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Dadgar H, Jokar N, Nemati R, Larvie M, Assadi M. PET tracers in glioblastoma: Toward neurotheranostics as an individualized medicine approach. FRONTIERS IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:1103262. [PMID: 39355049 PMCID: PMC11440984 DOI: 10.3389/fnume.2023.1103262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, theragnostic radiopharmaceuticals have been used in nuclear medicine for both diagnosis and treatment of various tumors. In this review, we carried out a literature search to investigate and explain the role of radiotracers in the theragnostic approach to glioblastoma multiform (GBM). We primarily focused on basic and rather common positron emotion tomography (PET) radiotracers in these tumors. Subsequently, we introduced and evaluated the preclinical and clinical results of theranostic-based biomarkers including integrin receptor family, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), fibroblast activated protein (FAP), somatostatin receptors (SRS), and chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) for patients with GBM to confer the benefit of personalized therapy. Moreover, promising research opportunities that could have a profound impact on the treatment of GBM over the next decade are also highlighted. Preliminary results showed the potential feasibility of the theragnostic approach using theses biomarkers in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibullah Dadgar
- Cancer Research Center, RAZAVI Hospital, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Jokar
- The Persian Gulf Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Bushehr Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Reza Nemati
- Department of Neurology, Bushehr Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mykol Larvie
- Department of Radiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Majid Assadi
- The Persian Gulf Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Bushehr Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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2
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Ghantasala S, Pai MGJ, Biswas D, Gahoi N, Mukherjee S, KP M, Nissa MU, Srivastava A, Epari S, Shetty P, Moiyadi A, Srivastava S. Multiple Reaction Monitoring-Based Targeted Assays for the Validation of Protein Biomarkers in Brain Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:548243. [PMID: 34055594 PMCID: PMC8162214 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.548243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of omics technologies over the last decade has helped in advancement of research and our understanding of complex diseases like brain cancers. However, barring genomics, no other omics technology has been able to find utility in clinical settings. The recent advancements in mass spectrometry instrumentation have resulted in proteomics technologies becoming more sensitive and reliable. Targeted proteomics, a relatively new branch of mass spectrometry-based proteomics has shown immense potential in addressing the shortcomings of the standard molecular biology-based techniques like Western blotting and Immunohistochemistry. In this study we demonstrate the utility of Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), a targeted proteomics approach, in quantifying peptides from proteins like Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), Apolipoprotein E (APOE), Prostaglandin H2 D-Isomerase (PTGDS), Vitronectin (VTN) and Complement C3 (C3) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from Glioma and Meningioma patients. Additionally, we also report transitions for peptides from proteins - Vimentin (VIM), Cystatin-C (CST3) and Clusterin (CLU) in surgically resected Meningioma tissues; Annexin A1 (ANXA1), Superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and VIM in surgically resected Glioma tissues; and Microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP-2), Splicing factor 3B subunit 2 (SF3B2) and VIM in surgically resected Medulloblastoma tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the use of MRM to validate proteins from three types of brain malignancies and two different bio-specimens. Future studies involving a large cohort of samples aimed at accurately detecting and quantifying peptides of proteins with roles in brain malignancies could potentially result in a panel of proteins showing ability to classify and grade tumors. Successful application of these techniques could ultimately offer alternative strategies with increased accuracy, sensitivity and lower turnaround time making them translatable to the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saicharan Ghantasala
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Medha Gayathri J. Pai
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Deeptarup Biswas
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Nikita Gahoi
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Shuvolina Mukherjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Manubhai KP
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Mehar Un Nissa
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Sridhar Epari
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre’s – Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Prakash Shetty
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tata Memorial Centre’s – Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Aliasgar Moiyadi
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tata Memorial Centre’s – Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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3
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Bachmann M, Schäfer M, Mykuliak VV, Ripamonti M, Heiser L, Weißenbruch K, Krübel S, Franz CM, Hytönen VP, Wehrle-Haller B, Bastmeyer M. Induction of ligand promiscuity of αVβ3 integrin by mechanical force. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs242404. [PMID: 32193334 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.242404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
αVβ3 integrin can bind to multiple extracellular matrix proteins, including vitronectin (Vn) and fibronectin (Fn), which are often presented to cells in culture as homogenous substrates. However, in tissues, cells experience highly complex and changing environments. To better understand integrin ligand selection in such complex environments, we employed binary-choice substrates of Fn and Vn to dissect αVβ3 integrin-mediated binding to different ligands on the subcellular scale. Super-resolution imaging revealed that αVβ3 integrin preferred binding to Vn under various conditions. In contrast, binding to Fn required higher mechanical load on αVβ3 integrin. Integrin mutations, structural analysis and chemical inhibition experiments indicated that the degree of hybrid domain swing-out is relevant for the selection between Fn and Vn; only a force-mediated, full hybrid domain swing-out facilitated αVβ3-Fn binding. Thus, force-dependent conformational changes in αVβ3 integrin increased the diversity of available ligands for binding and therefore enhanced the ligand promiscuity of this integrin.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bachmann
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Markus Schäfer
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Vasyl V Mykuliak
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech, Tampere University, and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Marta Ripamonti
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Lia Heiser
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Kai Weißenbruch
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Sarah Krübel
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Clemens M Franz
- DFG-Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech, Tampere University, and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Bernhard Wehrle-Haller
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
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Delgado‐Martín B, Medina MÁ. Advances in the Knowledge of the Molecular Biology of Glioblastoma and Its Impact in Patient Diagnosis, Stratification, and Treatment. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902971. [PMID: 32382477 PMCID: PMC7201267 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults. They arise in the glial tissue and primarily occur in the brain. Low-grade tumors of World Health Organization (WHO) grade II tend to progress to high-grade gliomas of WHO grade III and, eventually, glioblastoma of WHO grade IV, which is the most common and deadly glioma, with a median survival of 12-15 months after final diagnosis. Knowledge of the molecular biology and genetics of glioblastoma has increased significantly in the past few years, giving rise to classification methods that can help in management and stratification of glioblastoma patients. However, glioblastoma remains an incurable disease. Glioblastoma cells have acquired genetic and metabolic adaptations in order to sustain tumor growth and progression, including changes in energetic metabolism, invasive capacity, migration, and angiogenesis, that make it very difficult to find suitable therapeutic targets and to develop effective drugs. The current standard of care for glioblastoma patients is surgery followed by radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide. Although progress in glioblastoma therapies in recent years has been more limited than in other tumors, numerous drugs and targets are being proposed and many clinical trials are underway to develop effective subtype-specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Delgado‐Martín
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryFaculty of SciencesCampus de Teatinos s/nUniversity of MálagaMálagaE‐29071Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Medina
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryFaculty of SciencesCampus de Teatinos s/nUniversity of MálagaMálagaE‐29071Spain
- IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga)MálagaE‐29071Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MálagaE‐29071Spain
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5
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Burgos-Panadero R, Noguera I, Cañete A, Navarro S, Noguera R. Vitronectin as a molecular player of the tumor microenvironment in neuroblastoma. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:479. [PMID: 31117974 PMCID: PMC6532218 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitronectin is a multifunctional glycoprotein known in several human tumors for its adhesive role in processes such as cell growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. In this study, we examined vitronectin expression in neuroblastoma to investigate whether this molecule takes part in cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix interactions that may confer mechanical properties to promote tumor aggressiveness. Methods We used immunohistochemistry and image analysis tools to characterize vitronectin expression and to test its prognostic value in 91 neuroblastoma patients. To better understand the effect of vitronectin, we studied its in vitro expression using commercial neuroblastoma cell lines and in vivo using intra-adrenal gland xenograft models by immunohistochemistry. Results Digital image analysis allowed us to associate vitronectin staining intensity and location discriminating between territorial vitronectin and interterritorial vitronectin expression patterns. High territorial vitronectin expression (strong staining associated with pericellular and intracellular location) was present in tumors from patients with metastatic undifferentiating neuroblastoma, that were MYCN amplified, 11q deleted or with segmental chromosomal profiles, in the high-risk stratification group and with high genetic instability. In vitro studies confirmed that vitronectin is expressed in tumor cells as small cytoplasmic dot drops. In vivo experiments revealed tumor cells with high and dense cytoplasmic vitronectin expression. Conclusions These findings highlight the relevance of vitronectin in neuroblastoma tumor biology and suggest its potential as a future therapeutic target in neuroblastoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5693-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Burgos-Panadero
- Pathology Department, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Noguera
- Central Support Service for Experimental Research (SCSIE), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adela Cañete
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Samuel Navarro
- Pathology Department, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Noguera
- Pathology Department, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain. .,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Gupta K, Burns TC. Radiation-Induced Alterations in the Recurrent Glioblastoma Microenvironment: Therapeutic Implications. Front Oncol 2018; 8:503. [PMID: 30467536 PMCID: PMC6236021 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is uniformly fatal with a median survival of just over 1 year, despite best available treatment including radiotherapy (RT). Impacts of prior brain RT on recurrent tumors are poorly understood, though increasing evidence suggests RT-induced changes in the brain microenvironment contribute to recurrent GBM aggressiveness. The tumor microenvironment impacts malignant cells directly and indirectly through stromal cells that support tumor growth. Changes in extracellular matrix (ECM), abnormal vasculature, hypoxia, and inflammation have been reported to promote tumor aggressiveness that could be exacerbated by prior RT. Prior radiation may have long-term impacts on microglia and brain-infiltrating monocytes, leading to lasting alterations in cytokine signaling and ECM. Tumor-promoting CNS injury responses are recapitulated in the tumor microenvironment and augmented following prior radiation, impacting cell phenotype, proliferation, and infiltration in the CNS. Since RT is vital to GBM management, but substantially alters the tumor microenvironment, we here review challenges, knowledge gaps, and therapeutic opportunities relevant to targeting pro-tumorigenic features of the GBM microenvironment. We suggest that insights from RT-induced changes in the tumor microenvironment may provide opportunities to target mechanisms, such as cellular senescence, that may promote GBM aggressiveness amplified in previously radiated microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshama Gupta
