1
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Hu B, Yin G, Sun X. Identification of specific role of SNX family in gastric cancer prognosis evaluation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10231. [PMID: 35715463 PMCID: PMC9205943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14266-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We here perform a systematic bioinformatic analysis to uncover the role of sorting nexin (SNX) family in clinical outcome of gastric cancer (GC). Comprehensive bioinformatic analysis were realized with online tools such as TCGA, GEO, String, Timer, cBioportal and Kaplan-Meier Plotter. Statistical analysis was conducted with R language or Perl, and artificial neural network (ANN) model was established using Python. Our analysis demonstrated that SNX4/5/6/7/8/10/13/14/15/16/20/22/25/27/30 were higher expressed in GC, whereas SNX1/17/21/24/33 were in the opposite expression profiles. GSE66229 was employed as verification of the differential expression analysis based on TCGA. Clustering results gave the relative transcriptional levels of 30 SNXs in tumor, and it was totally consistent to the inner relevance of SNXs at mRNA level. Protein-Protein Interaction map showed closely and complex connection among 33 SNXs. Tumor immune infiltration analysis asserted that SNX1/3/9/18/19/21/29/33, SNX1/17/18/20/21/29/31/33, SNX1/2/3/6/10/18/29/33, and SNX1/2/6/10/17/18/20/29 were strongly correlated with four kinds of survival related tumor-infiltrating immune cells, including cancer associated fibroblast, endothelial cells, macrophages and Tregs. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis based on GEO presented more satisfactory results than that based on TCGA-STAD did, and all the 29 SNXs were statistically significant, SNX23/26/28 excluded. SNXs alteration contributed to microsatellite instability (MSI) or higher level of MSI-H (hyper-mutated MSI or high level of MSI), and other malignancy encompassing mutation of TP53 and ARID1A, as well as methylation of MLH1.The multivariate cox model, visualized as a nomogram, performed excellently in patients risk classification, for those with higher risk-score suffered from shorter overall survival (OS). Compared to previous researches, our ANN models showed a predictive power at a middle-upper level, with AUC of 0.87/0.72, 0.84/0.72, 0.90/0.71 (GSE84437), 0.98/0.66, 0.86/0.70, 0.98/0.71 (GSE66229), 0.94/0.66, 0.83/0.71, 0.88/0.72 (GSE26253) corresponding to one-, three- and five-year OS and recurrence free survival (RFS) estimation, especially ANN model built with GSE66229 including exclusively SNXs as input data. The SNX family shows great value in postoperative survival evaluation of GC, and ANN models constructed using SNXs transcriptional data manifesting excellent predictive power in both OS and RFS prediction works as convincing verification to that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, North Nanjing Street 155, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohui Yin
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuren Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, North Nanjing Street 155, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
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Ecker M, Schregle R, Kapoor-Kaushik N, Rossatti P, Betzler VM, Kempe D, Biro M, Ariotti N, Redpath GMI, Rossy J. SNX9-induced membrane tubulation regulates CD28 cluster stability and signalling. eLife 2022; 11:e67550. [PMID: 35050850 PMCID: PMC8786313 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation requires engagement of a cognate antigen by the T cell receptor (TCR) and the co-stimulatory signal of CD28. Both TCR and CD28 aggregate into clusters at the plasma membrane of activated T cells. While the role of TCR clustering in T cell activation has been extensively investigated, little is known about how CD28 clustering contributes to CD28 signalling. Here, we report that upon CD28 triggering, the BAR-domain protein sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) is recruited to CD28 clusters at the immunological synapse. Using three-dimensional correlative light and electron microscopy, we show that SNX9 generates membrane tubulation out of CD28 clusters. Our data further reveal that CD28 clusters are in fact dynamic structures and that SNX9 regulates their stability as well as CD28 phosphorylation and the resulting production of the cytokine IL-2. In summary, our work suggests a model in which SNX9-mediated tubulation generates a membrane environment that promotes CD28 triggering and downstream signalling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Ecker
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Richard Schregle
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of KonstanzKreuzlingenSwitzerland
- Department of Biology, University of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
| | - Natasha Kapoor-Kaushik
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Pascal Rossatti
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of KonstanzKreuzlingenSwitzerland
| | - Verena M Betzler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of KonstanzKreuzlingenSwitzerland
