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Jalloul W, Moscalu M, Grierosu I, Ionescu T, Stolniceanu CR, Gutu M, Ghizdovat V, Mocanu V, Azoicai D, Iliescu R, Moscalu R, Stefanescu C. Brown Adipose Tissue Biodistribution and Correlations Particularities in Parathyroid Pathology Personalized Diagnosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123182. [PMID: 36553189 PMCID: PMC9777039 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) participates in the regulation of whole-body metabolism by producing a variety of adipokines. This study investigates into the BAT pattern and the clinical aspects of overweight and obese (OOB) vs. non-obese (NO) hyperparathyroidism (HPT) patients with the aim of assessing the impact of BAT and obesity on HPT. Parathyroid scans performed on 441 HPT patients between 2015 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed in order to select the images with active BAT. Based on their BMI, the patients with active BAT were divided into OOB vs. NO. The results showed that BAT was present in cervical and supraclavicular regions, with a single localization especially among NO vs. multiple sites among OOB. The (total counts/pixels)BAT/(total counts/pixels)non-BAT ratio in the right cervical localization showed a significant difference between the groups with higher values in OOB. BMI, PTH, FT4, vitamin D, magnesium, creatinine, and urea had significant correlations with BAT ratios. The predictive values showed that right cervical ratios higher than 1.52 and right supraclavicular ratios lower than 1.15 indicated an increased probability of being OOB. The significant correlations between BAT activation in OOB vs. NO and HPT clinical parameters could be useful for developing potential treatments based on this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Jalloul
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Moscalu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Irena Grierosu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Teodor Ionescu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cati Raluca Stolniceanu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Gutu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Vlad Ghizdovat
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Veronica Mocanu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences (Pathophysiology), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16, Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Doina Azoicai
- Department of Epidemiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Radu Iliescu
- Department of Pharmacology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Roxana Moscalu
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester M139PT, UK
| | - Cipriana Stefanescu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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2
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Selenium and selenoproteins in thermogenic adipocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 731:109445. [PMID: 36265651 PMCID: PMC9981474 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is involved in energy metabolism in the liver, white adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle, and may also play a role in thermogenic adipocytes, i.e. brown and beige adipocytes. Thereby this micronutrient is a key nutritional target to aid in combating obesity and metabolic diseases. In thermogenic adipocytes, particularly in brown adipose tissue (BAT), the selenoprotein type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO2) is essential for the activation of adaptive thermogenesis. Recent evidence has suggested that additional selenoproteins may also be participating in this process, and a role for Se itself through its metabolic pathways is also envisioned. In this review, we discuss the recognized effects and the knowledge gaps in the involvement of Se metabolism and selenoproteins in the mechanisms of adaptive thermogenesis in thermogenic (brown and beige) adipocytes.
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3
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Huang K, Jia Z, Li H, Peng Y, Chen X, Luo N, Song T, Wang Y, Shi X, Kuang S, Yang G. Proto-oncogene FAM83A contributes to casein kinase 1-mediated mitochondrial maintenance and white adipocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102339. [PMID: 35931121 PMCID: PMC9493395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Family with sequence similarity 83 A (FAM83A) is a newly discovered proto-oncogene that has been shown to play key roles in various cancers. However, the function of FAM83A in other physiological processes is not well known. Here, we report a novel function of FAM83A in adipocyte differentiation. We used an adipocyte-targeting fusion oligopeptide (FITC-ATS-9R) to deliver a FAM83A-sgRNA/Cas9 plasmid to knockdown Fam83a (ATS/sg-FAM83A) in white adipose tissue in mice, which resulted in reduced white adipose tissue mass, smaller adipocytes, and mitochondrial damage that was aggravated by a high-fat diet. In cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we found loss or knockdown of Fam83a significantly repressed lipid droplet formation and downregulated the expression of lipogenic genes and proteins. Furthermore, inhibition of Fam83a decreased mitochondrial ATP production through blockage of the electron transport chain, associated with enhanced apoptosis. Mechanistically, we demonstrate FAM83A interacts with casein kinase 1 (CK1) and promotes the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane. Furthermore, loss of Fam83a in adipocytes hampered the formation of the TOM40 complex and impeded CK1-driven lipogenesis. Taken together, these results establish FAM83A as a critical regulator of mitochondria maintenance during adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuilong Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712100; Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, 47907
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, 47907; Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou China, 215123
| | - Haoran Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712100
| | - Ying Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712100; Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, 47907
| | - Xiaochang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712100; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710021
| | - Nanjian Luo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, 47907
| | - Tongxing Song
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, 47907
| | - Yingqian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712100
| | - Xin'e Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712100
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, 47907
| | - Gongshe Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712100.
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4
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Li L, Ma L, Zhao Z, Luo S, Gong B, Li J, Feng J, Zhang H, Qi W, Zhou T, Yang X, Gao G, Yang Z. IL-25-induced shifts in macrophage polarization promote development of beige fat and improve metabolic homeostasis in mice. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001348. [PMID: 34351905 PMCID: PMC8341513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Beige fat dissipates energy and functions as a defense against cold and obesity, but the mechanism for its development is unclear. We found that interleukin (IL)-25 signaling through its cognate receptor, IL-17 receptor B (IL-17RB), increased in adipose tissue after cold exposure and β3-adrenoceptor agonist stimulation. IL-25 induced beige fat formation in white adipose tissue (WAT) by releasing IL-4 and IL-13 and promoting alternative activation of macrophages that regulate innervation and up-regulate tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) up-regulation to produce more catecholamine including norepinephrine (NE). Blockade of IL-4Rα or depletion of macrophages with clodronate-loaded liposomes in vivo significantly impaired the beige fat formation in WAT. Mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) were protected from obesity and related metabolic disorders when given IL-25 through a process that involved the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-mediated thermogenesis. In conclusion, the activation of IL-25 signaling in WAT may have therapeutic potential for controlling obesity and its associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyi Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zewei Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shiya Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Baoyong Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Gerontology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Juan Feng
- School of Stomatology, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Metabolic Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ti Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guoquan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhonghan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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5
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Shapira SN, Seale P. Transcriptional Control of Brown and Beige Fat Development and Function. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:13-21. [PMID: 30569639 PMCID: PMC6309799 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue, once viewed as an inert organ of energy storage, is now appreciated to be a central node for the dynamic regulation of systemic metabolism. There are three general types of adipose tissue: white, brown, and brown-in-white or "beige" fat. All three types of adipose tissue communicate extensively with other organs in the body, including skin, liver, pancreas, muscle, and brain, to maintain energy homeostasis. When energy intake chronically exceeds energy expenditure, obesity and its comorbidities can develop. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms by which different types of adipose tissues develop and function could uncover new therapies for combating disorders of energy imbalance. In this review, the recent findings on the transcriptional and chromatin-mediated regulation of brown and beige adipose tissue activity are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N. Shapira
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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6
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Abstract
Obesity involves a contrasting expansion of the energy-storing white fat and loss of functionally competent brown fat, an energy-consuming thermogenic adipose. Leveraging our understanding of white and brown adipocyte recruitment and investigating factors that regulate these processes might reveal novel targets for counteracting obesity. In vitro differentiation of primary preadipocytes mimics many of the morphological and transcriptional events occurring during adipogenesis in vivo. Moreover, preadipocytes isolated from a specific depot maintain features of their originating niche. This makes in vitro adipogenesis a valuable model for identifying differential regulation patterns between brown and white adipogenesis. In this chapter, we describe step-by-step how to isolate brown and white preadipocytes from human tissue biopsies and how to culture and differentiate them in vitro. We discuss this process, what to consider, and how this in vitro system can be used to model in vivo adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Juhlin Larsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Naja Zenius Jespersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Scheele
