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Lee ZY, Lee WH, Lim JS, Ali AAA, Loo JSE, Wibowo A, Mohammat MF, Foo JB. Golgi apparatus targeted therapy in cancer: Are we there yet? Life Sci 2024; 352:122868. [PMID: 38936604 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking within the Golgi apparatus plays a pivotal role in the intracellular transportation of lipids and proteins. Dysregulation of this process can give rise to various pathological manifestations, including cancer. Exploiting Golgi defects, cancer cells capitalise on aberrant membrane trafficking to facilitate signal transduction, proliferation, invasion, immune modulation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Despite the identification of several molecular signalling pathways associated with Golgi abnormalities, there remains a lack of approved drugs specifically targeting cancer cells through the manipulation of the Golgi apparatus. In the initial section of this comprehensive review, the focus is directed towards delineating the abnormal Golgi genes and proteins implicated in carcinogenesis. Subsequently, a thorough examination is conducted on the impact of these variations on Golgi function, encompassing aspects such as vesicular trafficking, glycosylation, autophagy, oxidative mechanisms, and pH alterations. Lastly, the review provides a current update on promising Golgi apparatus-targeted inhibitors undergoing preclinical and/or clinical trials, offering insights into their potential as therapeutic interventions. Significantly more effort is required to advance these potential inhibitors to benefit patients in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Hwei Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jing Sheng Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Afiqah Ali Ajmel Ali
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jason Siau Ee Loo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Digital Health and Medical Advancements Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Agustono Wibowo
- Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Pahang, Jengka Campus, 26400 Bandar Tun Abdul Razak Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fazli Mohammat
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jhi Biau Foo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Digital Health and Medical Advancements Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Sun L, Zhang Y, Li W, Zhang J, Zhang Y. Mucin Glycans: A Target for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:7033. [PMID: 37894512 PMCID: PMC10609567 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucin glycans are an important component of the mucus barrier and a vital defence against physical and chemical damage as well as pathogens. There are 20 mucins in the human body, which can be classified into secreted mucins and transmembrane mucins according to their distributions. The major difference between them is that secreted mucins do not have transmembrane structural domains, and the expression of each mucin is organ and cell-specific. Under physiological conditions, mucin glycans are involved in the composition of the mucus barrier and thus protect the body from infection and injury. However, abnormal expression of mucin glycans can lead to the occurrence of diseases, especially cancer, through various mechanisms. Therefore, targeting mucin glycans for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer has always been a promising research direction. Here, we first summarize the main types of glycosylation (O-GalNAc glycosylation and N-glycosylation) on mucins and the mechanisms by which abnormal mucin glycans occur. Next, how abnormal mucin glycans contribute to cancer development is described. Finally, we summarize MUC1-based antibodies, vaccines, radio-pharmaceuticals, and CAR-T therapies using the best characterized MUC1 as an example. In this section, we specifically elaborate on the recent new cancer therapy CAR-M, which may bring new hope to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbo Sun
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Yuecheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology and Detection of Yan'an, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
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3
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Bajaj R, Warner AN, Fradette JF, Gibbons DL. Dance of The Golgi: Understanding Golgi Dynamics in Cancer Metastasis. Cells 2022; 11:1484. [PMID: 35563790 PMCID: PMC9102947 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is at the center of protein processing and trafficking in normal cells. Under pathological conditions, such as in cancer, aberrant Golgi dynamics alter the tumor microenvironment and the immune landscape, which enhances the invasive and metastatic potential of cancer cells. Among these changes in the Golgi in cancer include altered Golgi orientation and morphology that contribute to atypical Golgi function in protein trafficking, post-translational modification, and exocytosis. Golgi-associated gene mutations are ubiquitous across most cancers and are responsible for modifying Golgi function to become pro-metastatic. The pharmacological targeting of the Golgi or its associated genes has been difficult in the clinic; thus, studying the Golgi and its role in cancer is critical to developing novel therapeutic agents that limit cancer progression and metastasis. In this review, we aim to discuss how disrupted Golgi function in cancer cells promotes invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee Bajaj
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.B.); (A.N.W.); (J.F.F.)
- UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amanda N. Warner
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.B.); (A.N.W.); (J.F.F.)
- UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jared F. Fradette
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.B.); (A.N.W.); (J.F.F.)
| | - Don L. Gibbons
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.B.); (A.N.W.); (J.F.F.)
- UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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4
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Macke AJ, Petrosyan A. Alcohol and Prostate Cancer: Time to Draw Conclusions. Biomolecules 2022; 12:375. [PMID: 35327568 PMCID: PMC8945566 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been a long-standing debate in the research and medical societies whether alcohol consumption is linked to the risk of prostate cancer (PCa). Many comprehensive studies from different geographical areas and nationalities have shown that moderate and heavy drinking is positively correlated with the development of PCa. Nevertheless, some observations could not confirm that such a correlation exists; some even suggest that wine consumption could prevent or slow prostate tumor growth. Here, we have rigorously analyzed the evidence both for and against the role of alcohol in PCa development. We found that many of the epidemiological studies did not consider other, potentially critical, factors, including diet (especially, low intake of fish, vegetables and linoleic acid, and excessive use of red meat), smoking, family history of PCa, low physical activity, history of high sexual activities especially with early age of first intercourse, and sexually transmitted infections. In addition, discrepancies between observations come from selectivity criteria for control groups, questionnaires about the type and dosage of alcohol, and misreported alcohol consumption. The lifetime history of alcohol consumption is critical given that a prostate tumor is typically slow-growing; however, many epidemiological observations that show no association monitored only current or relatively recent drinking status. Nevertheless, the overall conclusion is that high alcohol intake, especially binge drinking, is associated with increased risk for PCa, and this effect is not limited to any type of beverage. Alcohol consumption is also directly linked to PCa lethality as it may accelerate the growth of prostate tumors and significantly shorten the time for the progression to metastatic PCa. Thus, we recommend immediately quitting alcohol for patients diagnosed with PCa. We discuss the features of alcohol metabolism in the prostate tissue and the damaging effect of ethanol metabolites on intracellular organization and trafficking. In addition, we review the impact of alcohol consumption on prostate-specific antigen level and the risk for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Lastly, we highlight the known mechanisms of alcohol interference in prostate carcinogenesis and the possible side effects of alcohol during androgen deprivation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Macke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Armen Petrosyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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5
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Bui S, Mejia I, Díaz B, Wang Y. Adaptation of the Golgi Apparatus in Cancer Cell Invasion and Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:806482. [PMID: 34957124 PMCID: PMC8703019 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.806482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus plays a central role in normal cell physiology by promoting cell survival, facilitating proliferation, and enabling cell-cell communication and migration. These roles are partially mediated by well-known Golgi functions, including post-translational modifications, lipid biosynthesis, intracellular trafficking, and protein secretion. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that the Golgi plays a critical role in sensing and integrating external and internal cues to promote cellular homeostasis. Indeed, the unique structure of the mammalian Golgi can be fine-tuned to adapt different Golgi functions to specific cellular needs. This is particularly relevant in the context of cancer, where unrestrained proliferation and aberrant survival and migration increase the demands in Golgi functions, as well as the need for Golgi-dependent sensing and adaptation to intrinsic and extrinsic stressors. Here, we review and discuss current understanding of how the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus is influenced by oncogenic transformation, and how this adaptation may facilitate cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bui