| | - Daryan Kempe
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Maté Biro
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Nicholas Ariotti
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Gregory MI Redpath
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Jeremie Rossy
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of KonstanzKreuzlingenSwitzerland
- Department of Biology, University of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
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3
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PI(3,4)P 2-mediated membrane tubulation promotes integrin trafficking and invasive cell migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017645118. [PMID: 33947811 PMCID: PMC8126793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017645118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Invadopodia are integrin-mediated adhesions with abundant PI(3,4)P2 However, the functional role of PI(3,4)P2 in adhesion signaling remains unclear. Here, we find that the PI(3,4)P2 biogenesis regulates the integrin endocytosis at invadopodia. PI(3,4)P2 is locally produced by PIK3CA and SHIP2 and is concentrated at the trailing edge of the invadopodium arc. The PI(3,4)P2-rich compartment locally forms small puncta (membrane buds) in a SNX9-dependent manner, recruits dynein activator Hook1 through AKTIP, and rearranges into micrometer-long tubular invaginations (membrane tubes). The uncurving membrane tube extends rapidly, follows the retrograde movement of dynein along microtubule tracks, and disconnects from the plasma membrane. Activated integrin-beta3 is locally internalized through the pathway of PI(3,4)P2-mediated membrane invagination and is then actively recycled. Blockages of PI3K, SHIP2, and SNX9 suppress integrin-beta3 endocytosis, delay adhesion turnover, and impede transwell invasion of MEF-Src and MDA-MB-231 cells. Thus, the production of PI(3,4)P2 promotes invasive cell migration by stimulating the trafficking of integrin receptor at the invadopodium.
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Jarsch IK, Gadsby JR, Nuccitelli A, Mason J, Shimo H, Pilloux L, Marzook B, Mulvey CM, Dobramysl U, Bradshaw CR, Lilley KS, Hayward RD, Vaughan TJ, Dobson CL, Gallop JL. A direct role for SNX9 in the biogenesis of filopodia. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:151579. [PMID: 32328641 PMCID: PMC7147113 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are finger-like actin-rich protrusions that extend from the cell surface and are important for cell-cell communication and pathogen internalization. The small size and transient nature of filopodia combined with shared usage of actin regulators within cells confounds attempts to identify filopodial proteins. Here, we used phage display phenotypic screening to isolate antibodies that alter the actin morphology of filopodia-like structures (FLS) in vitro. We found that all of the antibodies that cause shorter FLS interact with SNX9, an actin regulator that binds phosphoinositides during endocytosis and at invadopodia. In cells, we discover SNX9 at specialized filopodia in Xenopus development and that SNX9 is an endogenous component of filopodia that are hijacked by Chlamydia entry. We show the use of antibody technology to identify proteins used in filopodia-like structures, and a role for SNX9 in filopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris K Jarsch
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan R Gadsby
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annalisa Nuccitelli
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia Mason
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hanae Shimo
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ludovic Pilloux
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bishara Marzook
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claire M Mulvey
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulrich Dobramysl
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charles R Bradshaw
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tristan J Vaughan
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claire L Dobson
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer L Gallop
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Zhu T, Bao X, Chen M, Lin R, Zhuyan J, Zhen T, Xing K, Zhou W, Zhu S. Mechanisms and Future of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Metastasis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:585284. [PMID: 33262947 PMCID: PMC7686569 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.585284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, renowned for its fast progression and metastatic potency, is rising to become a leading cause of death globally. It has been long observed that lung cancer is particularly ept in spawning distant metastasis at its early stages, and it can readily colonize virtually any human organ. In recent years, cancer research has shed light on why lung cancer is endowed with its exceptional ability to metastasize. In this review, we will take a comprehensive look