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Cao K, Hao D, Wang J, Peng W, Yan Y, Cao H, Sun F, Chen H. Cold exposure induces the acquisition of brown adipocyte gene expression profiles in cattle inguinal fat normalized with a new set of reference genes for qRT-PCR. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Chu DT, Gawronska-Kozak B. Brown and brite adipocytes: Same function, but different origin and response. Biochimie 2017; 138:102-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Chu DT, Tao Y, Son LH, Le DH. Cell source, differentiation, functional stimulation, and potential application of human thermogenic adipocytes in vitro. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 73:315-321. [PMID: 28612196 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-017-0567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent investigations have showed that the functional thermogenic adipocytes are present in both infants and adult humans. Accumulating evidence suggests that the coexistence of classical and inducible brown (brite) adipocytes in humans at adulthood and these adipocytes function to generate heat from energy resulting in reducing body fat and improving glucose metabolism. Human thermogenic adipocytes can be differentiated in vitro from stem cells, cell lines, or adipose stromal vascular fraction. Pre-activated human brite adipocytes in vitro can maintain their thermogenic function in normal or obese immunodeficient mice; therefore, they improve glucose homeostasis and reduce fat mass in obese animals. These key findings have opened a new door to use in vitro thermogenic adipocytes as a cell therapy to prevent obesity and related disorders. Thus, this paper intends to highlight our knowledge in aspects of in vitro human brite/brown adipocytes for the further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Toi Chu
- Institute for Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, Vietnam. .,Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Yang Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Vietnam
| | - Le Hoang Son
- VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duc-Hau Le
- VINMEC Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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10
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Kristóf E, Doan-Xuan QM, Sárvári AK, Klusóczki Á, Fischer-Posovszky P, Wabitsch M, Bacso Z, Bai P, Balajthy Z, Fésüs L. Clozapine modifies the differentiation program of human adipocytes inducing browning. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e963. [PMID: 27898069 PMCID: PMC5290354 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of second-generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) often leads to weight gain and consequent cardio-metabolic side effects. We observed that clozapine but not six other antipsychotic drugs reprogrammed the gene expression pattern of differentiating human adipocytes ex vivo, leading to an elevated expression of the browning marker gene UCP1, more and smaller lipid droplets and more mitochondrial DNA than in the untreated white adipocytes. Laser scanning cytometry showed that up to 40% of the differentiating single primary and Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) adipocytes had the characteristic morphological features of browning cells. Furthermore, clozapine significantly upregulated ELOVL3, CIDEA, CYC1, PGC1A and TBX1 genes but not ZIC1 suggesting induction of the beige-like and not the classical brown phenotype. When we tested whether browning induced by clozapine can be explained by its known pharmacological effect of antagonizing serotonin (5HT) receptors, it was found that browning cells expressed 5HT receptors 2A, 1D, 7 and the upregulation of browning markers was diminished in the presence of exogenous 5HT. Undifferentiated progenitors or completely differentiated beige or white adipocytes did not respond to clozapine administration. The clozapine-induced beige cells displayed increased basal and oligomycin-inhibited (proton leak) oxygen consumption, but these cells showed a lower response to cAMP stimulus as compared with control beige adipocytes indicating that they are less capable to respond to natural thermogenic anti-obesity cues. Our data altogether suggest that novel pharmacological stimulation of these masked beige adipocytes can be a future therapeutic target for the treatment of SGA-induced weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kristóf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Q-M Doan-Xuan
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - A K Sárvári
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Á Klusóczki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - P Fischer-Posovszky
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - M Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Z Bacso
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - P Bai
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary,Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Z Balajthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - L Fésüs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary,MTA-DE Stem Cells, Apoptosis and Genomics Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Life Science Building, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary. E-mail:
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11
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Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes expend chemical energy to produce heat and are therefore important in regulating body temperature and body weight. Brown adipocytes develop in discrete and relatively homogenous depots of brown adipose tissue, whereas beige adipocytes are induced to develop in white adipose tissue in response to certain stimuli - notably, exposure to cold. Fate-mapping analyses have identified progenitor populations that give rise to brown and beige fat cells, and have revealed unanticipated cell-lineage relationships between vascular smooth muscle cells and beige adipocytes, and between skeletal muscle cells and brown fat. In addition, non-adipocyte cells in adipose tissue, including neurons, blood vessel-associated cells and immune cells, have crucial roles in regulating the differentiation and function of brown and beige fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshan Wang
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
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12
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Lee MH, Goralczyk AG, Kriszt R, Ang XM, Badowski C, Li Y, Summers SA, Toh SA, Yassin MS, Shabbir A, Sheppard A, Raghunath M. ECM microenvironment unlocks brown adipogenic potential of adult human bone marrow-derived MSCs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21173. [PMID: 26883894 PMCID: PMC4756694 DOI: 10.1038/srep21173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Key to realizing the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of human brown/brite adipocytes is the identification of a renewable, easily accessible and safe tissue source of progenitor cells, and an efficacious in vitro differentiation protocol. We show that macromolecular crowding (MMC) facilitates brown adipocyte differentiation in adult human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs), as evidenced by substantially upregulating uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and uncoupled respiration. Moreover, MMC also induced ‘browning’ in bmMSC-derived white adipocytes. Mechanistically, MMC creates a 3D extracellular matrix architecture enshrouding maturing adipocytes in a collagen IV cocoon that is engaged by paxillin-positive focal adhesions also at the apical side of cells, without contact to the stiff support structure. This leads to an enhanced matrix-cell signaling, reflected by increased phosphorylation of ATF2, a key transcription factor in UCP1 regulation. Thus, tuning the dimensionality of the microenvironment in vitro can unlock a strong brown potential dormant in bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 117510, Singapore
| | - Anna G Goralczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 117510, Singapore
| | - Rókus Kriszt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 117510, Singapore
| | - Xiu Min Ang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 117510, Singapore
| | | | - Ying Li
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical Graduate School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Scott A Summers
- Translational Metabolic Health Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Sue-Anne Toh
- Department of Medicine, National University Health System, 119228, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - M Shabeer Yassin
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Asim Shabbir
- Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, 119074, Singapore
| | - Allan Sheppard
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Michael Raghunath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 117510, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
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13
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Solmonson A, Mills EM. Uncoupling Proteins and the Molecular Mechanisms of Thyroid Thermogenesis. Endocrinology 2016; 157:455-62. [PMID: 26636187 PMCID: PMC4733119 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Solmonson
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.S., E.M.M.), College of Natural Sciences and Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.M.M.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - E M Mills
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.S., E.M.M.), College of Natural Sciences and Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.M.M.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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14
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Adeniran-Catlett AE, Weinstock LD, Bozal FK, Beguin E, Caraballo AT, Murthy SK. Accelerated adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs in a microfluidic shear stimulation platform. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 32:440-6. [PMID: 26587686 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of transplanted adipose tissue to repair crucial defects is clinically interesting for surgical reconstruction. Terminally differentiated adipocytes are utilized to promote the healthy regeneration of defective tissue. Use of differentiated mesenchymal stem cells, capable of differentiation into adipocytes, is advantageous because of their regenerative properties. Conventionally, the differentiation of hMSCs toward adipocytes occurs through chemical stimulation. We designed a microfluidic system, consisting of plastic tubing and a syringe pump, to create an environment of shear to accelerate this differentiation process. This system employed a flow rate equivalent to the accelerated flow rates found within the arterial system in order to promote and activate intracellular and extracellular proteins associated with the adipogenic lineage. Confirmation of sustained viability following shear exposure was obtained using a fluorescent live-dead assay. Visualization of intracellular lipid accumulation was achieved via Oil Red O staining. When placed into culture, shear stimulated hMSCs were further induced toward brown adipose tissue, as evidenced by a greater quantity of lipid triglycerides, relative to unstimulated hMSCs. qRT-PCR analysis validated the phenotypic changes observed when the hMSCs were later cultured in adipogenic differentiation media. Additionally, increased fold change for adipogenic markers such as LPL1, CFL1, and SSP1 were observed as a result of shear stimulation. The significance of this work lies in the demonstration that transient fluid shear exposure of hMSCs in suspension can influence differentiation into adipocytes. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:440-446, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fazli K Bozal
- Biochemistry Program, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Estelle Beguin
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Shashi K Murthy
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
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15
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Abstract
Since brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy through UCP1, BAT has garnered attention as a therapeutic intervention for obesity and metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes. As we better understand the physiological roles of classical brown and beige adipocytes, it is becoming clear that BAT is not simply a heat-generating organ. Increased beige fat mass in response to a variety of external/internal cues is associated with significant improvements in glucose and lipid homeostasis that may not be entirely mediated by UCP1. We aim to discuss recent insights regarding the developmental lineages, molecular regulation, and new functions for brown and beige adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kajimura
- UCSF Diabetes Center and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0669, USA.
