1
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Bucci A, Tortarolo G, Held MO, Bega L, Perego E, Castagnetti F, Bozzoni I, Slenders E, Vicidomini G. 4D Single-particle tracking with asynchronous read-out single-photon avalanche diode array detector. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6188. [PMID: 39043637 PMCID: PMC11266502 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-particle tracking techniques enable investigation of the complex functions and interactions of individual particles in biological environments. Many such techniques exist, each demonstrating trade-offs between spatiotemporal resolution, spatial and temporal range, technical complexity, and information content. To mitigate these trade-offs, we enhanced a confocal laser scanning microscope with an asynchronous read-out single-photon avalanche diode array detector. This detector provides an image of the particle's emission, precisely reflecting its position within the excitation volume. This localization is utilized in a real-time feedback system to drive the microscope scanning mechanism and ensure the particle remains centered inside the excitation volume. As each pixel is an independent single-photon detector, single-particle tracking is combined with fluorescence lifetime measurement. Our system achieves 40 nm lateral and 60 nm axial localization precision with 100 photons and sub-millisecond temporal sampling for real-time tracking. Offline tracking can refine this precision to the microsecond scale. We validated the system's spatiotemporal resolution by tracking fluorescent beads with diffusion coefficients up to 10 μm2/s. Additionally, we investigated the movement of lysosomes in living SK-N-BE cells and measured the fluorescence lifetime of the marker expressed on a membrane protein. We expect that this implementation will open other correlative imaging and tracking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bucci
- Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Informatica, Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Tortarolo
- Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory of Experimental Biophysics, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Oliver Held
- Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Bega
- Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Perego
- Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Castagnetti
- Non coding RNAs in Physiology and Pathology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Irene Bozzoni
- Non coding RNAs in Physiology and Pathology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Eli Slenders
- Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vicidomini
- Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.
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2
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Weier AK, Homrich M, Ebbinghaus S, Juda P, Miková E, Hauschild R, Zhang L, Quast T, Mass E, Schlitzer A, Kolanus W, Burgdorf S, Gruß OJ, Hons M, Wieser S, Kiermaier E. Multiple centrosomes enhance migration and immune cell effector functions of mature dendritic cells. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202107134. [PMID: 36214847 PMCID: PMC9555069 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202107134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes play a crucial role during immune cell interactions and initiation of the immune response. In proliferating cells, centrosome numbers are tightly controlled and generally limited to one in G1 and two prior to mitosis. Defects in regulating centrosome numbers have been associated with cell transformation and tumorigenesis. Here, we report the emergence of extra centrosomes in leukocytes during immune activation. Upon antigen encounter, dendritic cells pass through incomplete mitosis and arrest in the subsequent G1 phase leading to tetraploid cells with accumulated centrosomes. In addition, cell stimulation increases expression of polo-like kinase 2, resulting in diploid cells with two centrosomes in G1-arrested cells. During cell migration, centrosomes tightly cluster and act as functional microtubule-organizing centers allowing for increased persistent locomotion along gradients of chemotactic cues. Moreover, dendritic cells with extra centrosomes display enhanced secretion of inflammatory cytokines and optimized T cell responses. Together, these results demonstrate a previously unappreciated role of extra centrosomes for regular cell and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Weier
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Immune and Tumor Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mirka Homrich
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Immune and Tumor Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ebbinghaus
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Immune and Tumor Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pavel Juda
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Miková
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Hauschild
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lili Zhang
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Quantitative Systems Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elvira Mass
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Developmental Biology of the Immune System, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Quantitative Systems Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Waldemar Kolanus
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Burgdorf
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Cellular Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver J. Gruß
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Miroslav Hons
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Wieser
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Eva Kiermaier
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Immune and Tumor Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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3
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Kotsias F, Cebrian I, Alloatti A. Antigen processing and presentation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 348:69-121. [PMID: 31810556 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are at the center of immune responses. They are defined by their ability to sense the environment, take up and process antigen, migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, where they present antigens to the adaptive immune system. In particular, they present lipids and proteins from pathogens, which they encountered in peripheral tissues, to T cells in order to induce a specific effector immune response. These complex antigens need to be broken down into peptides of a certain length in association with Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. Presentation of MHC/antigen complexes alongside costimulatory molecules and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines will induce an appropriate immune response. This interaction between dendritic cells and T cells takes place at defined locations within secondary lymphoid organs. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge and recent advances on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie antigen processing and the subsequent presentation to T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Kotsias
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Cebrian
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Andrés Alloatti
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER)-CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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4
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Saiz ML, Rocha-Perugini V, Sánchez-Madrid F. Tetraspanins as Organizers of Antigen-Presenting Cell Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1074. [PMID: 29875769 PMCID: PMC5974036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) include dendritic cells, monocytes, and B cells. APCs internalize and process antigens, producing immunogenic peptides that enable antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, which provide the signals that trigger T-cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, and lead to adaptive immune responses. After detection of microbial antigens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), APCs migrate to secondary lymphoid organs where antigen presentation to T lymphocytes takes place. Tetraspanins are membrane proteins that organize specialized membrane platforms, called tetraspanin-enriched microdomains, which integrate membrane receptors, like PRR and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II), adhesion proteins, and signaling molecules. Importantly, through the modulation of the function of their associated membrane partners, tetraspanins regulate different steps of the immune response. Several tetraspanins can positively or negatively regulate the activation threshold of immune receptors. They also play a role during migration of APCs by controlling the surface levels and spatial arrangement of adhesion molecules and their subsequent intracellular signaling. Finally, tetraspanins participate in antigen processing and are important for priming of naïve T cells through the control of T-cell co-stimulation and MHC-II-dependent antigen presentation. In this review, we discuss the role of tetraspanins in APC biology and their involvement in effective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Saiz
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Vascular Pathophysiology Research Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vera Rocha-Perugini
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Vascular Pathophysiology Research Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Vascular Pathophysiology Research Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Zorec R, Parpura V, Verkhratsky A. Astroglial vesicular network: evolutionary trends, physiology and pathophysiology. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 28665546 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular organelles, including secretory vesicles, emerged when eukaryotic cells evolved some 3 billion years ago. The primordial organelles that evolved in Archaea were similar to endolysosomes, which developed, arguably, for specific metabolic tasks, including uptake, metabolic processing, storage and disposal of molecules. In comparison with prokaryotes, cell volume of eukaryotes increased by several orders of magnitude and vesicle traffic emerged to allow for communication between distant intracellular locations. Lysosomes, first described in 1955, a prominent intermediate of endo- and exocytotic pathways, operate virtually in all eukaryotic cells including astroglia, the most heterogeneous type of homeostatic glia in the central nervous system. Astrocytes support neuronal network activity in particular through elaborated secretion, based on a complex intracellular vesicle network dynamics. Deranged homeostasis underlies disease and astroglial vesicle traffic contributes to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease), neurodevelopmental diseases (intellectual deficiency, Rett's disease) and neuroinfectious (Zika virus) disorders. This review addresses astroglial cell-autonomous vesicular traffic network, as well as its into primary and secondary vesicular network defects in diseases, and considers this network as a target for developing new therapies for neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Celica; BIOMEDICAL; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - V. Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology; Civitan International Research Center and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine; Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute; Atomic Force Microscopy and Nanotechnology Laboratories; University of Alabama; Birmingham AL USA
| | - A. Verkhratsky
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Celica; BIOMEDICAL; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Faculty of Biology; Medicine and Health; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience; IKERBASQUE; Basque Foundation for Science; Bilbao Spain
- Department of Neurosciences; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED; Leioa Spain
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6
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The role of the cytoskeleton in biomineralisation in haptophyte algae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15409. [PMID: 29133928 PMCID: PMC5684398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of calcium carbonate by coccolithophores (haptophytes) contributes significantly to global biogeochemical cycling. The recent identification of a silicifying haptophyte, Prymnesium neolepis, has provided new insight into the evolution of biomineralisation in this lineage. However, the cellular mechanisms of biomineralisation in both calcifying and silicifying haptophytes remain poorly understood. To look for commonalities between these two biomineralisation systems in haptophytes, we have determined the role of actin and tubulin in the formation of intracellular biomineralised scales in the coccolithophore, Coccolithus braarudii and in P. neolepis. We find that disruption of the actin network interferes with secretion of the biomineralised elements in both C. braarudii and P. neolepis. In contrast, disruption of the microtubule network does not prevent secretion of the silica scales in P. neolepis but results in production of abnormally small silica scales and also results in the increased formation of malformed coccoliths in C. braarudii. We conclude that the cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in biomineralisation in both silicifying and calcifying haptophytes. There are some important similarities in the contribution of the cytoskeleton to these different forms of biomineralisation, suggesting that common cellular mechanisms may have been recruited to perform similar roles in both lineages.