at the current research on lung cancer metastasis, including molecular pathways, anatomical features and genetic traits that make lung cancer intrinsically metastatic, as we go from lung cancer’s general metastatic potential to the particular metastasis mechanisms in multiple organs. We highly concerned about the advanced discovery and development of lung cancer metastasis, indicating the importance of lung cancer specific gene mutations, heterogeneity or biomarker discovery, and discussing potential opportunities and challenges. We will also introduce some current treatments that targets certain metastatic strategies of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Advances made in these regards could be critical to our current knowledge base of lung cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Starriver Bilingual School, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Mingyu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University Medical School, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianan Zhuyan
- Shanghai Starriver Bilingual School, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Souths Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sibo Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Yang L, Tan W, Yang X, You Y, Wang J, Wen G, Zhong J. Sorting nexins: A novel promising therapy target for cancerous/neoplastic diseases. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:3317-3335. [PMID: 33090492 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sorting nexins (SNXs) are a diverse group of cytoplasmic- and membrane-associated phosphoinositide-binding proteins containing the PX domain proteins. The function of SNX proteins in regulating intracellular protein trafficking consists of endocytosis, endosomal sorting, and endosomal signaling. Dysfunctions of SNX proteins are demonstrated to be involved in several cancerous/neoplastic diseases. Here, we review the accumulated evidence of the molecular structure and biological function of SNX proteins and discuss the regulatory role of SNX proteins in distinct cancerous/neoplastic diseases. SNX family proteins may be a valuable potential biomarker and therapeutic strategy for diagnostics and treatment of cancerous/neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Weihua Tan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Emergency Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xinzhi Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yong You
- Research Lab of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Research Lab of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Gebo Wen
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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7
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Shen AW, Fu LL, Lin L, Sun B, Song DX, Wang WT, Wang YH, Yin PR, Yu SQ. SNX9 Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Cyst Development in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease via Activation of the Hippo-YAP Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:811. [PMID: 32974348 PMCID: PMC7472854 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a complex process, involving the alteration of multiple genes and signaling pathways, and the pathogenesis of ADPKD remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated the suppressive role of sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) during ADPKD development. Sorting nexin 9 expression was detected in the kidney tissues of ADPKD patients, for the first time, and SNX9 expression was also detected in Pkd1 knockout (Pkd1–/–) and control mice. Subsequently, a series of gain- and loss-of-function studies were performed, to explore the biological roles and underlying molecular mechanisms of SNX9 in ADPKD progression. The expression of SNX9 was significantly downregulated in ADPKD patients and Pkd1–/– mice compared with control individuals and wild-type mice (Pkd1+/+), respectively. The ectopic expression of SNX9 significantly inhibited ADPKD cell proliferation, renal cyst formation and enlargement, whereas these effects were promoted by SNX9 silencing. Mechanistically, we found that SNX9 interacted directly with yes-associated protein (YAP) and increased the large tumor suppressor kinase 1-mediated phosphorylation of YAP, resulting in the cytoplasmic retention of YAP, the decreased transcriptional activity of the YAP/TEA domain transcription factor 4 complex, and, consequently, the inhibition of Hippo target gene expression and ADPKD development. Taken together, our findings provided novel insights into the role played by SNX9 during ADPKD pathogenesis and may reveal novel therapeutic approaches for ADPKD and related kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Wen Shen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Li Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The 5th Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University1, Zhuhai, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Xu Song
- Department of Nephrology, Second People's Hospital of Fuyang City, Fuyang, China
