikis, reduced soft agar growth, and pronounced apoptosis inside tumors. Interestingly, these phenotypes are reverted by PDK1 wild-type but not kinase-dead mutant, suggesting a relevant role of PDK1 kinase activity, even if PDK1 is not relevant for Akt activation here. Indeed, the expression of constitutively active forms of Akt in PDK1 knockdown cells is unable to rescue the anchorage-independent growth. In addition, Akt down-regulation and pharmacological inhibition do not inhibit the effects of PDK1 overexpression. In summary, these results suggest that PDK1 may contribute to breast cancer, even in the absence of PI3K oncogenic mutations and through both Akt-dependent and Akt-independent mechanisms.
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Razmara M, Heldin CH, Lennartsson J. Platelet-derived growth factor-induced Akt phosphorylation requires mTOR/Rictor and phospholipase C-γ1, whereas S6 phosphorylation depends on mTOR/Raptor and phospholipase D. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:3. [PMID: 23311350 PMCID: PMC3560233 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) can be found in two multi-protein complexes, i.e. mTORC1 (containing Raptor) and mTORC2 (containing Rictor). Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which mTORC1 and mTORC2 are activated and their downstream targets in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB treatment. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibited PDGF-BB activation of both mTORC1 and mTORC2. We found that in Rictor-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts, or after prolonged rapamycin treatment of NIH3T3 cells, PDGF-BB was not able to promote phosphorylation of Ser473 in the serine/threonine kinase Akt, whereas Thr308 phosphorylation was less affected, suggesting that Ser473 in Akt is phosphorylated in an mTORC2-dependent manner. This reduction in Akt phosphorylation did not influence the phosphorylation of the S6 protein, a well established protein downstream of mTORC1. Consistently, triciribine, an inhibitor of the Akt pathway, suppressed PDGF-BB-induced Akt phosphorylation without having any effect on S6 phosphorylation. Thus, mTORC2 does not appear to be upstream of mTORC1. We could also demonstrate that in Rictor-null cells the phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) and protein kinase C (PKC) was impaired, and the PKCα protein levels strongly reduced. Furthermore, interfering with the PLCγ/Ca2+/PKC pathway inhibited PDGF-BB-induced Akt phosphorylation. In addition, PDGF-BB-induced activation of mTORC1, as measured by phosphorylation of the downstream S6 protein, was dependent on phospholipase D (PLD). It has been shown that Erk1/2 MAP-kinase directly phosphorylates and activates mTORC1; in partial agreement with this finding, we found that a Mek1/2 inhibitor delayed S6 phosphorylation in response to PDGF-BB, but it did not block it. Thus, whereas both mTORC1 and mTORC2 are activated in a PI3K-dependent manner, different additional signaling pathways are needed. mTORC1 is activated in a PLD-dependent manner and promotes phosphorylation of the S6 protein, whereas mTORC2, in concert with PLCγ signaling, promotes Akt phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Razmara
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for life laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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