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Uchida S, Kataoka K. Design concepts of polyplex micelles for in vivo therapeutic delivery of plasmid DNA and messenger RNA. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:978-990. [PMID: 30665262 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nonviral delivery of plasmid (p)DNA or messenger (m)RNA is a safe and promising therapeutic option to continuously supply therapeutic proteins into diseased tissues. In most cases of in vivo pDNA and mRNA delivery, these nucleic acids are loaded into carriers based on cationic polymers and/or lipids to prevent nuclease-mediated degradation before reaching target cells. The carriers should also evade host clearance mechanisms, including uptake by scavenger cells and filtration in the spleen. Installation of ligands onto the carriers can facilitate their rapid uptake into target cells. Meanwhile, carrier toxicity should be minimized not only for preventing undesirable adverse responses in patients, but also for preserving the function of transfected cells to exert therapeutic effects. Long-term progressive improvement of platform technologies has helped overcome most of these issues, though some still remain hindering the widespread clinical application of nonviral pDNA and mRNA delivery. This review discusses design concepts of nonviral carriers for in vivo delivery and the issues to be overcome, focusing especially on our own efforts using polyplex micelles. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 978-990, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Uchida
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.,Policy Alternatives Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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2
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Feng W, Valiyaveettil M, Dudiki T, Mahabeleshwar GH, Andre P, Podrez EA, Byzova TV. β 3 phosphorylation of platelet α IIbβ 3 is crucial for stability of arterial thrombus and microparticle formation in vivo. Thromb J 2017; 15:22. [PMID: 28860945 PMCID: PMC5576334 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-017-0145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is well accepted that functional activity of platelet integrin αIIbβ3 is crucial for hemostasis and thrombosis. The β3 subunit of the complex undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation shown to be critical for outside-in integrin signaling and platelet clot retraction ex vivo. However, the role of this important signaling event in other aspects of prothrombotic platelet function is unknown. Method Here, we assess the role of β3 tyrosine phosphorylation in platelet function regulation with a knock-in mouse strain, where two β3 cytoplasmic tyrosines are mutated to phenylalanine (DiYF). We employed platelet transfusion technique and intravital microscopy for observing the cellular events involved in specific steps of thrombus growth to investigate in detail the role of β3 tyrosine phosphorylation in arterial thrombosis in vivo. Results Upon injury, DiYF mice exhibited delayed arterial occlusion and unstable thrombus formation. The mean thrombus volume in DiYF mice formed on collagen was only 50% of that in WT. This effect was attributed to DiYF platelets but not to other blood cells and endothelium, which also carry these mutations. Transfusion of isolated DiYF but not WT platelets into irradiated WT mice resulted in reversal of the thrombotic phenotype and significantly prolonged blood vessel occlusion times. DiYF platelets exhibited reduced adhesion to collagen under in vitro shear conditions compared to WT platelets. Decreased platelet microparticle release after activation, both in vitro and in vivo, were observed in DiYF mice compared to WT mice. Conclusion β3 tyrosine phosphorylation of platelet αIIbβ3 regulates both platelet pro-thrombotic activity and the formation of a stable platelet thrombus, as well as arterial microparticle release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Feng
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, 44195 OH USA.,The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Manojkumar Valiyaveettil
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, 44195 OH USA.,US Army Medical Materiel Development Activity, 1430 Veterans Drive, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Tejasvi Dudiki
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, 44195 OH USA
| | | | | | - Eugene A Podrez
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, 44195 OH USA
| | - Tatiana V Byzova
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, 44195 OH USA
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Kračun D, Riess F, Kanchev I, Gawaz M, Görlach A. The β3-integrin binding protein β3-endonexin is a novel negative regulator of hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1964-76. [PMID: 24386901 PMCID: PMC3993052 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Integrins are multifunctional heterodimeric adhesion receptors that mediate the attachment between a cell and the extracellular matrix or other surrounding cells. In endothelial cells, integrins can modulate cell migration and motility. In particular, β3-integrin is expressed in angiogenic vessels. Signal transduction by β3-integrins requires the recruitment of intracellular signaling molecules. β3-endonexin is a highly spliced molecule that has been identified as a β3-integrin binding protein. β3-endonexin isoforms are expressed in endothelial cells and have been suggested to act as shuttle proteins between the membrane and