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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16
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Kim YM, Kim IH, Choi JW, Lee MK, Nam TJ. The anti-obesity effects of a tuna peptide on 3T3-L1 adipocytes are mediated by the inhibition of the expression of lipogenic and adipogenic genes and by the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:327-34. [PMID: 26046125 PMCID: PMC4501660 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes involves the activation of an organized system of obesity-related genes, of which those encoding CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) and the Wnt-10b protein may play integral roles. In a previous study of ours, we found that a specific peptide found in tuna (sequence D-I-V-D-K-I-E-I; termed TP-D) inhibited 3T3-L1 cell differentiation. In the present study, we observed that the expression of expression of C/EBPs and Wnt-10b was associated with obesity. The initial step of 3T3-L1 cell differentiation involved the upregulation of C/EBP-α expression, which in turn activated various subfactors. An upstream effector of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibited Wnt-10b expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In a previous study of ours, we sequenced the tuna peptide via sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF MS/MS) and confirmed the anti-obesity effects thereof in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In the present study, we demonstrate that TP-D inhibits C/EBP and promotes Wnt-10b mRNA expression, thus activating the Wnt pathway. The inhibition of lipid accumulation was measured using a glucose and triglyceride (TG) assay. Our results confirmed that TP-D altered the expression levels of C/EBP-related genes in a dose-dependent manner and activated the Wnt signaling pathway. In addition, we confirmed that total adiponectin and high-molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin levels were reduced by treatment with TP-D. These data indicate that TP-D inhibits adipocyte differentiation through the inhibition of C/EBP genes and the subsequent activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Min Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608‑737, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hye Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608‑737, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Wook Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608‑737, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608‑737, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Jeong Nam
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608‑737, Republic of Korea
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17
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Roman S, Agil A, Peran M, Alvaro-Galue E, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Fernández-Vázquez G, Marchal JA. Brown adipose tissue and novel therapeutic approaches to treat metabolic disorders. Transl Res 2015; 165:464-79. [PMID: 25433289 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In humans, 2 functionally different types of adipose tissue coexist: white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). WAT is involved in energy storage, whereas BAT is involved in energy expenditure. Increased amounts of WAT may contribute to the development of metabolic disorders, such as obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, the thermogenic function of BAT allows high consumption of fatty acids because of the activity of uncoupling protein 1 in the internal mitochondrial membrane. Interestingly, obesity reduction and insulin sensitization have been achieved by BAT activation-regeneration in animal models. This review describes the origin, function, and differentiation mechanisms of BAT to identify new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of metabolic disorders related to obesity. On the basis of the animal studies, novel approaches for BAT regeneration combining stem cells from the adipose tissue with active components, such as melatonin, may have potential for the treatment of metabolic disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiniano Roman
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Tissue Engineering Group, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ahmad Agil
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurosciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitals Unversity/University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Macarena Peran
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Eduardo Alvaro-Galue
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Francisco J Ruiz-Ojeda
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Juan A Marchal
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitals Unversity/University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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18
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Ebf2 is a selective marker of brown and beige adipogenic precursor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:14466-71. [PMID: 25197048 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1412685111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipocytes and muscle and dorsal dermis descend from precursor cells in the dermomyotome, but the factors that regulate commitment to the brown adipose lineage are unknown. Here, we prospectively isolated and determined the molecular profile of embryonic brown preadipose cells. Brown adipogenic precursor activity in embryos was confined to platelet-derived growth factor α(+), myogenic factor 5(Cre)-lineage-marked cells. RNA-sequence analysis identified early B-cell factor 2 (Ebf2) as one of the most selectively expressed genes in this cell fraction. Importantly, Ebf2-expressing cells purified from Ebf2(GFP) embryos or brown fat tissue did not express myoblast or dermal cell markers and uniformly differentiated into brown adipocytes. Interestingly, Ebf2-expressing cells from white fat tissue in adult animals differentiated into brown-like (or beige) adipocytes. Loss of Ebf2 in brown preadipose cells reduced the expression levels of brown preadipose-signature genes, whereas ectopic Ebf2 expression in myoblasts activated brown preadipose-specific genes. Altogether, these results indicate that Ebf2 specifically marks and regulates the molecular profile of brown preadipose cells.
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Abstract
Accumulation of excess white adipose tissue (WAT) has deleterious consequences for metabolic health. The activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT), the primary organ for heat production, confers beneficial effects on adiposity, insulin resistance and hyperlipidaemia, at least in mice. As the amount of metabolically active BAT seems to be particularly low in patients with obesity or diabetes mellitus who require immediate therapy, new avenues are needed to increase the capacity for adaptive thermogenesis. In this light, we review the findings that BAT in human adults might consist of not only classic brown adipocytes but also inducible brown adipocytes (also called beige, brown-in-white, or brite adipocytes), which are phenotypically distinct from both white and brown adipocytes. Stimulating the development of beige adipocytes in WAT (so called 'browning') might reduce adverse effects of WAT and could help to improve metabolic health. This article focuses on the development and regulatory control of beige adipocytes at the transcriptional and hormonal levels. Emerging insights into the metabolic role of beige adipocytes are also discussed, along with the developments that can be expected from these promising targets for therapy of metabolic disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bartelt
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Brown and beige fat: development, function and therapeutic potential. Nat Med 2013; 19:1252-63. [PMID: 24100998 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1666] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue, best known for its role in fat storage, can also suppress weight gain and metabolic disease through the action of specialized, heat-producing adipocytes. Brown adipocytes are located in dedicated depots and express constitutively high levels of thermogenic genes, whereas inducible 'brown-like' adipocytes, also known as beige cells, develop in white fat in response to various activators. The activities of brown and beige fat cells reduce metabolic disease, including obesity, in mice and correlate with leanness in humans. Many genes and pathways that regulate brown and beige adipocyte biology have now been identified, providing a variety of promising therapeutic targets for metabolic disease.
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Bonet ML, Oliver P, Palou A. Pharmacological and nutritional agents promoting browning of white adipose tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:969-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Stem cells, mature adipocytes, and extracellular scaffold: what does each contribute to fat graft survival? Aesthetic Plast Surg 2011; 35:1061-72. [PMID: 21590499 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-011-9734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soft tissue engineering offers new perspectives for improving fat graft survival, for which the appropriate association of cells and scaffold seems essential. This study aimed to analyze the survival of free-cell grafts compared with adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) seeded on collagen scaffolds. METHODS Adipose tissue from a single volunteer was used for the following preparations: purified adipose tissue, isolated mature adipocytes (free-cell graft), cultured ASCs without scaffold (free-cell graft), collagen scaffold only, cultured ASCs in collagen scaffold without and with bioactive factors, and freshly-isolated ASCs in collagen scaffold. These were grafted on 18 nude mice for 2 months, after which specimens were evaluated grossly and histologically using hematoxylin-phloxine-safran (HPS), Oil-Red-O, and antivimentin labeling. Specimens and animals were weighed before implantation and after explantation, and weight values were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Free-cell grafts (mature adipocytes and free ASCs) showed complete resorption in 50 and 60% of the animals (remaining weight fraction was 22.5 and 5.3%, respectively). The survival of purified adipose tissue was 81.8% (statistically greater compared with free-cell grafts; p < 0.05). In the ASCs-scaffold association, the remaining weight fractions (87.3-70.4%) were statistically greater than in free-cell grafts (5.3-22.5%; p < 0.05), but the difference between ASC-scaffolds and fat grafts was not statistically significant. These results were confirmed by clinical and histologic observations. CONCLUSION Three-dimensional collagen scaffolds seem to improve survival of ASCs compared with free-cell grafts (adipocytes and free ASCs).