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7
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Afridi S, Hoessli DC, Hameed MW. Mechanistic understanding and significance of small peptides interaction with MHC class II molecules for therapeutic applications. Immunol Rev 2017; 272:151-68. [PMID: 27319349 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules are expressed by antigen-presenting cells and stimulate CD4(+) T cells, which initiate humoral immune responses. Over the past decade, interest has developed to therapeutically impact the peptides to be exposed to CD4(+) T cells. Structurally diverse small molecules have been discovered that act on the endogenous peptide exchanger HLA-DM by different mechanisms. Exogenously delivered peptides are highly susceptible to proteolytic cleavage in vivo; however, it is only when successfully incorporated into stable MHC II-peptide complexes that these peptides can induce an immune response. Many of the small molecules so far discovered have highlighted the molecular interactions mediating the formation of MHC II-peptide complexes. As potential drugs, these small molecules open new therapeutic approaches to modulate MHC II antigen presentation pathways and influence the quality and specificity of immune responses. This review briefly introduces how CD4(+) T cells recognize antigen when displayed by MHC class II molecules, as well as MHC class II-peptide-loading pathways, structural basis of peptide binding and stabilization of the peptide-MHC complexes. We discuss the concept of MHC-loading enhancers, how they could modulate immune responses and how these molecules have been identified. Finally, we suggest mechanisms whereby MHC-loading enhancers could act upon MHC class II molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifullah Afridi
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Daniel C Hoessli
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqar Hameed
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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8
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CD9 Regulates Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Trafficking in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00202-17. [PMID: 28533221 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00202-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) stimulates naive CD4+ T cells, triggering T cell activation and the adaptive arm of the immune response. Newly synthesized major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules accumulate at MHC-II-enriched endosomal compartments and are transported to the plasma membrane of DCs after binding to antigenic peptides to enable antigen presentation. In DCs, MHC-II molecules are included in tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs). However, the role of tetraspanin CD9 in these processes remains largely undefined. Here, we show that CD9 regulates the T cell-stimulatory capacity of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-dependent bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs), without affecting antigen presentation by fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L)-dependent BMDCs. CD9 knockout (KO) GM-CSF-dependent BMDCs, which resemble monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs), induce lower levels of T cell activation than wild-type DCs, and this effect is related to a reduction in MHC-II surface expression in CD9-deficient MoDCs. Importantly, MHC-II targeting to the plasma membrane is largely impaired in immature CD9 KO MoDCs, in which MHC-II remains arrested in acidic intracellular compartments enriched in LAMP-1 (lysosome-associated membrane protein 1), and MHC-II internalization is also blocked. Moreover, CD9 participates in MHC-II trafficking in mature MoDCs, regulating its endocytosis and recycling. Our results demonstrate that the tetraspanin CD9 specifically regulates antigenic presentation in MoDCs through the regulation of MHC-II intracellular trafficking.
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9
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Liu JJ. Regulation of dynein-dynactin-driven vesicular transport. Traffic 2017; 18:336-347. [PMID: 28248450 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most of the long-range intracellular movements of vesicles, organelles and other cargoes are driven by microtubule (MT)-based molecular motors. Cytoplasmic dynein, a multisubunit protein complex, with the aid of dynactin, drives transport of a wide variety of cargoes towards the minus end of MTs. In this article, I review our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying spatiotemporal regulation of dynein-dynactin-driven vesicular transport with a special emphasis on the many steps of directional movement along MT tracks. These include the recruitment of dynein to MT plus ends, the activation and processivity of dynein, and cargo recognition and release by the motor complex at the target membrane. Furthermore, I summarize the most recent findings about the fine control mechanisms for intracellular transport via the interaction between the dynein-dynactin motor complex and its vesicular cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Zorec R, Parpura V, Vardjan N, Verkhratsky A. Astrocytic face of Alzheimer’s disease. Behav Brain Res 2017; 322:250-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Jongsma MLM, Berlin I, Wijdeven RHM, Janssen L, Janssen GMC, Garstka MA, Janssen H, Mensink M, van Veelen PA, Spaapen RM, Neefjes J. An ER-Associated Pathway Defines Endosomal Architecture for Controlled Cargo Transport. Cell 2017; 166:152-66. [PMID: 27368102 PMCID: PMC4930482 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Through a network of progressively maturing vesicles, the endosomal system connects the cell's interior with extracellular space. Intriguingly, this network exhibits a bilateral architecture, comprised of a relatively immobile perinuclear vesicle "cloud" and a highly dynamic peripheral contingent. How this spatiotemporal organization is achieved and what function(s) it curates is unclear. Here, we reveal the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-located ubiquitin ligase Ring finger protein 26 (RNF26) as the global architect of the entire endosomal system, including the trans-Golgi network (TGN). To specify perinuclear vesicle coordinates, catalytically competent RNF26 recruits and ubiquitinates the scaffold p62/sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1), in turn attracting ubiquitin-binding domains (UBDs) of various vesicle adaptors. Consequently, RNF26 restrains fast transport of diverse vesicles through a common molecular mechanism operating at the ER membrane, until the deubiquitinating enzyme USP15 opposes RNF26 activity to allow vesicle release into the cell's periphery. By drawing the endosomal system's architecture, RNF26 orchestrates endosomal maturation and trafficking of cargoes, including signaling receptors, in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlieke L M Jongsma
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilana Berlin
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ruud H M Wijdeven
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lennert Janssen
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - George M C Janssen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Malgorzata A Garstka
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Janssen
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Mensink
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter A van Veelen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robbert M Spaapen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
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12
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Zorec R, Parpura V, Verkhratsky A. Astroglial Vesicular Trafficking in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:905-917. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Unanue ER, Turk V, Neefjes J. Variations in MHC Class II Antigen Processing and Presentation in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2016; 34:265-97. [PMID: 26907214 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules are critical in the control of many immune responses. They are also involved in most autoimmune diseases and other pathologies. Here, we describe the biology of MHC-II and MHC-II variations that affect immune responses. We discuss the classic cell biology of MHC-II and various perturbations. Proteolysis is a major process in the biology of MHC-II, and we describe the various components forming and controlling this endosomal proteolytic machinery. This process ultimately determines the MHC-II-presented peptidome, including cryptic peptides, modified peptides, and other peptides that are relevant in autoimmune responses. MHC-II also variable in expression, glycosylation, and turnover. We illustrate that MHC-II is variable not only in amino acids (polymorphic) but also in its biology, with consequences for both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Vito Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; .,Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Verkhratsky A, Matteoli M, Parpura V, Mothet JP, Zorec R. Astrocytes as secretory cells of the central nervous system: idiosyncrasies of vesicular secretion. EMBO J 2016; 35:239-57. [PMID: 26758544 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201592705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are housekeepers of the central nervous system (CNS) and are important for CNS development, homeostasis and defence. They communicate with neurones and other glial cells through the release of signalling molecules. Astrocytes secrete a wide array of classic neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and hormones, as well as metabolic, trophic and plastic factors, all of which contribute to the gliocrine system. The release of neuroactive substances from astrocytes occurs through several distinct pathways that include diffusion through plasmalemmal channels, translocation by multiple transporters and regulated exocytosis. As in other eukaryotic cells, exocytotic secretion from astrocytes involves divergent secretory organelles (synaptic-like microvesicles, dense-core vesicles, lysosomes, exosomes and ectosomes), which differ in size, origin, cargo, membrane composition, dynamics and functions. In this review, we summarize the features and functions of secretory organelles in astrocytes. We focus on the biogenesis and trafficking of secretory organelles and on the regulation of the exocytotic secretory system in the context of healthy and diseased astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michela Matteoli