the nucleus. However, their functional role in angiogenesis is unclear. In this study, we investigated whether β3-endonexin isoforms are involved in endothelial angiogenic processes under hypoxia. RESULTS The overexpression of β3-endonexin isoforms decreased endothelial proliferation and tube formation under hypoxia, while the depletion of β3-endonexin by RNAi promoted angiogenic responses in vitro and in vivo. In hypoxia, β3-endonexin accumulated in the nucleus, and prevention of this response by depletion of β3-endonexin increased hypoxic activation and induction of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 and its target genes VEGF and PAI-1. β3-endonexin diminished nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activation and decreased NFκB binding to the HIF-1α promoter under hypoxia, subsequently diminishing NFκB-dependent transcription of HIF-1α under hypoxia. INNOVATION Our results indicate for the first time that the overexpression of β3-endonexin can decrease hypoxic induction and activation of HIF-1α and can prevent hypoxic endothelial proliferation and angiogenic responses. CONCLUSION β3-endonexin can act as a novel anti-angiogenic factor specifically in the response to hypoxia due to its negative impact on the activation of HIF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Kračun
- 1 Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich , Munich, Germany
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Hung WS, Huang CL, Fan JT, Huang DY, Yeh CF, Cheng JC, Tseng CP. The endocytic adaptor protein Disabled-2 is required for cellular uptake of fibrinogen. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1778-88. [PMID: 22705885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis is pivotal for uptake of fibrinogen from plasma into megakaryocytes and platelet α-granules. Due to the complex adaptor and cargo contents in endocytic vehicles, the underlying mechanism of fibrinogen uptake is not yet completely elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether the endocytic adaptor protein Disabled-2 (DAB2) mediates fibrinogen uptake in an adaptor-specific manner. By employing primary megakaryocytes and megakaryocytic differentiating human leukemic K562 cells as the study models, we found that fibrinogen uptake is associated with the expression of integrin αIIbβ3 and DAB2 and is mediated through clathrin-dependent manner. Accordingly, constitutive and inducible knockdown of DAB2 by small interfering RNA reduced fibrinogen uptake for 53.2 ± 9.8% and 59.0 ± 10.7%, respectively. Culturing the cells in hypertonic solution or in the presence of clathrin inhibitor chlorpromazine abrogated clathrin-dependent endocytosis and diminished the uptake of fibrinogen. Consistent with these findings, 72.2 ± 0.2% of cellular DAB2 was colocalized with clathrin, whereas 56.4±4.1% and 54.6 ± 2.0% of the internalized fibrinogen were colocalized with clathrin and DAB2, respectively. To delineate whether DAB2 mediates fibrinogen uptake in an adaptor-specific manner, K562 stable cell lines with knockdown of the adaptor protein-2 (AP-2) or double knockdown of AP-2/DAB2 were established. The AP-2 knockdown cells elicited normal fibrinogen uptake activity but the uptake of collagen was diminished. In addition, collagen uptake was further reduced in DAB2/AP-2 knockdown cells. These findings thereby define an adaptor-specific mechanism in the control of fibrinogen uptake and implicate that DAB2 is the key adaptor in the clathrin-associated endocytic complexes to mediate fibrinogen internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shan Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
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Morgan MR, Byron A, Humphries MJ, Bass MD. Giving off mixed signals--distinct functions of alpha5beta1 and alphavbeta3 integrins in regulating cell behaviour. IUBMB Life 2009; 61:731-8. [PMID: 19514020 PMCID: PMC3328205 DOI: 10.1002/iub.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The formation, maturation, and dissolution of focal adhesions are basic prerequisites of cell migration and rely on the recruitment, signalling, and endocytosis of integrins. In many instances, extracellular matrix molecules are recognised by a number of integrins, and it is the sequential involvement of different integrins that allows establishment of cell polarity and migration towards a matrix stimulus. In this review, we consider both the similarities and differences between two key fibronectin receptors, alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(5)beta(1) integrin. By considering the GTPase and kinase signalling and trafficking of two such closely-related receptors, we begin to understand how cell migration is coordinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Morgan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Leisner TM, Yuan W, DeNofrio JC, Liu J, Parise LV. Tickling the tails: cytoplasmic domain proteins that regulate integrin αIIbβ3 activation. Curr Opin Hematol 2007; 14:255-61. [PMID: 17414216 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e3280dce543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Integrin alphaIIbbeta3 activation is essential for platelet aggregation and related hemostatic events. In recent years, intense effort has been put forward to understand the molecular mechanisms regulating platelet integrin alphaIIbbeta3 activation. Here we review the current models of alphaIIbbeta3 activation and highlight the potential regulatory roles of proteins that interact directly with the alphaIIbbeta3 cytoplasmic domains, with emphasis