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HAX1 Augments Cell Proliferation, Migration, Adhesion, and Invasion Induced by Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:950749. [PMID: 22315598 PMCID: PMC3270441 DOI: 10.1155/2012/950749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a cell surface receptor which has a multifunctional task in the process of tumorigenesis including cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and invasion. Many of the biological functions of uPAR necessitate interactions with other proteins. We have shown previously that uPAR interacts with HAX1 protein (HS-1-associated protein X-1). In the current study, to gain insight into the possible role of HAX1 overexpression in regulation of uPAR signal transduction pathway, several function assays were used. We found that, upon stimulation of uPAR, HAX1 colocalizes with uPAR suggesting a physiological role for HAX1 in the regulation of uPAR signal transduction. HAX1 overexpression augments cell proliferation and migration in uPAR-stimulated cells. Moreover, HAX1 over-expression augmented uPAR-induced cell adhesion to vitronectin as well as cellular invasion. Our results suggest that HAX1 over-expression may underlay a novel mechanism to regulate uPAR-induced functions in cancer cells.
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Abstract
beta-Actin mRNA is localized near the leading edge in several cell types where actin polymerization is actively promoting forward protrusion. The localization of the beta-actin mRNA near the leading edge is facilitated by a short sequence in the 3'UTR (untranslated region), the 'zipcode'. Localization of the mRNA at this region is important physiologically. Treatment of chicken embryo fibroblasts with antisense oligonucleotides complementary to the localization sequence (zipcode) in the 3'UTR leads to delocalization of beta-actin mRNA, alteration of cell phenotype and a decrease in cell motility. The dynamic image analysis system (DIAS) used to quantify movement of cells in the presence of sense and antisense oligonucleotides to the zipcode showed that net pathlength and average speed of antisense-treated cells were significantly lower than in sense-treated cells. This suggests that a decrease in persistence of direction of movement and not in velocity results from treatment of cells with zipcode-directed antisense oligonucleotides. We postulate that delocalization of beta-actin mRNA results in delocalization of nucleation sites and beta-actin protein from the leading edge followed by loss of cell polarity and directional movement. Hence the physiological consequences of beta-actin mRNA delocalization affect the stability of the cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Corbi N, Batassa EM, Pisani C, Onori A, Di Certo MG, Strimpakos G, Fanciulli M, Mattei E, Passananti C. The eEF1γ subunit contacts RNA polymerase II and binds vimentin promoter region. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14481. [PMID: 21217813 PMCID: PMC3013090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we show that the eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 gamma (eEF1γ) physically interacts with the RNA polymerase II (pol II) core subunit 3 (RPB3), both in isolation and in the context of the holo-enzyme. Importantly, eEF1γ has been recently shown to bind Vimentin mRNA. By chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, we demonstrate, for the first time, that eEF1γ is also physically present on the genomic locus corresponding to the promoter region of human Vimentin gene. The eEF1γ depletion causes the Vimentin protein to be incorrectly compartmentalised and to severely compromise cellular shape and mitochondria localisation. We demonstrate that eEF1γ partially colocalises with the mitochondrial marker Tom20 and that eEF1γ depletion increases mitochondrial superoxide generation as well as the total levels of carbonylated proteins. Finally, we hypothesise that eEF1γ, in addition to its role in translation elongation complex, is involved in regulating Vimentin gene by contacting both pol II and the Vimentin promoter region and then shuttling/nursing the Vimentin mRNA from its gene locus to its appropriate cellular compartment for translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Corbi
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari CNR, c/o Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Maria Batassa
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari CNR, c/o Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Pisani
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari CNR, c/o Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Annalisa Onori
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari CNR, c/o Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Di Certo
- Istituto di Neurobiologia e Medicina Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), IRCCS Fondazione S. Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgios Strimpakos
- Istituto di Neurobiologia e Medicina Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), IRCCS Fondazione S. Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fanciulli
- Department of Therapeutic Programs Development, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mattei
- Istituto di Neurobiologia e Medicina Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), IRCCS Fondazione S. Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Passananti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari CNR, c/o Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Fadeel B, Grzybowska E. HAX-1: a multifunctional protein with emerging roles in human disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:1139-48. [PMID: 19524642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HS-1-associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) was identified more than 10 years ago as a novel protein with ubiquitous tissue expression and a predominantly mitochondrial localization at the subcellular level. Recent studies have shown that homozygous mutations in the HAX1 gene are associated with autosomal recessive forms of severe congenital neutropenia (also known as Kostmann disease), and results from studies in mice and men are beginning to unravel a prominent role for HAX-1 in apoptosis signaling not only in the hematopoietic compartment, but also in the central nervous system. Moreover, several different cellular and viral binding partners of HAX-1 have been identified thus pointing toward a complex and multifunctional role of this protein. HAX-1 has also been shown to bind to the 3' untranslated regions of certain mRNAs and could therefore contribute to the regulation of transport and/or stability of such transcripts. The present review discusses the emerging and divergent roles of HAX-1, including its involvement in cell migration, apoptosis signaling, and mRNA surveillance. The importance of HAX-1 in human disease is also highlighted and outstanding questions that remain to be addressed are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Chou YH, Flitney FW, Chang L, Mendez M, Grin B, Goldman RD. The motility and dynamic properties of intermediate filaments and their constituent proteins. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:2236-43. [PMID: 17498691 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IF) proteins exist in multiple structural forms within cells including mature IF, short filaments or 'squiggles', and non-filamentous precursors called particles. These forms are interconvertible and their relative abundance is IF type, cell type- and cell cycle stage-dependent. These structures are often associated with molecular motors, such as kinesin and dynein, and are therefore capable of translocating through the cytoplasm along microtubules. The assembly of mature IF from their precursor particles is also coupled to translation. These dynamic properties of IF provide mechanisms for regulating their reorganization and assembly in response to the functional requirements of cells. The recent findings that IF and their precursors are frequently associated with signaling molecules have revealed new functions for IF beyond their more traditional roles as mechanical integrators of cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hao Chou
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Grzybowska EA, Sarnowska E, Konopiński R, Wilczyńska A, Sarnowski TJ, Siedlecki JA. Identification and expression analysis of alternative splice variants of the rat Hax-1 gene. Gene 2006; 371:84-92. [PMID: 16516414 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hax-1 protein, which has been studied in mice and humans, shows a potent anti-apoptotic activity and is involved in regulation of cell motility. Cloning of the rat Hax-1 cDNA has revealed seven alternative transcripts, which differ mostly in their 5' region. Alternative splicing concerns exon 1, skipped in 5 transcripts, intron 1 which is partially retained in these transcripts, exon 2, which can be partially skipped, and intron 2, retained in one variant. The existence of different splicing variants was confirmed by exon-junction-specific RT-PCR and RNase protection assay. Analysis of expression indicates that overall Hax-1 mRNA level is relatively low in most tissues and very high in testes, and that the expression pattern of the variants is similar in different tissues. Presence of different transcripts implies the existence of several protein isoforms, with three putative start codons. The existence of at least three protein isoforms was confirmed by Western blot. Interestingly, high mRNA level in testes does not translate into high protein level, suggesting the existence of tissue-specific translational regulation or regulated protein degradation.