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Mothet
- Team Gliotransmission & Synaptopathies, Aix-Marseille University CNRS, CRN2M UMR7286, Marseille, France
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Vardjan N, Verkhratsky A, Zorec R. Pathologic Potential of Astrocytic Vesicle Traffic: New Targets to Treat Neurologic Diseases? Cell Transplant 2015; 24:599-612. [DOI: 10.3727/096368915x687750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicles are small intracellular organelles that are fundamental for constitutive housekeeping of the plasmalemma, intercellular transport, and cell-to-cell communications. In astroglial cells, traffic of vesicles is associated with cell morphology, which determines the signaling potential and metabolic support for neighboring cells, including when these cells are considered to be used for cell transplantations or for regulating neurogenesis. Moreover, vesicles are used in astrocytes for the release of vesicle-laden chemical messengers. Here we review the properties of membrane-bound vesicles that store gliotransmitters, endolysosomes that are involved in the traffic of plasma membrane receptors, and membrane transporters. These vesicles are all linked to pathological states, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, neuroinflammation, trauma, edema, and states in which astrocytes contribute to developmental disorders. In multiple sclerosis, for example, fingolimod, a recently introduced drug, apparently affects vesicle traffic and gliotransmitter release from astrocytes, indicating that this process may well be used as a new pathophysiologic target for the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vardjan
- Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert Zorec
- Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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16
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van Luijn MM, Kreft KL, Jongsma ML, Mes SW, Wierenga-Wolf AF, van Meurs M, Melief MJ, der Kant RV, Janssen L, Janssen H, Tan R, Priatel JJ, Neefjes J, Laman JD, Hintzen RQ. Multiple sclerosis-associated CLEC16A controls HLA class II expression via late endosome biogenesis. Brain 2015; 138:1531-47. [PMID: 25823473 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
C-type lectins are key players in immune regulation by driving distinct functions of antigen-presenting cells. The C-type lectin CLEC16A gene is located at 16p13, a susceptibility locus for several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis. However, the function of this gene and its potential contribution to these diseases in humans are poorly understood. In this study, we found a strong upregulation of CLEC16A expression in the white matter of multiple sclerosis patients (n = 14) compared to non-demented controls (n = 11), mainly in perivascular leukocyte infiltrates. Moreover, CLEC16A levels were significantly enhanced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of multiple sclerosis patients (n = 69) versus healthy controls (n = 46). In peripheral blood mononuclear cells, CLEC16A was most abundant in monocyte-derived dendritic cells, in which it strongly co-localized with human leukocyte antigen class II. Treatment of these professional antigen-presenting cells with vitamin D, a key protective environmental factor in multiple sclerosis, downmodulated CLEC16A in parallel with human leukocyte antigen class II. Knockdown of CLEC16A in distinct types of model and primary antigen-presenting cells resulted in severely impaired cytoplasmic distribution and formation of human leucocyte antigen class II-positive late endosomes, as determined by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Mechanistically, CLEC16A participated in the molecular machinery of human leukocyte antigen class II-positive late endosome formation and trafficking to perinuclear regions, involving the dynein motor complex. By performing co-immunoprecipitations, we found that CLEC16A directly binds to two critical members of this complex, RILP and the HOPS complex. CLEC16A silencing in antigen-presenting cells disturbed RILP-mediated recruitment of human leukocyte antigen class II-positive late endosomes to perinuclear regions. Together, we identify CLEC16A as a pivotal gene in multiple sclerosis that serves as a direct regulator of the human leukocyte antigen class II pathway in antigen-presenting cells. These findings are a first step in coupling multiple sclerosis-associated genes to the regulation of the strongest genetic factor in multiple sclerosis, human leukocyte antigen class II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin M van Luijn
- 1 Department of Immunology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karim L Kreft
- 2 Department of Neurology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlieke L Jongsma
- 3 Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W Mes
- 1 Department of Immunology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annet F Wierenga-Wolf
- 1 Department of Immunology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan van Meurs
- 1 Department of Immunology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Melief
- 1 Department of Immunology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik van der Kant
- 3 Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennert Janssen
- 3 Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Janssen
- 3 Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rusung Tan
- 4 Department of Pathology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar 5 BC Children's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - John J Priatel
- 5 BC Children's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- 3 Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- 1 Department of Immunology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Q Hintzen
- 2 Department of Neurology and MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Michelet X, Garg S, Wolf BJ, Tuli A, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Brenner MB. MHC Class II Presentation Is Controlled by the Lysosomal Small GTPase, Arl8b. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2079-88. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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A critical role for cell polarity in antigen extraction, processing, and presentation by B lymphocytes. Adv Immunol 2014; 123:51-67. [PMID: 24840947 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800266-7.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The activation of B lymphocytes in response to external stimuli represents a key step in the adaptive immune response, which is required for the production of high-affinity antibodies and for the generation of long-term memory. Because the dysregulation of B lymphocyte responses can lead to diverse pathological situations, B cells are considered today as valuable therapeutic targets for immunomodulation, in particular in the context of autoimmune reactions. Here, we review the fundamental molecular and cell biological mechanisms that enable B cells to efficiently sense, acquire, and respond to extracellular antigens. A special emphasis is given to cell polarity, which was shown to be critical for the regulation of antigen acquisition, processing, and presentation by B lymphocytes. How cell polarity coordinates the various steps of B lymphocyte activation and might impact the humoral immune response is further discussed.
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19
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Potokar M, Vardjan N, Stenovec M, Gabrijel M, Trkov S, Jorgačevski J, Kreft M, Zorec R. Astrocytic vesicle mobility in health and disease. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11238-58. [PMID: 23712361 PMCID: PMC3709730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are no longer considered subservient to neurons, and are, instead, now understood to play an active role in brain signaling. The intercellular communication of astrocytes with neurons and other non-neuronal cells involves the exchange of molecules by exocytotic and endocytotic processes through the trafficking of intracellular vesicles. Recent studies of single vesicle mobility in astrocytes have prompted new views of how astrocytes contribute to information processing in nervous tissue. Here, we review the trafficking of several types of membrane-bound vesicles that are specifically involved in the processes of (i) intercellular communication by gliotransmitters (glutamate, adenosine 5′-triphosphate, atrial natriuretic peptide), (ii) plasma membrane exchange of transporters and receptors (EAAT2, MHC-II), and (iii) the involvement of vesicle mobility carrying aquaporins (AQP4) in water homeostasis. The properties of vesicle traffic in astrocytes are discussed in respect to networking with neighboring cells in physiologic and pathologic conditions, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and states in which astrocytes contribute to neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Potokar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: (M.P.); (N.V.); (M.S.); (M.G.); (S.T.); (J.J.); (M.K.)
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: (M.P.); (N.V.); (M.S.); (M.G.); (S.T.); (J.J.); (M.K.)
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Stenovec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: (M.P.); (N.V.); (M.S.); (M.G.); (S.T.); (J.J.); (M.K.)
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Gabrijel
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: (M.P.); (N.V.); (M.S.); (M.G.); (S.T.); (J.J.); (M.K.)
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Trkov
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: (M.P.); (N.V.); (M.S.); (M.G.); (S.T.); (J.J.); (M.K.)
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jorgačevski
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: (M.P.); (N.V.); (M.S.); (M.G.); (S.T.); (J.J.); (M.K.)
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Kreft
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: (M.P.); (N.V.); (M.S.); (M.G.); (S.T.); (J.J.); (M.K.)
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: (M.P.); (N.V.); (M.S.); (M.G.); (S.T.); (J.J.); (M.K.)
