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Hartlerode AJ, Mostafa AM, Orban SK, Benedeck R, Campbell K, Hoenerhoff MJ, Ferguson DO, Sekiguchi JM. Reduced levels of MRE11 cause disease phenotypes distinct from ataxia telangiectasia-like disorder. Hum Mol Genet 2024:ddae101. [PMID: 38888340 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 (MRN) complex plays critical roles in cellular responses to DNA double-strand breaks. MRN is involved in end binding and processing, and it also induces cell cycle checkpoints by activating the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase. Hypomorphic pathogenic variants in the MRE11, RAD50, or NBS1 genes cause autosomal recessive genome instability syndromes featuring variable degrees of dwarfism, neurological defects, anemia, and cancer predisposition. Disease-associated MRN alleles include missense and nonsense variants, and many cause reduced protein levels of the entire MRN complex. However, the dramatic variability in the disease manifestation of MRN pathogenic variants is not understood. We sought to determine if low protein levels are a significant contributor to disease sequelae and therefore generated a transgenic murine model expressing MRE11 at low levels. These mice display dramatic phenotypes including small body size, severe anemia, and impaired DNA repair. We demonstrate that, distinct from ataxia telangiectasia-like disorder caused by MRE11 pathogenic missense or nonsense variants, mice and cultured cells expressing low MRE11 levels do not display the anticipated defects in ATM activation. Our findings indicate that ATM signaling can be supported by very low levels of the MRN complex and imply that defective ATM activation results from perturbation of MRN function caused by specific hypomorphic disease mutations. These distinct phenotypic outcomes underline the importance of understanding the impact of specific pathogenic MRE11 variants, which may help direct appropriate early surveillance for patients with these complicated disorders in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Hartlerode
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Rm 2067, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Rm 2063, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States
| | - Ahmed M Mostafa
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Rm 2067, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Cairo, Egypt 11566
| | - Steven K Orban
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Rm 2067, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States
| | - Rachel Benedeck
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Rm 2067, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States
- Program in Biomedical Sciences PhD Program, University of Michigan Medical School, 1135 Catherine Street, Rm 2960, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Koral Campbell
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Rm 2067, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States
- Program in Biomedical Sciences PhD Program, University of Michigan Medical School, 1135 Catherine Street, Rm 2960, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Mark J Hoenerhoff
- In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - David O Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Rm 2067, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States
| | - JoAnn M Sekiguchi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Rm 2063, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States
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León NY, Le TNU, Garvie A, Wong LH, Bagheri-Fam S, Harley VR. Y chromosome damage underlies testicular abnormalities in ATR-X syndrome. iScience 2024; 27:109629. [PMID: 38616920 PMCID: PMC11015497 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
ATR-X (alpha thalassemia, mental retardation, X-linked) syndrome features genital and testicular abnormalities including atypical genitalia and small testes with few seminiferous tubules. Our mouse model recapitulated the testicular defects when Atrx was deleted in Sertoli cells (ScAtrxKO) which displayed G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying these defects. In control mice, Sertoli cells contain a single novel "GATA4 PML nuclear body (NB)" that contained the transcription factor GATA4, ATRX, DAXX, HP1α, and PH3 and co-localized with the Y chromosome short arm (Yp). ScAtrxKO mice contain single giant GATA4 PML-NBs with frequent DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in G2/M-arrested apoptotic Sertoli cells. HP1α and PH3 were absent from giant GATA4 PML-NBs indicating a failure in heterochromatin formation and chromosome condensation. Our data suggest that ATRX protects a Yp region from DNA damage, thereby preventing Sertoli cell death. We discuss Y chromosome damage/decondensation as a mechanism for testicular failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayla Y. León
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular & Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Thanh Nha Uyen Le
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular & Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Andrew Garvie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Lee H. Wong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Stefan Bagheri-Fam
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular & Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Vincent R. Harley
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular & Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
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Ornelas IM, Silva TM, Pereira MR, França GR, Ventura ALM. Cell cycle regulation by ADP and IGF-1 in cultured late developing glia progenitors of the avian retina. Purinergic Signal 2023:10.1007/s11302-023-09982-7. [PMID: 38151691 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the avian retina, ADP induces the proliferation of late developing glia progenitors. Here, we show that in serum-containing retinal cell cultures, ADP-induced increase in [3H]-thymidine incorporation can be prevented by the IGF-1 receptor antagonists AG1024 and I-OMe-Tyrphostin AG 538, suggesting the participation of IGF-1 in ADP-mediated progenitor proliferation. In contrast, no increase in [3H]-thymidine incorporation is observed in retinal cultures treated only with IGF-1. Under serum starvation, while no increase in cell proliferation is detected in cultures treated only with ADP or IGF-1, a significant increase in [3H]-thymidine incorporation and number of PCNA expressing cells is observed in cultures treated concomitantly with ADP plus IGF-1, suggesting that both molecules are required to induce proliferation of retinal progenitors. In serum-starved cultures, although an increase in cell viability is detected by MTT assays in IGF-1-treated cultures, no significant increase in viability of [3H]-thymidine labeled progenitors is observed, suggesting that IGF-1 may contribute to survival of postmitotic cells in culture. While only ADP increases intracellular calcium, only IGF-1 induces the phosphorylation of Akt in the retinal cultures. IGF-1 through the PI3K/Akt pathway induces a significant increase in the transcription and expression of CDK1 with a decrease in phospho-histone H3 expression that is concomitant with an increase in the expression of cyclins D1 and E and CDK2. These findings suggest that IGF-1 stimulates CDK-1 mRNA and protein expression that enable progenitors to progress through the cell cycle. However, signaling of ADP in the presence IGF-I seems to be required for DNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis Moraes Ornelas
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, 29047-105, Brazil
| | - Thayane Martins Silva
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Program, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Prof. M.W. de Freitas Reis, bloco M, sala 409, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 24210-201, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rodrigues Pereira
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Program, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Prof. M.W. de Freitas Reis, bloco M, sala 409, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 24210-201, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Rapozeiro França
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Frei Caneca 94, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20211-040, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Marques Ventura
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Program, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Prof. M.W. de Freitas Reis, bloco M, sala 409, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 24210-201, Brazil.
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Menez V, Kergrohen T, Shasha T, Silva-Evangelista C, Le Dret L, Auffret L, Subecz C, Lancien M, Ajlil Y, Vilchis IS, Beccaria K, Blauwblomme T, Oberlin E, Grill J, Castel D, Debily MA. VRK3 depletion induces cell cycle arrest and metabolic reprogramming of pontine diffuse midline glioma - H3K27 altered cells. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1229312. [PMID: 37886173 PMCID: PMC10599138 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1229312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously identified VRK3 as a specific vulnerability in DMG-H3K27M cells in a synthetic lethality screen targeting the whole kinome. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanisms by which VRK3 depletion impact DMG-H3K27M cell fitness. Gene expression studies after VRK3 knockdown emphasized the inhibition of genes involved in G1/S transition of the cell cycle resulting in growth arrest in G1. Additionally, a massive modulation of genes involved in chromosome segregation was observed, concomitantly with a reduction in the level of phosphorylation of serine 10 and serine 28 of histone H3 supporting the regulation of chromatin condensation during cell division. This last effect could be partly due to a concomitant decrease of the chromatin kinase VRK1 in DMG following VRK3 knockdown. Furthermore, a metabolic switch specific to VRK3 function was observed towards increased oxidative phosphorylation without change in mitochondria content, that we hypothesized would represent a cell rescue mechanism. This study further explored the vulnerability of DMG-H3K27M cells to VRK3 depletion suggesting potential therapeutic combinations, e.g. with the mitochondrial ClpP protease activator ONC201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Menez
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Thomas Kergrohen
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Tal Shasha
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Claudia Silva-Evangelista
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Ludivine Le Dret
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Lucie Auffret
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Chloé Subecz
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Manon Lancien
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Yassine Ajlil
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Irma Segoviano Vilchis
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Kévin Beccaria
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Blauwblomme
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Oberlin
- Inserm UMRS-MD 1197, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Jacques Grill
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Département de Cancérologie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - David Castel
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie-Anne Debily
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
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Geng Q, Kong Y, Li W, Zhang J, Ma H, Zhang Y, Da L, Zhao Y, Du H. Dynamic Phosphorylation of G9a Regulates its Repressive Activity on Chromatin Accessibility and Mitotic Progression. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303224. [PMID: 37661576 PMCID: PMC10602519 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of Ser10 of histone H3 (H3S10p), together with the adjacent methylation of Lys9 (H3K9me), has been proposed to function as a 'phospho-methyl switch' to regulate mitotic chromatin architecture. Despite of immense understanding of the roles of H3S10 phosphorylation, how H3K9me2 are dynamically regulated during mitosis is poorly understood. Here, it is identified that Plk1 kinase phosphorylates the H3K9me1/2 methyltransferase G9a/EHMT2 at Thr1045 (pT1045) during early mitosis, which attenuates its catalytic activity toward H3K9me2. Cells bearing Thr1045 phosphomimic mutant of G9a (T1045E) show decreased H3K9me2 levels, increased chromatin accessibility, and delayed mitotic progression. By contrast, dephosphorylation of pT1045 during late mitosis by the protein phosphatase PPP2CB reactivates G9a activity and upregulates H3K9me2 levels, correlated with decreased levels of H3S10p. Therefore, the results provide a mechanistic explanation of the essential of a 'phospho-methyl switch' and highlight the importance of Plk1 and PPP2CB-mediated dynamic regulation of G9a activity in chromatin organization and mitotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Geng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesHubei Clinical Research Center of Emergency and ResuscitationEmergency Center of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismRNA InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Yue‐Yu Kong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesHubei Clinical Research Center of Emergency and ResuscitationEmergency Center of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismRNA InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Weizhe Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesHubei Clinical Research Center of Emergency and ResuscitationEmergency Center of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismRNA InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Jianhao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai JiaoTong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Haoli Ma
- Hubei Clinical Research Center of Emergency and ResuscitationEmergency Center of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai JiaoTong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Lin‐Tai Da
- Shanghai Center for Systems BiomedicineShanghai JiaoTong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Hubei Clinical Research Center of Emergency and ResuscitationEmergency Center of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Hai‐Ning Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesHubei Clinical Research Center of Emergency and ResuscitationEmergency Center of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismRNA InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
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E6-Encoded by Cancer-Causing Human Papillomavirus Interacts with Aurora Kinase A To Promote HPV-Mediated Carcinogenesis. J Virol 2023; 97:e0187222. [PMID: 36715516 PMCID: PMC9972942 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01872-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoproteins perturbed multiple cellular events of the host cells, leading to the formation of cancer phenotypes. Our current and previous studies indicated that Aurora kinase A (AurA), a mitotic regulator that is often aberrantly expressed in human cancers, is preferentially bound to E6-encoded by cancer-causing HPV. AurA is believed to be important for the proliferation and survival of HPV-positive cells. Nonetheless, the interaction between AurA and E6, and the mechanism of how this association is involved in carcinogenesis, have not been elucidated clearly. Hence, we performed a series of biochemical assays to characterize the AurA-E6 association and complex formation. We found the C-terminus of E6, upstream of the PDZ binding motif of E6, is important to forming the AurA-E6 complex in the nucleus. We also showed that the expression level of E6 corresponded positively with AurA expression. Meanwhile, the functional consequences of the AurA-E6 association to AurA kinase function and host cellular events were also delineated. Intriguingly, we revealed that AurA-E6 association regulated the expression of cyclin E and phosphor-Histone H3, which are involved in G1/S and mitotic phases of the cell cycle, respectively. Depletion of AurA also reduced the invasive ability of HPV-positive cells. AurA inhibition may not be sufficient to reduce the oncogenic potential exerted by E6. Altogether, our study unleashed the mechanism of how HPVE6 deploy AurA to promote cancer phenotypes, particularly through dysregulation of cell cycle checkpoints and suggests that the AurA-E6 complex possesses a therapeutic value. IMPORTANCE We unveiled the mechanism of how HPV employs Aurora kinase A (AurA) of host cells to exert its oncogenic capability synergistically. We systematically characterized the mode of interaction between E6-encoded by cancer-causing HPV and AurA. Then, we delineated the consequences of AurA-E6 complex formation on AurA kinase function and changes to cellular events at molecular levels. Using a cell-based approach, we unleashed that disruption of AurA-E6 association can halt cancer phenotype exhibited by HPV-positive cancer cells. Our findings are vital for the designing of state-of-the-art therapies for HPV-associated cancers.