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Perlson E, Hanz S, Ben-Yaakov K, Segal-Ruder Y, Seger R, Fainzilber M. Vimentin-dependent spatial translocation of an activated MAP kinase in injured nerve. Neuron 2005; 45:715-26. [PMID: 15748847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Revised: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
How are phosphorylated kinases transported over long intracellular distances, such as in the case of axon to cell body signaling after nerve injury? Here, we show that the MAP kinases Erk1 and Erk2 are phosphorylated in sciatic nerve axoplasm upon nerve injury, concomitantly with the production of soluble forms of the intermediate filament vimentin by local translation and calpain cleavage in axoplasm. Vimentin binds phosphorylated Erks (pErk), thus linking pErk to the dynein retrograde motor via direct binding of vimentin to importin beta. Injury-induced Elk1 activation and neuronal regeneration are inhibited or delayed in dorsal root ganglion neurons from vimentin null mice, and in rats treated with a MEK inhibitor or with a peptide that prevents pErk-vimentin binding. Thus, soluble vimentin enables spatial translocation of pErk by importins and dynein in lesioned nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Perlson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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Abstract
Reactive gliosis is a prominent result of many types of insult to the central nervous system (CNS) and leads to the formation of glial scar that impedes the regeneration of axons. The intermediate filament protein vimentin is found in pathology of the CNS, mainly in the vicinity of injuries to the CNS. In the present study we investigated the role of vimentin in the formation of glial scars in vitro and in vivo by using immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and in situ hybridization. In vitro experiments showed that the intensity of immunofluorescent labeling for vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was consistently decreased in astrocytes after transfection with a retrovirus carrying antisense complementary DNA (cDNA) for vimentin. Transfection also inhibited the growth of astrocytes and decreased the expression of vimentin mRNA. In vivo studies demonstrated that transfection with the retrovirus carrying the antisense cDNA vimentin inhibited the upregulation of vimentin and GFAP in stab wounds in rat cerebrum. These results suggest that vimentin may play a key role in the formation of glial scars in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangkai Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, College of Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, The People's Republic of China.
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Noack C, Pröls F, Gamel AJ, Rist W, Mayer MP, Brand-Saberi B. Revisiting vimentin expression in early chick development. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2003; 206:391-7. [PMID: 12698363 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-002-0305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To identify somite-specific antigens exhibiting novel expression patterns in the developing chick embryo, epithelial somites were isolated and used for intrasplenic immunization. Immunohistochemical screening of chick embryos of various stages focussed our attention on a monoclonal antibody, Som5H5, which stained somitic derivatives, spinal nerves, and neural tubes as well as the costameres of adult skeletal muscle. Western blot and mass spectrometric analysis revealed the Som5H5 antigen to be vimentin, the distribution of which has been well characterized before. In addition to the described vimentin pattern, Som5H5 stained a region in the proximal portion of the developing limb bud. This novel expression domain was confirmed by in situ hybridization using vimentin riboprobes. Signaling molecules (Shh and BMP-2), known to play a role in limb development, did not influence vimentin expression. Thus, no functional or cellular correlate to this vimentin-positive region could be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Noack
- Institute of Anatomy II, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Kolev NG, Huber PW. VgRBP71 stimulates cleavage at a polyadenylation signal in Vg1 mRNA, resulting in the removal of a cis-acting element that represses translation. Mol Cell 2003; 11:745-55. [PMID: 12667456 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(03)00071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Translation of Vg1 mRNA is repressed in Xenopus oocytes until it is localized to the vegetal cortex. Localization and translational repression are mediated by separate elements in the 3'UTR of the mRNA. VgRBP71 binds to the 3' end of the localization element and stimulates cleavage at an adjacent polyadenylation signal. The protein has an RNA strand-separation activity that likely underlies this event. Polyadenylation occurs at this site in Vg1 mRNA with the consequence of removing the downstream translational repressor element. Ectopic expression of VgRBP71 in stage II oocytes results in cleavage of the mRNA and premature expression of Vg1 protein. These results support a model in which VgRBP71 activates translation of Vg1 mRNA by promoting the removal of a cis-acting repressor element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay G Kolev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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