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +386-1543-7020; Fax: +386-1543-7036
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del Rio R, McAllister RD, Meeker ND, Wall EH, Bond JP, Kyttaris VC, Tsokos GC, Tung KSK, Teuscher C. Identification of Orch3, a locus controlling dominant resistance to autoimmune orchitis, as kinesin family member 1C. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003140. [PMID: 23300462 PMCID: PMC3531464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO), the principal model of non-infectious testicular inflammatory disease, can be induced in susceptible mouse strains by immunization with autologous testicular homogenate and appropriate adjuvants. As previously established, the genome of DBA/2J mice encodes genes that are capable of conferring dominant resistance to EAO, while the genome of BALB/cByJ mice does not and they are therefore susceptible to EAO. In a genome scan, we previously identified Orch3 as the major quantitative trait locus controlling dominant resistance to EAO and mapped it to chromosome 11. Here, by utilizing a forward genetic approach, we identified kinesin family member 1C (Kif1c) as a positional candidate for Orch3 and, using a transgenic approach, demonstrated that Kif1c is Orch3. Mechanistically, we showed that the resistant Kif1cD2 allele leads to a reduced antigen-specific T cell proliferative response as a consequence of decreased MHC class II expression by antigen presenting cells, and that the L578→P578 and S1027→P1027 polymorphisms distinguishing the BALB/cByJ and DBA/2J alleles, respectively, can play a role in transcriptional regulation. These findings may provide mechanistic insight into how polymorphism in other kinesins such as KIF21B and KIF5A influence susceptibility and resistance to human autoimmune diseases. Although the etiology of autoimmunity is not well known, a variety of studies have demonstrated that genetic predisposition is a major contributor to disease susceptibility and resistance. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is the primary genetic determinant of autoimmune disease susceptibility with multiple additional interacting loci required. However, the identification and characterization of non–MHC genes has been problematic, since most autoimmune diseases are polygenic with the individual genes exhibiting only partial or minimal penetrance. We previously identified Orch3 (mouse chromosome 11) as the most important immune-suppressive locus controlling dominant resistance to autoimmune orchitis, the principal animal model of non-infectious testicular inflammatory/autoimmune disease. Here, using congenic mapping, we identified kinesin family member 1C (Kif1c) as a positional candidate for Orch3. Furthermore, over-expression of the Kif1c resistant allele in susceptible mice rendered animals autoimmune orchitis resistant, demonstrating that Kif1c is Orch3. We propose that Kif1c plays an immunoregulatory role by controlling the levels of MHC class II in antigen presenting cells and consequently impacting autoreactive orchitogenic T cell responses. These finding are particularly relevant since polymorphism in other kinesins such as KIF21B and KIF5A have been associated with susceptibility and resistance to human autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana del Rio
- Department of Medicine/Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Ryan D. McAllister
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nathan D. Meeker
- Mountain States Tumor Institute, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Emma H. Wall
- Department of Medicine/Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey P. Bond
- Vermont Genetics Network Bioinformatics Core, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Vasileios C. Kyttaris
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George C. Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kenneth S. K. Tung
- Department of Pathology and Beirne B. Carter Center of Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Cory Teuscher
- Department of Medicine/Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Mantegazza AR, Magalhaes JG, Amigorena S, Marks MS. Presentation of phagocytosed antigens by MHC class I and II. Traffic 2012; 14:135-52. [PMID: 23127154 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis provides innate immune cells with a mechanism to take up and destroy pathogenic bacteria, apoptotic cells and other large particles. In some cases, however, peptide antigens from these particles are preserved for presentation in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or class II molecules in order to stimulate antigen-specific T cells. Processing and presentation of antigens from phagosomes presents a number of distinct challenges relative to antigens internalized by other means; while bacterial antigens were among the first discovered to be presented to T cells, analyses of the cellular mechanisms by which peptides from phagocytosed antigens assemble with MHC molecules and by which these complexes are then expressed at the plasma membrane have lagged behind those of conventional model soluble antigens. In this review, we cover recent advances in our understanding of these processes, including the unique cross-presentation of phagocytosed antigens by MHC class I molecules, and in their control by signaling modalities in phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R Mantegazza
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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22
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Vardjan N, Gabrijel M, Potokar M, Svajger U, Kreft M, Jeras M, de Pablo Y, Faiz M, Pekny M, Zorec R. IFN-γ-induced increase in the mobility of MHC class II compartments in astrocytes depends on intermediate filaments. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:144. [PMID: 22734718 PMCID: PMC3423045 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In immune-mediated diseases of the central nervous system, astrocytes exposed to interferon-γ (IFN-γ) can express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and antigens on their surface. MHC class II molecules are thought to be delivered to the cell surface by membrane-bound vesicles. However, the characteristics and dynamics of this vesicular traffic are unclear, particularly in reactive astrocytes, which overexpress intermediate filament (IF) proteins that may affect trafficking. The aim of this study was to determine the mobility of MHC class II vesicles in wild-type (WT) astrocytes and in astrocytes devoid of IFs. Methods The identity of MHC class II compartments in WT and IF-deficient astrocytes 48 h after IFN-γ activation was determined immunocytochemically by using confocal microscopy. Time-lapse confocal imaging and Alexa Fluor546-dextran labeling of late endosomes/lysosomes in IFN-γ treated cells was used to characterize the motion of MHC class II vesicles. The mobility of vesicles was analyzed using ParticleTR software. Results Confocal imaging of primary cultures of WT and IF-deficient astrocytes revealed IFN-γ induced MHC class II expression in late endosomes/lysosomes, which were specifically labeled with Alexa Fluor546-conjugated dextran. Live imaging revealed faster movement of dextran-positive vesicles in IFN-γ-treated than in untreated astrocytes. Vesicle mobility was lower in IFN-γ-treated IF-deficient astrocytes than in WT astrocytes. Thus, the IFN-γ-induced increase in the mobility of MHC class II compartments is IF-dependent. Conclusions Since reactivity of astrocytes is a hallmark of many CNS pathologies, it is likely that the up-regulation of IFs under such conditions allows a faster and therefore a more efficient delivery of MHC class II molecules to the cell surface. In vivo, such regulatory mechanisms may enable antigen-presenting reactive astrocytes to respond rapidly and in a controlled manner to CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vardjan
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki Park 24, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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Uusi-Rauva K, Kyttälä A, van der Kant R, Vesa J, Tanhuanpää K, Neefjes J, Olkkonen VM, Jalanko A. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis protein CLN3 interacts with motor proteins and modifies location of late endosomal compartments. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2075-89. [PMID: 22261744 PMCID: PMC11114557 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
CLN3 is an endosomal/lysosomal transmembrane protein mutated in classical juvenile onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, a fatal inherited neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder. The function of CLN3 in endosomal/lysosomal events has remained elusive due to poor understanding of its interactions in these compartments. It has previously been shown that the localisation of late endosomal/lysosomal compartments is disturbed in cells expressing the most common disease-associated CLN3 mutant, CLN3∆ex7-8 (c.462-677del). We report here that a protracted disease causing mutant, CLN3E295K, affects the properties of late endocytic compartments, since over-expression of the CLN3E295K mutant protein in HeLa cells induced relocalisation of Rab7 and a perinuclear clustering of late endosomes/lysosomes. In addition to the previously reported disturbances in the endocytic pathway, we now show that the anterograde transport of late endosomal/lysosomal compartments is affected in CLN3 deficiency. CLN3 interacted with motor components driving both plus and minus end microtubular trafficking: tubulin, dynactin, dynein and kinesin-2. Most importantly, CLN3 was found to interact directly with active, guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP)-bound Rab7 and with the Rab7-interacting lysosomal protein (RILP) that anchors the dynein motor. The data presented in this study provide novel insights into the role of CLN3 in late endosomal/lysosomal membrane transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Uusi-Rauva
- National Institute for Health and Welfare and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 104, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aija Kyttälä
- National Institute for Health and Welfare and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 104, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rik van der Kant
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jouni Vesa
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Gonda Neuroscience and Genetics Research Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088 USA
| | - Kimmo Tanhuanpää
- Light Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vesa M. Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum Helsinki, 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Jalanko
- National Institute for Health and Welfare and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 104, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
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Role for the SRC family kinase Fyn in sphingolipid acquisition by chlamydiae. Infect Immun 2011; 79:4559-68. [PMID: 21896774 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05692-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis replicates within a membrane-bound vacuole termed the inclusion. From within this protective environment, chlamydiae usurp numerous functions of the host cell to promote chlamydial survival and replication. Here we utilized a small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based screening protocol designed to identify host proteins involved in the trafficking of sphingomyelin to the chlamydial inclusion. Twenty-six host proteins whose deficiency significantly decreased sphingomyelin trafficking to the inclusion and 16 proteins whose deficiency significantly increased sphingomyelin trafficking to the inclusion were identified. The reduced sphingomyelin trafficking caused by downregulation of the Src family tyrosine kinase Fyn was confirmed in more-detailed analyses. Fyn silencing did not alter sphingomyelin synthesis or trafficking in the absence of chlamydial infection but reduced the amount of sphingomyelin trafficked to the inclusion in infected cells, as determined by two independent quantitative assays. Additionally, inhibition of Src family kinases resulted in increased cellular retention of sphingomyelin and significantly decreased incorporation into elementary bodies of both C. trachomatis and Chlamydophila caviae.