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Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Large T Antigen Induces Cellular Senescence for Host Growth Arrest and Viral Genome Persistence through Its Unique Domain. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030380. [PMID: 36766726 PMCID: PMC9913222 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells accumulate in the host during the aging process and are associated with age-related pathogeneses, including cancer. Although persistent senescence seems to contribute to many aspects of cellular pathways and homeostasis, the role of senescence in virus-induced human cancer is not well understood. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer induced by a life-long human infection of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Here, we show that MCPyV large T (LT) antigen expression in human skin fibroblasts causes a novel nucleolar stress response, followed by p21-dependent senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASPs), which are required for MCPyV genome maintenance. Senolytic and navitoclax treatments result in decreased senescence and MCPyV genome levels, suggesting a potential therapeutic for MCC prevention. Our results uncover the mechanism of a host stress response regulating human polyomavirus genome maintenance in viral persistency, which may lead to targeted intervention for MCC.
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Characterizing crosstalk in epigenetic signaling to understand disease physiology. Biochem J 2023; 480:57-85. [PMID: 36630129 PMCID: PMC10152800 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics, the inheritance of genomic information independent of DNA sequence, controls the interpretation of extracellular and intracellular signals in cell homeostasis, proliferation and differentiation. On the chromatin level, signal transduction leads to changes in epigenetic marks, such as histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility to regulate gene expression. Crosstalk between different epigenetic mechanisms, such as that between histone PTMs and DNA methylation, leads to an intricate network of chromatin-binding proteins where pre-existing epigenetic marks promote or inhibit the writing of new marks. The recent technical advances in mass spectrometry (MS) -based proteomic methods and in genome-wide DNA sequencing approaches have broadened our understanding of epigenetic networks greatly. However, further development and wider application of these methods is vital in developing treatments for disorders and pathologies that are driven by epigenetic dysregulation.
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Gandhi S, Mitterhoff R, Rapoport R, Farago M, Greenberg A, Hodge L, Eden S, Benner C, Goren A, Simon I. Mitotic H3K9ac is controlled by phase-specific activity of HDAC2, HDAC3, and SIRT1. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/10/e202201433. [PMID: 35981887 PMCID: PMC9389593 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination of immunofluorescence, Western blot, and ChIP-seq revealed the interplay between HDAC2, HDAC3, and SIRT1 in H3K9 deacetylation during mitosis of mammalian cells. Histone acetylation levels are reduced during mitosis. To study the mitotic regulation of H3K9ac, we used an array of inhibitors targeting specific histone deacetylases. We evaluated the involvement of the targeted enzymes in regulating H3K9ac during all mitotic stages by immunofluorescence and immunoblots. We identified HDAC2, HDAC3, and SIRT1 as modulators of H3K9ac mitotic levels. HDAC2 inhibition increased H3K9ac levels in prophase, whereas HDAC3 or SIRT1 inhibition increased H3K9ac levels in metaphase. Next, we performed ChIP-seq on mitotic-arrested cells following targeted inhibition of these histone deacetylases. We found that both HDAC2 and HDAC3 have a similar impact on H3K9ac, and inhibiting either of these two HDACs substantially increases the levels of this histone acetylation in promoters, enhancers, and insulators. Altogether, our results support a model in which H3K9 deacetylation is a stepwise process—at prophase, HDAC2 modulates most transcription-associated H3K9ac-marked loci, and at metaphase, HDAC3 maintains the reduced acetylation, whereas SIRT1 potentially regulates H3K9ac by impacting HAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Gandhi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raizy Mitterhoff
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Rapoport
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marganit Farago
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avraham Greenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lauren Hodge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Eden
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alon Goren
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Itamar Simon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Carrillo C, Ravi V, Tiwari S, Chernoff EA, Belecky-Adams TL. TAK1 inhibition increases proliferation and differentiation of chick retinal cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:698233. [PMID: 36176271 PMCID: PMC9513612 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.698233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors necessary for the differentiation of cell types within the retina are incompletely understood. The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily, including TGF-β1 and 2, the bone morphogenetic proteins, and the activins have all been implicated in differentiation; however, the mechanisms by which these factors affect differentiation are only partially understood. The studies herein focus on a potential role for transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), a hub kinase that lies at the intersection of multiple signaling pathways, in the differentiation of cell types within the chick retina. Previous studies have focused predominantly on the role this kinase plays in the inflammation process and axonal growth. TAK1 is downstream of multiple signaling pathways that are critical to development of the central nervous system, including transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and activins. The present study indicates that activated TAK1 is found throughout the developing retina; however, it is localized at higher levels in dividing and differentiating cells. Further, ex ovo retinal studies using TAK1 inhibitor 5Z-7-oxozeaenol increased both progenitor and differentiating cell populations, accompanied by a substantial increase in proliferation and a smaller increase in cell death. These results indicate a unique role for TAK1 in differentiating and proliferating retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Teri L. Belecky-Adams
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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The Roles of Histone Post-Translational Modifications in the Formation and Function of a Mitotic Chromosome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158704. [PMID: 35955838 PMCID: PMC9368973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, many cellular structures are organized to segregate the replicated genome to the daughter cells. Chromatin is condensed to shape a mitotic chromosome. A multiprotein complex known as kinetochore is organized on a specific region of each chromosome, the centromere, which is defined by the presence of a histone H3 variant called CENP-A. The cytoskeleton is re-arranged to give rise to the mitotic spindle that binds to kinetochores and leads to the movement of chromosomes. How chromatin regulates different activities during mitosis is not well known. The role of histone post-translational modifications (HPTMs) in mitosis has been recently revealed. Specific HPTMs participate in local compaction during chromosome condensation. On the other hand, HPTMs are involved in CENP-A incorporation in the centromere region, an essential activity to maintain centromere identity. HPTMs also participate in the formation of regulatory protein complexes, such as the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Finally, we discuss how HPTMs can be modified by environmental factors and the possible consequences on chromosome segregation and genome stability.
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12
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Tsujikawa LM, Kharenko OA, Stotz SC, Rakai BD, Sarsons CD, Gilham D, Wasiak S, Fu L, Sweeney M, Johansson JO, Wong NCW, Kulikowski E. Breaking boundaries: Pan BETi disrupt 3D chromatin structure, BD2-selective BETi are strictly epigenetic transcriptional regulators. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113230. [PMID: 35687908 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bromodomain and extraterminal proteins (BETs) are more than just epigenetic regulators of transcription. Here we highlight a new role for the BET protein BRD4 in the maintenance of higher order chromatin structure at Topologically Associating Domain Boundaries (TADBs). BD2-selective and pan (non-selective) BET inhibitors (BETi) differentially support chromatin structure, selectively affecting transcription and cell viability. METHODS Using RNA-seq and BRD4 ChIP-seq, the differential effect of BETi treatment on the transcriptome and BRD4 chromatin occupancy of human aortic endothelial cells from diabetic patients (dHAECs) stimulated with TNFα was evaluated. Chromatin decondensation and DNA fragmentation was assessed by immunofluorescence imaging and quantification. Key dHAEC findings were verified in proliferating monocyte-like THP-1 cells using real time-PCR, BRD4 co-immunoprecipitation studies, western blots, proliferation and apoptosis assays. FINDINGS We discovered that 1) BRD4 co-localizes with Ying-Yang 1 (YY1) at TADBs, critical chromatin structure complexes proximal to many DNA repair genes. 2) BD2-selective BETi enrich BRD4/YY1 associations, while pan-BETi do not. 3) Failure to support chromatin structures through BRD4/YY1 enrichment inhibits DNA repair gene transcription, which induces DNA damage responses, and causes widespread chromatin decondensation, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis. 4) BD2-selective BETi maintain high order chromatin structure and cell viability, while reducing deleterious pro-inflammatory transcription. INTERPRETATION BRD4 plays a previously unrecognized role at TADBs. BETi differentially impact TADB stability. Our results provide translational insight for the development of BETi as therapeutics for a range of diseases including CVD, chronic kidney disease, cancer, and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Tsujikawa
- Resverlogix Corporation, Suite 300, 4820 Richard Road SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6L1, Canada.
| | - Olesya A Kharenko
- Resverlogix Corporation, Suite 300, 4820 Richard Road SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6L1, Canada.
| | - Stephanie C Stotz
- Resverlogix Corporation, Suite 300, 4820 Richard Road SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6L1, Canada.
| | - Brooke D Rakai
- Resverlogix Corporation, Suite 300, 4820 Richard Road SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6L1, Canada.
| | - Christopher D Sarsons
- Resverlogix Corporation, Suite 300, 4820 Richard Road SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6L1, Canada.
| | - Dean Gilham
- Resverlogix Corporation, Suite 300, 4820 Richard Road SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6L1, Canada.
| | - Sylwia Wasiak
- Resverlogix Corporation, Suite 300, 4820 Richard Road SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6L1, Canada.
| | - Li Fu
- Resverlogix Corporation, Suite 300, 4820 Richard Road SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6L1, Canada.
| | - Michael Sweeney
- Resverlogix Corporation, Suite 4010, 44 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA.
| | - Jan O Johansson
- Resverlogix Corporation, Suite 4010, 44 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA.
| | - Norman C W Wong
- Resverlogix Corporation, Suite 300, 4820 Richard Road SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6L1, Canada.
| | - Ewelina Kulikowski
- Resverlogix Corporation, Suite 300, 4820 Richard Road SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6L1, Canada.