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23
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Delahaye F, Lukaszewski MA, Wattez JS, Cisse O, Dutriez-Casteloot I, Fajardy I, Montel V, Dickes-Coopman A, Laborie C, Lesage J, Breton C, Vieau D. Maternal perinatal undernutrition programs a “brown-like” phenotype of gonadal white fat in male rat at weaning. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R101-10. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00604.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies indicate that maternal undernutrition sensitizes the offspring to the development of metabolic disorders, such as obesity. Using a model of perinatal maternal 50% food-restricted diet (FR50), we recently reported that rat neonates from undernourished mothers exhibit decreased leptin plasma levels associated with alterations of hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin system. The present study aimed at examining the consequences of FR50 on the brain-adipose axis in male rat neonates. Using quantitative RT-PCR array containing 84 obesity-related genes, we demonstrated that most of the genes involved in energy metabolism regulation are expressed in rat gonadal white adipose tissue (WAT) and are sensitive to maternal perinatal undernutrition (MPU). In contrast, hypothalamic gene expression was not substantially affected by MPU. Gene expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a marker of brown adipocytes, showed an almost 400-fold stimulation in postnatal day 21 (PND21) FR50 animals, suggesting that their gonadal WAT possesses a brown-like phenotype. This was confirmed by histological and immunoshistochemical procedures, which demonstrated that PND21 FR50 gonadal adipocytes are multilocular, resembling those present in interscapular brown adipose tissue, and exhibit an overexpression of UCP1 and neuropeptide Y (NPY) at the protein level. Control animals contained almost exclusively “classical” unilocular white adipocytes that did not show high UCP1 and NPY labeling. After weaning, FR50 animals exhibited a transient hyperphagia that was associated with the disappearance of brown-like fat pads in PND30 WAT. Our results demonstrate that MPU delays the maturation of gonadal WAT during critical developmental time windows, suggesting that it could have long-term consequences on body weight regulation in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Delahaye
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance EA 4489, Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Marie-Amélie Lukaszewski
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance EA 4489, Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Wattez
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance EA 4489, Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Ouma Cisse
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance EA 4489, Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Isabelle Dutriez-Casteloot
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance EA 4489, Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Isabelle Fajardy
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance EA 4489, Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Valérie Montel
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance EA 4489, Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Anne Dickes-Coopman
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance EA 4489, Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Christine Laborie
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance EA 4489, Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jean Lesage
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance EA 4489, Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Christophe Breton
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance EA 4489, Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Didier Vieau
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance EA 4489, Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Langin D. Recruitment of brown fat and conversion of white into brown adipocytes: Strategies to fight the metabolic complications of obesity? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1801:372-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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25
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Si Y, Shi H, Lee K. Metabolic flux analysis of mitochondrial uncoupling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7000. [PMID: 19746157 PMCID: PMC2734990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing energy expenditure at the cellular level offers an attractive option to limit adiposity and improve whole body energy balance. In vivo and in vitro observations have correlated mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) expression with reduced white adipose tissue triglyceride (TG) content. The metabolic basis for this correlation remains unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This study tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial uncoupling requires the cell to compensate for the decreased oxidation phosphorylation efficiency by up-regulating lactate production, thus redirecting carbon flux away from TG synthesis. Metabolic flux analysis was used to characterize the effects of non-lethal, long-term mitochondrial uncoupling (up to 18 days) on the pathways of intermediary metabolism in differentiating 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Uncoupling was induced by forced expression of UCP1 and chemical (FCCP) treatment. Chemical uncoupling significantly decreased TG content by ca. 35%. A reduction in the ATP level suggested diminished oxidative phosphorylation efficiency in the uncoupled adipocytes. Flux analysis estimated significant up-regulation of glycolysis and down-regulation of fatty acid synthesis, with chemical uncoupling exerting quantitatively larger effects. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results of this study support our hypothesis regarding uncoupling-induced redirection of carbon flux into glycolysis and lactate production, and suggest mitochondrial proton translocation as a potential target for controlling adipocyte lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Si
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hai Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kyongbum Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
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26
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Mezentseva NV, Kumaratilake JS, Newman SA. The brown adipocyte differentiation pathway in birds: an evolutionary road not taken. BMC Biol 2008; 6:17. [PMID: 18426587 PMCID: PMC2375860 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thermogenic brown adipose tissue has never been described in birds or other non-mammalian vertebrates. Brown adipocytes in mammals are distinguished from the more common white fat adipocytes by having numerous small lipid droplets rather than a single large one, elevated numbers of mitochondria, and mitochondrial expression of the nuclear gene UCP1, the uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis. Results We have identified in vitro inductive conditions in which mesenchymal cells isolated from the embryonic chicken limb bud differentiate into avian brown adipocyte-like cells (ABALCs) with the morphological and many of the biochemical properties of terminally differentiated brown adipocytes. Avian, and as we show here, lizard species lack the gene for UCP1, although it is present in amphibian and fish species. While ABALCs are therefore not functional brown adipocytes, they are generated by a developmental pathway virtually identical to brown fat differentiation in mammals: both the common adipogenic transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), and a coactivator of that factor specific to brown fat differentiation in mammals, PGC1α, are elevated in expression, as are mitochondrial volume and DNA. Furthermore, ABALCs induction resulted in strong transcription from a transfected mouse UCP1 promoter. Conclusion These findings strongly suggest that the brown fat differentiation pathway evolved in a common ancestor of birds and mammals and its thermogenicity was lost in the avian lineage, with the degradation of UCP1, after it separated from the mammalian lineage. Since this event occurred no later than the saurian ancestor of birds and lizards, an implication of this is that dinosaurs had neither UCP1 nor canonically thermogenic brown fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadejda V Mezentseva
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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27
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Sakamoto H, Suzuki M, Abe T, Hosoyama T, Himeno E, Tanaka S, Greally JM, Hattori N, Yagi S, Shiota K. Cell type-specific methylation profiles occurring disproportionately in CpG-less regions that delineate developmental similarity. Genes Cells 2007; 12:1123-32. [PMID: 17903172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2007.01120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies using restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) defined tissue- or cell-specific DNA methylation profiles. It remains to be determined whether the DNA sequence compositions in the genomic contexts of the NotI loci tested by RLGS influence their tendency to change with differentiation. We carried out 3834 methylation measurements consisting of 213 NotI loci in the mouse genome in 18 different tissues and cell types, using quantitative real-time PCR based on a Virtual image rlgs database. Loci were categorized as CpG islands or other, and as unique or repetitive sequences, each category being associated with a variety of methylation categories. Strikingly, the tissue-dependently and differentially methylated regions (T-DMRs) were disproportionately distributed in the non-CpG island loci. These loci were located not only in 5'-upstream regions of genes but also in intronic and non-genic regions. Hierarchical clustering of the methylation profiles could be used to define developmental similarity and cellular phenotypes. The results show that distinctive tissue- and cell type-specific methylation profiles by RLGS occur mostly at NotI sites located at non-CpG island sequences, which delineate developmental similarity of different cell types. The finding indicates the power of NotI methylation profiles in evaluating the relatedness of different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Sakamoto
- Cellular Biochemistry, Animal Resource Sciences/Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Abstract
The development of obesity not only depends on the balance between food intake and caloric utilization but also on the balance between white adipose tissue, which is the primary site of energy storage, and brown adipose tissue, which is specialized for energy expenditure. In addition, some sites of white fat storage in the body are more closely linked than others to the metabolic complications of obesity, such as diabetes. In this Review, we consider how the developmental origins of fat contribute to its physiological, cellular, and molecular heterogeneity and explore how these factors may play a role in the growing epidemic of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Gesta
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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29