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Isabel Mejia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Hematology and Oncology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Begoña Díaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Hematology and Oncology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,David Geffen School of Medicine and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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6
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Pachikov AN, Gough RR, Christy CE, Morris ME, Casey CA, LaGrange CA, Bhat G, Kubyshkin AV, Fomochkina II, Zyablitskaya EY, Makalish TP, Golubinskaya EP, Davydenko KA, Eremenko SN, Riethoven JJM, Maroli AS, Payne TS, Powers R, Lushnikov AY, Macke AJ, Petrosyan A. The non-canonical mechanism of ER stress-mediated progression of prostate cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:289. [PMID: 34521429 PMCID: PMC8439065 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background The development of persistent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is one of the cornerstones of prostate carcinogenesis; however, the mechanism is missing. Also, alcohol is a physiological ER stress inducer, and the link between alcoholism and progression of prostate cancer (PCa) is well documented but not well characterized. According to the canonical model, the mediator of ER stress, ATF6, is cleaved sequentially in the Golgi by S1P and S2P proteases; thereafter, the genes responsible for unfolded protein response (UPR) undergo transactivation. Methods Cell lines used were non-malignant prostate epithelial RWPE-1 cells, androgen-responsive LNCaP, and 22RV1 cells, as well as androgen-refractory PC-3 cells. We also utilized PCa tissue sections from patients with different Gleason scores and alcohol consumption backgrounds. Several sophisticated approaches were employed, including Structured illumination superresolution microscopy, Proximity ligation assay, Atomic force microscopy, and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results Herein, we identified the trans-Golgi matrix dimeric protein GCC185 as a Golgi retention partner for both S1P and S2P, and in cells lacking GCC185, these enzymes lose intra-Golgi situation. Progression of prostate cancer (PCa) is associated with overproduction of S1P and S2P but monomerization of GCC185 and its downregulation. Utilizing different ER stress models, including ethanol administration, we found that PCa cells employ an elegant mechanism that auto-activates ER stress by fragmentation of Golgi, translocation of S1P and S2P from Golgi to ER, followed by intra-ER cleavage of ATF6, accelerated UPR, and cell proliferation. The segregation of S1P and S2P from Golgi and activation of ATF6 are positively correlated with androgen receptor signaling, different disease stages, and alcohol consumption. Finally, depletion of ATF6 significantly retarded the growth of xenograft prostate tumors and blocks production of pro-metastatic metabolites. Conclusions We found that progression of PCa associates with translocation of S1P and S2P proteases to the ER and subsequent ATF6 cleavage. This obviates the need for ATF6 transport to the Golgi and enhances UPR and cell proliferation. Thus, we provide the novel mechanistic model of ATF6 activation and ER stress implication in the progression of PCa, suggesting ATF6 is a novel promising target for prostate cancer therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-02066-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem N Pachikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.,The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ryan R Gough
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.,The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.,Omaha Western Iowa Health Care System, VA Service, Department of Research Service, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
| | - Caroline E Christy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Mary E Morris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Carol A Casey
- Omaha Western Iowa Health Care System, VA Service, Department of Research Service, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
| | - Chad A LaGrange
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ganapati Bhat
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560078, India
| | - Anatoly V Kubyshkin
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Medical Academy named after S. I. Georgievsky, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russia, 295051
| | - Iryna I Fomochkina
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Medical Academy named after S. I. Georgievsky, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russia, 295051
| | - Evgeniya Y Zyablitskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Academy named after S. I. Georgievsky, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russia, 295051
| | - Tatiana P Makalish
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Academy named after S. I. Georgievsky, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russia, 295051
| | - Elena P Golubinskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Academy named after S. I. Georgievsky, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russia, 295051
| | - Kateryna A Davydenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Academy named after S. I. Georgievsky, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russia, 295051
| | - Sergey N Eremenko
- Saint Luc's Clinique, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russia, 295051
| | - Jean-Jack M Riethoven
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.,Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.,The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Amith S Maroli
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Thomas S Payne
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.,The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Robert Powers
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Alexander Y Lushnikov
- Nanoimaging Core Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
| | - Amanda J Macke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Armen Petrosyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA. .,The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA. .,Omaha Western Iowa Health Care System, VA Service, Department of Research Service, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA.
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7
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Pirro M, Rombouts Y, Stella A, Neyrolles O, Burlet-Schiltz O, van Vliet SJ, de Ru AH, Mohammed Y, Wuhrer M, van Veelen PA, Hensbergen PJ. Characterization of Macrophage Galactose-type Lectin (MGL) ligands in colorectal cancer cell lines. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129513. [PMID: 31911241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ca2+-dependent C-type lectin receptor Macrophage Galactose-type Lectin (MGL) is highly expressed by tolerogenic dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages. MGL exhibits a high binding specificity for terminal alpha- and beta-linked GalNAc residues found in Tn, sTn and LacdiNAc antigens. These glycan epitopes are often overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC), and, as such, MGL can be used to discriminate tumor from the corresponding healthy tissues. Moreover, the high expression of MGL ligands is associated with poor disease-free survival in stage III of CRC tumors. Nonetheless, the glycoproteins expressed by tumor cells that are recognized by MGL have hitherto remained elusive. METHODS Using a panel of three CRC cell lines (HCT116, HT29 and LS174T), recapitulating CRC diversity, we performed FACS staining and pull-down assays using a recombinant soluble form of MGL (and a mutant MGL as control) combined with mass spectrometry-based (glyco)proteomics. RESULTS HCT116 and HT29, but not LS174T, are high MGL-binding CRC cell lines. On these cells, the major cell surface binding proteins are receptors (e.g. MET, PTK7, SORL1, PTPRF) and integrins (ITGB1, ITGA3). From these proteins, several N- and/or O-glycopeptides were identified, of which some carried either a LacdiNAc or Tn epitope. CONCLUSIONS We have identified cell surface MGL-ligands on CRC cell lines. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Advances in (glyco)proteomics have led to identification of candidate key mediators of immune-evasion and tumor growth in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pirro
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yoann Rombouts
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Stella
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arnoud H de Ru
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yassene Mohammed
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter A van Veelen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Hensbergen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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8