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13
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Poulose N, Forsythe N, Polonski A, Gregg G, Maguire S, Fuchs M, Minner S, Sauter G, McDade SS, Mills IG. VPRBP Functions Downstream of the Androgen Receptor and OGT to Restrict p53 Activation in Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1047-1060. [PMID: 35348747 PMCID: PMC9381113 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a major driver of prostate cancer initiation and progression. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), the enzyme that catalyzes the covalent addition of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues of proteins, is often highly expressed in prostate cancer with its expression correlated with high Gleason score. In this study, we have identified an AR and OGT coregulated factor, Vpr (HIV-1) binding protein (VPRBP) also known as DDB1 and CUL4 Associated Factor 1 (DCAF1). We show that VPRBP is regulated by the AR at the transcript level, and stabilized by OGT at the protein level. VPRBP knockdown in prostate cancer cells led to a significant decrease in cell proliferation, p53 stabilization, nucleolar fragmentation, and increased p53 recruitment to the chromatin. In human prostate tumor samples, VPRBP protein overexpression correlated with AR amplification, OGT overexpression, a shorter time to postoperative biochemical progression and poor clinical outcome. In clinical transcriptomic data, VPRBP expression was positively correlated with the AR and also with AR activity gene signatures. IMPLICATIONS In conclusion, we have shown that VPRBP/DCAF1 promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation by restraining p53 activation under the influence of the AR and OGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninu Poulose
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Corresponding Authors: Ian G. Mills, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom. E-mail: ; and Ninu Poulose,
| | - Nicholas Forsythe
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Polonski
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Department of Pathology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gemma Gregg
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Maguire
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Fuchs
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Minner
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Department of Pathology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Department of Pathology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon S. McDade
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G. Mills
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Corresponding Authors: Ian G. Mills, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom. E-mail: ; and Ninu Poulose,
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14
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DNA replication is highly resilient and persistent under the challenge of mild replication stress. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110701. [PMID: 35443178 PMCID: PMC9226383 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic DNA synthesis (MiDAS) has been proposed to restart DNA synthesis during mitosis because of replication fork stalling in late interphase caused by mild replication stress (RS). Contrary to this proposal, we find that cells exposed to mild RS in fact maintain continued DNA replication throughout G2 and during G2-M transition in RAD51- and RAD52-dependent manners. Persistent DNA synthesis is necessary to resolve replication intermediates accumulated in G2 and disengage an ATR-imposed block to mitotic entry. Because of its continual nature, DNA synthesis at very late replication sites can overlap with chromosome condensation, generating the phenomenon of mitotic DNA synthesis. Unexpectedly, we find that the commonly used CDK1 inhibitor RO3306 interferes with replication to preclude detection of G2 DNA synthesis, leading to the impression of a mitosis-driven response. Our study reveals the importance of persistent DNA replication and checkpoint control to lessen the risk for severe genome under-replication under mild RS. DNA synthesis persists during G2-M transition to counteract replication stress (RS) RAD51/RAD52-mediated HR pathways facilitate the continuation of G2-M DNA synthesis Continued G2 DNA synthesis relieves RS-induced G2/M checkpoint for mitotic entry RO3306, but not CDK1 inhibition, non-specifically interferes with DNA synthesis
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15
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Merighi A, Gionchiglia N, Granato A, Lossi L. The Phosphorylated Form of the Histone H2AX (γH2AX) in the Brain from Embryonic Life to Old Age. Molecules 2021; 26:7198. [PMID: 34885784 PMCID: PMC8659122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ phosphorylated form of the histone H2AX (γH2AX) was described more than 40 years ago and it was demonstrated that phosphorylation of H2AX was one of the first cellular responses to DNA damage. Since then, γH2AX has been implicated in diverse cellular functions in normal and pathological cells. In the first part of this review, we will briefly describe the intervention of H2AX in the DNA damage response (DDR) and its role in some pivotal cellular events, such as regulation of cell cycle checkpoints, genomic instability, cell growth, mitosis, embryogenesis, and apoptosis. Then, in the main part of this contribution, we will discuss the involvement of γH2AX in the normal and pathological central nervous system, with particular attention to the differences in the DDR between immature and mature neurons, and to the significance of H2AX phosphorylation in neurogenesis and neuronal cell death. The emerging picture is that H2AX is a pleiotropic molecule with an array of yet not fully understood functions in the brain, from embryonic life to old age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura Lossi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, I-10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (A.M.); (N.G.); (A.G.)
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16
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Association of Caspase 3 Activation and H2AX γ Phosphorylation in the Aging Brain: Studies on Untreated and Irradiated Mice. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091166. [PMID: 34572352 PMCID: PMC8468010 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of H2AX is a response to DNA damage, but γH2AX also associates with mitosis and/or apoptosis. We examined the effects of X-rays on DNA integrity to shed more light on the significance of H2AX phosphorylation and its relationship with activation of caspase 3 (CASP3), the main apoptotic effector. After administration of the S phase marker BrdU, brains were collected from untreated and irradiated (10 Gray) 24-month-old mice surviving 15 or 30 min after irradiation. After paraffin embedding, brain sections were single- or double-stained with antibodies against γH2AX, p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) (which is recruited during the DNA damage response (DDR)), active CASP3 (cCASP3), 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), and phosphorylated histone H3 (pHH3) (which labels proliferating cells). After statistical analysis, we demonstrated that irradiation not only induced a robust DDR with the appearance of γH2AX and upregulation of 53BP1 but also that cells with damaged DNA attempted to synthesize new genetic material from the rise in BrdU immunostaining, with increased expression of cCASP3. Association of γH2AX, 53BP1, and cCASP3 was also evident in normal nonirradiated mice, where DNA synthesis appeared to be linked to disturbances in DNA repair mechanisms rather than true mitotic activity.