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Seale P, Kajimura S, Yang W, Chin S, Rohas L, Uldry M, Tavernier G, Langin D, Spiegelman BM. Transcriptional control of brown fat determination by PRDM16. Cell Metab 2007; 6:38-54. [PMID: 17618855 PMCID: PMC2564846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 890] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Brown fat cells are specialized to dissipate energy and can counteract obesity; however, the transcriptional basis of their determination is largely unknown. We show here that the zinc-finger protein PRDM16 is highly enriched in brown fat cells compared to white fat cells. When expressed in white fat cell progenitors, PRDM16 activates a robust brown fat phenotype including induction of PGC-1alpha, UCP1, and type 2 deiodinase (Dio2) expression and a remarkable increase in uncoupled respiration. Transgenic expression of PRDM16 at physiological levels in white fat depots stimulates the formation of brown fat cells. Depletion of PRDM16 through shRNA expression in brown fat cells causes a near total loss of the brown characteristics. PRDM16 activates brown fat cell identity at least in part by simultaneously activating PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta through direct protein binding. These data indicate that PRDM16 can control the determination of brown fat fate.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3-L1 Cells
- Adipocytes
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipocytes, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- COS Cells
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Respiration
- Cells, Cultured
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Fibroblasts
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- Iodide Peroxidase/genetics
- Iodide Peroxidase/metabolism
- Ion Channels/genetics
- Ion Channels/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitochondria
- Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Oxygen Consumption
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha
- Phenotype
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Uncoupling Protein 1
- Iodothyronine Deiodinase Type II
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Seale
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Wenli Yang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Sherry Chin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lindsay Rohas
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Marc Uldry
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Geneviève Tavernier
- Inserm, U858, Rangueil Institute of Molecular Medicine, Obesity Research Laboratory, Toulouse, F-31432 France
- Paul Sabatier University, Louis Bugnard Institute, IFR31, Toulouse, F-31432 France
| | - Dominique Langin
- Inserm, U858, Rangueil Institute of Molecular Medicine, Obesity Research Laboratory, Toulouse, F-31432 France
- Paul Sabatier University, Louis Bugnard Institute, IFR31, Toulouse, F-31432 France
- CHU de Toulouse, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Biology Institute of Purpan, Toulouse, F-31059 France
| | - Bruce M. Spiegelman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115
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30
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Soret B, Melrose SE, Finley E, Vernon RG. Differential control of lipogenesis and lipolysis during development of ovine preadipocytesin vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/asc200657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe stromovascular fraction of adipose tissue from sheep, like that of other species, contains preadipocytes which can be induced to differentiate in culture, providing a potentially useful system for studying adipocyte development. Differentiation of ruminant preadipocytes has only been partly characterized previously so we have investigated the factors regulating the development of lipogenesis and lipolysis in sheep cells. Insulin, rosiglitazone (a peroxisome proliferation activated receptor-γ agonist) and either dexamethasone or a lipid suplement are required during differentiation for maximum rates of lipogenesis, whereas all four components are required to achieve maximum rates of catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis. Tri-iodothyronine had no effect on the development of lipogenesis but resulted in a reduced rate of catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis. Lipogenesis and lipolysis also differed in that the rate of lipogenesis increased to a maximum at about 10 days of differentiation and then fell, whereas the rate of lipolysis reached a plateau at about 10 days. By contrast to catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis, there is little or no evidence for development of the adenosine-based antilipolytic system; this may be because response to adenosine develops very late during preadipocyte differentiation or additional, unidentified factors are required to induce this antilipolytic system. Lipogenesis in differentiated preadipocytes responded to both insulin and growth hormone. These studies show that the development of lipogenesis and lipolysis are under distinct control systems. Furthermore, while preadipocytes differentiatedin vitroshow many of the characteristics of adipocytes differentiatedin vivo, there are still significant differences.
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31
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De Gemmis P, Lapucci C, Bertelli M, Tognetto A, Fanin E, Vettor R, Pagano C, Pandolfo M, Fabbri A. A real-time PCR approach to evaluate adipogenic potential of amniotic fluid-derived human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2007; 15:719-28. [PMID: 17105407 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.15.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of adipocyte differentiation is an important process in the control of adipose tissue development. So far, adipogenesis has been investigated through the use of various experimental models. In this work, we used human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) obtained from amniotic fluid (AF) as an alternative model more representative of what naturally happens in vivo. In our opinion, these hMSCs are still not influenced by differentiation stimuli and could act in a way more correspondent to the physiological process of adipogenesis, representing also an ethically acceptable alternative to totipotent human embryonic stem cells (ES). Adipocyte differentiation was monitorated following the expressions of key genes. We measured the expression levels of PPARgamma2, PPARgamma-C1alpha, UCP-1, adipsin, and leptin genes using quantitative real-time PCR. We tested our experimental model with two different media. Understanding in vivo adipogenesis mechanisms will shed light on the pathophysiology of many diseases.
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32
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Avram AS, Avram MM, James WD. Subcutaneous fat in normal and diseased states: 2. Anatomy and physiology of white and brown adipose tissue. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 53:671-83. [PMID: 16198791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 02/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
White and brown adipose tissues, both present to some degree in all mammals, represent counter actors in energy metabolism. One of the primary functions of white adipocytes is to store excess energy as lipid, which is then mobilized to other tissues in response to metabolic needs that arise in times of food shortage. White adipocyte physiology can be grouped into 3 main categories with potentially overlapping mechanisms: lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, and endocrine functions. Brown adipocytes, on the other hand, use accumulated lipid from food primarily as a source for chemical energy that can then be released from the cell in the form of heat. Recently, new discoveries about the significance of brown fat have sparked interest in this organ as a potential tool in the fight against obesity in adult humans. A basic overview of the anatomy and physiology of adipose tissue, with particular emphasis on the differences between white and brown fat, is presented.
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33
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Kanzleiter T, Schneider T, Walter I, Bolze F, Eickhorst C, Heldmaier G, Klaus S, Klingenspor M. Evidence for Nr4a1 as a cold-induced effector of brown fat thermogenesis. Physiol Genomics 2005; 24:37-44. [PMID: 16219868 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00204.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute cold exposure leads to norepinephrine release in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and activates uncoupling protein (UCP)1-mediated nonshivering thermogenesis. Chronic sympathetic stimulation is known to initiate mitochondrial biogenesis, UCP1 expression, hyperplasia of BAT, and recruitment of brown adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) depots. Despite distinct functions of BAT and WAT in energy balance, only a few genes are exclusively expressed in either tissue. We identified NUR77 (Nr4a1), an orphan receptor, to be induced transiently in brown adipocytes in response to beta-adrenergic stimulation and in BAT of cold-exposed mice. Subsequent reporter gene assays demonstrated an inhibitory action of NUR77 on basal and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma/retinoid X receptor (RXR)alpha-mediated transactivation of the Ucp1 enhancer in heterologous cotransfection experiments. Despite this function of NUR77 in the control of Ucp1 gene expression, nonshivering thermogenesis was not affected in Nur77 knockout mice. However, we observed a superinduction of Nor1 in BAT of cold-exposed knockout mice. We conclude that NUR77 is a cold-induced negative regulator of Ucp1, but phenotypic consequences in knockout mice are compensated by functional redundancy of Nor1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Kanzleiter
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biology Faculty, Philipps University-Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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34
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von Heimburg D, Hemmrich K, Zachariah S, Staiger H, Pallua N. Oxygen consumption in undifferentiated versus differentiated adipogenic mesenchymal precursor cells. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2005; 146:107-16. [PMID: 15766899 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To date, no adequate implant material for the correction of soft tissue defects such as after extensive deep burns, tumor resections or in congenital defects is available. A biohybrid composed of viable adipose precursor cells and an optimised matrix could help towards a solution. Morphologically, preadipocytes resemble fibroblasts and have not yet built a large cytoplasmic lipid droplet as found in differentiated adipocytes. Additionally, preadipocytes are smaller than mature adipocytes allowing a quicker revascularization after transplantation. Furthermore, transplanted preadipocytes can form adipose tissue in vivo whereas the transplantation of mature adipocytes often gives poor results, i.e. oil cysts or shrinkage of the transplant. Since these observations point to differences in metabolic activity between preadipocytes and adipocytes, we investigated the oxygen consumption of preadipocytes stimulated to undergo differentiation, and fibroblasts, by measuring the respiration with a Clark-type oxygen electrode. Preadipocytes had a significantly lower oxygen consumption than mature adipocytes. This advantage in respiration and the better revascularization of undifferentiated adipose tissue cells allow the development of innovative transplants and point to preadipocytes as promising tool to improve transplantations in adipose tissue reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis von Heimburg
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery--Burn Center, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany.