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Polarized Secretion of Lysosomes at the B Cell Synapse Couples Antigen Extraction to Processing and Presentation. Immunity 2011; 35:361-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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van den Hoorn T, Paul P, Jongsma MLM, Neefjes J. Routes to manipulate MHC class II antigen presentation. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 23:88-95. [PMID: 21112200 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II molecules (MHC-II) present antigenic fragments acquired in the endocytic route to the immune system for recognition and activation of CD4+ T cells. This ignites a series of immune responses. MHC-II strongly correlates to most autoimmune diseases. Understanding the biology of MHC-II is therefore expected to translate into novel means of autoimmunity control or immune response improvement. Although the basic cell biology of MHC-II antigen presentation is well understood, many novel aspects have been uncovered in recent years including means of antigen delivery, preparation for MHC-II loading, transport processes and vaccination strategies. We will discuss past, present and future of these insights into the biology of MHC-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke van den Hoorn
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
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27
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Chan YHM, Marshall WF. Scaling properties of cell and organelle size. Organogenesis 2010; 6:88-96. [PMID: 20885855 PMCID: PMC2901812 DOI: 10.4161/org.6.2.11464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How size is controlled is a fundamental question in biology. In this review, we discuss the use of scaling relationships-for example, power-laws of the form y∝x(α)-to provide a framework for comparison and interpretation of size measurements. Such analysis can illustrate the biological and physical principles underlying observed trends, as has been proposed for the allometric dependence of metabolic rate or limb structure on organism mass. Techniques for measuring size at smaller length-scales continue to improve, leading to more data on the control of size in cells and organelles. Size scaling of these structures is expected to influence growth patterns, functional capacity and intracellular transport. Furthermore, organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum show widely varying morphologies that affect their scaling properties. We provide brief summaries of these issues for individual organelles, and conclude with a discussion on how to apply this concept to better understand the mechanisms of size control in the cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Hung M Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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28
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Trejo HE, Lecuona E, Grillo D, Szleifer I, Nekrasova OE, Gelfand VI, Sznajder JI. Role of kinesin light chain-2 of kinesin-1 in the traffic of Na,K-ATPase-containing vesicles in alveolar epithelial cells. FASEB J 2009; 24:374-82. [PMID: 19773350 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-137802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of the Na,K-ATPase to the plasma membrane of alveolar epithelial cells results in increased active Na(+) transport and fluid clearance in a process that requires an intact microtubule network. However, the microtubule motors involved in this process have not been identified. In the present report, we studied the role of kinesin-1, a plus-end microtubule molecular motor that has been implicated in the movement of organelles in the Na,K-ATPase traffic. We determined by confocal microscopy and biochemical assays that kinesin-1 and the Na,K-ATPase are present in the same membranous cellular compartment. Knockdown of kinesin-1 heavy chain (KHC) or the light chain-2 (KLC2), but not of the light chain-1 (KLC1), decreased the movement of Na,K-ATPase-containing vesicles when compared to sham siRNA-transfected cells (control group). Thus, a specific isoform of kinesin-1 is required for microtubule-dependent recruitment of Na,K-ATPase to the plasma membrane, which is of physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto E Trejo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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29
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Rocha N, Kuijl C, van der Kant R, Janssen L, Houben D, Janssen H, Zwart W, Neefjes J. Cholesterol sensor ORP1L contacts the ER protein VAP to control Rab7-RILP-p150 Glued and late endosome positioning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 185:1209-25. [PMID: 19564404 PMCID: PMC2712958 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200811005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Late endosomes (LEs) have characteristic intracellular distributions determined by their interactions with various motor proteins. Motor proteins associated to the dynactin subunit p150(Glued) bind to LEs via the Rab7 effector Rab7-interacting lysosomal protein (RILP) in association with the oxysterol-binding protein ORP1L. We found that cholesterol levels in LEs are sensed by ORP1L and are lower in peripheral vesicles. Under low cholesterol conditions, ORP1L conformation induces the formation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-LE membrane contact sites. At these sites, the ER protein VAP (VAMP [vesicle-associated membrane protein]-associated ER protein) can interact in trans with the Rab7-RILP complex to remove p150(Glued) and associated motors. LEs then move to the microtubule plus end. Under high cholesterol conditions, as in Niemann-Pick type C disease, this process is prevented, and LEs accumulate at the microtubule minus end as the result of dynein motor activity. These data explain how the ER and cholesterol control the association of LEs with motor proteins and their positioning in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Rocha
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
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30
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Yuseff MI, Lankar D, Lennon-Duménil AM. Dynamics of membrane trafficking downstream of B and T cell receptor engagement: impact on immune synapses. Traffic 2009; 10:629-36. [PMID: 19416472 PMCID: PMC2723867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2009.00913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The onset of an adaptive immune response requires the activation of T and B lymphocytes by antigen-presenting cells, through a specialized form of intercellular communication, known as the immunological synapse (IS). In B lymphocytes the IS promotes efficient recognition and acquisition of membrane-bound Ags, while in T cells, it modulates the T cell response upon exposure to peptide-major histocompatibility complexes. In this review, we highlight the similarities that determine B and T cell activation, focusing on immune receptor downstream signaling events that lead to synapse formation. We stress the notion that polarization of T and B lymphocytes characterized by global changes in cytoskeleton and membrane trafficking modulates synapse structure and function, thus determining lymphocyte effector functions and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle Lankar
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie12 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
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31
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Abstract
Stimulated dendritic cells (DCs) mature and migrate to lymphoid organs to prime naive T cells. DC maturation augments antigen-presentation capacity of DCs by increasing peptide loading, half-life, and cell surface localization of MHC molecules. Activated SWAP-70(-/-) DCs fail to properly localize MHCII molecules in the plasma membrane, are strongly impaired in T-cell activation, and are altered in F-actin rearrangement. MHCII synthesis, invariant chain removal, and MHCII internalization, however, are unaffected. MHCII surface localization is known to require RhoGTPases. Surprisingly, SWAP70, hitherto known to bind F-actin and Rac, also binds RhoA-GTP. In SWAP-70(-/-) DCs, RhoA and RhoB are stimulus-independent and constitutively active. Surface localization of MHCII molecules and T-cell activation can be restored by blocking RhoA and RhoB before but not during DC activation. Thus, contrasting positive regulation of Rac, SWAP-70 negatively regulates RhoA and-indirectly-RhoB, preventing premature RhoA/RhoB activation. Through RhoA/RhoB regulation, SWAP-70 defines a new pathway to control surface localization of MHCII, a critical element in DC-dependent immune responses.