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17
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Wu Y, Li M, Yang M. Post-Translational Modifications in Oocyte Maturation and Embryo Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:645318. [PMID: 34150752 PMCID: PMC8206635 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.645318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocyte maturation and embryo development are unique biological processes regulated by various modifications. Since de novo mRNA transcription is absent during oocyte meiosis, protein-level regulation, especially post-translational modification (PTM), is crucial. It is known that PTM plays key roles in diverse cellular events such as DNA damage response, chromosome condensation, and cytoskeletal organization during oocyte maturation and embryo development. However, most previous reviews on PTM in oocytes and embryos have only focused on studies of Xenopus laevis or Caenorhabditis elegans eggs. In this review, we will discuss the latest discoveries regarding PTM in mammalian oocytes maturation and embryo development, focusing on phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation and Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation). Phosphorylation functions in chromosome condensation and spindle alignment by regulating histone H3, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and some other pathways during mammalian oocyte maturation. Ubiquitination is a three-step enzymatic cascade that facilitates the degradation of proteins, and numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases are involved in modifying substrates and thus regulating oocyte maturation, oocyte-sperm binding, and early embryo development. Through the reversible addition and removal of SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) on lysine residues, SUMOylation affects the cell cycle and DNA damage response in oocytes. As an emerging PTM, PARlation has been shown to not only participate in DNA damage repair, but also mediate asymmetric division of oocyte meiosis. Each of these PTMs and external environments is versatile and contributes to distinct phases during oocyte maturation and embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Yang
- Medical Center for Human Reproduction, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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18
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Fan Z, Zhang J, Wang D, Shen J. T-box transcription factors Dorsocross and optomotor-blind control Drosophila leg patterning in a functionally redundant manner. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 129:103516. [PMID: 33412239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The T-box genes are essential transcription factors during limb development. In Drosophila, Dorsocross (Doc) and optomotor-blind (omb), members of the Tbx2 and Tbx6 families, are best studied in the Drosophila wing development. Despite prominently expressed in leg discs, the specific function of these genes in leg growth is still not revealed. Here we demonstrated that Doc and omb regulated the morphogenesis of leg intermediate regions in a functionally redundant manner. Loss of Doc or omb individually did not result in any developmental defects of the legs, but loss of both genes induced significant defects in femur and proximal tibia of the adult legs. These genes located in the dorsal domain, where the Doc region expanded and cross-overlapped with the omb region corresponding to the presumptive leg intermediate region. We detected that the normal epithelial folds in the leg discs were disrupted along with dorsal repression of cell proliferation and activation of cell apoptosis when Doc and omb were both reduced. Furthermore, the dorsal expression of dachshund (dac), a canonical leg developmental gene specifying the leg intermediate region, was maintained by Doc and omb. Meanwhile, the Notch pathway was compromised in the dorsal domain when these genes were reduced, which might contribute to the joint defect of the adult leg intermediate regions. Our study provides cytological and genetic evidence for understanding the redundant function of Doc and omb in leg morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyang Fan
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - JunZheng Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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19
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Bazzar W, Bocci M, Hejll E, Högqvist Tabor V, Hydbring P, Grandien A, Alzrigat M, Larsson LG. Pharmacological inactivation of CDK2 inhibits MYC/BCL-XL-driven leukemia in vivo through induction of cellular senescence. Cell Cycle 2020; 20:23-38. [PMID: 33356836 PMCID: PMC7849765 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1855740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated expression of the MYC oncogene is a frequent event during tumorigenesis and generally correlates with aggressive disease and poor prognosis. While MYC is a potent inducer of apoptosis, it often suppresses cellular senescence, which together with apoptosis is an important barrier against tumor development. For this latter function, MYC is dependent on cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). Here, we utilized a MYC/BCL-XL-driven mouse model of acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) to investigate whether pharmacological inhibition of CDK2 can inhibit MYC-driven tumorigenesis through induction of senescence. Purified mouse hematopoietic stem cells transduced with MYC and BCL-XL were transplanted into lethally irradiated mice, leading to the development of massive leukemia and subsequent death 15–17 days after transplantation. Upon disease onset, mice were treated with the selective CDK2 inhibitor CVT2584 or vehicle either by daily intraperitoneal injections or continuous delivery via mini-pumps. CVT2584 treatment delayed disease onset and moderately but significantly improved survival of mice. Flow cytometry revealed a significant decrease in tumor load in the spleen, liver and bone marrow of CVT2584-treated compared to vehicle-treated mice. This was correlated with induced senescence evidenced by reduced cell proliferation, increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and heterochromatin foci, expression of p19ARF and p21CIP1, and reduced phosphorylation (activation) of pRb, while very few apoptotic cells were observed. In addition, phosphorylation of MYC at Ser-62 was decreased. In summary, inhibition of CDK2 delayed MYC/BCL-XL-driven AML linked to senescence induction. Our results suggest that CDK2 is a promising target for pro-senescence cancer therapy, in particular for MYC-driven tumors, including leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam Bazzar
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matteo Bocci
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eduar Hejll
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vedrana Högqvist Tabor
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Hydbring
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alf Grandien
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital- Huddinge , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Alzrigat
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars-Gunnar Larsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Surapaneni SK, Bhat ZR, Tikoo K. MicroRNA-941 regulates the proliferation of breast cancer cells by altering histone H3 Ser 10 phosphorylation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17954. [PMID: 33087811 PMCID: PMC7578795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer including triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents an important clinical challenge, as these tumours often develop resistance to conventional chemotherapeutics. MicroRNAs play a crucial role in cell-cycle regulation, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration. Herein, we performed Affymetrix Gene Chip miRNA 4.0 microarray and observed differential regulation of miRNAs (75 upregulated and 199 downregulated) in metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells as compared to immortalized human non-tumorigenic breast epithelial (MCF-10A) cells. MicroRNA-941 was significantly upregulated in MDA-MB-231 cells (almost nine-fold increase) in comparison to MCF-10A cells. Transfection of MiRNA-941 inhibitor significantly decreased the proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells by altering the expressions of p21, Cyclin D1, PP2B-B1, E-cadherin and MMP-13. Interestingly, we provide first evidence that inhibiting miR-941 prevents cell proliferation and phosphorylation of histone H3 at Ser10 residue. Xenograft model of breast cancer was developed by subcutaneous injection of MDA-MB-231 cells into the mammary fat pad of female athymic nude mice (Crl:NU-Foxn1nu). The tumours were allowed to grow to around 60 mm3, thereafter which we divided the animals into seven groups (n = 5). Notably, intratumoral injection of miR-941 inhibitor significantly abolished the tumour growth in MDA-MB-231 xenograft model. 5-Fluorouracil (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was used as positive control in our study. To the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time that targeting miR-941 improves the sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells to 5-fluorouracil. This can be of profound clinical significance, as it provides novel therapeutic approach for treating variety of cancers (overexpressing miRNA-941) in general and breast cancers in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Surapaneni
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Zahid Rafiq Bhat
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Kulbhushan Tikoo
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India.
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21
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Komar D, Juszczynski P. Rebelled epigenome: histone H3S10 phosphorylation and H3S10 kinases in cancer biology and therapy. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:147. [PMID: 33054831 PMCID: PMC7556946 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the discovery that more than half of human cancers harbor mutations in chromatin proteins, deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms has been recognized a hallmark of malignant transformation. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histone proteins, as main components of epigenetic regulatory machinery, are also broadly accepted as therapeutic target. Current “epigenetic” therapies target predominantly writers, erasers and readers of histone acetylation and (to a lesser extent) methylation, leaving other types of PTMs largely unexplored. One of them is the phosphorylation of serine 10 on histone H3 (H3S10ph). Main body H3S10ph is emerging as an important player in the initiation and propagation of cancer, as it facilitates cellular malignant transformation and participates in fundamental cellular functions. In normal cells this histone mark dictates the hierarchy of additional histone modifications involved in the formation of protein binding scaffolds, transcriptional regulation, blocking repressive epigenetic information and shielding gene regions from heterochromatin spreading. During cell division, this mark is essential for chromosome condensation and segregation. It is also involved in the function of specific DNA–RNA hybrids, called R-loops, which modulate transcription and facilitate chromosomal instability. Increase in H3S10ph is observed in numerous cancer types and its abundance has been associated with inferior prognosis. Many H3S10-kinases, including MSK1/2, PIM1, CDK8 and AURORA kinases, have been long considered targets in cancer therapy. However, since these proteins also participate in other critical processes, including signal transduction, apoptotic signaling, metabolic fitness and transcription, their chromatin functions are often neglected. Conclusions H3S10ph and enzymes responsible for deposition of this histone modification are important for chromatin activity and oncogenesis. Epigenetic-drugs targeting this axis of modifications, potentially in combination with conventional or targeted therapy, provide a promising angle in search for knowledge-driven therapeutic strategies in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Komar
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Gandhi 14 Str, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Przemyslaw Juszczynski
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Gandhi 14 Str, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Wilde S, Queisser N, Sutter A. Image analysis of mechanistic protein biomarkers for the characterization of genotoxicants: Aneugens, clastogens, and reactive oxygen species inducers. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:534-550. [PMID: 32297368 DOI: 10.1002/em.22374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The early detection of genotoxicity contributes to cutting-edge drug discovery and development, requiring effective identification of genotoxic hazards posed by drugs while providing mode of action (MoA) information in a high throughput manner. In other words, there is a need to complement standard genotoxicity testing according to the test battery given in ICH S2(R1) with new in vitro tools, thereby contributing to a more in-depth analysis of genotoxic effects. Here, we report on a proof-of-concept MoA approach based on post-translational modifications of proteins (PTMs) indicative of clastogenic and aneugenic effects in TK6 cells using imaging technology (with automated analysis). Cells were exposed in a 96-well plate format with a panel of reference (geno)toxic compounds and subsequently analyzed at 4 and 24 hr to detect dose-dependent changes in PTMs, relevant for mechanistic analysis. All tested compounds that interfere with the spindle apparatus yielded a BubR1 (S640) (3/3) and phospho-histone H3 (S28) (7/9) positive dose-response reflecting aneugenicity, whereas compounds inducing DNA double-strand-breaks were associated with positive FANCD2 (S1404) and 53BP1 (S1778) responses pointing to clastogenicity (2/3). The biomarker p53 (K373) was able to distinguish genotoxicants from non-genotoxicants (2/4), while the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), potentially causing DNA damage, was associated with a positive Nrf2 (S40) response (2/2). This work demonstrates that genotoxicants and non-genotoxicants induce different biomarker responses in TK6 cells which can be used for reliable classification into MoA groups (aneugens/clastogens/non-genotoxicants/ROS inducers), supporting a more in-depth safety assessment of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Wilde
- Fraunhofer ITEM, Preclinical Pharmacology and In Vitro Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
- Bayer AG, Investigational Toxicology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Queisser
- Bayer AG, Investigational Toxicology, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Munk M, Alcalde J, Lorentzen L, Villalobo A, Berchtold MW, Panina S. The impact of calmodulin on the cell cycle analyzed in a novel human cellular genetic system. Cell Calcium 2020; 88:102207. [PMID: 32408024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is the principle mediator of the Ca2+ signal in all eukaryotic cells. A huge variety of basic cellular processes including cell cycle control, proliferation, secretion and motility, among many others are governed by CaM, which regulates activities of myriads of target proteins. Mammalian CaM is encoded by three genes localized on different chromosomes all producing an identical protein. In this study, we have generated HeLa human cancer cells conditionally expressing CaM in a genetic background with all three genes inactivated by CRISPR/Cas9. We demonstrate that downregulation of ectopically expressed CaM is achieved after 120 h, when cells are arrested in the M phase of the cell cycle. We show for the first time that CaM downregulation in human cancer cells is followed by a multinucleated senescent state as indicated by expression of β-galactosidase as well as cell morphology typical for senescent cells. Our newly generated genetic system may be useful for the analysis of other CaM regulated processes in eukaryotic cells in the absence of endogenous CaM genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Munk
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juan Alcalde
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lasse Lorentzen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Antonio Villalobo
- Cancer and Human Molecular Genetics Area-Oto-Neurosurgery Research Group, University Hospital La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Paseo de la Castellana 261, E- 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin W Berchtold
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Svetlana Panina
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; MonTa Biosciences ApS, Diplomvej 381 2800 Lyngby, Denmark(1)
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24