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Terry C Burns
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Schnell O, Albrecht V, Pfirrmann D, Eigenbrod S, Krebs B, Romagna A, Siller S, Giese A, Tonn JC, Schichor C. MGMT promoter methylation is not correlated with integrin expression in malignant gliomas: clarifying recent clinical trial results. Med Oncol 2018; 35:103. [PMID: 29882028 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-018-1162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Integrin alpha-v-beta-3 (αvβ3) is important for invasive tumor growth and angiogenesis in glioblastomas (GBM). However, recent clinical trials on inhibition of this integrin led to ambiguous results whether patients with methylated or unmethylated 6O-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter might profit from this kind of therapy. Therefore, we addressed the still unanswered question about a possible correlation between integrin αvβ3 expression and MGMT promoter methylation in GBM. For this purpose, tumor samples from newly diagnosed and untreated GBM patients with methylated (n = 22) or unmethylated (n = 17) MGMT promoter were simultaneously analyzed for integrin αvβ3 expression by an automated immunohistochemical staining platform. Interestingly, subsequent semi-quantitative analysis by a special imaging software did not show any difference in integrin expression between patients with methylated or unmethylated MGMT promoter status. Moreover, further analysis of the integrin subunits via ELISA from histologic sections revealed that there is no difference in integrin subunit expression between these patients. Hence, our results are important for designing future clinical trials with respect to treatment stratification, while it still has to be identified which other molecular factors determine differential responses to targeted anti-integrin αvβ3 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schnell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitaetsklinikum Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Valerie Albrecht
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - David Pfirrmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabina Eigenbrod
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (ZNP), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bjarne Krebs
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (ZNP), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Romagna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian Siller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (ZNP), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg-Christian Tonn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schichor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Malric L, Monferran S, Gilhodes J, Boyrie S, Dahan P, Skuli N, Sesen J, Filleron T, Kowalski-Chauvel A, Cohen-Jonathan Moyal E, Toulas C, Lemarié A. Interest of integrins targeting in glioblastoma according to tumor heterogeneity and cancer stem cell paradigm: an update. Oncotarget 2017; 8:86947-86968. [PMID: 29156849 PMCID: PMC5689739 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are malignant brain tumors with dismal prognosis despite standard treatment with surgery and radio/chemotherapy. These tumors are defined by an important cellular heterogeneity and notably contain a particular subpopulation of Glioblastoma-initiating cells, which recapitulate the heterogeneity of the original Glioblastoma. In order to classify these heterogeneous tumors, genomic profiling has also been undertaken to classify these heterogeneous tumors into several subtypes. Current research focuses on developing therapies, which could take into account this cellular and genomic heterogeneity. Among these targets, integrins are the subject of numerous studies since these extracellular matrix transmembrane receptors notably controls tumor invasion and progression. Moreover, some of these integrins are considered as membrane markers for the Glioblastoma-initiating cells subpopulation. We reviewed here integrin expression according to glioblastoma molecular subtypes and cell heterogeneity. We discussed their roles in glioblastoma invasion, angiogenesis, therapeutic resistance, stemness and microenvironment modulations, and provide an overview of clinical trials investigating integrins in glioblastomas. This review highlights that specific integrins could be identified as selective glioblastoma cells markers and that their targeting represents new diagnostic and/or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Malric
- INSERM U1037, Center for Cancer Research of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Monferran
- INSERM U1037, Center for Cancer Research of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Julia Gilhodes
- Department of Biostatistics, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Sabrina Boyrie
- INSERM U1037, Center for Cancer Research of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Perrine Dahan
- INSERM U1037, Center for Cancer Research of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Skuli
- INSERM U1037, Center for Cancer Research of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie Sesen
- INSERM U1037, Center for Cancer Research of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Filleron
- Department of Biostatistics, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Elizabeth Cohen-Jonathan Moyal
- INSERM U1037, Center for Cancer Research of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Department of Radiotherapy, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Toulas
- INSERM U1037, Center for Cancer Research of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Laboratory of Oncogenetic, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Anthony Lemarié
- INSERM U1037, Center for Cancer Research of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Gahoi N, Malhotra D, Moiyadi A, Varma SG, Gandhi MN, Srivastava S. Multi-pronged proteomic analysis to study the glioma pathobiology using cerebrospinal fluid samples. Proteomics Clin Appl 2017; 12:e1700056. [PMID: 28679024 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201700056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gliomas are one of the most aggressive and lethal brain tumors arising from neoplastic transformation of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. A comprehensive quantitative analysis of proteome level differences in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) across different grades of gliomas for a better understanding of glioma pathobiology is carried out. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Glioma patients are diagnosed by radiology and histochemistry-based analyses. Differential proteomic analysis of high (n = 12) and low (n = 5) grade gliomas, and control (n = 3) samples is performed by using two complementary quantitative proteomic approaches; 2D-DIGE and iTRAQ. Further, comparative analysis of three IDH wild-type and five IDH mutants is performed to identify the proteome level differences between these two sub-classes. RESULTS Level of several proteins including haptoglobin, transthyretin, osteopontin, vitronectin, complement factor H and different classes of immunoglobulins are found to be considerably increased in CSF of higher grades of gliomas. Subsequent bioinformatics analysis indicated that many of the dysregulated CSF proteins are associated with metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins, complement and coagulation cascades and extracellular matrix remodeling in gliomas. Intriguingly, CSF of glioma patients with IDH mutations exhibite increased levels of multiple proteins involved in response to oxidative stress. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE To the best of our knowledge, this is the foremost proteome level investigation describing comprehensive proteome profiles of different grades of gliomas using proximal fluid (CSF); and thereby providing insights into disease pathobiology, which aided in identification of grade and sub-type specific alterations. Moreover, if validated in larger clinical cohorts, a panel of differentially abundant CSF proteins may serve as potential disease monitoring and prognostic markers for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Gahoi
- Wadhwani Research Center for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.,Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Darpan Malhotra
- Wadhwani Research Center for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Santosh G Varma
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Grant Govt. Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Byculla, Mumbai, India.,BJ Medical College & Sassoon Hospital, Jai Prakash Narayan Road, Near Pune Railway Station, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mayuri N Gandhi
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Wadhwani Research Center for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
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10
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De Luca C, Papa M. Matrix Metalloproteinases, Neural Extracellular Matrix, and Central Nervous System Pathology. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:167-202. [PMID: 28662822 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The functionality and stability of the central nervous system (CNS) pabulum, called neural extracellular matrix (nECM), is paramount for the maintenance of a healthy network. The loosening or the damage of the scaffold disrupts synaptic transmission with the consequent imbalance of the neurotransmitters, reactive cells invasion, astrocytosis, new matrix deposition, digestion of the previous structure and ultimately, maladaptive plasticity with the loss of neuronal viability. nECM is constantly affected by CNS disorders, particularly in chronic modifying such as neurodegenerative disease, or in acute/subacute with chronic sequelae, like cerebrovascular and inflammatory pathology. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the main interfering agent of nECM, guiding the balance of degradation and new deposition of proteins such as proteoglycans and glycoproteins, or glycosaminoglycans, such as hyaluronic acid. Activation of these enzymes is modulated by their physiologic inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of MMPs or via other proteases inhibitors, as well as genetic or epigenetic up- or downregulation through molecular interaction or receptor activation. The appropriate understanding of the pathways underlying nECM modifications in CNS pathology is probably one of the pivotal future directions to identify the healthy brain network and subsequently design new therapies to interfere with the progression of the CNS disease and eventually find appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; SYSBIO, Centre for Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
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11
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Chen MH, Lu C, Sun J, Chen XD, Dai JX, Cai JY, Chen XL. Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum vitronectin levels in human glioma. J Neurol Sci 2016; 371:54-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Čunderlíková B. Clinical significance of immunohistochemically detected extracellular matrix proteins and their spatial distribution in primary cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 105:127-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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13
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Glioblastoma Stem Cells Microenvironment: The Paracrine Roles of the Niche in Drug and Radioresistance. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6809105. [PMID: 26880981 PMCID: PMC4736577 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6809105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among all solid tumors, the high-grade glioma appears to be the most vascularized one. In fact, "microvascular hyperplasia" is a hallmark of GBM. An altered vascular network determines irregular blood flow, so that tumor cells spread rapidly beyond the diffusion distance of oxygen in the tissue, with the consequent formation of hypoxic or anoxic areas, where the bulk of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) reside. The response to this event is the induction of angiogenesis, a process mediated by hypoxia inducible factors. However, this new capillary network is not efficient in maintaining a proper oxygen supply to the tumor mass, thereby causing an oxygen gradient within the neoplastic zone. This microenvironment helps GSCs to remain in a "quiescent" state preserving their potential to proliferate and differentiate, thus protecting them by the effects of chemo- and radiotherapy. Recent evidences suggest that responses of glioblastoma to standard therapies are determined by the microenvironment of the niche, where the GSCs reside, allowing a variety of mechanisms that contribute to the chemo- and radioresistance, by preserving GSCs. It is, therefore, crucial to investigate the components/factors of the niche in order to formulate new adjuvant therapies rendering more efficiently the gold standard therapies for this neoplasm.