on the alphaIIb cytoplasmic domain binding protein, CIB1. RECENT FINDINGS Mutational and crystallographic studies reveal the importance of integrin transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains in propagating bidirectional signaling events. Proteins that interact directly with the integrin cytoplasmic domains may play important roles in mediating these signaling events. Of particular interest is the interaction between CIB1 and the alphaIIb tail which may function to negatively regulate alphaIIbbeta3 activation. In addition, a number of CIB1 interacting proteins have been identified, including p21-activated kinase and serum-inducible kinase, which may act in concert with CIB1 to regulate platelet function. SUMMARY Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying integrin activation will be important in developing novel therapies to regulate platelet function in cardiovascular disease. Discussion of recent developments in elucidating the mechanism of integrin activation, with particular focus on the platelet integrin alphaIIbbeta3, is provided in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina M Leisner
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Wiedemann A, Patel JC, Lim J, Tsun A, van Kooyk Y, Caron E. Two distinct cytoplasmic regions of the beta2 integrin chain regulate RhoA function during phagocytosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 172:1069-79. [PMID: 16567504 PMCID: PMC2063764 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200508075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
αMβ2 integrins mediate phagocytosis of opsonized particles in a process controlled by RhoA, Rho kinase, myosin II, Arp2/3, and actin polymerization. αMβ2, Rho, Arp2/3, and F-actin accumulate underneath bound particles; however, the mechanism regulating Rho function during αMβ2-mediated phagocytosis is poorly understood. We report that the binding of C3bi-opsonized sheep red blood cells (RBCs) to αMβ2 increases Rho-GTP, but not Rac-GTP, levels. Deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of β2, but not of αM, abolished Rho recruitment and activation, as well as phagocytic uptake. Interestingly, a 16–amino acid (aa) region in the membrane-proximal half of the β2 cytoplasmic domain was necessary for activating Rho. Three COOH-terminal residues (aa 758–760) were essential for β2-induced accumulation of Rho at complement receptor 3 (CR3) phagosomes. Activation of Rho was necessary, but not sufficient, for its stable recruitment underneath bound particles or for uptake. However, recruitment of active Rho was sufficient for phagocytosis. Our data shed light on the mechanism of outside-in signaling, from ligated integrins to the activation of Rho GTPase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Wiedemann
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England, UK
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Abstract
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the observation that certain integrin heterodimers are continually internalized from the plasma membrane into endosomal compartments and subsequently recycled back to the cell surface indicated that the endocytic and recycling pathways have the potential to exert minute-to-minute control over integrin function. This insight has prompted others to study the regulation of integrin trafficking in more detail. This review aims to summarize the findings of studies revealing the molecular mechanisms controlling integrin traffic, particularly those providing indications as to how these processes contribute to cell migration and tumour cell invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Caswell
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK, Garscube Estate, Glasgow
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Sadoul K, Vignoud L, Mossuz P, Block MR. Proteolysis leads to the appearance of the long form of beta3-endonexin in human platelets. Exp Cell Res 2005; 305:427-35. [PMID: 15817167 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
After vessel injury, platelets adhere to the subendothelial matrix. Platelet adhesion leads to activation of the platelet integrin alpha(IIb)beta3, which then binds to fibrinogen, leading to platelet aggregation. It has been shown that a beta3-integrin binding protein, beta3-endonexin, can activate the integrin alpha(IIb)beta3 expressed in transfected CHO cells. Several isoforms of beta3-endonexin are known but it is not clear which isoforms are expressed in platelets and what role they may play during haemostasis. Here, we show that the long form of beta3-endonexin (EN-L) can be detected in platelet lysates several hours after thrombus formation, after long-term storage of platelets and after glucose deprivation. After subcellular fractionation, EN-L is found in the detergent insoluble fraction suggesting that it might be associated with the cytoskeleton. EN-L generation is temperature and Ca++ dependent and requires physiological salt concentrations. Proteolysis is responsible for the appearance of EN-L since a calpain inhibitor prevents its formation and the addition of calpain to platelet lysates induces its formation. The appearance of EN-L seems to be linked to apoptotic events occurring during long-term storage of platelets and, possibly, during late steps of haemostasis after thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Sadoul
- Laboratoire d'Etude de la Différenciation et de l'Adhérence Cellulaires, UMR UJF/CNRS 5538, Institut Albert Bonniot, Faculté de Médecine de Grenoble, Domaine de la Merci, 38706 La Tronche Cedex, France.