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Wheeldon RP, Bernacki DT, Dertinger SD, Bryce SM, Bemis JC, Johnson GE. Benchmark Dose Analysis of DNA Damage Biomarker Responses Provides Compound Potency and Adverse Outcome Pathway Information for the Topoisomerase II Inhibitor Class of Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:396-407. [PMID: 31983063 DOI: 10.1002/em.22360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Genetic toxicology data have traditionally been utilized for hazard identification to provide a binary call for a compound's risk. Recent advances in the scientific field, especially with the development of high-throughput methods to quantify DNA damage, have influenced a change of approach in genotoxicity assessment. The in vitro MultiFlow® DNA Damage Assay is one such method which multiplexes γH2AX, p53, phospho-histone H3 biomarkers into a single-flow cytometric analysis (Bryce et al., [2016]: Environ Mol Mutagen 57:546-558). This assay was used to study human TK6 cells exposed to each of eight topoisomerase II poisons for 4 and 24 hr. Using PROAST v65.5, the Benchmark Dose approach was applied to the resulting flow cytometric datasets. With "compound" serving as covariate, all eight compounds were combined into a single analysis, per time point and endpoint. The resulting 90% confidence intervals, plotted in Log scale, were considered as the potency rank for the eight compounds. The in vitro MultiFlow data showed a maximum confidence interval span of 1Log, which indicates data of good quality. Patterns observed in the compound potency rank were scrutinized by using the expert rule-based software program Derek Nexus, developed by Lhasa Limited. Compound sub-classification and structural alerts were considered contributory to the potencies observed for the topoisomerase II poisons studied herein. The Topo II poison Adverse Outcome Pathway was evaluated with MultiFlow endpoints serving as Key Events. The step-wise approach described herein can be considered as a foundation for risk assessment of compounds within a specific mode of action of interest. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2020. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Wheeldon
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - George E Johnson
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Wales, United Kingdom
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25
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Slaby S, Titran P, Marchand G, Hanotel J, Lescuyer A, Leprêtre A, Bodart JF, Marin M, Lemiere S. Effects of glyphosate and a commercial formulation Roundup® exposures on maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3697-3705. [PMID: 30835066 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are often found at high concentrations in small ponds near agricultural field where amphibians are used to live and reproduce. Even if there are many studies on the impacts of phytopharmaceutical active ingredients in amphibian toxicology, only a few are interested in the earlier steps of their life cycle. While their populations are highly threatened with extinction. The aim of this work is to characterize the effects of glyphosate and its commercial formulation Roundup® GT Max on the Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation which is an essential preparation for the laying and the fertilization. Glyphosate is an extensively used herbicide, not only known for its effectiveness but also for its indirect impacts on non-target organisms. Our results showed that exposures to both forms of glyphosate delayed this hormone-dependent process and were responsible for spontaneous maturation. Severe and particular morphogenesis abnormalities of the meiotic spindle were also observed. The MAPK pathway and the MPF did not seem to be affected by exposures. The xenopus oocyte is particularly affected by the exposures and appears as a relevant model for assessing the effects of environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Slaby
- CNRS, INRA, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
- URAFPA, Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, University de Lorraine, INRA, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France
- EA 4515-LGCgE-Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, Cité scientifique, SN3, University Lille, F-59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Pauline Titran
- CNRS, INRA, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Marchand
- CNRS, INRA, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Julie Hanotel
- CNRS, INRA, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Arlette Lescuyer
- CNRS, INRA, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Alain Leprêtre
- EA 4515-LGCgE-Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, Cité scientifique, SN3, University Lille, F-59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jean-François Bodart
- CNRS, INRA, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Matthieu Marin
- CNRS, INRA, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Lemiere
- EA 4515-LGCgE-Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, Cité scientifique, SN3, University Lille, F-59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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26
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CD98hc (SLC3A2) sustains amino acid and nucleotide availability for cell cycle progression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14065. [PMID: 31575908 PMCID: PMC6773781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD98 heavy chain (CD98hc) forms heteromeric amino acid (AA) transporters by interacting with different light chains. Cancer cells overexpress CD98hc-transporters in order to meet their increased nutritional and antioxidant demands, since they provide branched-chain AA (BCAA) and aromatic AA (AAA) availability while protecting cells from oxidative stress. Here we show that BCAA and AAA shortage phenocopies the inhibition of mTORC1 signalling, protein synthesis and cell proliferation caused by CD98hc ablation. Furthermore, our data indicate that CD98hc sustains glucose uptake and glycolysis, and, as a consequence, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Thus, loss of CD98hc triggers a dramatic reduction in the nucleotide pool, which leads to replicative stress in these cells, as evidenced by the enhanced DNA Damage Response (DDR), S-phase delay and diminished rate of mitosis, all recovered by nucleoside supplementation. In addition, proper BCAA and AAA availability sustains the expression of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. In this regard, BCAA and AAA shortage results in decreased content of deoxynucleotides that triggers replicative stress, also recovered by nucleoside supplementation. On the basis of our findings, we conclude that CD98hc plays a central role in AA and glucose cellular nutrition, redox homeostasis and nucleotide availability, all key for cell proliferation.
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27
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Rotelli MD, Policastro RA, Bolling AM, Killion AW, Weinberg AJ, Dixon MJ, Zentner GE, Walczak CE, Lilly MA, Calvi BR. A Cyclin A-Myb-MuvB-Aurora B network regulates the choice between mitotic cycles and polyploid endoreplication cycles. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008253. [PMID: 31291240 PMCID: PMC6645565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoreplication is a cell cycle variant that entails cell growth and periodic genome duplication without cell division, and results in large, polyploid cells. Cells switch from mitotic cycles to endoreplication cycles during development, and also in response to conditional stimuli during wound healing, regeneration, aging, and cancer. In this study, we use integrated approaches in Drosophila to determine how mitotic cycles are remodeled into endoreplication cycles, and how similar this remodeling is between induced and developmental endoreplicating cells (iECs and devECs). Our evidence suggests that Cyclin A / CDK directly activates the Myb-MuvB (MMB) complex to induce transcription of a battery of genes required for mitosis, and that repression of CDK activity dampens this MMB mitotic transcriptome to promote endoreplication in both iECs and devECs. iECs and devECs differed, however, in that devECs had reduced expression of E2F1-dependent genes that function in S phase, whereas repression of the MMB transcriptome in iECs was sufficient to induce endoreplication without a reduction in S phase gene expression. Among the MMB regulated genes, knockdown of AurB protein and other subunits of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) induced endoreplication, as did knockdown of CPC-regulated cytokinetic, but not kinetochore, proteins. Together, our results indicate that the status of a CycA-Myb-MuvB-AurB network determines the decision to commit to mitosis or switch to endoreplication in both iECs and devECs, and suggest that regulation of different steps of this network may explain the known diversity of polyploid cycle types in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Rotelli
- Department of Biology. Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Policastro
- Department of Biology. Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Anna M. Bolling
- Department of Biology. Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Andrew W. Killion
- Department of Biology. Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Abraham J. Weinberg
- Department of Biology. Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Dixon
- Department of Biology. Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Gabriel E. Zentner
- Department of Biology. Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Claire E. Walczak
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mary A. Lilly
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Calvi
- Department of Biology. Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
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28
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Charmpilas N, Tavernarakis N. Mitochondrial maturation drives germline stem cell differentiation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:601-617. [PMID: 31217501 PMCID: PMC7206027 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The C. elegans germline recapitulates mammalian stem cell niches and provides an effective platform for investigating key aspects of stem cell biology. However, the molecular and physiological requirements for germline stem cell homeostasis remain largely elusive. Here, we report that mitochondrial biogenesis and function are crucial for germline stem cell identity. We show that general transcription activity in germline mitochondria is highly compartmentalized, and determines mitochondrial maturation. RPOM-1, the mitochondrial RNA polymerase, is differentially expressed as germ nuclei progress from the distal to the proximal gonad arm to form oocytes. Mitochondria undergo changes from globular to tubular morphology and become polarized, as they approach the proximal gonad arm. Notably, this mitochondrial maturation trajectory is evolutionarily conserved. We find that a similar transition and temporal mitochondrial RNA polymerase expression profile characterizes differentiation of mammalian stem cells. In C. elegans, ATP, and ROS production increases sharply during maturation. Impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics causes gonad syncytium tumor formation by disrupting the balance between mitosis and differentiation to oocytes, which results in a marked reduction of fecundity. Consequently, compensatory apoptosis is induced in the germline. Sperm-derived signals promote mitochondrial maturation and proper germ cell differentiation via the MEK/ERK kinase pathway. Germ cell fate decisions are determined by a crosstalk between Insulin/IGF-1 and TGF-β signaling, mitochondria and protein synthesis. Our findings demonstrate that mitochondrial transcription activity determines a shift in mitochondrial bioenergetics, which in turn regulates germline stem cell survival and differentiation. Perturbation of mitochondrial transcription hinders proper germ cell differentiation and causes germline tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Charmpilas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece. .,Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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29
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Sato H, Wu B, Delahaye F, Singer RH, Greally JM. Retargeting of macroH2A following mitosis to cytogenetic-scale heterochromatic domains. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1810-1823. [PMID: 31110057 PMCID: PMC6548134 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201811109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How macroH2A, a histone variant involved in silencing gene expression, is inherited from parent to daughter cells is unclear. Using a combination of imaging, biochemical, and genomic approaches, Sato et al. describe how newly synthesized macroH2A is incorporated predominantly in the G1 phase of human mitosis, targeting heterochromatic regions. The heritability of chromatin states through cell division is a potential contributor to the epigenetic maintenance of cellular memory of prior states. The macroH2A histone variant has properties of a regulator of epigenetic cell memory, including roles controlling gene silencing and cell differentiation. Its mechanisms of regional genomic targeting and maintenance through cell division are unknown. Here, we combined in vivo imaging with biochemical and genomic approaches to show that human macroH2A is incorporated into chromatin in the G1 phase of the cell cycle following DNA replication. The newly incorporated macroH2A retargets the same large heterochromatic domains where macroH2A was already enriched in the previous cell cycle. It remains heterotypic, targeting individual nucleosomes that do not already contain a macroH2A molecule. The pattern observed resembles that of a new deposition of centromeric histone variants during the cell cycle, indicating mechanistic similarities for macrodomain-scale regulation of epigenetic properties of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Sato
- Center for Epigenomics and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Fabien Delahaye
- Center for Epigenomics and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Robert H Singer
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY .,Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - John M Greally
- Center for Epigenomics and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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30
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Seibert M, Krüger M, Watson NA, Sen O, Daum JR, Slotman JA, Braun T, Houtsmuller AB, Gorbsky GJ, Jacob R, Kracht M, Higgins JMG, Schmitz ML. CDK1-mediated phosphorylation at H2B serine 6 is required for mitotic chromosome segregation. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1164-1181. [PMID: 30765437 PMCID: PMC6446833 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201806057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful mitotic chromosome segregation is required for the maintenance of genomic stability. We discovered the phosphorylation of histone H2B at serine 6 (H2B S6ph) as a new chromatin modification site and found that this modification occurs during the early mitotic phases at inner centromeres and pericentromeric heterochromatin. This modification is directly mediated by cyclin B1-associated CDK1, and indirectly by Aurora B, and is antagonized by PP1-mediated dephosphorylation. H2B S6ph impairs chromatin binding of the histone chaperone SET (I2PP2A), which is important for mitotic fidelity. Injection of phosphorylation-specific H2B S6 antibodies in mitotic cells caused anaphase defects with impaired chromosome segregation and incomplete cytokinesis. As H2B S6ph is important for faithful chromosome separation, this modification may contribute to the prevention chromosomal instability and aneuploidy which frequently occur in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Seibert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikolaus A Watson
- Cell Division Biology Research Group, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK
| | - Onur Sen
- Cell Division Biology Research Group, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK
| | - John R Daum
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Johan A Slotman
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Optical Imaging Centre, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Adriaan B Houtsmuller
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Optical Imaging Centre, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gary J Gorbsky
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Ralf Jacob
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kracht
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jonathan M G Higgins
- Cell Division Biology Research Group, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK
| | - M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
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31
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Ohta S, Taniguchi T, Sato N, Hamada M, Taniguchi H, Rappsilber J. Quantitative Proteomics of the Mitotic Chromosome Scaffold Reveals the Association of BAZ1B with Chromosomal Axes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:169-181. [PMID: 30266865 PMCID: PMC6356081 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In mitosis, chromosomes achieve their characteristic shape through condensation, an essential process for proper segregation of the genome during cell division. A classical model for mitotic chromosome condensation proposes that non-histone proteins act as a structural framework called the chromosome scaffold. The components of the chromosome scaffold, such as DNA topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) and structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 2 (SMC2), are necessary to generate stable mitotic chromosomes; however, the existence of this scaffold remains controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the protein composition of the chromosome scaffold. We used the DT40 chicken cell line to isolate mitotic chromosomes and extract the associated protein fraction, which could contain the chromosome scaffold. MS revealed a novel component of the chromosome scaffold, bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger 1B (BAZ1B), which was localized to the mitotic chromosome axis. Knocking out BAZ1B caused prophase delay because of altered chromosome condensation timing and mitosis progression errors, and the effect was aggravated if BAZ1A, a BAZ1B homolog, was simultaneously knocked out; however, protein composition of prometaphase chromosomes was normal. Our results suggest that BAZ1 proteins are essential for timely chromosome condensation at mitosis entry. Further characterization of the functional role of BAZ1 proteins would provide new insights into the timing of chromosome condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohta
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan;.