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32
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Rocha N, Neefjes J. MHC class II molecules on the move for successful antigen presentation. EMBO J 2007; 27:1-5. [PMID: 18046453 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules are targeted to endocytic compartments, known as MIIC, by the invariant chain (Ii) that is degraded upon arrival in these compartments. MHC II acquire antigenic fragments from endocytosed proteins for presentation at the cell surface. In a unique and complex series of reactions, MHC II succeed in exchanging a remaining fragment of Ii for other protein fragments in subdomains of MIIC before transport to the cell surface. Here, the mechanisms regulating loading and intracellular trafficking of MHC II are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Rocha
- Division of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Schepis A, Stauber T, Krijnse Locker J. Kinesin-1 plays multiple roles during the vaccinia virus life cycle. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:1960-73. [PMID: 17394562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic distribution of cellular structures is known to depend on the balance between plus- and minus-end-directed motor complexes. Among the plus-end-directed kinesins, kinesin-1 and -2 have been implicated in the outward movement of many organelles. To test for a role of kinesin-1 previous studies mostly relied on the overexpression of dominant-negative kinesin-1 constructs. The latter are often cytotoxic, modify the microtubule network and indirect effects related to altered microtubule dynamics should be excluded. In the present study we present a novel kinesin-1 construct, encompassing the first 330 amino acids of kinesin heavy chain fused to GFP (kin330-GFP) that does not alter microtubules upon its overexpression. Kin330-GFP functionally inhibits kinesin-1 because it induces the peri-nuclear accumulation of mitochondria and intermediate filaments. Using this construct and previously established siRNA-mediated knock-down of kinesin-2 function, we assess the role of both motors in the subcellular distribution of distinct steps of the vaccinia virus (VV) life cycle. We show that kinesin-1, but not kinesin-2, contributes to the specific cytoplasmic distribution of three of the four steps of VV morphogenesis tested. These results are discussed with respect to the possible regulation of kinesin-1 during VV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Schepis
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Program, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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34
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Vascotto F, Lankar D, Faure-André G, Vargas P, Diaz J, Le Roux D, Yuseff MI, Sibarita JB, Boes M, Raposo G, Mougneau E, Glaichenhaus N, Bonnerot C, Manoury B, Lennon-Duménil AM. The actin-based motor protein myosin II regulates MHC class II trafficking and BCR-driven antigen presentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 176:1007-19. [PMID: 17389233 PMCID: PMC2064085 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200611147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antigen (Ag) capture and presentation onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules by B lymphocytes is mediated by their surface Ag receptor (B cell receptor [BCR]). Therefore, the transport of vesicles that carry MHC class II and BCR–Ag complexes must be coordinated for them to converge for processing. In this study, we identify the actin-associated motor protein myosin II as being essential for this process. Myosin II is activated upon BCR engagement and associates with MHC class II–invariant chain complexes. Myosin II inhibition or depletion compromises the convergence and concentration of MHC class II and BCR–Ag complexes into lysosomes devoted to Ag processing. Accordingly, the formation of MHC class II–peptides and subsequent CD4 T cell activation are impaired in cells lacking myosin II activity. Therefore, myosin II emerges as a key motor protein in BCR-driven Ag processing and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Vascotto
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale Unité 653, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144 Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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35
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Jouvenet N, Neil SJD, Bess C, Johnson MC, Virgen CA, Simon SM, Bieniasz PD. Plasma membrane is the site of productive HIV-1 particle assembly. PLoS Biol 2007; 4:e435. [PMID: 17147474 PMCID: PMC1750931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently proposed models that have gained wide acceptance posit that HIV-1 virion morphogenesis is initiated by targeting the major structural protein (Gag) to late endosomal membranes. Thereafter, late endosome-based secretory pathways are thought to deliver Gag or assembled virions to the plasma membrane (PM) and extracellular milieu. We present several findings that are inconsistent with this model. Specifically, we demonstrate that HIV-1 Gag is delivered to the PM, and virions are efficiently released into the extracellular medium, when late endosome motility is abolished. Furthermore, we show that HIV-1 virions are efficiently released when assembly is rationally targeted to the PM, but not when targeted to late endosomes. Recently synthesized Gag first accumulates and assembles at the PM, but a proportion is subsequently internalized via endocytosis or phagocytosis, thus accounting for observations of endosomal localization. We conclude that HIV-1 assembly is initiated and completed at the PM, and not at endosomal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stuart J. D Neil
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cameron Bess
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marc C Johnson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Cesar A Virgen
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanford M Simon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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36
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Keller AM, Groothuis TA, Veraar EAM, Marsman M, de Buy Wenniger LM, Janssen H, Neefjes J, Borst J. Costimulatory ligand CD70 is delivered to the immunological synapse by shared intracellular trafficking with MHC class II molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5989-94. [PMID: 17389361 PMCID: PMC1851604 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700946104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF family member CD70 is the ligand of CD27, a costimulatory receptor that shapes effector and memory T cell pools. Tight control of CD70 expression is required to prevent lethal immunodeficiency. By selective transcription, CD70 is largely confined to activated lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DC). We show here that, in addition, specific intracellular routing controls its plasma membrane deposition. In professional antigen-presenting cells, such as DC, CD70 is sorted to late endocytic vesicles, defined as MHC class II compartments (MIIC). In cells lacking the machinery for antigen presentation by MHC class II, CD70 travels by default to the plasma membrane. Introduction of class II transactivator sufficed to reroute CD70 to MIIC. Vesicular trafficking of CD70 and MHC class II is coordinately regulated by the microtubule-associated dynein motor complex. We show that when maturing DC make contact with T cells in a cognate fashion, newly synthesized CD70 is specifically delivered via MIIC to the immunological synapse. Therefore, we propose that routing of CD70 to MIIC serves to coordinate delivery of the T cell costimulatory signal in time and space with antigen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom A. Groothuis
- Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marije Marsman
- Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Janssen
- Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jannie Borst
- Divisions of *Immunology and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail:
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37
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Johansson M, Rocha N, Zwart W, Jordens I, Janssen L, Kuijl C, Olkkonen VM, Neefjes J. Activation of endosomal dynein motors by stepwise assembly of Rab7-RILP-p150Glued, ORP1L, and the receptor betalll spectrin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 176:459-71. [PMID: 17283181 PMCID: PMC2063981 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200606077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The small GTPase Rab7 controls late endocytic transport by the minus end–directed motor protein complex dynein–dynactin, but how it does this is unclear. Rab7-interacting lysosomal protein (RILP) and oxysterol-binding protein–related protein 1L (ORP1L) are two effectors of Rab7. We show that GTP-bound Rab7 simultaneously binds RILP and ORP1L to form a RILP–Rab7–ORP1L complex. RILP interacts directly with the C-terminal 25-kD region of the dynactin projecting arm p150Glued, which is required for dynein motor recruitment to late endocytic compartments (LEs). Still, p150Glued recruitment by Rab7–RILP does not suffice to induce dynein-driven minus-end transport of LEs. ORP1L, as well as βIII spectrin, which is the general receptor for dynactin on vesicles, are essential for dynein motor activity. Our results illustrate that the assembly of microtubule motors on endosomes involves a cascade of linked events. First, Rab7 recruits two effectors, RILP and ORP1L, to form a tripartite complex. Next, RILP directly binds to the p150Glued dynactin subunit to recruit the dynein motor. Finally, the specific dynein motor receptor Rab7–RILP is transferred by ORP1L to βIII spectrin. Dynein will initiate translocation of late endosomes to microtubule minus ends only after interacting with βIII spectrin, which requires the activities of Rab7–RILP and ORP1L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Johansson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Biomedicum, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
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38
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Vascotto F, Le Roux D, Lankar D, Faure-André G, Vargas P, Guermonprez P, Lennon-Duménil AM. Antigen presentation by B lymphocytes: how receptor signaling directs membrane trafficking. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 19:93-8. [PMID: 17140785 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antigen capture and presentation onto MHC class II molecules by B lymphocytes is mediated by their surface antigen receptor - the B-cell receptor (BCR). The BCR must therefore coordinate the transport of MHC class II- and antigen-containing vesicles for them to converge and ensure efficient processing. Recently, progress has been made in understanding which and how these vesicular transport events are molecularly linked to BCR signaling. In particular, recent studies have emphasized the key roles of membrane microdomains and the actin cytoskeleton in regulation of membrane trafficking upon BCR engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Vascotto