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14
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Robel S, Sontheimer H. Glia as drivers of abnormal neuronal activity. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:28-33. [PMID: 26713746 PMCID: PMC4966160 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes have been proposed to become incompetent bystanders in epilepsy as a result of cellular changes rendering them unable to perform important housekeeping functions. Indeed, successful surgical treatment of mesiotemporal lobe epilepsy hinges on the removal of the glial scar. New research now extends the role of astrocytes, suggesting that they may drive the disease process by impairing the inhibitory action of neuronal GABA receptors. Here we discuss studies that include hyperexcitability resulting from impaired supply of astrocytic glutamine for neuronal GABA synthesis, and epilepsy resulting from genetically induced astrogliosis or malignant transformation, both of which render the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA excitatory. In these examples, glial cells alter the expression or function of neuronal proteins involved in excitability. Although epilepsy has traditionally been thought of as a disease caused by changes in neuronal properties exclusively, these new findings challenge us to consider the contribution of glial cells as drivers of epileptogenesis in acquired epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Robel
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer Center, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer Center, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
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15
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Brösicke N, Sallouh M, Prior LM, Job A, Weberskirch R, Faissner A. Extracellular Matrix Glycoprotein-Derived Synthetic Peptides Differentially Modulate Glioma and Sarcoma Cell Migration. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:741-53. [PMID: 25783630 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM) regulate proliferation, migration, and differentiation in numerous cell lineages. ECM functions are initiated by small peptide sequences embedded in large constituents that are recognized by specific cellular receptors. In this study, we have investigated the biological effects of peptides derived from collagen type IV and tenascin-C compared to the well-known RGD peptide originally discovered in fibronectin. The influence of glycoproteins and corresponding peptides on the migration of the glioma cell lines U-251-MG and U-373-MG and the sarcoma line S-117 was studied. When the cell lines were tested in a modified Boyden chamber assay on filters coated with the ECM glycoproteins, glioma cells showed a strong migration response on tenascin-C and the basal lamina constituent collagen IV, in contrast to S-117 cells. In order to identify relevant stimulatory motifs, peptides derived from fibronectin (6NHX-GRGDSF), tenascin-C (TN-C, VSWRAPTA), and collagen type IV (MNYYSNS) were compared, either applied in solution in combination with ECM glycoprotein substrates, in solution in the presence of untreated membranes, or coated on the filters of the Boyden chambers. Using this strategy, we could identify the novel tenascin-C-derived peptide motif VSWRAPTA as a migration stimulus for glioma cells. Furthermore, while kin peptides generally blocked the effects of the respective homologous ECM proteins, unexpected effects were observed in heterologous situations. There, in several cases, addition of soluble peptides strongly boosted the response to the coated ECM proteins. We propose that peptides may synergize or antagonize each other by stimulating different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Brösicke
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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16
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Clarion L, Jacquard C, Sainte-Catherine O, Decoux M, Loiseau S, Rolland M, Lecouvey M, Hugnot JP, Volle JN, Virieux D, Pirat JL, Bakalara N. C-Glycoside Mimetics Inhibit Glioma Stem Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8293-306. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500522y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Clarion
- UMR 5253—ICG
Montpellier, Equipe AM2N, ENSCM, 8, Rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Carine Jacquard
- INSERM U-1051,
Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, 80 Rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Odile Sainte-Catherine
- UMR 7244 CSPBAT,
Equipe CBS Université Paris 13, 74 Rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny CEDEX, France
| | - Marc Decoux
- UMR 5253—ICG
Montpellier, Equipe AM2N, ENSCM, 8, Rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Séverine Loiseau
- UMR 5253—ICG
Montpellier, Equipe AM2N, ENSCM, 8, Rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Marc Rolland
- Institut Européen
des Membranes, cc047 Université de Montpellier 2, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Lecouvey
- UMR 7244 CSPBAT,
Equipe CBS Université Paris 13, 74 Rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny CEDEX, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Hugnot
- INSERM U-1051,
Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, 80 Rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Noël Volle
- UMR 5253—ICG
Montpellier, Equipe AM2N, ENSCM, 8, Rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - David Virieux
- UMR 5253—ICG
Montpellier, Equipe AM2N, ENSCM, 8, Rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Jean-Luc Pirat
- UMR 5253—ICG
Montpellier, Equipe AM2N, ENSCM, 8, Rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Norbert Bakalara
- INSERM U-1051,
Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, 80 Rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
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17
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Vehlow A, Cordes N. Invasion as target for therapy of glioblastoma multiforme. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:236-44. [PMID: 23891970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The survival of cancer patients suffering from glioblastoma multiforme is limited to just a few months even after treatment with the most advanced techniques. The indefinable borders of glioblastoma cell infiltration into the surrounding healthy tissue prevent complete surgical removal. In addition, genetic mutations, epigenetic modifications and microenvironmental heterogeneity cause resistance to radio- and chemotherapy altogether resulting in a hardly to overcome therapeutic scenario. Therefore, the development of efficient therapeutic strategies to combat these tumors requires a better knowledge of genetic and proteomic alterations as well as the infiltrative behavior of glioblastoma cells and how this can be targeted. Among many cell surface receptors, members of the integrin family are known to regulate glioblastoma cell invasion in concert with extracellular matrix degrading proteases. While preclinical and early clinical trials suggested specific integrin targeting as a promising therapeutic approach, clinical trials failed to deliver improved cure rates up to now. Little is known about glioblastoma cell motility, but switches in invasion modes and adaption to specific microenvironmental cues as a consequence of treatment may maintain tumor cell resistance to therapy. Thus, understanding the molecular basis of integrin and protease function for glioblastoma cell invasion in the context of radiochemotherapy is a pressing issue and may be beneficial for the design of efficient therapeutic approaches. This review article summarizes the latest findings on integrins and extracellular matrix in glioblastoma and adds some perspective thoughts on how this knowledge might be exploited for optimized multimodal therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vehlow
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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18
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Carbon Ion Irradiation Inhibits Glioma Cell Migration Through Downregulation of Integrin Expression. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 83:394-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.06.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Maherally Z, Smith JR, An Q, Pilkington GJ. Receptors for hyaluronic acid and poliovirus: a combinatorial role in glioma invasion? PLoS One 2012; 7:e30691. [PMID: 22363471 PMCID: PMC3281850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD44 has long been associated with glioma invasion while, more recently, CD155 has been implicated in playing a similar role. Notably, these two receptors have been shown closely positioned on monocytes. Methods and Findings In this study, an up-regulation of CD44 and CD155 was demonstrated in established and early-passage cultures of glioblastoma. Total internal reflected fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy revealed close proximity of CD44 and CD155. CD44 antibody blocking and gene silencing (via siRNA) resulted in greater inhibition of invasion than that for CD155. Combined interference resulted in 86% inhibition of invasion, although in these investigations no obvious evidence of synergy between CD44 and CD155 in curbing invasion was shown. Both siRNA-CD44 and siRNA-CD155 treated cells lacked processes and were rounder, while live cell imaging showed reduced motility rate compared to wild type cells. Adhesion assay demonstrated that wild type cells adhered most efficiently to laminin, whereas siRNA-treated cells (p<0.0001 for both CD44 and CD155 expression) showed decreased adhesion on several ECMs investigated. BrdU assay showed a higher proliferation of siRNA-CD44 and siRNA-CD155 cells, inversely correlated with reduced invasion. Confocal microscopy revealed overlapping of CD155 and integrins (β1, αvβ1 and αvβ3) on glioblastoma cell processes whereas siRNA-transfected cells showed consequent reduction in integrin expression with no specific staining patterns. Reduced expression of Rho GTPases, Cdc42, Rac1/2/3, RhoA and RhoB, was seen in siRNA-CD44 and siRNA-CD155 cells. In contrast to CD44-knockdown and ‘double’-knockdown cells, no obvious decrease in RhoC expression was observed in CD155-knockdown cells. Conclusions This investigation has enhanced our understanding of cell invasion and confirmed CD44 to play a more significant role in this biological process than CD155. Joint CD44/CD155 approaches may, however, merit further study in therapeutic targeting of infiltrating glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaynah Maherally
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - James R. Smith
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Qian An
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey J. Pilkington
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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20
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Abstract
Last years saw the development of anti-angiogenic strategies in the treatment of cancers. Cilengitide (EMD121974; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) is a new drug targeting αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins thanks to a specific peptide called RGD sequence. Cilengitide acts in correlations between endothelial cells, tumor cells and extracellular matrix. The promising results obtained with Cilengitide in vitro, used alone or in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy or ionizing radiations, could give many hopes especially for the treatment of cerebral tumors. Clinical trials are nowadays ongoing in this indication. The aim of this review is to take stock of the situation on the mechanisms of action of the integrin inhibitor Cilengitide (EMD121974; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) with a focus on the first pre-clinical and clinical results.