| | - Takako Taniguchi
- Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Nobuko Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mayako Hamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Taniguchi
- Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany;; Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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32
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Javasky E, Shamir I, Gandhi S, Egri S, Sandler O, Rothbart SB, Kaplan N, Jaffe JD, Goren A, Simon I. Study of mitotic chromatin supports a model of bookmarking by histone modifications and reveals nucleosome deposition patterns. Genome Res 2018; 28:1455-1466. [PMID: 30166406 PMCID: PMC6169886 DOI: 10.1101/gr.230300.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitosis encompasses key molecular changes including chromatin condensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, and reduced transcription levels. Immediately after mitosis, the interphase chromatin structure is reestablished and transcription resumes. The reestablishment of the interphase chromatin is probably achieved by "bookmarking," i.e., the retention of at least partial information during mitosis. To gain a deeper understanding of the contribution of histone modifications to the mitotic bookmarking process, we merged proteomics, immunofluorescence, and ChIP-seq approaches. We focused on key histone modifications and employed HeLa-S3 cells as a model system. Generally, in spite of the general hypoacetylation observed during mitosis, we observed a global concordance between the genomic organization of histone modifications in interphase and mitosis, suggesting that the epigenomic landscape may serve as a component of the mitotic bookmarking process. Next, we investigated the nucleosome that enters nucleosome depleted regions (NDRs) during mitosis. We observed that in ∼60% of the NDRs, the entering nucleosome is distinct from the surrounding highly acetylated nucleosomes and appears to have either low levels of acetylation or high levels of phosphorylation in adjacent residues (since adjacent phosphorylation may interfere with the ability to detect acetylation). Inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) by the small molecule TSA reverts this pattern, suggesting that these nucleosomes are specifically deacetylated during mitosis. Altogether, by merging multiple approaches, our study provides evidence to support a model where histone modifications may play a role in mitotic bookmarking and uncovers new insights into the deposition of nucleosomes during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisheva Javasky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Inbal Shamir
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Shashi Gandhi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Shawn Egri
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Oded Sandler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Scott B Rothbart
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Noam Kaplan
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Jacob D Jaffe
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Alon Goren
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Itamar Simon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Abstract
The Restriction Point was originally defined as the moment that cells commit to the cell cycle and was later suggested to coincide with hyperphosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb). Current cell cycle models posit that cells exit mitosis into a pre-Restriction Point state, where they have low cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity and hypophosphorylated Rb; passage through the Restriction Point then occurs in late G1. Recent single-cell studies have challenged the current paradigm, raising questions about the location of the Restriction Point and the notion that cells exit mitosis into a pre-Restriction Point state. Here, we use a variety of single-cell techniques to show that both noncancer and cancer cells bifurcate into two subpopulations after anaphase, marked by increasing vs. low CDK2 activity and hyper- vs. hypophosphorylation of Rb. Notably, subpopulations with hyper- and hypophosphorylated Rb are present within minutes after anaphase, delineating one subpopulation that never "uncrosses" the Restriction Point and continues cycling and another subpopulation that exits mitosis into an uncommitted pre-Restriction Point state. We further show that the CDK inhibitor p21 begins rising in G2 in mother cells whose daughters exit mitosis into the pre-Restriction Point, CDK2low state. Furthermore, degradation of p21 coincides with escape from the CDK2low state and passage through the Restriction Point. Together, these data support a model in which only a subset of cells returns to a pre-Restriction Point state after mitosis and where the Restriction Point is sensitive to not only mitogens, but also inherited DNA replication stress via p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Moser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Iain Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Dylan Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Sabrina L Spencer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303;
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
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Zhang N, Li X, Liu X, Cao Y, Chen D, Liu X, Wang Q, Du J, Weng J, Ma W. p21-activated kinase 1 activity is required for histone H3 Ser 10 phosphorylation and chromatin condensation in mouse oocyte meiosis. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:1287-1296. [PMID: 27166635 DOI: 10.1071/rd16026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1) is essential for a variety of cellular events, including gene transcription, cytoskeletal organisation, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Pak1 is activated upon autophosphorylation on many amino residues; in particular, phosphorylation on Thr423 maintains maximal Pak1 activation. In the present study we investigated the protein expression, subcellular localisation and function of Pak1 phosphorylated on Thr423 (pPak1Thr423) in mouse oocytes. pPak1Thr423 was detected upon meiotic resumption and localised on the condensing chromatin. Thr423 phosphorylation was markedly suppressed by the Pak1 ATP-competitive inhibitor PF-3758309, but not by the allosteric inhibitors IPA-3 (2.5 μM and 10μM) (1, 1'-dithiobis-2-naphthalenol) and TAT-PAK18 (10 μM), which prevent the binding of Pak1 to its upstream activators GTPase Cdc42/Rac and Pak-interacting exchange factor (PIX), respectively, implying that Pak1 activation may be independent of GTPase and PIX in oocyte meiosis. Inhibition of Pak1 activation concomitantly restrained histone H3 phosphorylation on Ser10 and consequently inhibited chromatin condensation; however, this phenotype was reversed by concomitant administration of the Pak1 activator FTY720. The changes in the pattern of expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in response to PF-3758309 or FTY720 were the same as seen for pPak1Thr423. These results show that activated Pak1 regulates chromatin condensation by promoting H3 Ser10 phosphorylation in oocytes after the resumption of meiotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiuhong Li
- Biospecimen and Clinical Data Repository, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jing Weng
- Experimental Center for Basic Medical Teaching, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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35
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Alsayegh KN, Sheridan SD, Iyer S, Rao RR. Knockdown of CDK2AP1 in human embryonic stem cells reduces the threshold of differentiation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196817. [PMID: 29734353 PMCID: PMC5937771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested a role for the Cyclin Dependent Kinase-2 Associated Protein 1 (CDK2AP1) in stem cell differentiation and self-renewal. In studies with mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) derived from generated mice embryos with targeted deletion of the Cdk2ap1 gene, CDK2AP1 was shown to be required for epigenetic silencing of Oct4 during differentiation, with deletion resulting in persistent self-renewal and reduced differentiation potential. Differentiation capacity was restored in these cells following the introduction of a non-phosphorylatible form of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) or exogenous Cdk2ap1. In this study, we investigated the role of CDK2AP1 in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Using a shRNA to reduce its expression in hESCs, we found that CDK2AP1 knockdown resulted in a significant reduction in the expression of the pluripotency genes, OCT4 and NANOG. We also found that CDK2AP1 knockdown increased the number of embryoid bodies (EBs) formed when differentiation was induced. In addition, the generated EBs had significantly higher expression of markers of all three germ layers, indicating that CDK2AP1 knockdown enhanced differentiation. CDK2AP1 knockdown also resulted in reduced proliferation and reduced the percentage of cells in the S phase and increased cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Further investigation revealed that a higher level of p53 protein was present in the CDK2AP1 knockdown hESCs. In hESCs in which p53 and CDK2AP1 were simultaneously downregulated, OCT4 and NANOG expression was not affected and percentage of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle was not reduced. Taken together, our results indicate that the knockdown of CDK2AP1 in hESCs results in increased p53 and enhances differentiation and favors it over a self-renewal fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled N. Alsayegh
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steven D. Sheridan
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Shilpa Iyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RR); (SI)
| | - Raj Raghavendra Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RR); (SI)
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36
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Ren J, Tang CZ, Li XD, Niu ZB, Zhang BY, Zhang T, Gao MJ, Ran XZ, Su YP, Wang FC. Identification of G2/M phase transition by sequential nuclear and cytoplasmic changes and molecular markers in mice intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:780-791. [PMID: 29338545 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1426416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the regulatory network of G2/M phase transition has been intensively studied in mammalian cell lines, the identification of morphological and molecular markers to identify G2/M phase transition in vivo remains elusive. In this study, we found no obvious morphological changes between the S phase and G2 phase in mice intestinal epithelial cells. The G2 phase could be identified by Brdu incorporation resistance, marginal and scattered foci of histone H3 phosphorylated at Ser10 (pHH3), and relatively intact Golgi ribbon. Prophase starts with nuclear transformation in situ, which was identified by a series of prophase markers including nuclear translocation of cyclinB1, fragmentation of the Golgi complex, and a significant increase in pHH3. The nucleus started to move upwards in the late prophase and finally rounded up at the apical surface. Then, metaphase was initiated as the level of pHH3 peaked. During anaphase and telophase, pHH3 sharply decreased, while Ki67 was obviously bound to chromosomes, and PCNA was distributed throughout the whole cell. Based on the aforementioned markers and Brdu pulse labeling, it was estimated to take about one hour for most crypt cells to go through the G2 phase and about two hours to go through the G2-M phase. It took much longer for crypt base columnar (CBC) stem cells to undergo G2-prophase than rapid transit amplifying cells. In summary, a series of sequentially presenting markers could be used to indicate the progress of G2/M events in intestinal epithelial cells and other epithelial systems in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Ren
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Cai-Zhi Tang
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Xu-Dong Li
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Zhi-Bin Niu
- b Batallion 2 of Student Brigade , Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Bo-Yang Zhang
- b Batallion 2 of Student Brigade , Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Tao Zhang
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Mei-Jiao Gao
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Xin-Ze Ran
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Yong-Ping Su
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Feng-Chao Wang
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
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37
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Cobolli Gigli C, Scaramuzza L, De Simone M, Rossi RL, Pozzi D, Pagani M, Landsberger N, Bedogni F. Lack of Methyl-CpG Binding Protein 2 (MeCP2) Affects Cell Fate Refinement During Embryonic Cortical Development. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:1846-1856. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Clementina Cobolli Gigli
- San Raffaele Rett Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Scaramuzza
- San Raffaele Rett Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco De Simone
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo L Rossi