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Kellokumpu S. Golgi pH, Ion and Redox Homeostasis: How Much Do They Really Matter? Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:93. [PMID: 31263697 PMCID: PMC6584808 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exocytic and endocytic compartments each have their own unique luminal ion and pH environment that is important for their normal functioning. A failure to maintain this environment - the loss of homeostasis - is not uncommon. In the worst case, all the main Golgi functions, including glycosylation, membrane trafficking and protein sorting, can be perturbed. Several factors contribute to Golgi homeostasis. These include not only ions such as H+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, but also Golgi redox state and nitric oxide (NO) levels, both of which are dependent on the oxygen levels in the cells. Changes to any one of these factors have consequences on Golgi functions, the nature of which can be dissimilar or similar depending upon the defects themselves. For example, altered Golgi pH homeostasis gives rise to Cutis laxa disease, in which glycosylation and membrane trafficking are both affected, while altered Ca2+ homeostasis due to the mutated SCPA1 gene in Hailey-Hailey disease, perturbs various protein sorting, proteolytic cleavage and membrane trafficking events in the Golgi. This review gives an overview of the molecular machineries involved in the maintenance of Golgi ion, pH and redox homeostasis, followed by a discussion of the organelle dysfunction and disease that frequently result from their breakdown. Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) are discussed only when they contribute directly to Golgi pH, ion or redox homeostasis. Current evidence emphasizes that, rather than being mere supporting factors, Golgi pH, ion and redox homeostasis are in fact key players that orchestrate and maintain all Golgi functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Kellokumpu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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9
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Wortzel I, Koifman G, Rotter V, Seger R, Porat Z. High Throughput Analysis of Golgi Structure by Imaging Flow Cytometry. Sci Rep 2017; 7:788. [PMID: 28400563 PMCID: PMC5429768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a dynamic organelle, which regulates the vesicular trafficking. While cellular trafficking requires active changes of the Golgi membranes, these are not accompanied by changes in the general Golgi’s structure. However, cellular processes such as mitosis, apoptosis and migration require fragmentation of the Golgi complex. Currently, these changes are most commonly studied by basic immunofluorescence and quantified by manual and subjective classification of the Golgi structure in 100–500 stained cells. Several other high-throughput methods exist as well, but those are either complicated or do not provide enough morphological information. Therefore, a simple and informative high content methodology should be beneficial for the study of Golgi architecture. Here we describe the use of high-throughput imaging flow cytometry for quantification of Golgi fragmentation, which provides a simple way to analyze the changes in an automated, quantitative and non-biased manner. Furthermore, it provides a rapid and accurate way to analyze more than 50,000 cells per sample. Our results demonstrate that this method is robust and statistically powerful, thus, providing a much-needed analytical tool for future studies on Golgi dynamics, and can be adapted to other experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Wortzel
- Dept. of Biological Regulation, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gabriela Koifman
- Dept. Of Molecular Cell Biology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Varda Rotter
- Dept. Of Molecular Cell Biology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rony Seger
- Dept. of Biological Regulation, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Dept. of Life Sciences Core Facilities, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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10
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Karsten U, Goletz S. What controls the expression of the core-1 (Thomsen-Friedenreich) glycotope on tumor cells? BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:801-7. [PMID: 26541995 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915070019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Malignant transformation is tightly connected with changes in the glycosylation of proteins and lipids, which in turn are contributing to the invasive and metastatic behavior of tumor cells. One example of such changes is demasking of the otherwise hidden core-1 structure, also known as Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen, which is a highly tumor-specific glycotope and potentially a cancer stem cell marker. This review summarizes what is known about the mechanism(s) of its expression on tumor cells. New data reveal a close connection between tumor metabolism and Golgi function. Based on these data, we suggest that the expression of this antigen is also a marker of aerobic glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Karsten
- Glycotope GmbH, Berlin-Buch, D-13125, Germany.
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11
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Chia J, Tham KM, Gill DJ, Bard-Chapeau EA, Bard FA. ERK8 is a negative regulator of O-GalNAc glycosylation and cell migration. eLife 2014; 3:e01828. [PMID: 24618899 PMCID: PMC3945522 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ER O-glycosylation can be induced through relocalisation GalNAc-Transferases from the Golgi. This process markedly stimulates cell migration and is constitutively activated in more than 60% of breast carcinomas. How this activation is achieved remains unclear. Here, we screened 948 signalling genes using RNAi and imaging. We identified 12 negative regulators of O-glycosylation that all control GalNAc-T sub-cellular localisation. ERK8, an atypical MAPK with high basal kinase activity, is a strong hit and is partially localised at the Golgi. Its inhibition induces the relocation of GalNAc-Ts, but not of KDEL receptors, revealing the existence of two separate COPI-dependent pathways. ERK8 down-regulation, in turn, activates cell motility. In human breast and lung carcinomas, ERK8 expression is reduced while ER O-glycosylation initiation is hyperactivated. In sum, ERK8 appears as a constitutive brake on GalNAc-T relocalisation, and the loss of its expression could drive cancer aggressivity through increased cell motility. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01828.001 The likelihood of an individual being able to recover from cancer depends on: where the cancer is within the body, how quickly the disease is detected and how quickly treatment is started. Cancers that have spread from their original location to another part of the body are particular challenging to treat, and cause the vast majority of cancer deaths every year. Treatments that can recognize and eradicate cancer cells, while leaving nearby healthy cells untouched, are still needed—and so there has been a lot of research into identifying the key differences between healthy cells and cancer cells. For several decades, researchers have been aware that cancer cells have more proteins coated with modified sugars on their cell surfaces than healthy cells. This is caused by the enzymes that add these sugars to the proteins relocating from one location within the cell, the Golgi apparatus, to another, called the endoplasmic reticulum. These specific ‘sugar-coated’ proteins are known to encourage cancer cells to migrate and invade new tissues, but the mechanisms that regulate the addition of these sugar molecules to proteins remains poorly understood. Now Chia et al. have discovered 12 molecules that regulate this process, including an enzyme called ERK8 that is found at the Golgi apparatus. ERK8 is shown to prevent the relocation of the sugar-adding enzymes from the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby restricting the production of sugar-coated proteins that help the cancer cells to spread within the body. By identifying 12 potential targets for new therapeutics aimed at preventing the spread of cancer, the work of Chia et al. could ultimately help to improve the chances of patients recovering from certain cancers. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01828.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Chia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Petrosyan A, Cheng PW. Golgi fragmentation induced by heat shock or inhibition of heat shock proteins is mediated by non-muscle myosin IIA via its interaction with glycosyltransferases. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:241-54. [PMID: 23990450 PMCID: PMC3933620 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a highly dynamic organelle which frequently undergoes morphological changes in certain normal physiological processes or in response to stress. The mechanisms are largely not known. We have found that heat shock of Panc1 cells expressing core 2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-M (Panc1-C2GnT-M) induces Golgi disorganization by increasing non-muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA)-C2GnT-M complexes and polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of C2GnT-M. These effects are prevented by inhibition or knockdown of NMIIA. Also, the speed of Golgi fragmentation induced by heat shock is found to be positively correlated with the levels of C2GnT-M in the Golgi. The results are reproduced in LNCaP cells expressing high levels of two endogenous glycosyltransferases-core 2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-L:1 and β-galactoside:α2-3 sialyltransferase 1. Further, during recovery after heat shock, Golgi reassembly as monitored by a Golgi matrix protein giantin precedes the return of C2GnT-M to the Golgi. The results are consistent with the roles of giantin as a building block of the Golgi architecture and a docking site for transport vesicles carrying glycosyltransferases. In addition, inhibition/depletion of HSP70 or HSP90 in Panc1-C2GnT-M cells also causes an increase of NMIIA-C2GnT-M complexes and NMIIA-mediated Golgi fragmentation but results in accumulation or degradation of C2GnT-M, respectively. These results can be explained by the known functions of these two HSP: participation of HSP90 in protein folding and HSP70 in protein folding and degradation. We conclude that NMIIA is the master regulator of Golgi fragmentation induced by heat shock or inhibition/depletion of HSP70/90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Petrosyan