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35
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Higuchi T, Kinuya S, Taki J, Nakajima K, Ikeda M, Namura M, Tonami N. Brown adipose tissue: Evaluation with201Tl and99mTc-sestamibi dual-tracer SPECT. Ann Nucl Med 2004; 18:547-9. [PMID: 15515758 DOI: 10.1007/bf02984575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue is one kind of adipose tissue and regulates body temperature and balance of energy via non-shivering thermogenesis. The authors present a case that strongly suggested the presence of activated brown adipose tissue in the neck, shoulders and axillary space by increased 18F-FDG uptake. 99mTc-sestamibi and 201Tl dual-tracer SPECT study showed increased 99mTc-sestamibi uptake and non-increased 201Tl uptake in the corresponding 18F-FDG uptake sites. Brown adipose tissue has dense mitochondria in the cells, which play an important role in thermogenesis. 99mTc-sestamibi uptake and retention depend on the mitochondrial activity but 201Tl uptake does not. Therefore, the activity of mitochondria in activated brown adipose tissue may explain the discrepant uptake between 99mTc-sestamibi and 201Tl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Higuchi
- Department of Kanazawa, PET Center, Kanazawa Cardiovascular Hospital, Ishikawa, Japan.
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36
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Metges CC, Lehmann L, Boeuf S, Petzke KJ, Müller A, Rickert R, Franke W, Steinhart H, Nürnberg G, Klaus S. cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA affect lipid metabolism differently in primary white and brown adipocytes of djungarian hamsters. Lipids 2003; 38:1133-42. [PMID: 14733358 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-003-1171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We explored whether CLA isomers and other C18 FA affect (i) lipid content and FA concentrations in total adipocyte lipids, (ii) FA synthesis from glucose in TAG and phospholipids of primary brown (BAT) and white adipocytes (WAT), and (iii) mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in primary brown adipocytes of Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). c9,t11-CLA, oleic, linoleic, and alpha-linolenic acid increased whereas t10,c12-CLA decreased lipid accumulation in both adipocyte types. t10,c12-CLA treatment affected FA composition mainly in BAT cells. CLA incorporation into lipids, in particular c9,t11-CLA, was higher in BAT. In both cell types, t10,c12-CLA treatment reduced the incorporation of glucose 13C carbon into FA of TAG and phospholipids, whereas c9,t11-CLA, linoleic, and alpha-linolenic acid either did not influence or dose-dependently increased glucose carbon incorporation into FA. UCP1 mRNA expression was inhibited by t10,c12-CLA but increased by c9,t11-CLA, linoleic, and alpha-linolenic acid. It is concluded that c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA have distinctly different effects on lipid metabolism in primary adipocytes. The effects of c9,t11-CLA are similar to those of other unsaturated C18 FA. The opposite effects of c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA are evident in both WAT and BAT cultures; however, brown adipocytes seem to be more susceptible to CLA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia C Metges
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, 14558 Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany.
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37
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Tiraby C, Tavernier G, Lefort C, Larrouy D, Bouillaud F, Ricquier D, Langin D. Acquirement of brown fat cell features by human white adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:33370-6. [PMID: 12807871 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305235200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, i.e. an excess of white adipose tissue (WAT), predisposes to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Brown adipose tissue is present in rodents but not in adult humans. It expresses uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) that allows dissipation of energy as heat. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) and PPAR gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha) activate mouse UCP1 gene transcription. We show here that human PGC-1 alpha induced the activation of the human UCP1 promoter by PPAR gamma. Adenovirus-mediated expression of human PGC-1 alpha increased the expression of UCP1, respiratory chain proteins, and fatty acid oxidation enzymes in human subcutaneous white adipocytes. Changes in the expression of other genes were also consistent with brown adipocyte mRNA expression profile. PGC-1 alpha increased the palmitate oxidation rate by fat cells. Human white adipocytes can therefore acquire typical features of brown fat cells. The PPAR gamma agonist rosiglitazone potentiated the effect of PGC-1 alpha on UCP1 expression and fatty acid oxidation. Hence, PGC-1 alpha is able to direct human WAT PPAR gamma toward a transcriptional program linked to energy dissipation. However, the response of typical white adipocyte targets to rosiglitazone treatment was not altered by PGC-1 alpha. UCP1 mRNA induction was shown in vivo by injection of the PGC-1 alpha adenovirus in mouse white fat. Alteration of energy balance through an increased utilization of fat in WAT may be a conceivable strategy for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Tiraby
- Unité de Recherches sur les Obésités, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 586, Institut Louis Bugnard, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31403 Toulouse, France
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38
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Johannessen EA, Weaver JMR, Bourova L, Svoboda P, Cobbold PH, Cooper JM. Micromachined nanocalorimetric sensor for ultra-low-volume cell-based assays. Anal Chem 2002; 74:2190-7. [PMID: 12033326 DOI: 10.1021/ac011028b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current strategies for cell-based screening generally focus on the development of highly specific assays, which require an understanding of the nature of the signaling molecules and cellular pathways involved. In contrast, changes in temperature of cells provides a measure of altered cellular metabolism that is not stimulus specific and hence could have widespread applications in cell-based screening of receptor agonists and antagonists, as well as in the assessment of toxicity of new lead compounds. Consequently, we have developed a micromachined nanocalorimetric biological sensor using a small number of isolated living cells integrated within a subnanoliter format, which is capable of detecting 13 nW of generated power from the cells, upon exposure to a chemical or pharmaceutical stimulus. The sensor comprises a 10-junction gold and nickel thermopile, integrated on a silicon chip which was back-etched to span a 800-nm-thick membrane of silicon nitride. The thin-film membrane, which supported the sensing junctions of the thermoelectric transducer, gave the system a temperature resolution of 0.125 mK, a low heat capacity of 1.2 nJ mK(-1), and a rapid (unfiltered) response time of 12 ms. The application of the system in ultra-low-volume cell-based assays could provide a rapid endogenous screen. It offers important additional advantages over existing methods in that it is generic in nature, it does not require the use of recombinant cell lines or of detailed assay development, and finally, it can enable the use of primary cell lines or tissue biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Johannessen
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Glasgow, UK
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39