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Pozzi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, IRCCS Humanitas, 20089 Rozzano (MI) and Hunimed University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele (MI), Italy
| | - Massimiliano Pagani
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Landsberger
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy
- San Raffaele Rett Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bedogni
- San Raffaele Rett Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
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38
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Chen CCL, Goyal P, Karimi MM, Abildgaard MH, Kimura H, Lorincz MC. H3S10ph broadly marks early-replicating domains in interphase ESCs and shows reciprocal antagonism with H3K9me2. Genome Res 2017; 28:37-51. [PMID: 29229671 PMCID: PMC5749181 DOI: 10.1101/gr.224717.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10 (H3S10ph) by Aurora kinases plays an important role in mitosis; however, H3S10ph also marks regulatory regions of inducible genes in interphase mammalian cells, implicating mitosis-independent functions. Using the fluorescent ubiquitin-mediated cell cycle indicator (FUCCI), we found that 30% of the genome in interphase mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is marked with H3S10ph. H3S10ph broadly demarcates gene-rich regions in G1 and is positively correlated with domains of early DNA replication timing (RT) but negatively correlated with H3K9me2 and lamin-associated domains (LADs). Consistent with mitosis-independent kinase activity, this pattern was preserved in ESCs treated with Hesperadin, a potent inhibitor of Aurora B/C kinases. Disruption of H3S10ph by expression of nonphosphorylatable H3.3S10A results in ectopic spreading of H3K9me2 into adjacent euchromatic regions, mimicking the phenotype observed in Drosophila JIL-1 kinase mutants. Conversely, interphase H3S10ph domains expand in Ehmt1 (also known as Glp) null ESCs, revealing that H3S10ph deposition is restricted by H3K9me2. Strikingly, spreading of H3S10ph at RT transition regions (TTRs) is accompanied by aberrant transcription initiation of genes co-oriented with the replication fork in Ehmt1-/- and Ehmt2-/- ESCs, indicating that establishment of repressive chromatin on the leading strand following DNA synthesis may depend upon these lysine methyltransferases. H3S10ph is also anti-correlated with H3K9me2 in interphase murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and is restricted to intragenic regions of actively transcribing genes by EHMT2. Taken together, these observations reveal that H3S10ph may play a general role in restricting the spreading of repressive chromatin in interphase mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol C L Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Preeti Goyal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Mohammad M Karimi
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Marie H Abildgaard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Matthew C Lorincz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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39
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Clarke DJ, Azuma Y. Non-Catalytic Roles of the Topoisomerase IIα C-Terminal Domain. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112438. [PMID: 29149026 PMCID: PMC5713405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA Topoisomerase IIα (Topo IIα) is a ubiquitous enzyme in eukaryotes that performs the strand passage reaction where a double helix of DNA is passed through a second double helix. This unique reaction is critical for numerous cellular processes. However, the enzyme also possesses a C-terminal domain (CTD) that is largely dispensable for the strand passage reaction but is nevertheless important for the fidelity of cell division. Recent studies have expanded our understanding of the roles of the Topo IIα CTD, in particular in mitotic mechanisms where the CTD is modified by Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO), which in turn provides binding sites for key regulators of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J Clarke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, 420 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Yoshiaki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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40
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Morabito C, Guarnieri S, Catizone A, Schiraldi C, Ricci G, Mariggiò MA. Transient increases in intracellular calcium and reactive oxygen species levels in TCam-2 cells exposed to microgravity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15648. [PMID: 29142208 PMCID: PMC5688167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15935-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of microgravity on functions of the human body are well described, including alterations in the male and female reproductive systems. In the present study, TCam-2 cells, which are considered a good model of mitotically active male germ cells, were used to investigate intracellular signalling and cell metabolism during exposure to simulated microgravity, a condition that affects cell shape and cytoskeletal architecture. After a 24 hour exposure to simulated microgravity, TCam-2 cells showed 1) a decreased proliferation rate and a delay in cell cycle progression, 2) increased anaerobic metabolism accompanied by increased levels of intracellular Ca2+, reactive oxygen species and superoxide anion and modifications in mitochondrial morphology. Interestingly, all these events were transient and were no longer evident after 48 hours of exposure. The presence of antioxidants prevented not only the effects described above but also the modifications in cytoskeletal architecture and the activation of the autophagy process induced by simulated microgravity. In conclusion, in the TCam-2 cell model, simulated microgravity activated the oxidative machinery, triggering transient macroscopic cell events, such as a reduction in the proliferation rate, changes in cytoskeleton-driven shape and autophagy activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Morabito
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences and Centro Scienze dell' Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - S Guarnieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences and Centro Scienze dell' Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - A Catizone
- Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic and Orthopaedic Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - G Ricci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - M A Mariggiò
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences and Centro Scienze dell' Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
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41
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Exploring Potential Germline-Associated Roles of the TRIM-NHL Protein NHL-2 Through RNAi Screening. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:3251-3256. [PMID: 28818867 PMCID: PMC5633376 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
TRIM-NHL proteins are highly conserved regulators of developmental pathways in vertebrates and invertebrates. The TRIM-NHL family member NHL-2 in Caenorhabditis elegans functions as a miRNA cofactor to regulate developmental timing. Similar regulatory roles have been reported in other model systems, with the mammalian ortholog in mice, TRIM32, contributing to muscle and neuronal cell proliferation via miRNA activity. Given the interest associated with TRIM-NHL family proteins, we aimed to further investigate the role of NHL-2 in C. elegans development by using a synthetic RNAi screening approach. Using the ORFeome library, we knocked down 11,942 genes in wild-type animals and nhl-2 null mutants. In total, we identified 42 genes that produced strong reproductive synthetic phenotypes when knocked down in nhl-2 null mutants, with little or no change when knocked down in wild-type animals. These included genes associated with transcriptional processes, chromosomal integrity, and key cofactors of the germline small 22G RNA pathway.
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42
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Casoni F, Croci L, Bosone C, D'Ambrosio R, Badaloni A, Gaudesi D, Barili V, Sarna JR, Tessarollo L, Cremona O, Hawkes R, Warming S, Consalez GG. Zfp423/ZNF423 regulates cell cycle progression, the mode of cell division and the DNA-damage response in Purkinje neuron progenitors. Development 2017; 144:3686-3697. [PMID: 28893945 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Zfp423/ZNF423 gene encodes a 30-zinc-finger transcription factor involved in key developmental pathways. Although null Zfp423 mutants develop cerebellar malformations, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. ZNF423 mutations are associated with Joubert Syndrome, a ciliopathy causing cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and ataxia. ZNF423 participates in the DNA-damage response (DDR), raising questions regarding its role as a regulator of neural progenitor cell cycle progression in cerebellar development. To characterize in vivo the function of ZFP423 in neurogenesis, we analyzed allelic murine mutants in which distinct functional domains are deleted. One deletion impairs mitotic spindle orientation, leading to premature cell cycle exit and Purkinje cell (PC) progenitor pool deletion. The other deletion impairs PC differentiation. In both mutants, cell cycle progression is remarkably delayed and DDR markers are upregulated in cerebellar ventricular zone progenitors. Our in vivo evidence sheds light on the domain-specific roles played by ZFP423 in different aspects of PC progenitor development, and at the same time strengthens the emerging notion that an impaired DDR may be a key factor in the pathogenesis of JS and other ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Casoni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Laura Croci
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Camilla Bosone
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Roberta D'Ambrosio
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Aurora Badaloni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Davide Gaudesi
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Valeria Barili
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Justyna R Sarna
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Ottavio Cremona
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Søren Warming
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - G Giacomo Consalez
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy .,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
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43
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Paul NE, Denecke B, Kim BS, Dreser A, Bernhagen J, Pallua N. The effect of mechanical stress on the proliferation, adipogenic differentiation and gene expression of human adipose-derived stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:276-284. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora E. Paul
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery - Burn Center; Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | - Bernd Denecke
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research; Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | - Bong-Sung Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery - Burn Center; Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | - Alice Dreser
- Institute of Neuropathology; Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig Maximilians-University (LMU) of Munich; Munich Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); Munich Germany
| | - Norbert Pallua
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery - Burn Center; Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
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44
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Potential coordination role between O-GlcNAcylation and epigenetics. Protein Cell 2017; 8:713-723. [PMID: 28488246 PMCID: PMC5636747 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic changes of the post-translational O-GlcNAc modification (O-GlcNAcylation) are controlled by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) and the glycoside hydrolase O-GlcNAcase (OGA) in cells. O-GlcNAcylation often occurs on serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues of the specific substrate proteins via the addition of O-GlcNAc group by OGT. It has been known that O-GlcNAcylation is not only involved in many fundamental cellular processes, but also plays an important role in cancer development through various mechanisms. Recently, accumulating data reveal that O-GlcNAcylation at histones or non-histone proteins can lead to the start of the subsequent biological processes, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation as ‘protein code’ or ‘histone code’ may provide recognition platforms or executive instructions for subsequent recruitment of proteins to carry out the specific functions. In this review, we summarize the interaction of O-GlcNAcylation and epigenetic changes, introduce recent research findings that link crosstalk between O-GlcNAcylation and epigenetic changes, and speculate on the potential coordination role of O-GlcNAcylation with epigenetic changes in intracellular biological processes.