- Unité Inserm 653, Institut Curie, 12 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
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39
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Jordens I, Westbroek W, Marsman M, Rocha N, Mommaas M, Huizing M, Lambert J, Naeyaert JM, Neefjes J. Rab7 and Rab27a control two motor protein activities involved in melanosomal transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 19:412-23. [PMID: 16965270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2006.00329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanosomes are lysosome-related organelles that synthesize, store and transport melanin. In epidermal melanocytes, melanosomes mature and are transferred to surrounding keratinocytes, which is essential for skin and coat colour. Mouse coat colour mutants reveal a critical role for the small GTPase Rab27a, which recruits myosin Va through its effector protein melanophilin/Slac2a. Here we have studied how two different Rab GTPases control two motor proteins during subsequent phases in transport of melanosomes. We show that the small GTPase Rab7 mainly associates with early and intermediate stage melanosomes and Rab27a to intermediate and mature melanosomes. Rab27a is found in an active state on mature melanosomes in the tips of the dendrites. The Rab7-Rab7-interacting lysosomal protein-dynein pathway only controls early and intermediate stage melanosomes because the mature melanosomes lack Rab7 and associate with the actin network through Rab27a recruited MyoVa. Thus two Rab proteins regulate two different motor proteins, thereby controlling complementary phases in melanosome biogenesis: Rab7 controls microtubule-mediated transport of early and Rab27a the subsequent actin-dependent transport of mature melanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Jordens
- Department of Tumour Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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40
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Kamon H, Kawabe T, Kitamura H, Lee J, Kamimura D, Kaisho T, Akira S, Iwamatsu A, Koga H, Murakami M, Hirano T. TRIF-GEFH1-RhoB pathway is involved in MHCII expression on dendritic cells that is critical for CD4 T-cell activation. EMBO J 2006; 25:4108-19. [PMID: 16917499 PMCID: PMC1560350 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a central role in immune responses by presenting antigenic peptides to CD4+ T cells through MHCII molecules. Here, we demonstrate a TRIF-GEFH1-RhoB pathway is involved in MHCII surface expression on DC. We show the TRIF (TIR domain-containing adapter inducing IFNbeta)- but not the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathway of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-signaling in DC is crucial for the MHCII surface expression, followed by CD4+ T-cell activation. LPS increased the activity of RhoB, but not of RhoA, Cdc42, or Rac1/2 in a manor dependent on LPS-TRIF- but not LPS-Myd88-signaling. RhoB colocalized with MHCII+ lysosomes in DC. A dominant-negative (DN) form of RhoB (DN-RhoB) or RhoB's RNAi in DC inhibited the LPS-induced MHCII surface expression. Moreover, we found GEFH1 associated with RhoB, and DN-GEFH1 or GEFH1's RNAi suppressed the LPS-mediated RhoB activation and MHCII surface expression. DN-RhoB attenuated the DC's CD4+ T-cell stimulatory activity. Thus, our results provide a molecular mechanism relating how the MHCII surface expression is regulated during the maturation stage of DC. The activation of GEFH1-RhoB through the TRIF-dependent pathway of LPS in DC might be a critical target for controlling the activation of CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Kamon
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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41
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Abrahams GL, Hensel M. Manipulating cellular transport and immune responses: dynamic interactions between intracellular Salmonella enterica and its host cells. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8:728-37. [PMID: 16611223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular survival and replication within eukaryotic host cells is of central importance for the pathogenesis of infections caused by Salmonella enterica. Intracellular Salmonella translocates a set of effector proteins by means of a type III secretion system (T3SS) encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) that manipulates normal host-cell functions. Intracellular survival and replication is linked to the function of the SPI2-T3SS, but recent observations show that many additional cellular functions are targeted by this virulence system. In this review, we focus on the recent observations on the interference of intracellular Salmonella with functions of the innate and adaptive immune system and the modification of endocytic and exocytic cellular transport. The common molecular basis of the different SPI2-dependent phenotypes could be the interference with cellular transport along microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth L Abrahams
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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42
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Dorweiler IJ, Ruone SJ, Wang H, Burry RW, Mansky LM. Role of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 PTAP motif in Gag targeting and particle release. J Virol 2006; 80:3634-43. [PMID: 16537631 PMCID: PMC1440400 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.7.3634-3643.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Gag is targeted to the plasma membrane for particle assembly and release. How HTLV-1 Gag targeting occurs is not well understood. The PPPY and PTAP motifs were previously shown to be involved in HTLV-1 particle release with PTAP playing a more subtle role in virus budding. These L domains function through the interaction with host cellular proteins normally involved in multivesicular body (MVB) morphogenesis. The plasma membrane pathway rather than the MVB pathway was found to be the primary pathway for HTLV-1 particle release in HeLa cells. Intriguingly, disruption of the PTAP motif led to a defect in the targeting of Gag from the plasma membrane to CD63-positive MVBs. Particles or particle buds were observed to be associated with MVBs by electron microscopy, implying that Gag targeting to the MVB resulted in particle budding. Blocking clathrin-dependent endocytosis was found not to influence localization of the HTLV-1 Gag PTAP mutant, indicating that Gag did not reach the MVBs through clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Our observations imply that the interaction between Gag and TSG101 is not required for Gag targeting to the MVB. Overexpression of dynamitin p50 increased particle release, suggesting that there was an increase in the intracellular transport of MVBs to the cell periphery by the utilization of the dynein-dynactin motor complex. Intriguingly, virus particle release with this mutant was reduced by 20-fold compared to that of wild type in HeLa cells, which is in marked contrast to the less-than-twofold defect observed for particle production of the HTLV-1 Gag PTAP mutant from 293T cells. These results indicate that the role of the PTAP motif in L domain function is cell type dependent.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/ultrastructure
- Autoantigens
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/virology
- Dynactin Complex
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Gene Products, gag/chemistry
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/metabolism
- Gene Products, gag/ultrastructure
- Genetic Markers
- HeLa Cells
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/chemistry
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/physiology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/ultrastructure
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/ultrastructure
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Electron
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Mutation
- Plasmids
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Transfection
- Transferrin/metabolism
- Vesicular Transport Proteins
- Virion/physiology
- Virion/ultrastructure
- Virus Assembly
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene J Dorweiler
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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43
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Rondaij MG, Bierings R, Kragt A, Gijzen KA, Sellink E, van Mourik JA, Fernandez-Borja M, Voorberg J. Dynein-dynactin complex mediates protein kinase A-dependent clustering of Weibel-Palade bodies in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 26:49-55. [PMID: 16239597 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000191639.08082.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perinuclear clustering is observed for several different organelles and illustrates dynamic regulation of the secretory pathway and organelle distribution. Previously, we observed that a subset of Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs), endothelial cell-specific storage organelles, undergo centralization when endothelial cells are stimulated with cAMP-raising agonists of von Willebrand factor (vWF) secretion. In this study, we investigated this phenomenon of WPB clustering in more detail. METHODS AND RESULTS Our results demonstrate that the clustered WPBs are localized at the microtubule organizing center and that cluster formation depends on an intact microtubule network. Disruption of the microtubules by nocodazole completely abolished clustering, whereas treatment with the actin depolymerizing compound cytochalasin B had no effect on WPB clustering. Interfering with the dynein-dynactin interaction by overexpression of the p50 dynamitin subunit or the CC1 domain of the p150glued subunit of the dynactin complex completely inhibited perinuclear clustering of WPBs, suggesting that dynein activity mediates this process. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of dephosphorylation resulted in an increase in clustering, whereas inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) markedly reduced WPB clustering. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that perinuclear clustering of WPBs involves PKA-dependent regulation of the dynein-dynactin complex. Endothelial cell stimulation with epinephrine results in retrograde movement of a subset of WPBs to the microtubule organizing center. This minus-end directed transport requires an intact microtubular network and is mediated by the motor protein dynein. Together, our results suggest that epinephrine-induced clustering of WPBs involves PKA-dependent regulation of the dynein-dynactin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariska G Rondaij