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Weber K, Ridderskamp D, Alfert M, Hoyer S, Wiesner RJ. Cultivation in glucose-deprived medium stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism in HepG2 hepatoma cells. Biol Chem 2002; 383:283-90. [PMID: 11934266 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to test the hypothesis that an imbalance between energy requirement and energy supply regulates mitochondrial genes and ultimately mitochondrial biogenesis, energy supply was challenged in HepG2 cells by withdrawal of glucose from the culture medium, making the cells exclusively dependent on mitochondrial ATP production. Such cells showed a 2-fold increase of cytochrome c oxidase activity, elevated levels of mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial DNA encoded mRNAs and proteins, as well as the nuclear encoded mitochondrial transcription factor A. Lactate production was significantly reduced and glutamine was consumed as an alternative substrate for oxidative metabolism. Long-term adapted cells formed exclusively monolayers, while they normally grow in multilayers forming tumor spheroids. Also, long-term adapted cells proliferated significantly faster. No differences for the ATP/ADP ratio were observed, indicating that this is not the primary signal initiating the adaptative processes. These results show that mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism are stimulated in HepG2 cells grown in the absence of fermentable glucose, probably in order to compensate for the diminished supply of glycolytic ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Weber
- Institut für Vegetative Physiologie, Universität zu Köln, Germany
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40
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Boeuf S, Klingenspor M, Van Hal NL, Schneider T, Keijer J, Klaus S. Differential gene expression in white and brown preadipocytes. Physiol Genomics 2001; 7:15-25. [PMID: 11595788 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00048.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
White (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissue are tissues of energy storage and energy dissipation, respectively. Experimental evidence suggests that brown and white preadipocytes are differentially determined, but so far not much is known about the genetic control of this determination process. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes involved in brown and white preadipocyte development. Using representational difference analysis (cDNA RDA) and DNA microarray screening, we identified four genes with higher expression in white preadipocytes (three different complement factors and delta-6 fatty acid desaturase) and seven genes with higher expression levels in brown preadipocytes, of which three are structural genes implicated in cell adhesion and cytoskeleton organization (fibronectin, alpha-actinin-4, metargidin) and four that might function in gene transcription and protein synthesis (vigilin, necdin, snRNP polypeptide A, and a homolog to human hepatocellular carcinoma-associated protein). The expression profile of these genes was analyzed during preadipocyte differentiation, upon beta-adrenergic stimulation, and in WAT and BAT tissue in vivo compared with references genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), cytochrome c oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boeuf
- German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam, 14558 Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany
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41
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Klaus S, Seivert A, Boeuf S. Effect of the beta(3)-adrenergic agonist Cl316,243 on functional differentiation of white and brown adipocytes in primary cell culture. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1539:85-92. [PMID: 11389970 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(01)00093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the specific beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonist CL 316,243 (CL) on proliferation and functional differentiation of the Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) white and brown preadipocytes in primary cell culture. Proliferation of both white and brown preadipocytes was stimulated by a general beta-adrenergic agonist (isoproterenol) but not by CL. Lipolysis of differentiated white and brown adipocytes was stimulated similarly by CL with maximum effect at 10 nM. Thermogenic properties of cells were assessed by immunodetection of UCP-1, the brown adipocyte specific uncoupling protein, and measurement of cytochrome c oxidase (COx) activity as an index of mitochondrial capacity. UCP-1 content was largely increased by CL in BAT but not in WAT cultures. Basal UCP-2 mRNA levels were similar in WAT and BAT cultures and increased by both CL and isoproterenol. COx activity of BAT cultures was twice as high as that of WAT cultures but in neither cell culture system could it be increased by beta-adrenergic stimulation. We suggest (i) that white and brown preadipocyte proliferation is increased in vitro via beta1 or beta(2), but not beta(3)-adrenergic pathways, (ii) that white and brown preadipocytes represent different cell types, and (iii) that in vitro beta-adrenergic stimulation it is not sufficient to induce complete thermogenic adaptation of brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Klaus
- The German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany.
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42
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Himms-Hagen J, Melnyk A, Zingaretti MC, Ceresi E, Barbatelli G, Cinti S. Multilocular fat cells in WAT of CL-316243-treated rats derive directly from white adipocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000; 279:C670-81. [PMID: 10942717 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.3.c670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multilocular, mitochondria-rich adipocytes appear in white adipose tissue (WAT) of rats treated with the beta3-adrenoceptor agonist, CL-316243 (CL). Objectives were to determine whether these multilocular adipocytes derived from cells that already existed in the WAT or from proliferation of precursor cells and whether new mitochondria contained in them were typical brown adipocyte mitochondria. Use of 5-bromodeoxyuridine to identify cells that had undergone mitosis during the CL treatment showed that most multilocular cells derived from cells already present in the WAT. Morphological techniques showed that at least a subpopulation of unilocular adipocytes underwent conversion to multilocular mitochondria-rich adipocytes. A small proportion of multilocular adipocytes ( approximately 8%) was positive for UCP1 by immunohistochemistry. Biochemical techniques showed that mitochondrial protein recovered from WAT increased 10-fold and protein isolated from brown adipose tissue (BAT) doubled in CL-treated rats. Stained gels showed a different protein composition of new mitochondria isolated from WAT from that of mitochondria isolated from BAT. Western blotting showed new mitochondria in WAT to contain both UCP1, but at a much lower concentration than in BAT mitochondria, and UCP3, at a higher concentration than that in BAT mitochondria. We hypothesize that multilocular adipocytes present at 7 days of CL treatment have two origins. First, most come from convertible unilocular adipocytes that become multilocular and make many mitochondria that contain UCP3. Second, some come from a cell that gives rise to more typical brown adipocytes that express UCP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Himms-Hagen
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada.
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43
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Gauthier C, Leblais V, Moniotte S, Langin D, Balligand JL. The negative inotropic action of catecholamines: Role of β3-adrenoceptors. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/y00-045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is now evidence for the involvement of four β-adrenoceptor populations in the regulation of cardiac function by catecholamines. β1- and β2-adrenoceptor stimulation classically produces an increase in contractility. A fourth β-adrenoceptor, as yet uncloned and designated provisionally as a β4-adrenoceptor, also mediates a positive inotropic effect. β3-adrenoceptors, which had been cloned at the end of the eighties, has been extensively studied as a potential target for antiobesity and antidiabetic drugs. Its characterization in the heart has opened new fields of investigations for the understanding of the cardiac adrenergic regulation. This review describes the cardiac electrical and mechanical effects induced by β3-adrenoceptor stimulation in different species (including human), as well as the signaling pathway. It also analyzes the role of these receptors in the abnormal responsiveness of catecholamines in heart failure.Key words: beta-adrenoceptor, heart, contractility, signaling pathway, heart failure.