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45
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Calton CM, Bronnimann MP, Manson AR, Li S, Chapman JA, Suarez-Berumen M, Williamson TR, Molugu SK, Bernal RA, Campos SK. Translocation of the papillomavirus L2/vDNA complex across the limiting membrane requires the onset of mitosis. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006200. [PMID: 28463988 PMCID: PMC5412990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) L2 protein acts as a chaperone to ensure that the viral genome (vDNA) traffics from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and eventually the nucleus, where HPV replication occurs. En route to the nucleus, the L2/vDNA complex must translocate across limiting intracellular membranes. The details of this critical process remain poorly characterized. We have developed a system based on subcellular compartmentalization of the enzyme BirA and its cognate substrate to detect membrane translocation of L2-BirA from incoming virions. We find that L2 translocation requires transport to the TGN and is strictly dependent on entry into mitosis, coinciding with mitotic entry in synchronized cells. Cell cycle arrest causes retention of L2/vDNA at the TGN; only release and progression past G2/M enables translocation across the limiting membrane and subsequent infection. Microscopy of EdU-labeled vDNA reveals a rapid and dramatic shift in vDNA localization during early mitosis. At late G2/early prophase vDNA egresses from the TGN to a pericentriolar location, accumulating there through prometaphase where it begins to associate with condensed chromosomes. By metaphase and throughout anaphase the vDNA is seen bound to the mitotic chromosomes, ensuring distribution into both daughter nuclei. Mutations in a newly defined chromatin binding region of L2 potently blocked translocation, suggesting that translocation is dependent on chromatin binding during prometaphase. This represents the first time a virus has been shown to functionally couple the penetration of limiting membranes to cellular mitosis, explaining in part the tropism of HPV for mitotic basal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Calton
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Bronnimann
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Ariana R. Manson
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Shuaizhi Li
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Janice A. Chapman
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Marcela Suarez-Berumen
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tatum R. Williamson
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sudheer K. Molugu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ricardo A. Bernal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Samuel K. Campos
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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46
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Ndolo KM, Park KR, Lee HJ, Yoon KB, Kim YC, Han SY. Characterization of the Indirubin Derivative LDD970 as a Small Molecule Aurora Kinase A Inhibitor in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Immune Netw 2017; 17:110-115. [PMID: 28458622 PMCID: PMC5407982 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora kinase A plays an essential role in mitosis including chromosome separation and cytokinesis. Aberrant expression and activity of Aurora kinase A is associated with numerous malignancies including colorectal cancer followed by poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to determine the inhibitory effects of LDD970, an indirubin derivative, on Aurora kinase A in HT29 colorectal cancer cells. In vitro kinase assay revealed that, LDD970 inhibited levels of activated Aurora kinase A (IC50=0.37 mM). The inhibitory effects of LDD970 on Aurora kinase A, autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of histone H3 (Ser10), were confirmed by immunoblot analysis. Moreover, LDD970 inhibited migration of HT29 cells and upregulated apoptosis-related protein cleaved PARP. In cell viability assay, LDD970 was observed to suppress HT29 cell growth (GI50=4.22 µM). Although further studies are required, results of the present study suggest that LDD970 provide a valuable insight into small molecule indirubin derivative for therapeutic potential in human colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Muzinga Ndolo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Kyeong Ryang Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Kyoung Bin Yoon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- School of life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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47
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Ursolic acid benzaldehyde chalcone, leads to inhibition of cell proliferation and arrests cycle in G1/G0 phase in colon cancer. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 25:1762-1766. [PMID: 30591797 PMCID: PMC6303143 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the effect of matrine on colon cancer cell viability and apoptosis and tumor growth in mice xenograft model. The results from MTT assay revealed a concentration and time dependent reduction in viability of HCT8 and HT29 colon cancer cells by matrine. The viability of HCT8 and HT29 cells was reduced to 24.67 and 29.32% on treatment with 4 µM/ml concentration of matrine after 48 h (P < 0.05). The results from flow cytometry revealed increase in population of HCT8 and HT29 cells to 77.6 ± 0.3 and 54.0 ± 5.4%, respectively compared to 1.4 ± 0.3 and 2.4 ± 0.7% in control on exposure to 1 µM/ml concentration of matrine. Histone H2AX phosphorylation and expression of Myt1, cyclin A2, cyclin B1 and p53 were increased in HCT8 and HT29 cells on treatment with matrine for 48 h. Matrine treatment also increased the phosphorylation of cdc2 significantly compared to control cells at 48 h (P < 0.05). Results from Annexin-V/FITC-staining showed increase in proportion of apoptotic cells in HCT8 and HT29 cells 67.52 and 68.56 on treatment with 1 µM/ml of matrine. Matrine treatment caused a marked reduction in the growth of HCT8 cell xenograft after 21 days. Thus matrine inhibits cell viability, induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth in colon cancer.
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Chen C, Zhang Z, Cui P, Liao Y, Zhang Y, Yao L, Rui R, Ju S. Phosphorylation of histone H3 on Ser-10 by Aurora B is essential for chromosome condensation in porcine embryos during the first mitotic division. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 148:73-83. [PMID: 28220245 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of histone H3 on Ser-10 (H3S10ph) is involved in regulating mitotic chromosome condensation and decondensation, which plays an important regulatory role during mitotic cell cycle progression in mammalian cells. However, whether H3S10ph plays a similar role in early porcine embryos during the first mitotic division remains uncertain. In this study, the subcellular localization and possible roles of H3S10ph were evaluated in the first mitotic cell cycle progression of porcine embryos using western blot, indirect immunofluorescence and barasertib (H3S10ph upstream regulator Aurora-B inhibitor) treatments. H3S10ph exhibited a dynamic localization pattern and was localized to chromosomes from prometaphase to anaphase stages. Treatment of porcine embryos with barasertib inhibited mitotic division at the prophase stage and was associated with a defect in chromosome condensation accompanied by the reduction of H3S10ph. These results indicated that H3S10ph is involved in the first mitotic division in porcine embryos through its regulatory function in chromosome condensation, which further affects porcine embryo cell cycle progression during mitotic division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchao Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Zixiao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Panpan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yaya Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Lingyun Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Rong Rui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Shiqiang Ju
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
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49
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Zhou S, Abdouh M, Arena V, Arena M, Arena GO. Reprogramming Malignant Cancer Cells toward a Benign Phenotype following Exposure to Human Embryonic Stem Cell Microenvironment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169899. [PMID: 28068409 PMCID: PMC5222525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic microenvironment is well known to be non-permissive for tumor development because early developmental signals naturally suppress the expression of proto-oncogenes. In an analogous manner, mimicking an early embryonic environment during embryonic stem cell culture has been shown to suppress oncogenic phenotypes of cancer cells. Exosomes derived from human embryonic stem cells harbor substances that mirror the content of the cells of origin and have been reported to reprogram hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells via horizontal transfer of mRNA and proteins. However, the possibility that these embryonic stem cells-derived exosomes might be the main effectors of the anti-tumor effect mediated by the embryonic stem cells has not been explored yet. The present study aims to investigate whether exosomes derived from human embryonic stem cells can reprogram malignant cancer cells to a benign stage and reduce their tumorigenicity. We show that the embryonic stem cell-conditioned medium contains factors that inhibit cancer cell growth and tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we demonstrate that exosomes derived from human embryonic stem cells display anti-proliferation and pro-apoptotic effects, and decrease tumor size in a xenograft model. These exosomes are also able to transfer their cargo into target cancer cells, inducing a dose-dependent increase in SOX2, OCT4 and Nanog proteins, leading to a dose-dependent decrease of cancer cell growth and tumorigenicity. This study shows for the first time that human embryonic stem cell-derived exosomes play an important role in the tumor suppressive activity displayed by human embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Zhou
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mohamed Abdouh
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Arena
- Deparment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Santo Bambino Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Manuel Arena
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Organ Transplantation and Advances Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Goffredo Orazio Arena
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Surgery, St. Mary Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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50
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van Wely KHM, Mora Gallardo C, Vann KR, Kutateladze TG. Epigenetic countermarks in mitotic chromosome condensation. Nucleus 2017; 8:144-149. [PMID: 28045584 PMCID: PMC5403135 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2016.1276144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitosis in metazoans is characterized by abundant phosphorylation of histone H3 and involves the recruitment of condensin complexes to chromatin. The relationship between the 2 phenomena and their respective contributions to chromosome condensation in vivo remain poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that H3T3 phosphorylation decreases binding of histone readers to methylated H3K4 in vitro and is essential to displace the corresponding proteins from mitotic chromatin in vivo. Together with previous observations, these data provide further evidence for a role of mitotic histone H3 phosphorylation in blocking transcriptional programs or preserving the ‘memory’ PTMs. Mitotic protein exclusion can also have a role in depopulating the chromatin template for subsequent condensin loading. H3 phosphorylation thus serves as an integral step in the condensation of chromosome arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel H M van Wely
- a Department of Immunology and Oncology , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - Carmen Mora Gallardo
- a Department of Immunology and Oncology , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - Kendra R Vann
- b Department of Pharmacology , University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Tatiana G Kutateladze
- b Department of Pharmacology , University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , CO , USA
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