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10
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Besta F, Müller I, Lorenz M, Massberg S, Bültmann A, Cabeza N, Richter T, Kremmer E, Nothdurfter C, Brand K, Gawaz M. Reduced β3-endonexin levels are associated with enhanced urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor expression in ApoE−/− mice. Thromb Res 2004; 114:283-92. [PMID: 15381392 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2003] [Revised: 02/19/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis of extracellular matrix components is required for cell migration occurring in atherosclerotic lesion formation. In the present study, gene expression of the urokinase plasmingen activator receptor (uPAR) and underlying mechanisms were analyzed during the development of atherosclerosis in the aorta of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (apoE(-/-)). A significant increase of uPAR expression was detected in the atherosclerotic tissue with advancing plaque-dimension. As uPAR gene transcription involves the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), we analyzed nuclear NF-kappaB activity in vascular tissue of apoE-deficient mice. Congruent to uPAR, we could detect an increase in NF-kappaB activity, which underlines the chronic inflammatory component of the disease. Recently we reported that beta(3)-endonexin, a protein that modulates beta(3)-integrins, regulates uPAR expression through direct interaction with subunits of the NF-kappaB-complex. Herein we could show that beta(3)-endonexin protein is expressed in aortic tissue of mice. Moreover, in contrast to uPAR or NF-kappaB, the expression of beta(3)-endonexin was reduced in extracts of advanced atherosclerotic aortic tissue. The cytoplasmic protein beta(3)-endonexin regulates function of beta(3)-integrins. We revealed that integrin stimulation of endothelial cells led to an enhanced NF-kappaB activity and secretion of the NF-kappaB dependent chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). The beta(3)-integrin dependent increase in MCP-1 was notedly reduced in cells that overexpressed beta(3)-endonexin. These results provide strong evidence that beta(3)-endonexin acts as a regulating factor in the integrin-mediated signal transduction and the present findings imply a pathophysiological role of beta(3)-endonexin in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Besta
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany
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Besta F, Massberg S, Brand K, Müller E, Page S, Grüner S, Lorenz M, Sadoul K, Kolanus W, Lengyel E, Gawaz M. Role of beta(3)-endonexin in the regulation of NF-kappaB-dependent expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor. J Cell Sci 2003; 115:3879-88. [PMID: 12244126 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial migration on extracellular matrix is regulated by integrins and proteolysis. Previous studies showed that beta(3)-integrins regulate expression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) through outside-in signalling involving the cytoplasmic domain. Here we show that overexpression of the integrin-binding protein beta(3)-endonexin decreased uPAR promoter (-398 base-pair fragment) activity that is constitutively active in endothelial cells. Mutation of the NF-kappaB promoter binding site (-45 bp) impaired the ability of beta(3)-endonexin to downregulate uPAR promoter activity. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that beta(3)-endonexin interacts directly with the p50/p65 transactivation complex and thereby inhibits binding of kappaB oligonucleotides to the p50/p65 complex. Moreover, binding of beta(3)-endonexin to p50 was inhibited in the presence of kappaB but not mutated kappaB oligonucleotides, suggesting a sterical competition between beta(3)-endonexin and kappaB DNA for the p50/p65 complex. We therefore propose that beta(3)-endonexin acts as regulator of uPAR expression in beta(3)-integrin-mediated endothelial cell migration through direct interaction with p50/p65. Since NF-kappaB regulates the expression of matrix degrading enzymes, the present results define a role of beta(3)-endonexin in regulating beta(3)-integrin-mediated adhesion and pericellular proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Besta
- Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar und Deutsches Herzzentrum, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Münich, Germany
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