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44
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Chaudhry A, Granneman JG. Differential regulation of functional responses by beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes in brown adipocytes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:R147-53. [PMID: 10409268 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.1.r147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue contains both beta(1)- and beta(3)-adrenergic receptors (beta-ARs), and whereas both receptor subtypes can activate adenylyl cyclase, recent studies suggest that these subtypes have different pharmacological properties and may serve different signaling functions. In this study, primary brown adipocyte cultures were used to determine the role of beta-AR subtypes in mediating lipolysis and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) gene expression, elicited by the physiological neurohormone norepinephrine (NE). NE increased both lipolysis and UCP1 mRNA levels in brown adipocyte cultures; the beta(1)-receptor-selective antagonist CGP-20712A strongly antagonized the increase in UCP1 gene expression but had little effect on lipolysis. The beta(3)-receptor-selective agonist CL-316243 (CL) also increased lipolysis and UCP1 mRNA levels, yet CL was more potent in stimulating lipolysis than UCP1 gene expression. NE also increased the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and perilipin (PL), both of which are protein kinase A substrates that are differentially targeted to the nucleus and lipid droplets, respectively. beta(1)-receptor blockade inhibited NE-stimulated phosphorylation of CREB but not PL. The results suggest that beta-AR subtypes regulate different physiological responses stimulated by NE in brown adipocyte cultures in part by differentially transducing signals to subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chaudhry
- Cellular and Clinical Neurobiology Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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45
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Cambon B, Reyne Y, Nouguès J. In vitro induction of UCP1 mRNA in preadipocytes from rabbit considered as a model of large mammals brown adipose tissue development: importance of PPARgamma agonists for cells isolated in the postnatal period. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1998; 146:49-58. [PMID: 10022762 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(98)00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In mammals with a lower mass-specific metabolic rate than small laboratory rodents, the brown adipose tissue (BAT) loses its thermogenic activity after birth and undergoes a transformation into white adipose tissue (WAT). Rabbit is a model of these mammals of larger body mass. Preadipocytes from cervical BAT of foetal or newborn rabbits differentiated in a chemically-defined medium and expressed low levels of uncoupled protein-1 (UCP1) mRNA, greatly increased by beta3-adrenergic or retinoic acid stimulations. On the contrary, preadipocytes from 1-month-old animals differentiated in the same conditions with no detectable,expression of UCP1. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists were necessary to induce UCP1 in these cells from older animals, a synergistic increase being noted in the presence of beta3-adrenergic agonists. In contrast to these results, preadipocytes from perirenal WAT stimulated by PPARgamma agonists never expressed UCPI. CONCLUSION preadipocytes in the postnatal period are determined as brown or white preadipocytes. PPARgamma agonists induce UCP1 expression in brown postnatal preadipocytes, but they are unable to trigger the gene in white preadipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cambon
- Laboratoire de différenciation cellulaire et croissance, INRA, Montpellier, France
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Florez-Duquet M, Horwitz BA, McDonald RB. Cellular proliferation and UCP content in brown adipose tissue of cold-exposed aging Fischer 344 rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 274:R196-203. [PMID: 9458918 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.1.r196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations have demonstrated that older vs. younger rats respond to cold exposure with blunted cold-induced nonshivering thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue (BAT). This reduction in nonshivering thermogenesis is associated with reduced mass and blunted nonshivering thermogenic capacity of BAT. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that brown fat in 26-mo-old Fischer 344 (F344) male rats has an impaired capacity to respond to the trophic stimulus of chronic cold exposure with increases in cell number, mass, and uncoupling protein (UCP) content. To test this hypothesis, the response of BAT to chronic cold exposure was evaluated in young and old rats. We exposed 6-, 12-, and 26-mo-old F344 male rats to 10 degrees C for 5 days and measured interscapular BAT (IBAT) mass, cell size and proliferation, and mitochondrial UCP1 content. Plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and norepinephrine IBAT mass, cell proliferation, or UCP1 content in response to chronic cold, whereas the 6-mo-old rats had a nearly 2-fold cold-induced increase in IBAT mass, a 26-fold increase in cell proliferation, and a 4-fold increase in UCP1 content. Cold exposure also produced an increase of 29, 19, and 20% in mature brown adipocyte cell size of the 6-, 12-, and 26-mo-old animals, respectively. Plasma levels of IGF-I were unaffected by cold at all ages, whereas NE levels were increased by the cold exposure and by increasing age. These data support the hypothesis that brown fat in old F344 rats does not respond to the trophic stimulus of chronic cold exposure to the same degree as younger animals. Moreover, these data indicate that the observed cold- or age-induced changes in levels of growth factors evaluated in this study were not associated with the lack of cold-induced preadipocyte proliferation or increased UCP1 in brown fat of the 26-mo-old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Florez-Duquet
- Physiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Encke D, Ely M, Heldmaier G, Klaus S. Physiological approach to maturation of brown adipocytes in primary cell culture. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1357:339-47. [PMID: 9268058 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(97)00045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular and metabolic aspects of differentiation of brown adipocytes of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) were studied in primary culture. Expression of uncoupling protein and lipoprotein lipase were investigated by Western and Northern blotting and indirect immuno-fluorescence microscopy. The activity of 5'-deiodinase type II was determined by a radioactive enzyme assay. Activity of cytochrome-c-oxidase and cell respiration rates were measured with a Clark electrode. We evaluated functional differences of developmental stages by measuring the reaction to beta-adrenergic stimulation throughout the differentiation process. The results show that differentiation of hamster brown adipocytes is an at least two-step development with physiologically discriminable cell types. Generation of triiodothyronine (T3) from thyroxine by activation of the 5'deiodinase occurs in immature brown adipocytes and is mediated primarily by beta1- rather than beta3-adrenergic receptors. The thermogenic capacity is subsequently increased in mature brown adipocytes. beta-Adrenergic receptor stimulation increases UCP expression of mature adipocytes but is not able to recruit new brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Encke
- Fachbereich Biologie/Zoologie, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
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48
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Ghorbani M, Claus TH, Himms-Hagen J. Hypertrophy of brown adipocytes in brown and white adipose tissues and reversal of diet-induced obesity in rats treated with a beta3-adrenoceptor agonist. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 54:121-31. [PMID: 9296358 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, we demonstrated that chronic treatment with a new beta3-adrenoceptor agonist, CL 316,243 [disodium (R,R)-5-[2-[[2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-amino]propyl]-1,3-ben zodioxazole-2,2-dicarboxylate], promoted thermogenesis, caused the appearance of multilocular adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT), and retarded development of obesity in young rats eating a high-fat diet (Himms-Hagen et al., Am J Physiol 266: R1371-R1382, 1994). Objectives of the present study were to find out whether CL 316,243 could reverse established diet-induced obesity in rats and to identify the multilocular adipocytes that appeared in WAT. Infusion of CL 316,243 (1 mg/kg/day) reduced abdominal fat, with a decrease in enlarged adipocyte size but no loss of white adipocytes. The resting metabolic rate increased by 40-45%, but food intake was not altered. Abundant densely stained multilocular brown adipocytes expressing uncoupling protein (UCP) appeared in retroperitoneal WAT, in which a marked increase in protein content occurred. UCP content of interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) was also increased markedly. We suggest that the substantial increase in the resting metabolic rate induced by CL 316,243 occurs in brown adipocytes in both BAT and WAT. The origin of the brown adipocytes that appeared in WAT is uncertain. They may have been small brown preadipocytes, expressing beta3-adrenoceptors but with few mitochondria and little or no UCP, that were induced to hypertrophy by the beta3-agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ghorbani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Adipose tissue plays an important role in mammalian energy equilibrium not only as a lipid-dissipating, i.e. energy-storing, tissue (white adipose tissue), but also as an energy-dissipating one (brown adipose tissue). Brown adipocytes have the ability of facultative heat production due to a unique mitochondrial protein, the uncoupling protein (UCP). Differentiation of white and (to a lesser extent) brown adipocytes has been studied in different cell culture systems, which has led to the identification of external inducers, second messenger pathways and transcription factors involved in adipocyte differentiation. Functional differentiation of white adipocytes implies adipose conversion, whereas in brown adipocytes it insinuates additionally the development of a thermogenic function. This review discusses recent advances in the elucidation of the pathways responsible for, and the molecular bases of, adipose conversion on the one hand and development of the thermogenic properties of brown adipocytes on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Klaus
- Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung (DIfE), Bergholz Rehbrücke, Germany
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Klingenspor M, Dickopp A, Heldmaier G, Klaus S. Short photoperiod reduces leptin gene expression in white and brown adipose tissue of Djungarian hamsters. FEBS Lett 1996; 399:290-4. [PMID: 8985164 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(96)01343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Leptin gene expression in white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) was analyzed during seasonal acclimatization. Leptin gene expression in WAT was markedly reduced during winter, independent of changes in environmental temperature. Exposure to artificial short photoperiod also decreased leptin gene expression in WATas well as in BAT. Although specific leptin gene expression was lower in BAT, total depot expression was as high as in WAT depots, due to higher RNA content of BAT. Our results indicate that there is significant leptin synthesis in brown fat and that leptin might be involved in photoperiod mediated seasonal adaptations of mammals independent of food deprivation or overfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Klingenspor
- Fachbereich Biologie/Zoologie, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
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