- />Department of Research Service, Veterans Administration Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE USA
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870 USA
| | - Pi-Wan Cheng
- />Department of Research Service, Veterans Administration Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE USA
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870 USA
- />Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
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13
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Díaz-Zaragoza M, Hernández R, Ostoa-Saloma P. 2D immunoblots show differential response of mouse IgG and IgM antibodies to antigens of mammary carcinoma 4 T1 cells. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:9. [PMID: 24467921 PMCID: PMC3933067 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-14-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immunosuppression in breast cancer has been reported in women and in the highly metastatic mouse mammary tumor model 4 T1. The immunosuppressive environment complicates the use of the humoral response against the tumor as an immunodiagnostic tool. IgM has not been used in immunodiagnostic in part because its antitumor responses, both innate and adaptive, have not been studied in function of time in breast cancer. We show a new approach to analyzing the mouse humoral immune response, and compare the evolution with time of IgG and IgM responses against the antigens of 4 T1 cells. Methods The study is based on 2-dimensional immunoblotting detection of antigens from 4 T1 cells by the IgG and IgM antibodies in the serum of female mice injected with 4 T1 cells. Results There was a high variability in the intra-and inter-mouse response. Variability in the IgM response was manifested as a pattern of spots that could become a multibinomial variable of 0 and 1, which could represent a signature of the immune response. Different numbers of spots was found in the IgG and IgM responses from week 1 to 5. On average, the IgM had more but the IgG response decrease with the time. The natural IgM at t = 0 responds stronger than w1; the adaptive response of both IgM and IgG were elicited where, with the former being stronger better than the latter. Antigens that are recognized by some female mice in the first week are also recognized by other female mice at time 0. Contamination of the natural IgM makes difficult use the adaptive IgM as a tool for immunodiagnostic. Conclusions IgM and IgG response varied with the time and individuals. Spot variation in 2D pattern for the natural IgM could be expressed as a binomial signature, which opens up the way to correlate a particular pattern with resistance or susceptibility. This uncovers a battery of IgMs for each individual to confront cancer or infections. The possibility to differentiate between adaptive IgM antibodies from the natural IgM will allow investigation of the adaptive IgM for early immunodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pedro Ostoa-Saloma
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria México D,F C,P, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
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14
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Petrosyan A, Cheng PW. A non-enzymatic function of Golgi glycosyltransferases: mediation of Golgi fragmentation by interaction with non-muscle myosin IIA. Glycobiology 2013; 23:690-708. [PMID: 23396488 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus undergoes morphological changes under stress or malignant transformation, but the precise mechanisms are not known. We recently showed that non-muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) binds to the cytoplasmic tail of Core 2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase mucus-type (C2GnT-M) and transports it to the endoplasmic reticulum for recycling. Here, we report that Golgi fragmentation induced by brefeldin A (BFA) or coatomer protein (β-COP) knockdown (KD) in Panc1-bC2GnT-M (c-Myc) cells is accompanied by the increased association of NMIIA with C2GnT-M and its degradation by proteasomes. Golgi fragmentation is prevented by inhibition or KD of NMIIA. Using multiple approaches, we have shown that the speed of BFA-induced Golgi fragmentation is positively correlated with the levels of this enzyme in the Golgi. The observation is reproduced in LNCaP cells which express high levels of two endogenous glycosyltransferases--C2GnT-L and β-galactoside α2,3 sialyltransferase 1. NMIIA is found to form complexes with these two enzymes but not Golgi matrix proteins. The KD of both enzymes or the prevention of Golgi glycosyltransferases from exiting endoplasmic reticulum reduced Golgi-associated NMIIA and decreased the BFA-induced fragmentation. Interestingly, the fragmented Golgi detected in colon cancer HT-29 cells can be restored to a compact morphology after inhibition or KD of NMIIA. The Golgi disorganization induced by the microtubule or actin destructive agent is NMIIA-independent and does not affect the levels of glycosyltransferases. We conclude that NMIIA interacts with Golgi residential but not matrix proteins, and this interaction is responsible for Golgi fragmentation induced by β-COP KD or BFA treatment. This is a novel non-enzymatic function of Golgi glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Petrosyan
- Department of Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105 USA
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15
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Borzym-Kluczyk M, Radziejewska I, Cechowska-Pasko M. Glycosylation of proteins in healthy and neoplastic human salivary glands – a preliminary study. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:885-9. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Wolf J, Reimer TA, Schuck S, Rüder C, Gerlach K, Müller EC, Otto A, Dörken B, Rehm A. Role of EBAG9 protein in coat protein complex I-dependent glycoprotein maturation and secretion processes in tumor cells. FASEB J 2010; 24:4000-19. [PMID: 20570965 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-153452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins mature within the secretory pathway by the acquisition of glycans. Failure to maintain the proper distribution of the glycosylation machinery might lead to disease. High expression levels of the ubiquitous Golgi protein estrogen receptor-binding fragment-associated gene 9 (EBAG9) in human tumors correlate with poor clinical prognosis, and EBAG9 overexpression in epithelial cell lines induces truncated glycans, typical of many carcinomas. Here, we addressed the pathogenetic link between EBAG9 expression and the alteration of the cellular glycome. We applied confocal microscopy, live imaging, pulse-chase labeling in conjunction with immunoprecipitation, and enzymatic activity assays in a variety of EBAG9-overexpressing or depleted epithelial tumor cell lines. EBAG9 shuttles between the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment and the cis-Golgi, and we demonstrate association of EBAG9 with coat protein complex I (COPI)-coated transport vesicles. EBAG9 overexpression imposes delay of endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transport and mislocalizes components of the ER quality control and glycosylation machinery. Conversely, EBAG9 down-regulation accelerates glycoprotein transport through the Golgi and enhances mannosidase activity. Thus, EBAG9 acts as a negative regulator of a COPI-dependent ER-to-Golgi transport pathway in epithelial cells and represents a novel pathogenetic principle in which interference with intracellular membrane trafficking results in the emergence of a tumor-associated glycome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Wolf
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Brockhausen I. Mucin-type O-glycans in human colon and breast cancer: glycodynamics and functions. EMBO Rep 2006; 7:599-604. [PMID: 16741504 PMCID: PMC1479595 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycoproteins of tumour cells are often abnormal, both in structure and in quantity. In particular, the mucin-type O-glycans have several cancer-associated structures, including the T and Tn antigens, and certain Lewis antigens. These structural changes can alter the function of the cell, and its antigenic and adhesive properties, as well as its potential to invade and metastasize. Cancer-associated mucin antigens can be exploited in diagnosis and prognosis, and in the development of cancer vaccines. The activities and Golgi localization of glycosyltransferases are the basis for the glycodynamics of cancer cells, and determine the ranges and amounts of specific O-glycans produced. This review focuses on the glycosyltransferases of colon and breast cancer cells that determine the pathways of mucin-type O-glycosylation, and the proposed functional and pathological consequences of altered O-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inka Brockhausen
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, Human Mobility Research Centre, Queen's University, Kingston General Hospital, Angada 1, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada.