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21
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Rieken S, Habermehl D, Mohr A, Wuerth L, Lindel K, Weber K, Debus J, Combs SE. Targeting ανβ3 and ανβ5 inhibits photon-induced hypermigration of malignant glioma cells. Radiat Oncol 2011; 6:132. [PMID: 21978494 PMCID: PMC3195721 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-6-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sublethal photon irradiation was recently suspected to increase tumor cell motility and promote locoregional recurrence of disease. This study was set up to describe mechanisms underlying increased glioma cell migration through photon irradiation and to analyse the modifiability of photon-altered glioma cell motility by integrin inhibition. Methods Eight μm pore size membranes were coated with vitronectin (VN), collagen I and collagen IV. U87 and Ln229 glioma cells were analysed in migration experiments with and without radiotherapy (RT), serum stimulation and addition of monoclonal antibodies directed to human integrins ανβ3 and ανβ5. Quantitative FACS analysis of integrins was performed in U87 and Ln229 glioma cells following RT. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test. Results Glioma cell migration is serum-dependent and can be increased by photon RT which leads to enhanced expression of Vn receptor integrins. Blocking of either ανβ3 or ανβ5 integrins by antibodies inhibits Vn-based migration of both untreated and photon-irradiated glioma cells. Conclusions Peripheral glioma cells are at risk of attraction into the adjacent healthy brain by serum components leaking through the blood brain barrier (BBB). Radiation therapy is associated with upregulation of Vn receptor integrins and enhanced glioma cell migration at sublethal doses. This effect can be inhibited by specific integrin blockade. Future therapeutical benefit may be derived from pharmacological integrin inhibition in combination with photon irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rieken
- University Hospital of Heidelberg, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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PAI-1: An Integrator of Cell Signaling and Migration. Int J Cell Biol 2011; 2011:562481. [PMID: 21837240 PMCID: PMC3151495 DOI: 10.1155/2011/562481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular migration, over simple surfaces or through complex stromal barriers, requires coordination between detachment/re-adhesion cycles, involving structural components of the extracellular matrix and their surface-binding elements (integrins), and the precise regulation of the pericellular proteolytic microenvironment. It is now apparent that several proteases and protease inhibitors, most notably urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), also interact with several cell surface receptors transducing intracellular signals that significantly affect both motile and proliferative programs. These events appear distinct from the original function of uPA/PAI-1 as modulators of the plasmin-based proteolytic cascade. The multifaceted interactions of PAI-1 with specific matrix components (i.e., vitronectin), the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1), and the uPA/uPA receptor complex have dramatic consequences on the migratory phenotype and may underlie the pathophysiologic sequalae of PAI-1 deficiency and overexpression. This paper focuses on the increasingly intricate role of PAI-1 as a major mechanistic determinant of the cellular migratory phenotype.
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23
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Reardon DA, Neyns B, Weller M, Tonn JC, Nabors LB, Stupp R. Cilengitide: an RGD pentapeptide ανβ3 and ανβ5 integrin inhibitor in development for glioblastoma and other malignancies. Future Oncol 2011; 7:339-54. [PMID: 21417900 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilengitide, a cyclicized arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-containing pentapeptide, potently blocks ανβ3 and ανβ5 integrin activation. Integrins are upregulated in many malignancies and mediate a wide variety of tumor-stroma interactions. Cilengitide and other integrin-targeting therapeutics have preclinical activity against many cancer subtypes including glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and deadliest CNS tumor. Cilengitide is active against orthotopic GBM xenografts and can augment radiotherapy and chemotherapy in these models. In Phase I and II GBM trials, cilengitide and the combination of cilengitide with standard temozolomide and radiation demonstrate consistent antitumor activity and a favorable safety profile. Cilengitide is currently under evaluation in a pivotal, randomized Phase III study (Cilengitide in Combination With Temozolomide and Radiotherapy in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Phase III Randomized Clinical Trial [CENTRIC]) for newly diagnosed GBM. In addition, randomized controlled Phase II studies with cilengitide are ongoing for non-small-cell lung cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cilengitide is the first integrin inhibitor in clinical Phase III development for oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Reardon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, 047 Baker House, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3624, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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24
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Reardon DA, Perry JR, Brandes AA, Jalali R, Wick W. Advances in malignant glioma drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:739-53. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.584530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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Hjelmeland AB, Wu Q, Heddleston JM, Choudhary GS, MacSwords J, Lathia JD, McLendon R, Lindner D, Sloan A, Rich JN. Acidic stress promotes a glioma stem cell phenotype. Cell Death Differ 2010; 18:829-40. [PMID: 21127501 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are lethal cancers that display cellular hierarchies with cancer stem cells at the apex. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are not uniformly distributed, but rather located in specialized niches, suggesting that the cancer stem cell phenotype is regulated by the tumor microenvironment. Indeed, recent studies show that hypoxia and its molecular responses regulate cancer stem cell maintenance. We now demonstrate that acidic conditions, independent of restricted oxygen, promote the expression of GSC markers, self-renewal and tumor growth. GSCs exert paracrine effects on tumor growth through elaboration of angiogenic factors, and low pH conditions augment this expression associated with induction of hypoxia inducible factor 2α (HIF2α), a GSC-specific regulator. Induction of HIF2α and other GSC markers by acidic stress can be reverted by elevating pH in vitro, suggesting that raising intratumoral pH may be beneficial for targeting the GSC phenotype. Together, our results suggest that exposure to low pH promotes malignancy through the induction of a cancer stem cell phenotype, and that culturing cancer cells at lower pH reflective of endogenous tumor conditions may better retain the cellular heterogeneity found in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Hjelmeland
- Departments of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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26
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Tenan M, Aurrand-Lions M, Widmer V, Alimenti A, Burkhardt K, Lazeyras F, Belkouch MC, Hammel P, Walker PR, Duchosal MA, Imhof BA, Dietrich PY. Cooperative expression of junctional adhesion molecule-C and -B supports growth and invasion of glioma. Glia 2010; 58:524-37. [PMID: 19795504 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain invasion is a biological hallmark of glioma that contributes to its aggressiveness and limits the potential of surgery and irradiation. Deregulated expression of adhesion molecules on glioma cells is thought to contribute to this process. Junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) include several IgSF members involved in leukocyte trafficking, angiogenesis, and cell polarity. They are expressed mainly by endothelial cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Here, we report JAM-C expression by human gliomas, but not by their normal cellular counterpart. This expression correlates with the expression of genes involved in cytoskeleton remodeling and cell migration. These genes, identified by a transcriptomic approach, include poliovirus receptor and cystein-rich 61, both known to promote glioma invasion, as well as actin filament associated protein, a c-Src binding partner. Gliomas also aberrantly express JAM-B, a high affinity JAM-C ligand. Their interaction activates the c-Src proto-oncogene, a central upstream molecule in the pathways regulating cell migration and invasion. In the tumor microenvironment, this co-expression may thus promote glioma invasion through paracrine stimuli from both tumor cells and endothelial cells. Accordingly, JAM-C/B blocking antibodies impair in vivo glioma growth and invasion, highlighting the potential of JAM-C and JAM-B as new targets for the treatment of human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Tenan
- Service of Oncology, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
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27
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Teodorczyk M, Martin-Villalba A. Sensing invasion: cell surface receptors driving spreading of glioblastoma. J Cell Physiol 2009; 222:1-10. [PMID: 19688773 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumour in adults. One main source of its high malignancy is the invasion of isolated tumour cells into the surrounding parenchyma, which makes surgical resection an insufficient therapy in nearly all cases. The invasion is triggered by several cell surface receptors including receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), TGF-beta receptor, integrins, immunoglobulins, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family, cytokine receptors, and protein tyrosine phosphatase receptors. The cross-talk between cell-surface receptors and the redundancy of downstream effectors make analysis of invasive signals even more complex. Therapies involving inhibition of single receptors do not give promising outcomes and a thorough knowledge of invasive signals of common and exclusive signalling components is required for design of best combinatory treatment schemes to fight the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Teodorczyk