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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44
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Abstract
Small GTPases of the Rab family control timing of vesicle fusion. Fusion of two vesicles can only occur when they have been brought into close contact. Transport by microtubule- or actin-based motor proteins will facilitate this process in vivo. Ideally, transport and vesicle fusion are linked activities. Active, GTP-bound Rab proteins dock on specific compartments and are therefore perfect candidates to control transport of the different compartments. Recently, a number of Rab proteins were identified that control motor protein recruitment to their specific target membranes. By cycling through inactive and active states, Rab proteins are able to control motor protein-mediated transport and subsequent fusion of intracellular structures in both spatial and timed manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Jordens
- Department of Tumor Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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45
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Pellegrini F, Budman DR. Review: tubulin function, action of antitubulin drugs, and new drug development. Cancer Invest 2005; 23:264-73. [PMID: 15948296 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-200055970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer agents that interfere with microtubulin function are in widespread use in man and have a broad spectrum of activity against both hematological malignancies and solid tumors. The mechanisms of actions of these agents have been better defined during the past decade, indicating that there are distinct binding sites for these agents and that they interfere with microtubulin dynamics (growth and shortening of tubules) at low concentrations and only evoke microtubulin aggregation or dissociation at high concentrations. Tubulin has been recently described in the nucleus of cells and in mitochondria. Downstream events from tubulin binding are believed to be critical events for the generation of apoptosis in the malignant cell. The effects of vinca alkaloids and taxanes are distinct, suggesting that the interference with the tubulin cap by high-affinity binding of effective agents is not the only mechanism of cytotoxic effect, and the low-affinity binding of drug, which distorts microtubulin function, may also be important. The epothilones share some of the binding characteristics of the taxanes and are in clinical trials because of cytoxic activity in taxane resistant cells. Tubulin has additional target sites for anticancer drugs including interference with the binding and function of microtubule associated proteins and interference with motor proteins which are essential for the transport of substances within the cell. Because many of these microtubule associated proteins have an ATP binding site, both computer-aided design and combinatorial chemistry techniques can be used to make agents to interfere with their function analogous to imatinib mesylate (Gleevec). Agents that interfere with the motor protein kinesin are entering clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Pellegrini
- Experimental Therapeutics Section, Don Monti Division of Oncology, North Shore University Hospital, New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
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46
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Ravikumar B, Acevedo-Arozena A, Imarisio S, Berger Z, Vacher C, O'Kane CJ, Brown SDM, Rubinsztein DC. Dynein mutations impair autophagic clearance of aggregate-prone proteins. Nat Genet 2005; 37:771-6. [PMID: 15980862 DOI: 10.1038/ng1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutations that affect the dynein motor machinery are sufficient to cause motor neuron disease. It is not known why there are aggregates or inclusions in affected tissues in mice with such mutations and in most forms of human motor neuron disease. Here we identify a new mechanism of inclusion formation by showing that decreased dynein function impairs autophagic clearance of aggregate-prone proteins. We show that mutations of the dynein machinery enhanced the toxicity of the mutation that causes Huntington disease in fly and mouse models. Furthermore, loss of dynein function resulted in premature aggregate formation by mutant huntingtin and increased levels of the autophagosome marker LC3-II in both cell culture and mouse models, compatible with impaired autophagosome-lysosome fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinda Ravikumar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, UK
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47
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Marsman M, Jordens I, Griekspoor A, Neefjes J. Chaperoning antigen presentation by MHC class II molecules and their role in oncogenesis. Adv Cancer Res 2005; 93:129-58. [PMID: 15797446 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(05)93004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumor vaccine development aimed at stimulating the cellular immune response focuses mainly on MHC class I molecules. This is not surprising since most tumors do not express MHC class II or CD1 molecules. Nevertheless, the most successful targets for cancer immunotherapy, leukemia and melanoma, often do express MHC class II molecules, which leaves no obvious reason to ignore MHC class II molecules as a mediator in anticancer immune therapy. We review the current state of knowledge on the process of MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation and subsequently discuss the consequences of MHC class II expression on tumor surveillance and the induction of an efficient MHC class II mediated antitumor response in vivo and after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Marsman
- Division of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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48
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Abstract
HIV-1 buds from the surface of activated T lymphocytes. In macrophages, however, newly formed HIV-1 particles amass in the lumen of an intracellular compartment. Here, we demonstrate by live-cell imaging techniques, by immunocytochemistry and by immuno-electron microscopy that HIV-1 structural proteins, particularly the internal structural protein Gag, accumulate at membranes of the late endocytic compartment in a variety of cell types and not just in monocyte/macrophage-derived cells. Recent biochemical and genetic studies have implicated components of the mammalian vacuolar protein sorting pathway in retroviral budding. Together with those observations, our study suggests that HIV-1 morphogenesis is thoroughly rooted in the endosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Nydegger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine and CALS, 318 Stafford Hall, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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49
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Chen YW, Lang ML, Wade WF. Protein kinase C-alpha and -delta are required for FcalphaR (CD89) trafficking to MHC class II compartments and FcalphaR-mediated antigen presentation. Traffic 2004; 5:577-94. [PMID: 15260828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2004.00202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that receptor-mediated signaling, receptor/antigen complex trafficking, and major histocompatibility complex class II compartments (MIIC) are critically related to antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells. In this study, we investigated the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in FcalphaR/gammagamma (CD89, human IgA receptor)-mediated internalization of immune complexes and subsequent antigen presentation. The classical and novel PKC inhibitor, Calphostin C, inhibits FcalphaR-mediated antigen presentation and interaction of MIIC and cargo vesicle (receptor and antigen). PKC-alpha, PKC-delta, and PKC-epsilon were recruited to lipid rafts following FcalphaR crosslinking, the extent of which was determined by the phenotype of the gamma chain. Mutant gamma chain with an FcgammaRIIA ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) insert was less able to recruit PKC and trigger antigen presentation. Both PKC isoform-specific peptide inhibitors and short interfering RNA (siRNA) showed that PKC-alpha and PKC-delta, but not PKC-epsilon, were required for association of cargo vesicle and MIIC and for FcalphaR-mediated and soluble antigen presentation. Inhibition of PKC (classical and novel) did not alter major histocompatibility class II biosynthesis, assembly, transport, or plasma membrane stability. PKC's role in facilitating interaction of cargo vesicle and MIIC is likely due to regulation of vesicle biology required for fusion of cargo vesicles to MIIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Wen Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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50
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Bananis E, Nath S, Gordon K, Satir P, Stockert RJ, Murray JW, Wolkoff AW. Microtubule-dependent movement of late endocytic vesicles in vitro: requirements for Dynein and Kinesin. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:3688-97. [PMID: 15181154 PMCID: PMC491828 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-04-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that fluorescent early endocytic vesicles prepared from rat liver after injection of Texas red asialoorosomucoid contain asialoglycoprotein and its receptor and move and undergo fission along microtubules using kinesin I and KIFC2, with Rab4 regulating KIFC2 activity (J. Cell Sci. 116, 2749, 2003). In the current study, procedures to prepare fluorescent late endocytic vesicles were devised. In addition, flow cytometry was utilized to prepare highly purified fluorescent endocytic vesicles, permitting validation of microscopy-based experiments as well as direct biochemical analysis. These studies revealed that late vesicles bound to and moved along microtubules, but in contrast to early vesicles, did not undergo fission. As compared with early vesicles, late vesicles had reduced association with receptor, Rab4, and kinesin I but were highly associated with dynein, Rab7, dynactin, and KIF3A. Dynein and KIF3A antibodies inhibited late vesicle motility, whereas kinesin I and KIFC2 antibodies had no effect. Dynamitin antibodies prevented the association of late vesicles with microtubules. These results indicate that acquisition and exchange of specific motor and regulatory proteins characterizes and may regulate the transition of early to late endocytic vesicles. Flow cytometric purification should ultimately facilitate detailed proteomic analysis and mapping of endocytic vesicle-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eustratios Bananis
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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