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18
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Vollmers HP, Brändlein S. Natural IgM antibodies: the orphaned molecules in immune surveillance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:755-65. [PMID: 16820243 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2005.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural IgM antibodies are typical victims of prejudices which originated in the mid 80 s. Over the years, these molecules were considered as the pariahs among the immune competent molecules and their characteristic properties, like low affinity, cross-reactivity and pentameric structure, were assessed as useless, difficult, nebulous, etc. Today, mainly based on a few scientists' persistent work and the key discoveries on innate immune recognition, natural IgM antibodies are "back on stage". Their role in the immune response against bacteria, viruses, fungi and possibly modified self-components as well as in therapy and diagnosis of malignancies is accepted. All the so far negatively judged features are seen in a different light, e.g. low affinity seems to be good for function and does not exclude specificity, and cross-reactivity is no longer judged as unspecific, but instead as a very economic way of immune recognition. And at last, with the use of natural IgM antibodies, a new field of tumor-specific targets has been encountered, the carbo-neo-epitopes. Therefore, by having learned from nature, the renaissance of natural IgM antibodies opens a new area of cancer therapeutics and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Peter Vollmers
- Institute for Pathology, University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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19
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Rivinoja A, Kokkonen N, Kellokumpu I, Kellokumpu S. Elevated Golgi pH in breast and colorectal cancer cells correlates with the expression of oncofetal carbohydrate T-antigen. J Cell Physiol 2006; 208:167-74. [PMID: 16547942 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Altered glycosylation has turned out to be a universal feature of cancer cells, and in many cases, to correlate with altered expression or localization of relevant glycosyltransferases. However, no such correlation exists between observed enzymatic changes and the expression of the oncofetal Thomsen-Friedenreich (T)-antigen, a core 1 (Gal-beta1 --> 3-GalNAc-ser/thr) carbohydrate structure. Here we report that T-antigen expression, instead, correlates with elevated Golgi pH in cancer cells. Firstly, using a Golgi-targeted green fluorescent protein (GT-EGFP) as a probe, we show that the medial/trans-Golgi pH (pHG) in a high proportion of breast (MCF-7) and colorectal (HT-29, SW-48) cancer cells is significantly more alkaline (pHG > or = 6.75) than that of control cells (pHG 5.9-6.5). The pH gradient between the cytoplasm and the Golgi lumen is also markedly reduced in MCF-7 cells, suggesting a Golgi acidification defect. Secondly, we show that T-antigen expression is highly sensitive to changes in Golgi pH, as only a 0.2 pH unit increase was sufficient to increase T-antigen expression in control cells. Thirdly, we found that T-antigen expressing MCF-7 cells have 0.3 pH units more alkaline Golgi pH than non-expressing MCF-7 cells. Fourthly, in all cell types examined, we observed significant correlation between the number of T-antigen expressing cells and cells with a markedly elevated Golgi pH (pHG > or = 6.75). Consistent with these observations in cultured cells, cells in solid tumors also heterogenously expressed the T-antigen. Thus, elevated Golgi pH appears to be directly linked to T-antigen expression in cancer cells, but it may also act as a more general factor for altered glycosylation in cancer by affecting the distribution of Golgi-localized glycosyltransferases.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/physiology
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/analysis
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/genetics
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/physiology
- Breast Neoplasms/chemistry
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colorectal Neoplasms/chemistry
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glycosylation
- Glycosyltransferases/analysis
- Golgi Apparatus/enzymology
- Golgi Apparatus/physiology
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Immunohistochemistry
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Polysaccharides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Rivinoja
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Linnanmaa, Oulu, Finland
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20
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Guo JM, Chen HL, Wang GM, Zhang YK, Narimatsu H. Expression of UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-12 in gastric and colonic cancer cell lines and in human colorectal cancer. Oncology 2004; 67:271-6. [PMID: 15557789 DOI: 10.1159/000081328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2003] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The expression of UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-12 (pp-GalNAc-T12) was studied in 3 normal human tissues (stomach, small intestine and colon), 3 stomach and 6 colon cancer cell lines, as well as in the resected cancer tissues and normal tissues (control) from 19 patients with colorectal cancer. METHODS Marathon Ready cDNAs were used as the templates of normal tissues. mRNA was extracted from the cell lines and resected tissues, and reverse-transcribed to cDNA. The expression of pp-GalNAc-T12 was determined with a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS It was found that the expression of pp-GalNAc-T12 was strong in 3 normal tissues, weak or negligible in 9 cancer cell lines, and down-regulated in all of the colorectal cancer tissues as compared with normal control samples. Moreover, the expression of pp-GalNAc-T12 tended to inversely correlate with the TNM stage, and statistically was much lower in the samples with metastasis than in those without. However, the expression in the tissues did not correlate with the concentration of serum CA 19-9 routinely applied in the diagnosis and assessment of prognosis in patients with colonic cancers. CONCLUSION the expression of pp-GalNAc-T12 seems to be a negative marker especially of metastatic gastric and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fu-Dan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Pohle T, Brändlein S, Ruoff N, Müller-Hermelink HK, Vollmers HP. Lipoptosis: tumor-specific cell death by antibody-induced intracellular lipid accumulation. Cancer Res 2004; 64:3900-6. [PMID: 15173000 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A balanced lipid metabolism is crucial for all cells. Disturbance of this homeostasis by nonphysiological intracellular accumulation of fatty acids can result in apoptosis. This was proven in animal studies and was correlated to some human diseases, like lipotoxic cardiomyopathy. Some metabolic mechanisms of lipo-apoptosis were described, and some causes were discussed, but reagents, which directly induce lipo-apoptosis, have thus far not been identified. The human monoclonal IgM antibody SAM-6 was isolated from a stomach cancer patient by using the conventional human hybridoma technology (trioma technique). The addition of SAM-6 to tumor cells leads to an increase in the intracellular accumulation of neutral lipids, followed by tumor cell apoptosis. The antibody SAM-6 does not react with noncancerous human epithelial and fibroblastic cells, because the M(r) 140000 membrane molecule, recognized by the antibody, is specifically expressed on human malignant cells. The antibody is coded by the germ-line genes IgHV3-30.3*01 and IgLV3-1*01 and is a component of the innate immunity to cancer. In this article, we describe an antibody-induced tumor-specific cell death, named lipoptosis. This is, to our knowledge, the first description of this specific form of lipo-apoptosis as an antibody-mediated mechanism of tumor cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Pohle
- Institute of Pathology, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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22
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Brockhausen I. Glycodynamics of Mucin Biosynthesis in Gastrointestinal Tumor Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 535:163-88. [PMID: 14714895 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0065-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins found in the secretions and on the surfaces of cancer cells include mucins and mucin-like glycoproteins. These molecules have been shown to carry antigens that are characteristically expressed on cancer cells, including Tn and T antigens and Lewis epitopes. The structures of O-glycans are often abnormal in gastrointestinal tumors, or else are present in abnormal amounts, and these structures greatly contribute to the phenotype and biology of cancer cells. It has been shown that glycans of cancer cells have functional importance in cell adhesion, invasion and metastasis. The possible mechanisms leading to these cancer-specific changes in carbohydrate structures (termed glycodynamics) involve altered mRNA expression and catalytic activities of glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases found in tissues and cells of gastrointestinal tumors. In a number of cases it has been possible to correlate enzyme changes with oligosaccharide structures. Different mechanisms have been suggested leading to the synthesis of cancer-specific Lewis, T and Tn antigens, but the regulation of cancer mucin antigens generally appears to be very complex and is poorly understood. The expression levels of specific mucin antigens and enzymes in gastro-intestinal tumors have diagnostic as well as prognostic value. These antigens also have potential for cancer immunotherapy. However, we first need to unravel the complexity of the control of glycosylation in cancer cells. Most importantly, studies of the functional implications of the glycodynamics in cancer cells, as related to cell adhesion and impact on the immune system will provide promising directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inka Brockhausen
- Department of Medicine, and Human Mobility Research Centre, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada
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23
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López-Ferrer A, Barranco C, de Bolós C. Differences in the O-glycosylation patterns between lung squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2002; 118:749-55. [PMID: 12428796 DOI: 10.1309/lwp3-mfa8-8kx7-60yq] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucins are highly O-glycosylated proteins synthesized by epithelial cells, and their glycosylation patterns can be altered during neoplastic transformation. The 2 types of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) display a similar pattern of mucin gene expression but different reactivity to periodic acid-Schiff diastase, suggesting that a higher number of carbohydrate chains are present in adenocarcinomas. We compared the expression of core (Tn, sialyl-Tn, T) and terminal fucosylated and sialylated (Lewis antigens) carbohydrate structures in lung tumors. Specific antibodies were usedfor immunohistochemical and Western blot assays. Results indicated that core and terminal structures are detected more frequently in adenocarcinoma than in squamous cell carcinoma, except Lewis y, which is expressed strongly in both types of NSCLC. These data suggest that in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, different sets of glycosyltransferases must be expressed and that different posttranslational modifications of the mucin genes can take place in these 2 tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna López-Ferrer
- Unitat de Biologia Cellular i Molecular, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Kellokumpu S, Sormunen R, Kellokumpu I. Abnormal glycosylation and altered Golgi structure in colorectal cancer: dependence on intra-Golgi pH. FEBS Lett 2002; 516:217-24. [PMID: 11959136 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal glycosylation of cellular glycoconjugates is a common phenotypic change in many human tumors. Here, we explore the possibility that an altered Golgi pH may also be responsible for these cancer-associated glycosylation abnormalities. We show that a mere dissipation of the acidic Golgi pH results both in increased expression of some cancer-associated carbohydrate antigens and in structural disorganization of the Golgi apparatus in otherwise normally glycosylating cells. pH dependence of these alterations was confirmed by showing that an acidification-defective breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) also displayed a fragmented Golgi apparatus, whereas the Golgi apparatus was structurally normal in its acidification-competent subline (MCF-7/AdrR). Acidification competence was also found to rescue normal glycosylation potential in MCF-7/AdrR cells. Finally, we show that abnormal glycosylation is also accompanied by similar structural disorganization and fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus in colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that an inappropriate Golgi pH may indeed be responsible for the abnormal Golgi structure and lowered glycosylation potential of the Golgi apparatus in malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Kellokumpu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland.