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Mertsch S, Schurgers LJ, Weber K, Paulus W, Senner V. Matrix gla protein (MGP): an overexpressed and migration-promoting mesenchymal component in glioblastoma. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:302. [PMID: 19712474 PMCID: PMC2739228 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that a molecular subtype of glioblastoma is characterized by overexpression of extracellular matrix (ECM)/mesenchymal components and shorter survival. Specifically, gene expression profiling studies revealed that matrix gla protein (MGP), whose function has traditionally been linked to inhibition of calcification of arteries and cartilage, is overexpressed in glioblastomas and associated with worse outcome. METHODS In order to analyze the role of MGP in glioblastomas, we performed expression, migration and proliferation studies. RESULTS Real-time PCR and ELISA assays confirmed overexpression of MGP in glioblastoma biopsy specimens and cell lines at mRNA and protein levels as compared to normal brain tissue. Immunohistochemistry verified positivity of glial tumor cells for MGP. RNAi-mediated knockdown of MGP in three glioma cell lines (U343MG, U373MG, H4) led to marked reduction of migration, as demonstrated by wound healing and transwell assays, while no effect on proliferation was seen. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that upregulation of MGP (and possibly other ECM-related components as well) results in unfavorable prognosis via increased migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Mertsch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Leon J Schurgers
- VitaK Inc. and Cardiovascular Research Institute CARIM, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kathrin Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Werner Paulus
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Volker Senner
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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29
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Baumann F, Leukel P, Doerfelt A, Beier CP, Dettmer K, Oefner PJ, Kastenberger M, Kreutz M, Nickl-Jockschat T, Bogdahn U, Bosserhoff AK, Hau P. Lactate promotes glioma migration by TGF-beta2-dependent regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Neuro Oncol 2008; 11:368-80. [PMID: 19033423 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2008-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase type A (LDH-A) is a key metabolic enzyme catalyzing pyruvate into lactate and is excessively expressed by tumor cells. Transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2) is a key regulator of invasion in high-grade gliomas, partially by inducing a mesenchymal phenotype and by remodeling the extracellular matrix. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that lactate metabolism regulates TGF-beta2-mediated migration of glioma cells. Small interfering RNA directed against LDH-A (siLDH-A) suppresses, and lactate induces, TGF-beta2 expression, suggesting that lactate metabolism is strongly associated with TGF-beta2 in glioma cells. Here we demonstrate that TGF-beta2 enhances expression, secretion, and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and induces the cell surface expression of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) receptors. In spheroid and Boyden chamber migration assays, inhibition of MMP-2 activity using a specific MMP-2 inhibitor and blocking of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) abrogated glioma cell migration stimulated by TGF-beta2. Furthermore, siLDH-A inhibited MMP2 activity, leading to inhibition of glioma migration. Taken together, we define an LDH-A-induced and TGF-beta2-coordinated regulatory cascade of transcriptional regulation of MMP-2 and integrin alpha(v)beta(3). This novel interaction between lactate metabolism and TGF-beta2 might constitute a crucial mechanism for glioma migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusun Baumann
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 84, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Monferran S, Skuli N, Delmas C, Favre G, Bonnet J, Cohen-Jonathan-Moyal E, Toulas C. Alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 integrins control glioma cell response to ionising radiation through ILK and RhoB. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:357-364. [PMID: 18464290 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are extracellular matrix receptors involved in tumour invasion and angiogenesis. Although there is evidence that inhibiting integrins might enhance the efficiency of radiotherapy, little is known about the exact mechanisms involved in the integrin-dependent modulation of tumor radiosensitivity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 integrins in glioblastoma cell radioresistance and overall to decipher the downstream biological pathways. We first demonstrated that silencing alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 integrins with specific siRNAs significantly reduced the survival after irradiation of 2 glioblastoma cell lines: U87 and SF763. We then showed that integrin activity and integrin signalling pathways controlled the glioma cell radiosensitivity. This regulation of glioma cell response to ionising radiation was mediated through the integrin-linked kinase, ILK, and the small GTPase, RhoB, by two mechanisms. The first one, independent of ILK, consists in the regulation of the intracellular level of RhoB by alphavbeta3 or alphavbeta5 integrin. The second pathway involved in cell radiosensitivity consists in RhoB activation by ionising radiation through ILK. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the alphavbeta3/alphavbeta5 integrins/ILK/RhoB pathway controlled the glioma cells radiosensitivity by regulating radiation-induced mitotic cell death. This work identifies a new biological pathway controlling glioblastoma cells radioresistance, activated from the membrane through alphavbeta3 and/or alphavbeta5 integrins via ILK and RhoB. Our results are clues that downstream effectors of alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 integrins as ILK and RhoB might also be promising candidate targets for improving the efficiency of radiotherapy and thus the clinical outcome of patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Monferran
- Institut Claudius Regaud, INSERMU563, Department of Oncogenesis, Signalling and Therapeutic Innovation, France
| | - Nicolas Skuli
- Institut Claudius Regaud, INSERMU563, Department of Oncogenesis, Signalling and Therapeutic Innovation, France
| | - Caroline Delmas
- Institut Claudius Regaud, INSERMU563, Department of Oncogenesis, Signalling and Therapeutic Innovation, France
| | - Gilles Favre
- Institut Claudius Regaud, INSERMU563, Department of Oncogenesis, Signalling and Therapeutic Innovation, France
| | - Jacques Bonnet
- Department of Radiations, 20-24 rue du Pont St Pierre, 31052 Toulouse, France
| | - Elizabeth Cohen-Jonathan-Moyal
- Institut Claudius Regaud, INSERMU563, Department of Oncogenesis, Signalling and Therapeutic Innovation, France.,Department of Radiations, 20-24 rue du Pont St Pierre, 31052 Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Toulas
- Institut Claudius Regaud, INSERMU563, Department of Oncogenesis, Signalling and Therapeutic Innovation, France
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Westhoff MA, Zhou S, Bachem MG, Debatin KM, Fulda S. Identification of a novel switch in the dominant forms of cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance in glioblastoma cells. Oncogene 2008; 27:5169-81. [PMID: 18469856 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The failure of malignant cells to undergo apoptosis is a major obstacle in cancer therapy, and thus identifying the underlining molecules involved therein is imperative for improving patient survival. An important mechanism of drug resistance is cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR). In this study we identify a novel switch by which glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells alter the mode of CAM-DR. In the absence of a microenvironmental cue provided by components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), GBM cells are able to employ an alternative, but equally effective, mode of CAM-DR by forming spheres via cell-cell interactions. Intriguingly, when inhibiting cell-cell interactions in the absence of ECM components, either by low cell density or by inhibition of gap junctions (intercellular connexin tunnels) through chemical inhibition with carbenoxyolone or co-incubation with the connexin-mimicking Gap 27 Cx37,43 peptide, GBM cells were sensitized to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand- and CD95-induced apoptosis. By demonstrating that GBM cells can alternate from one form of CAM-DR (cell-substrate tethering) to another (homocellular cell-cell adhesion) and that inhibition of both forms is necessary for apoptosis sensitization, our findings not only have important implications for novel approaches to restore defective apoptosis programs, but also reveal a novel role of gap junctions in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Westhoff
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Ulm, Germany
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Invadopodia: at the cutting edge of tumour invasion. J Clin Neurosci 2008; 15:725-37. [PMID: 18468901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Invasion of tissues by malignant tumours is facilitated by tumour cell migration and degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) barriers. Several invasive neoplasms, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, breast carcinoma, melanoma and glioma, contain tumour cells that can form actin-rich protrusions with ECM proteolytic activity called invadopodia. These dynamic organelle-like structures adhere to, and digest, collagens, laminins and fibronectin. Invadopodia are dependent on multiple transmembrane, cytoplasmic and secreted proteins engaged in cell adhesion, signal transduction, actin assembly, membrane regulation and ECM proteolysis. Strategies aimed at disrupting invadopodia could form the basis of novel anti-invasive therapies for treating patients. Here we review the molecular basis of invadopodia formation with particular emphasis on the intracellular signaling networks that are essential for invadopodia activity and examine the potential role of these structures in glioma invasion.
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Schnell O, Krebs B, Wagner E, Romagna A, Beer AJ, Grau SJ, Thon N, Goetz C, Kretzschmar HA, Tonn JC, Goldbrunner RH. Expression of integrin alphavbeta3 in gliomas correlates with tumor grade and is not restricted to tumor vasculature. Brain Pathol 2008; 18:378-86. [PMID: 18394009 PMCID: PMC2607528 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In malignant gliomas, the integrin adhesion receptors seem to play a key role for invasive growth and angiogenesis. However, there is still a controversy about the expression and the distribution of αvβ3 integrin caused by malignancy. The aim of our study was to assess the extent and pattern of αvβ3 integrin expression within primary glioblastomas (GBMs) compared with low‐grade gliomas (LGGs). Tumor samples were immunostained for the detection of αvβ3 integrin and quantified by an imaging software. The expression of αvβ3 was found to be significantly higher in GBMs than in LGGs, whereby focal strong reactivity was restricted to GBMs only. Subsequent analysis revealed that not only endothelial cells but also, to a large extent, glial tumor cells contribute to the overall amount of αvβ3 integrin in the tumors. To further analyze the integrin subunits, Western blots from histologic sections were performed, which demonstrated a significant difference in the expression of the β3 integrin subunit between GBMs and LGGs. The presented data lead to new insights in the pattern of αvβ3 integrin in gliomas and are of relevance for the inhibition of αvβ3 integrin with specific RGD peptides and interfering drugs to reduce angiogenesis and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schnell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a substrate upon which cells migrate, proliferate and differentiate. It is involved in the maintenance of cytoarchitecture, regulation of homeostasis, and it influences interactions between cells and molecules via specific receptors. Although a substantial body of knowledge has accumulated concerning the role of the ECM in peripheral tissues, little is known of the structure and function of the ECM in the CNS. However, marked changes in the expression of ECM constituents have been documented in various neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis. This review focuses on the structure and function of the ECM in the CNS and in particular on the occurrence and involvement of ECM changes in the pathology of multiple sclerosis. Increased knowledge of the expression and functional role of ECM proteins in the CNS can lead to a better understanding of complex neurobiological processes both under normal as well as pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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D’Abaco GM, Kaye AH. Integrins: Molecular determinants of glioma invasion. J Clin Neurosci 2007; 14:1041-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Fukushima Y, Tamura M, Nakagawa H, Itoh K. Induction of glioma cell migration by vitronectin in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurosurg 2007; 107:578-85. [PMID: 17886558 DOI: 10.3171/jns-07/09/0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Malignant gliomas are often highly invasive and can migrate along blood vessels. The purpose of the current study was to identify the substance in human serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that promotes glioma cell migration. METHODS The authors used a Boyden chamber cell migration assay to study the effect of serum from patients with glioma and healthy volunteers on chemotaxis of A172 human glioma cells. Heat inactivation, trypsinization, and ultrafiltration of serum were used to establish the nature of the active factor. Vitronectin and fibronectin were chosen for further investigations; chemotactic effects were studied in both serum and CSF. RESULTS Serum from both patients with glioma and healthy volunteers was found to promote chemotaxis of human glioma cells. This activity was greatly reduced by heat inactivation or trypsinization. Fractionation of the serum by ultrafiltration through membranes with various pore sizes showed that the active molecule was larger than 50 kD. Antibodies against integrin alphav or alphavbeta5 or arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-containing peptides, both of which block the vitronectin-glioma cell interactions, significantly reduced serum-induced cell migration, whereas blocking the interaction of glioma cells with fibronectin had no effect. Furthermore, the ability of serum to promote the migration of A 172 or T98G glioma cells was suppressed by immunodepletion of vitronectin and restored by the addition of exogenous vitronectin. The migration of glioma cells induced by CSF collected from the postoperative cavity of a malignant glioma patient was also reduced by blocking the interaction of glioma cells with vitronectin. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that vitronectin is one of the major factors in serum- and CSF-induced glioma cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Fukushima
- Department of Biology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
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Salasznyk RM, Zappala M, Zheng M, Yu L, Wilkins-Port C, McKeown-Longo PJ. The uPA receptor and the somatomedin B region of vitronectin direct the localization of uPA to focal adhesions in microvessel endothelial cells. Matrix Biol 2007; 26:359-70. [PMID: 17344041 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Vitronectin is a plasma protein which can deposit into the extracellular matrix where it supports integrin and uPA dependent cell migration. In earlier studies, we have shown that the plasma protein, vitronectin, stimulates focal adhesion remodeling by recruiting urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) to focal adhesion sites [Wilcox-Adelman, S. A., Wilkins-Port, C. E., McKeown-Longo, P. J., 2000. Localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator to focal adhesions requires ligation of vitronectin integrin receptors. Cell. Adhes. Commun.7, 477-490]. In the present study, we used a variety of vitronectin constructs to demonstrate that the localization of uPA to adhesion sites requires the binding of both vitronectin integrin receptors and the uPA receptor (uPAR) to vitronectin. A recombinant fragment of vitronectin containing the connecting sequence (VN(CS)) was able to support integrin-dependent adhesion, spreading and focal adhesion assembly by human microvessel endothelial cells. Cells adherent to this fragment were not able to localize uPA to focal adhesions. A second recombinant fragment containing both the amino-terminal SMB domain and the CS domain was able to restore the localization of uPA to adhesion sites. This fragment, which contains a uPAR binding site, also resulted in the localization of uPAR to adhesion sites. uPAR blocking antibodies as well as phospholipase C treatment of cells inhibited uPA localization to adhesion sites confirming a role for uPAR in this process. The SMB domain alone was unable to direct either uPAR or uPA to adhesion sites in the absence of the CS domain. Our results indicate that vitronectin-dependent localization of uPA to adhesion sites requires the sequential binding of vitronectin integrins and uPAR to vitronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman M Salasznyk
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New, Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Natarajan M, Stewart JE, Golemis EA, Pugacheva EN, Alexandropoulos K, Cox BD, Wang W, Grammer JR, Gladson CL. HEF1 is a necessary and specific downstream effector of FAK that promotes the migration of glioblastoma cells. Oncogene 2006; 25:1721-32. [PMID: 16288224 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The highly invasive behavior of glioblastoma cells contributes to the morbidity and mortality associated with these tumors. The integrin-mediated adhesion and migration of glioblastoma cells on brain matrix proteins is enhanced by stimulation with growth factors, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). As focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a nonreceptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, has been shown to promote cell migration in various other cell types, we analysed its role in glioblastoma cell migration. Forced overexpression of FAK in serum-starved glioblastoma cells plated on recombinant (rec)-osteopontin resulted in a twofold enhancement of basal migration and a ninefold enhancement of PDGF-BB-stimulated migration. Both expression of mutant FAK(397F) and the downregulation of FAK with small interfering (si) RNA inhibited basal and PDGF-stimulated migration. FAK overexpression and PDGF stimulation was found to increase the phosphorylation of the Crk-associated substrate (CAS) family member human enhancer of filamentation 1 (HEF1), but not p130CAS or Src-interacting protein (Sin)/Efs, although the levels of expression of these proteins was similar. Moreover downregulation of HEF1 with siRNA, but not p130CAS, inhibited basal and PDGF-stimulated migration. The phosphorylated HEF1 colocalized with vinculin and was associated almost exclusively with 0.1% Triton X-100 insoluble material, consistent with its signaling at focal adhesions. FAK overexpression promoted invasion through normal brain homogenate and siHEF1 inhibited this invasion. Results presented here suggest that HEF1 acts as a necessary and specific downstream effector of FAK in the invasive behavior of glioblastoma cells and may be an effective target for treatment of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Natarajan
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0007, USA
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Schmitmeier S, Markland FS, Schönthal AH, Chen TC. Potent mimicry of fibronectin-induced intracellular signaling in glioma cells by the homodimeric snake venom disintegrin contortrostatin. Neurosurgery 2006; 57:141-53; discussion 141-53. [PMID: 15987550 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000163426.25227.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The snake venom disintegrin contortrostatin (CN) is able to inhibit tumor progression and angiogenesis in vivo and therefore is of considerable interest as a potential antitumor drug. CN specifically binds to certain integrins on the tumor cell and angiogenic endothelial cell surface and inhibits their interaction with the extracellular matrix, resulting in blockage of cell motility and invasiveness. To understand the molecular consequences of CN binding to integrins, we set out to investigate and compare the effects of CN and fibronectin (FN) on integrin-induced signaling and the resulting alteration in cellular cytoskeletal morphology. METHODS Two different malignant glioma cell lines were exposed to soluble or immobilized CN, FN, or both, and the consequences for intracellular signaling and cellular adhesion to matrix were investigated. RESULTS CN binding to integrins can mimic the intracellular signaling cascade evoked by FN, because the phosphorylation of the key signaling proteins focal adhesion kinase, paxillin, and p130 Crk-associated substrate and the association of Src with focal adhesion kinase are similar. However, CN is at least one order of magnitude more potent than FN. When soluble CN is added to cells that are already attached to an FN-coated matrix, it effectively disrupts the binding of integrin to FN, leading to a decrease in integrin signaling, which, in turn, results in the disruption of the cytoskeleton and cellular detachment. CONCLUSION Our results provide a mechanistic explanation of how soluble CN might block cellular migration and invasion, namely, by disrupting and preventing the binding of integrins to the extracellular matrix. We envision that this property of CN could be used in the treatment of gliomas, namely, by intratumoral infusion of CN to prevent glioma and endothelial cell interactions with the extracellular matrix, leading to inhibition of cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Schmitmeier