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25
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Wang F, Goto M, Kim YS, Higashi M, Imai K, Sato E, Yonezawa S. Altered GalNAc-alpha-2,6-sialylation compartments for mucin-associated sialyl-Tn antigen in colorectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma. J Histochem Cytochem 2001; 49:1581-92. [PMID: 11724906 DOI: 10.1177/002215540104901212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialyl-Tn (STn), a mucin-associated disaccharide antigen carried by apomucins such as MUC2, plays an important role in tumor biology. However, little is known about the subcellular localization and compartments involved in STn synthesis. In this study we used immunoelectron microscopy to localize STn and MUC2 apomucin in human colorectal tissues. MUC2 apomucin was localized predominantly in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in normal colorectal mucosa (n=6), colorectal adenoma (n=8), and colorectal adenocarcinoma (n=10). STn, recognized by monoclonal antibody TKH2, was not readily detectable in normal colorectal mucosa but becomes manifest in both trans-Golgi apparatus and mucin droplets in colorectal adenoma. In colorectal adenocarcinoma, STn was localized not only in late but also in early Golgi compartments, and particularly in some RER lumens. Furthermore, electron microscopic in situ hybridization revealed that gold particles representing MUC2 mRNA are primarily localized over the RER. Our findings indicate that in colorectal adenoma STn sialylation takes place in the trans-Golgi apparatus, whereas in colorectal cancer STn sialylation occurs in all the Golgi compartments and in the RER.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wang
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan
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26
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Brockhausen I, Yang J, Lehotay M, Ogata S, Itzkowitz S. Pathways of mucin O-glycosylation in normal and malignant rat colonic epithelial cells reveal a mechanism for cancer-associated Sialyl-Tn antigen expression. Biol Chem 2001; 382:219-32. [PMID: 11308020 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2001.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The Sialyl-Tn antigen (Sialyl alpha-Ser/Thr) is expressed as a cancer-associated antigen on the surface of cancer cells. Its presence is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with colorectal and other cancers. We previously reported that Sialyl-Tn expression in LSC human colon cancer cells could be explained by a specific lack of the activity of core 1 beta3-Gal-transferase (Brockhausen et al., Glycoconjugate J. 15, 595-603, 1998) and an inability to synthesize the common O-glycan core structures. To support this mechanism, or find other mechanisms to explain Sialyl-Tn antigen expression, we investigated the O-glycosylation pathways in clonal rat colon cancer cell lines that were selected for positive or negative expression of Sialyl-Tn antigen, and compared these pathways to those in normal rat colonic mucosa. Normal rat colonic mucosa had very active glycosyltransferases synthesizing O-glycan core structures 1 to 4. Several sialyl-, sulfo- and fucosyltransferases were also active. An M type core 2 beta6-GlcNAc-transferase was found to be present in rat colon mucosa and all of the rat colon cancer cells. O-glycosylation pathways in rat colon cancer cells were significantly different from normal rat colonic mucosa; for example, rat colon cancer cells lost the ability to synthesize O-glycan core 3. All rat colon cancer cell lines, regardless of the Sialyl-Tn phenotype, expressed glycosyltransferases assembling complex O-glycans of core 1 and core 2 structures (unlike human LSC colon cancer cells which lack core 1 beta3-Gal-transferase activity). It was the activity of CMP-sialic acid:GalNAc-mucin alpha6-sialyltransferase that coincided with Sialyl-Tn expression. Sialyl-Tn negative cells had a several fold higher activity of core 2 beta6-GlcNAc-transferase which synthesizes complex O-glycans that may mask adjacent Sialyl-Tn epitopes. The results suggest a new mechanism controlling Sialyl-Tn expression in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Brockhausen
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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27
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López-Ferrer A, Curull V, Barranco C, Garrido M, Lloreta J, Real FX. Mucins as differentiation markers in bronchial epithelium. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma display similar expression patterns. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 24:22-29. [PMID: 11152646 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.24.1.4294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Highly glycosylated apomucins are important to maintain the viscoelastic properties of the mucus. Changes in their expression are frequently associated with inflammatory and neoplastic conditions. We analyzed the expression of apomucins in normal respiratory tract (n = 8) and compared it with distal, peritumoral, and tumoral epithelia from patients with squamous cell carcinoma (n = 20), adenocarcinoma (n = 13), and small cell carcinoma (n = 12). Squamous metaplasia (n = 16) was also analyzed. MUC1, MUC2, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC6, and MUC8 apomucins were detected by immunohistochemistry, and mucin transcripts by in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Bronchial epithelium from normal individuals and distal epithelium from cancer patients showed a similar expression pattern: MUC1, MUC4, and MUC8 were always present, MUC2 and MUC5AC showed more variability, and MUC6 was focally detected. MUC5AC was downregulated in peritumoral epithelium and in squamous metaplasia, and MUC6 was upregulated in peritumoral epithelium. A reduced expression of MUC4, MUC5AC, and MUC8 was observed in non-small cell carcinomas, regardless of their histologic subtype. In small cell tumors, only MUC1 was consistently expressed. CONCLUSIONS (1) peritumoral epithelium and squamous metaplasia show an abnormal pattern of mucin expression; (2) squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas display a similar pattern of mucin gene expression, supporting the concept of a common cellular origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A López-Ferrer
- Unitat de Biologia Cellular i Molecular, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona; Servei de Pneumologia and Servei de Patologia, Hospital de Mar, Barcelona; and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Ulloa F, Franci C, Real FX. GalNAc-alpha -O-benzyl inhibits sialylation of de Novo synthesized apical but not basolateral sialoglycoproteins and blocks lysosomal enzyme processing in a post-trans-Golgi network compartment. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:18785-93. [PMID: 10751388 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m000510200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation plays an important role in glycoprotein traffic. Our previous work has shown that long term treatment of mucus-secreting HT-29 cells with GalNAc-alpha-O-benzyl reversibly inhibits sialylation and causes the accumulation of apical glycoproteins in cytoplasmic vesicles. We have analyzed at the biochemical level the effects of GalNAc-alpha-O-benzyl on glycoprotein processing. Both apical and basolateral membrane glycoproteins were sialylated, but GalNAc-alpha-O-benzyl selectively inhibited the sialylation of apical glycoproteins. In addition, lysosomal alpha-glucosidase, which is partially targeted to the apical membrane, was abnormally processed leading to the accumulation of an immature molecular species. Several findings support the conclusion that accumulation of this protein occurs in a post-trans-Golgi network (TGN) compartment: 1) it is partially sialylated; 2) it does not occur when glycoprotein exit from the TGN is blocked at 20 degrees C; 3) upon Triton X-114 partition, it distributes to the aqueous phase, a characteristic that is acquired in a post-TGN compartment; and 4) its appearance is inhibited when cells are cultured in the presence of NH(4)Cl. The processing of cathepsin D was also found to be affected by GalNAc-alpha-O-benzyl treatment. In conclusion, GalNAc-alpha-O-benzyl selectively inhibits sialylation of apical glycoproteins and perturbs lysosomal enzyme processing; these effects occur in a post-TGN acidic compartment and are reminiscent of the alterations found in sialic acid storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ulloa
- Unitat de Biologia Cel.lular i Molecular, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, carrer Dr. Aiguader, 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Jackson CL. Brefeldin A revealing the fundamental principles governing membrane dynamics and protein transport. Subcell Biochem 2000; 34:233-72. [PMID: 10808335 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46824-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C L Jackson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, SBGM, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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30
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Abstract
Glycoproteins with O-glycosidically linked carbohydrate chains of complex structures and functions are found in secretions and on the cell surfaces of cancer cells. The structures of O-glycans are often unusual or abnormal in cancer, and greatly contribute to the phenotype and biology of cancer cells. Some of the mechanisms of changes in O-glycosylation pathways have been determined in cancer model systems. However, O-glycan biosynthesis is a complex process that is still poorly understood. The glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases that synthesize O-glycans appear to exist as families of related enzymes of which individual members are expressed in a tissue- and growth-specific fashion. Studies of their regulation in cancer may reveal the connection between cancerous transformation and glycosylation which may help to understand and control the abnormal biology of tumor cells. Cancer diagnosis may be based on the appearance of certain glycosylated epitopes, and therapeutic avenues have been designed to attack cancer cells via their glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Brockhausen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Oncology Research, Toronto Hospital, 67 College Street, Toronto, Ont., Canada.
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31
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Winterford CM, Walsh MD, Leggett BA, Jass JR. Ultrastructural localization of epithelial mucin core proteins in colorectal tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 1999; 47:1063-74. [PMID: 10424891 DOI: 10.1177/002215549904700811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins with a variety of postulated biological functions, including physicochemical protection from toxins and mutagens, adhesion modulation, signal transduction, and regulation of cell growth. Mucins are widely and differentially expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. To date, studies of cellular expression have relied on light microscopy using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Although informative, it has been difficult with these techniques to ascertain exactly which cell types are producing a given mucin. We studied expression of MUC1, MUC2, and MUC4 apomucins in a series of normal colon biopsies using a combination of immunoelectron microscopy and light microscopy. MUC1 mucin was localized to both goblet and columnar cells, where it was seen in secretory vesicles, microvilli, and in cytoplasmic remnants in goblet cell thecae. MUC2 expression was restricted to goblet cells, in which reactivity was concentrated in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). MUC4 expression was seen in both columnar and goblet cells, localized to the RER. The inability to detect MUC2 and MUC4 apomucins in the Golgi complex and the mature mucous gel probably represents masking of peptide epitopes following O-glycosylation. This study has helped clarify lineage-specific mucin synthesis in the normal colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Winterford
- Department of Pathology, University of Queensland, Mayne Medical School, Herston, Australia
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32
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Ayala I, Babià T, Baldassarre M, Pompeo A, Fabra A, Kok JW, Luini A, Buccione R, Egea G. Morphological and biochemical analysis of the secretory pathway in melanoma cells with distinct metastatic potential. FEBS Lett 1999; 451:315-20. [PMID: 10371212 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00620-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we have investigated whether alterations of the morphological and functional aspects of the biosecretory membrane system are associated with the metastatic potential of tumor cells. To this end, we have analyzed the morphology of the Golgi complex, the cytoskeleton organization and membrane trafficking steps of the secretory pathway in two human melanoma A375 cell line variants with low (A375-P) and high metastatic (A375-MM) potential. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that in A375-P cells, the Golgi complex showed a collapsed morphology. Conversely, in A375-MM cells, the Golgi complex presented a reticular and extended morphology. At the ultrastructural level, the Golgi complex of A375-P cells was fragmented and cisternae were swollen. When the cytoskeleton was analyzed, the microtubular network appeared normal in both cell variants, whereas actin stress fibers were largely absent in A375-P, but not in A375-MM cells. In addition, the F-actin content in A375-P cells was significantly lower than in A375-MM cells. These morphological differences in A375-P cells were accompanied by acceleration and an increase in the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi and the trans-Golgi network to cell surface membrane transport, respectively. Our results indicate that in human A375 melanoma cells, metastatic potential correlates with a well-structured morphofunctional organization of the Golgi complex and actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ayala
- Dept. Biologica Cellular, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universität de Barcelona, Spain
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33
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34
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Latella G, Fonti R, Caprilli R, Marcheggiano A, Magliocca F, Das KM, Gambús G, Sambuy Y. Characterization of the mucins produced by normal human colonocytes in primary culture. Int J Colorectal Dis 1996; 11:76-83. [PMID: 8739831 DOI: 10.1007/bf00342464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mature goblet cells filled with mucin ready for secretion represent about one third of the cells in primary cultures of human colonocytes. In the present study characterization of the mucins produced by cultured human colonocytes was made by histochemical methods by lectin and monoclonal antibody binding. Two monoclonal antibodies and three lectins (Dolichos biflorus (DBA), Helix pomatia (HPA) and Arachis hypogea (PNA) recognizing epitopes or sugar haptens characteristic of different stages of mucin glycoprotein maturation, were employed. The reactivity to these probes was tested both on cultured colonocytes and on tissue sections of the normal colon mucosa. The results show that the mucins produced in culture are glycosylated to the mature form, as they show the same reactivity to lectins and antibodies of the mucins expressed in tissue sections of the normal colon mucosa. In addition, it is demonstrated that cultured human colonocytes do not express mucins reactive to PNA, which are characteristic of tumors. Since the cultured colonocytes maintain the expression of differentiated functions for at least three days, they may offer a useful model to study metabolism, function and regulation of colon mucins in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Latella
- Cattedra di Gastroenterologia, Università de L'Aquila, Italy
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35
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Huet G, Kim I, de Bolos C, Lo-Guidice JM, Moreau O, Hemon B, Richet C, Delannoy P, Real FX, Degand P. Characterization of mucins and proteoglycans synthesized by a mucin-secreting HT-29 cell subpopulation. J Cell Sci 1995; 108 ( Pt 3):1275-85. [PMID: 7622610 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108.3.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HT-29 cells selected by adaptation to 10(−5) M methotrexate (HT-29 MTX) are a homogeneous cell population producing high amounts of mucin. Intracellular mucins and proteoglycans were isolated from these cells by ultracentrifugation of cell lysates on a cesium bromide gradient and further separated by anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography. The major mucin fraction isolated was characterized by a high hydroxy amino acid content (40%), a Thr/Ser ratio of 1.52, a high sialic acid content, and a low sulfate content. When the same procedure was applied to undifferentiated HT-29 cells, a minor mucin fraction was isolated which appeared less sialylated and more sulfated. The major proteoglycan species identified in HT-29 MTX cells showed less acidic behavior than the proteoglycan isolated from HT-29 cells. The effect of brefeldin A and the sugar analog GalNAc-alpha-O-benzyl on the synthesis and biochemical properties of mucins synthesized by HT-29 MTX cells was examined. Brefeldin A induced the synthesis of more-sulfated mucins. GalNAc-alpha-O-benzyl treatment resulted in mucins with an increased content of T antigen and a 13-fold lower sialic acid content. We show that GalNAc-alpha-O-benzyl was metabolized by the cells to Gal beta 1–3GalNAc-alpha-O-benzyl, which, in turn, was a potent competitive inhibitor of the O-glycan alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase. These results illustrate the suitability of HT-29 MTX cells as a model to analyse mucin synthesis and sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Huet