- Kenneth Norris Jr. Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Riemenschneider MJ, Mueller W, Betensky RA, Mohapatra G, Louis DN. In situ analysis of integrin and growth factor receptor signaling pathways in human glioblastomas suggests overlapping relationships with focal adhesion kinase activation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 167:1379-87. [PMID: 16251422 PMCID: PMC1603783 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Deregulated integrin signaling is common in cancers, including glioblastoma. Integrin binding and growth factor receptor signaling activate focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and subsequently up-regulate extracellular regulated kinases (ERK-1/2), leading to cell-cycle progression and cell migration. Most studies of this pathway have used in vitro systems or tumor lysate-based approaches. We examined these pathways primarily in situ using a panel of 30 glioblastomas and gene expression arrays, immunohistochemistry, and fluorescence in situ hybridization, emphasizing the histological distribution of molecular changes. Within individual tumors, increased expression of FAK, p-FAK, paxillin, ERK-1/2, and p-ERK-1/2 occurred in regions of elevated EGFR and/or PDGFRA expression. Moreover, FAK activation levels correlated with EGFR and PDGFRA expression, and p-FAK and EGFR expression co-localized at the single-cell level. In addition, integrin expression was enriched in EGFR/PDGFRA-overexpressing areas but was more regionally confined than FAK, p-FAK, and paxillin. Integrins beta8 and alpha5beta1 were most commonly expressed, often in a perinecrotic or perivascular pattern. Taken together, our data suggest that growth factor receptor overexpression facilitates alterations in the integrin signaling pathway. Thus, FAK may act in glioblastoma as a downstream target of growth factor signaling, with integrins enhancing the impact of such signaling in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J Riemenschneider
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, 149-7151, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Akella NS, Ding Q, Menegazzo I, Wang W, Gillespie GY, Grammer JR, Gladson CL, Nabors LB. A novel technique to quantify glioma tumor invasion using serial microscopy sections. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 153:183-9. [PMID: 16406041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a new technique to quantitatively characterize malignant glioma invasion in a syngeneic mouse model. The GL261 mouse malignant glioma cell line was injected intracerebrally into the C57B1/6 black mouse and allowed to propagate for 10 or 17 days, followed by euthanasia of the animal, harvesting of the brain, fixation, and serial sectioning. Histologic examination was performed and the primary tumor mass and discontinuous sites of tumor invasion were traced on digital images of serial microscopy sections, followed by analysis of the invasion characteristics using a custom-written MATLAB program. We found a significant increase in the number of discontinuous tumor invasion sites and in the distance of these sites from the tumor centroid in mice that were euthanized at 17 days post-tumor cell injection, as compared to mice euthanized at 10 days. Furthermore, a scatter plot analyses indicated that the invasion site data could be grouped based on the characteristics of area and distance from the tumor centroid to reveal significant differences between the two experimental groups of mice. This quantitative method will allow a future in vivo analysis of invasion characteristics in glioma cells expressing altered levels or function of invasion genes, and of new therapy targeting invading glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shastry Akella
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Wang W, Zhu NL, Chua J, Swenson S, Costa FK, Schmitmeier S, Sosnowski BA, Shichinohe T, Kasahara N, Chen TC. Retargeting of adenoviral vector using basic fibroblast growth factor ligand for malignant glioma gene therapy. J Neurosurg 2005; 103:1058-66. [PMID: 16381193 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2005.103.6.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object. Adenovirus vector (AdV)—mediated gene delivery has been recently demonstrated in clinical trials as a novel potential treatment for malignant gliomas. Combined coxsackievirus B and adenovirus receptor (CAR) has been shown to function as an attachment receptor for multiple adenovirus serotypes, whereas the vitronectin integrins (αvβ3 and αvβ5) are involved in AdV internalization. In resected glioma specimens, the authors demonstrated that malignant gliomas have varying levels of CAR, αvβ3, and αvβ5 expression.
Methods. A correlation between CAR expression and the transduction efficiency of AdV carrying the green fluorescent protein in various human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines and GBM primary cell lines was observed. To increase transgene activity in in vitro glioma cells with low or deficient levels of CAR, the authors used basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) as a targeting ligand to redirect adenoviral infection through its cognate receptor, FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1), which was expressed at high levels by all glioma cells. These findings were confirmed by in vivo study data demonstrating enhanced transduction efficiency of FGF2-retargeted AdV in CAR-negative intracranial gliomas compared with AdV alone, without evidence of increased angiogenesis.
Conclusions. Altogether, the results demonstrated that AdV-mediated gene transfer using the FGF2/FGFR system is effective in gliomas with low or deficient levels of CAR and suggested that FGF2-retargeting of AdV may be a promising approach in glioma gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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Hwang SY, Jung JW, Jeong JS, Kim YJ, Oh ES, Kim TH, Kim JY, Cho KH, Han IO. Dominant-negative Rac increases both inherent and ionizing radiation-induced cell migration in C6 rat glioma cells. Int J Cancer 2005; 118:2056-63. [PMID: 16287069 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rho-like GTPases, including Cdc42, Rac1 and RhoA, regulate distinct actin cytoskeleton changes required for cell adhesion, migration and invasion. In the present study, we examined the role of Rac signaling in inherent migration, as well as radiation-induced migration, of rat glioma cells. Stable overexpression of dominant-negative Rac1N17 in a C6 rat glioma cell line (C6-RacN17) promoted cell migration, and ionizing radiation further increased this migration. Migration was accompanied by decreased expression of the focal adhesion molecules FAK and paxillin. Focal contacts and actin stress fibers were also reduced in C6-RacN17 cells. Downstream effectors of Rac include JNK and p38 MAP kinases. Irradiation transiently activated p38, JNK and ERK1/2 MAP kinases in C6-RacN17 cells, while p38 and JNK were constitutively activated in C6 control cells. Blocking JNK activity with JNK inhibitor SP600125 inhibited migration, suggesting that the JNK pathway may regulate radiation-induced, as well as inherent, migration of C6-RacN17 cells. Additionally, the radiation-induced migration increase was also inhibited by SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase. However, PD98059, a MEK kinase 1 inhibitor, failed to influence migration. This is the first evidence that suppression of Rac signaling may be involved in invasion or metastasis of glioma cells before and/or after radiotherapy. These data further suggest that radiotherapy for malignant glioma needs to be used with caution because of the potential for therapy-induced cell migration or invasion and that pharmacological inhibition of cell migration and invasion through targeting the Rac signaling pathway may represent a new approach for improving the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy for malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Hwang
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
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Daou MC, Smith TW, Litofsky NS, Hsieh CC, Ross AH. Doublecortin is preferentially expressed in invasive human brain tumors. Acta Neuropathol 2005; 110:472-80. [PMID: 16195916 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-005-1070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Doublecortin (DCX) is required for neuroblastic migration during the development of the cerebral cortex. DCX is a microtubule-associated protein that plays a role in cellular motility. These facts led us to hypothesize that DCX is increased in invasive brain tumors. DCX expression was assessed in 69 paraffin-embedded brain tumors of neuroepithelial origin. In addition, mouse brain sections of the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus were used as positive controls for immunostaining, and specificity of antibody staining was demonstrated by peptide neutralization. DCX was highly expressed in both high-grade invasive tumors (glioblastoma, n=11; anaplastic astrocytoma/oligoastrocytoma, n=7; and medulloblastoma/PNET, n=6) and low-grade invasive tumors (oligodendroglioma, n=3; and astrocytoma/oligoastrocytoma, n=5). However, DCX was less intensely expressed in the circumscribed group of tumors (pilocytic astrocytoma, n=6; ependymoma/subependymoma, n=7; dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, n=4; ganglioglioma, n=2; meningioma, n=9; and schwannoma, n=9). By the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistical test, the circumscribed group was significantly different from both the high-grade invasive group (P<0.0001) and the low-grade invasive group (P<0.0001). We conclude that DCX is preferentially expressed in invasive brain tumors. In addition, DCX immunostaining was stronger at the margin of the tumor than at the center. For a subset of these tumors, we also detected DCX mRNA and protein by Northern and Western blotting. DCX mRNA and protein was detected in glioma cell lines by Northern blotting, immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting. Collectively, the immunohistochemistry, Western blots and Northern blots conclusively demonstrate expression of DCX by human brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Daou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Wang D, Anderson JC, Gladson CL. The role of the extracellular matrix in angiogenesis in malignant glioma tumors. Brain Pathol 2005; 15:318-26. [PMID: 16389944 PMCID: PMC8095805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2005.tb00117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a promising target for the development of effective strategies for the treatment of malignant brain tumors in that it has the potential to starve large tumors and prevent the regrowth of residual margins. Two critical steps in angiogenesis, the proliferation of activated endothelial cells and their migration into the perivascular space (sprouting), require adherence of the endothelial cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Thus, the availability of the appropriate ligands within the ECM contributes to the regulation of angiogenesis. In addition, several components of the ECM can act through other mechanisms to further promote angiogenesis or inhibit it. Current evidence suggests that the regulation of angiogenesis is a dynamic process in which the endothelial cells can promote angiogenesis by secreting proteases that remodel the ECM, tumor cells can further promote angiogenesis by secreting ECM components and actively remodeling their environment, and stromal cells may respond to angiogenesis associated with tumors and inflammatory reactions by secreting inhibitory molecules. Here, we provide a critical review of the protein and proteoglycan components of the ECM that have been implicated in angiogenesis with an emphasis on their role in promoting or inhibiting angiogenesis in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Joshua C. Anderson
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Candece L. Gladson
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Stettner MR, Wang W, Nabors LB, Bharara S, Flynn DC, Grammer JR, Gillespie GY, Gladson CL. Lyn kinase activity is the predominant cellular SRC kinase activity in glioblastoma tumor cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65:5535-43. [PMID: 15994925 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellular Src activity modulates cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation, and recent reports suggest that individual members of the Src family may play specific roles in these processes. As we have found that Lyn, but not Fyn, activity promotes migration of glioblastoma cells in response to the cooperative signal generated by platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta and integrin alpha(v)beta3, we compared the activity and expression of Lyn and Fyn in glioblastoma (grade IV) tumor biopsy samples with that in anaplastic astrocytoma (grade III) tumors, nonneoplastic brain, and normal autopsy brain samples. Lyn kinase activity was significantly elevated in glioblastoma tumor samples. Notably, the Lyn kinase activity accounted for >90% of pan-Src kinase activity in glioblastoma samples but only approximately 30% of pan-Src kinase activity in the other groups. The levels of phosphorylation of the autophosphorylation site were consistent with significantly higher Lyn activity in glioblastoma tumor tissue than nonneoplastic brain. Although the normalized levels of Lyn protein and the relative levels of Lyn message were significantly higher in glioblastoma samples than nonneoplastic brain, the normalized levels of Lyn protein did not correlate with Lyn activity in the glioblastoma samples. There was no significant difference in the normalized levels of c-Src and Fyn protein and message in the glioblastoma and nonneoplastic brain. Immunostaining revealed that Lyn is located primarily in the glioblastoma cells in the tumor biopsies. These data indicate that Lyn kinase activity is significantly elevated in glioblastoma tumors and suggest that it is the Lyn activity that promotes the malignant phenotype in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Stettner
- Department of Pathology-Division of Neuropathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0007, USA
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Bellail AC, Hunter SB, Brat DJ, Tan C, Van Meir EG. Microregional extracellular matrix heterogeneity in brain modulates glioma cell invasion. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:1046-69. [PMID: 15094120 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The invasion of neoplastic cells into healthy brain tissue is a pathologic hallmark of gliomas and contributes to the failure of current therapeutic modalities (surgery, radiation and chemotherapy). Transformed glial cells share the common attributes of the invasion process, including cell adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) components, cell locomotion, and the ability to remodel extracellular space. However, glioma cells have the ability to invade as single cells through the unique environment of the normal central nervous system (CNS). The brain parenchyma has a unique composition, mainly hyaluronan and is devoid of rigid protein barriers composed of collagen, fibronectin and laminin. The integrins and the hyaluronan receptor CD44 are specific adhesion receptors active in glioma-ECM adhesion. These adhesion molecules play a major role in glioma cell-matrix interactions because the neoplastic cells use these receptors to adhere to and migrate along the components of the brain ECM. They also interact with the proteases secreted during glioma progression that degrade ECM allowing tumor cells to spread and diffusely infiltrate the brain parenchyma. The plasminogen activators (PAs), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and lysosomal cysteine peptidases called cathepsins are also induced during the invasive process. Understanding the mechanisms of tumor cell invasion is critical as it plays a central role in glioma progression and failure of current treatment due to tumor recurrence from micro-disseminated disease. This review will focus on the impact of microregional heterogeneity of the ECM on glioma invasion in the normal adult brain and its modifications in tumoral brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita C Bellail
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, Hematology/Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute and Brain Tumor Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Wilkins-Port CE, Sanderson RD, Tominna-Sebald E, McKeown-Longo PJ. Vitronectin's basic domain is a syndecan ligand which functions in trans to regulate vitronectin turnover. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 10:85-103. [PMID: 14681059 DOI: 10.1080/cac.10.2.85.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
During the process of tissue remodeling, vitronectin (Vn) is deposited in the extracellular matrix where it plays a key role in the regulation of pericellular proteolysis and cell motility. In previous studies we have shown that extracellular levels of vitronectin are controlled by receptor-mediated endocytosis and that this process is dependent upon vitronectin binding to sulfated proteoglycans. We have now identified vitronectin's 12 amino acid "basic domain" which is contained within the larger 40 amino acid heparin binding domain, as a syndecan binding site. Recombinant vitronectins representing wild type vitronectin (rVn) and vitronectin with the basic domain deleted (rVnDelta347-358) were prepared in a baculoviral expression system. The rVn as well as a glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein, consisting of vitronectin's 40 amino acid heparin binding domain (GST-VnHBD), exhibited dose dependent binding to HT-1080 cell surfaces, which was attenuated following deletion of the basic domain. In addition, GST-VnHBD supported both HT-1080 and dermal fibroblast cell adhesion, which was also dependent upon the basic domain. Similarly, ARH-77 cells transfected with syndecans -1, -2, or -4, but not Glypican-1, adhered to GST-VnHBD coated wells, while adhesion of these same cells was lost following deletion of the basic domain. HT-1080 cells were unable to degrade rVnDelta347-358. Degradation of rVnDelta347-358 was completely recovered in the presence of GST-VnHBD but not in the presence of GST-VnHBDDelta347-358. These results indicate that turnover of soluble vitronectin requires ligation of vitronectin's basic domain and that this binding event can work in trans to regulate vitronectin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia E Wilkins-Port
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Neil Hellman Medical Research Building, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Bello L, Giussani C, Carrabba G, Pluderi M, Costa F, Bikfalvi A. Angiogenesis and invasion in gliomas. Cancer Treat Res 2004; 117:263-84. [PMID: 15015565 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8871-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and tumor cell invasion are pathophysiological processes playing a pivotal role in glioma development and growth since the earliest phase. Angiogenesis and tumor invasion both can be considered as an invasive process in which cells are activated, and move away from their initial location, by modyfing the adhesiveness with the extracellular matrix, expressing new adhesion molecules, and degrading the extracellular matrix components by the active secretion of proteases. This process requires a complex cross-talking between endothelial and tumor cells, extracellular matrix components, and cellular elements of the host microenviroment. Both processes are under the tight regulation of a balance between stimulating and inhibiting factors. The existence of common mechanisms of regulation and the presence of naturally occurring factors that inihibit angiogenesis and invasion, makes the inhibition of both processes possible. Tumor cells may develop adapting mechanims that can allow the tumor to partially escape to the treatment, particularly when only one mechanism or one process is inhibited. The ideal treatment should simultaneously affect both angiogenesis and invasion, by the isolation or development of novel therapeutics capable of influencing both processes. As their efficacy seems also be dependent on the mode of delivery, additional studies are also needed to improve these modalities, in order to ultimately improve the extent and the duration of the therapeutic response. The most widely used in vitro and in vivo models to study angiogenesis and invasion are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Bello
- Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milano, Ospedale Maggiore di Milano, IRCCS, Italy
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Ding Q, Stewart J, Olman MA, Klobe MR, Gladson CL. The pattern of enhancement of Src kinase activity on platelet-derived growth factor stimulation of glioblastoma cells is affected by the integrin engaged. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:39882-91. [PMID: 12881526 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304685200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced expression of both integrin alpha v beta 3 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFr) has been described in glioblastoma tumors. We therefore explored the possibility that integrin alpha v beta 3 cooperates with PDGFr to promote cell migration in glioblastoma cells, and extended the study to identify the Src family members that are activated on PDGF stimulation. Glioblastoma cells utilize integrins alpha v beta 3 and alpha v beta 5 to mediate vitronectin attachment. We found that physiologic PDGF stimulation (83 pm, 10 min) of vitronectin-adherent cells promoted the specific recruitment of integrin alpha v beta 3-containing focal adhesions to the cell cortex and alpha v beta 3-mediated cell motility. Analysis of PDGFr immunoprecipitates indicated an association of the PDGFr beta with integrin alpha v beta 3, but not integrin alpha v beta 5. Cells plated onto collagen or laminin, which engage different integrins, exhibited significantly less migration on PDGF stimulation, indicating a cooperation of alpha v beta 3 and the PDGFr beta in glioblastoma cells that promotes migration. Further analysis of the cells plated onto vitronectin indicated that PDGF stimulation caused an increase in Src kinase activity, which was associated with integrin alpha v beta 3. In the vitronectin-adherent cells, Lyn was associated preferentially with alpha v beta 3 both in the presence and absence of PDGF stimulation. In contrast, Fyn was associated with both alpha v beta 3 and alpha v beta 5. Moreover, PDGF stimulation increased the activity of Lyn, but not Fyn, in vitronectin-adherent cells, and the activity of Fyn, but not Lyn, in laminin-adherent cells. Using cells attached to mAb anti-alpha v beta 3 or mAb anti-integrin alpha 6, we confirmed the activation of specific members of the Src kinase family with PDGF stimulation. Down-regulation of Lyn expression by siRNA significantly inhibited the cell migration mediated by integrin alpha v beta 3 in PDGF-stimulated cells, demonstrating the PDGFr beta cooperates with integrin alpha v beta 3 in promoting the motility of vitronectin-adherent glioblastoma cells through a Lyn kinase-mediated pathway. Notably, the data indicate that engagement of different integrins alters the identity of the Src family members that are activated on stimulation with PDGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ding
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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