- INSERM U377, Lille, France
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36
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Gambús G, Jodas G, Andreu D, Real FX. Epitope mapping of a mouse monoclonal anti-MUC2 antibody suggests the existence of an immunodominant region in the COOH terminus of the MUC2 tandem-repeat sequence. Int J Cancer 1995; 60:146-8. [PMID: 7814147 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910600122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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37
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Lesuffleur T, Zweibaum A, Real FX. Mucins in normal and neoplastic human gastrointestinal tissues. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1994; 17:153-80. [PMID: 7865137 DOI: 10.1016/1040-8428(94)90053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Lesuffleur
- Unité de Recherches sur la Différenciation Cellulaire Intestinale, INSERM U178, Villejuif, France
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38
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Abstract
Neoplastic, inflammatory and regenerative processes affecting colorectal mucosa are associated with alterations in structure of epithelial mucin. This review collates mucin-, lectin-, and immuno-histochemical observations on colorectal mucins and introduces recent molecular genetic insights into the structure of the protein backbone of mucins. The numerous structural modifications uncovered by the various technical approaches have been reduced to a few manageable principles that are of relevance to both researcher and diagnostic pathologist. Particular attention is drawn to the need to appreciate the limited specificities of probes, the confounding influences of anatomical site and genetic factors (necessitating the use of appropriate positive and negative control tissues) and the precise location of secretory material. In the past, insufficient attention has been given to the effects of altered differentiation including metaplasia and differing lineage expression in epithelial disorders of growth. It is likely that certain changes loosely ascribed to goblet cell mucin, such as neo-expression of blood group antigens and anomalous expression of core carbohydrate structures, do not occur at all. Critical examination of available data point to only two consistent and unequivocal changes affecting goblet cell mucin in pathological processes: loss of O-acetyl substituents at sialic acid C4 and C7,8,9 and increased sialylation. Furthermore, there are no neoplasia-specific alterations in mucins documented to date. All neoplasia-associated changes have been described in non-neoplastic lesions also.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Jass
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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39
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Carrato C, Balague C, de Bolos C, Gonzalez E, Gambus G, Planas J, Perini JM, Andreu D, Real FX. Differential apomucin expression in normal and neoplastic human gastrointestinal tissues. Gastroenterology 1994; 107:160-72. [PMID: 8020658 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The cloning of genes encoding human mucins is the basis for the study of their normal tissue distribution and the alterations associated with cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the normal and tumor tissue expression of MUC1, MUC2, MUC5B, and MUC5C. METHODS The reactivity of apomucin-specific antibodies with fresh normal and tumor tissues was analyzed using immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS Anti-MUC1 antibodies reacted with most glandular epithelia. Anti-MUC2 antibody was mainly reactive with intestinal goblet cells and cervical mucous cells. Anti-MUC5B was reactive with a wide range of epithelial tissues whereas anti-MUC5C was reactive with stomach, trachea, and endocervix. Double-labeling experiments showed coexpression of MUC1/MUC2 and MUC2/MUC5C in colonic tissue. Multiple apomucins were detected in colon cancers, but no relationship to histochemical mucus stains was observed. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that (1) each apomucin shows a distinct tissue expression pattern; (2) multiple apomucins are present in a single tissue and at the single cell level; and (3) altered apomucin expression takes place in pathological colonic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Carrato
- Departament d'Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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40
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Balagué C, Gambús G, Carrato C, Porchet N, Aubert JP, Kim YS, Real FX. Altered expression of MUC2, MUC4, and MUC5 mucin genes in pancreas tissues and cancer cell lines. Gastroenterology 1994; 106:1054-61. [PMID: 8143972 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Neoplastic transformation of epithelial cells is commonly associated with altered synthesis and structure of mucin glycoproteins. The aim of the study was to determine if altered mucin gene expression takes place in pancreas cancer. METHODS To examine mucin gene expression in normal pancreas and pancreas cancer, antibodies detecting the MUC1, MUC2, MUC5B, and MUC5C apomucins were used in immunohistochemical techniques and complementary DNA probes specific for the MUC1-MUC5 genes were used in Northern blots. RESULTS MUC1 is the major apomucin expressed in normal pancreas, whereas MUC2-MUC5 are weakly expressed or undetectable. In pancreas cancer tissues and cell lines, increased expression of MUC2, MUC4, and MUC5C is shown. The cytoplasmic expression of MUC2 and MUC5C in tumor cells suggests that these apomucins are underglycosylated and abnormally compartmentalized. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced expression of MUC2, MUC4, and MUC5C genes is a frequent event in pancreas cancer and may contribute to the alterations in the biochemical structure of pancreas cancer mucins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Balagué
- Departament d'Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Schröder H, Francí C, Egea G, Oriol R, Klingel R, Dippold WG, Real FX. alpha GalNAc is essential for recognition of Exo-1 epithelial antigen by mouse monoclonal antibody Pa-G-14. Int J Cancer 1993; 55:857-64. [PMID: 7503962 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910550527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mouse monoclonal antibody Pa-G-14 detects Exo-1, an antigen whose expression is regulated in the processes of epithelial-cell differentiation and transformation. The epitope recognized by Pa-G-14 is present both in glycosphingolipids and in mucin glycoproteins. To characterize the specificity of Pa-G-14, immuno-thin-layer chromatography, biochemical, and enzymatic treatment of glycosphingolipid extracts from human pancreas were used. The antibody bound to all blood-group-A substances; alpha GalNAc, but not fucose, was essential for reactivity. In ELISA, Pa-G-14 also reacted with ovine and bovine submaxillary mucins but not with porcine submaxillary mucin. Binding to ovine submaxillary mucin was resistant to neuraminidase treatment. In solid-phase absorption assays on synthetic carbohydrate structures, Pa-G-14 recognized broadly blood group A, Tn and sialyl-Tn. Using immuno-electron-microscopic techniques, reactivity with all Golgi cisternae and mucin droplets of mucous cells in ovine submaxillary gland was demonstrated. All these assays indicate that Pa-G-14 shows a novel specificity, since it binds blood group A, Tn and sialyl-Tn, the common structural feature of these epitopes being the presence of a terminal alpha GalNAc sugar unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schröder
- Departament d'Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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