| | - Wu-Tao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Hao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Ran Yin
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Qiang Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Zhou Q, Huang T, Jiang Z, Ge C, Chen X, Zhang L, Zhao F, Zhu M, Chen T, Cui Y, Li H, Yao M, Li J, Tian H. Upregulation of SNX5 predicts poor prognosis and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by modulating the EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Oncogene 2019; 39:2140-2155. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Hui L, Wang J, Zhang J, Long J. lncRNA TMEM51-AS1 and RUSC1-AS1 function as ceRNAs for induction of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and prediction of prognosis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7456. [PMID: 31565549 PMCID: PMC6743450 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can function as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) to interact with miRNAs to regulate target genes and promote cancer initiation and progression. The expression of lncRNAs and miRNAs can be epigenetically regulated. The goal of this study was to construct an lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and reveal their methylation patterns, which was not investigated previously. METHODS Microarray datasets available from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were used to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs), miRNAs (DEMs), and genes (DEGs) between LSCC and controls, which were then overlapped with differentially methylated regions (DMRs). The ceRNA network was established by screening the interaction relationships between miRNAs and lncRNAs/mRNAs by corresponding databases. TCGA database was used to identify prognostic biomarkers. RESULTS Five DELs (downregulated: TMEM51-AS1, SND1-IT1; upregulated: HCP5, RUSC1-AS1, LINC00324) and no DEMs were overlapped with the DMRs, but only a negative relationship occurred in the expression and methylation level of TMEM51-AS1. Five DELs could interact with 11 DEMs to regulate 242 DEGs, which was used to construct the ceRNA network, including TMEM51-AS1-miR-106b-SNX21/ TRAPPC10, LINC00324/RUSC1-AS1-miR-16-SPRY4/MICAL2/ SLC39A14, RUSC1-AS1-miR-10-SCG5 and RUSC1-AS1-miR-7-ZFP1 ceRNAs axes. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed RUSC1-AS1 and SNX21 were associated with overall survival (OS); LINC00324, miR-7 and ZFP1 correlated with recurrence-free survival (RFS); miR-16, miR-10, SCG5, SPRY4, MICAL2 and SLC39A14 were both OS and RFS-related. Furthermore, TRAPPC10 and SLC39A14 were identified as independent OS prognostic factors by multivariate Cox regression analysis. CONCLUSION DNA methylation-mediated TMEM51-AS1 and non-methylation-mediated RUSC1-AS1 may function as ceRNAs for induction of LSCC. They and their ceRNA axis genes (particularly TMEM51-AS1-miR-106b-TRAPPC10; RUSC1-AS1-miR-16-SLC39A14) may be potentially important prognostic biomarkers for LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Hui
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jialiang Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jin Long
- Department of General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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10
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Human Colorectal Cancer Infrastructure Constructed by the Glycocalyx. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091270. [PMID: 31443371 PMCID: PMC6780787 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells can survive and grow via angiogenesis. An alternative but controversial theory is cancer cells may grow via vasculogenic mimicry (VM), in which the cancer cells themselves construct vessel-like channels that are considered a leading cause of drug resistance. The dynamic functions of the glycocalyx (GCX), a meshwork composed of proteoglycans and glycoproteins that surrounds cell membranes, have been observed in endothelial cells within tumors. However, the actual structural shape formed by the GCX in human patients remains unclear. Here, we visualized the three-dimensional (3D) network structure constructed by bulky GCX in human colorectal cancer (CRC) patients using scanning electron microscopy with lanthanum nitrate staining. The network structure extended throughout the cancer cell nest, opening into capillaries, with a tunnel channel that exhibited a net- and spongy-like ultrastructure. The expression of endothelial and cancer-specific GCX-binding lectins was dramatically increased in the interstitial spaces between cancer cells. Even accounting for the presence of artifacts resulting from sample preparation methods, the intercellular tunnels appeared to be coated with the bulky GCX. Further, this 3D network structure was also observed in the tumors of ApcMin/+ mice. In conclusion, the bulky GCX modifies the network structure of CRCs in human and mice.
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11
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Tanigawa K, Maekawa M, Kiyoi T, Nakayama J, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Semba K, Taguchi T, Akita S, Yoshida M, Ishimaru K, Watanabe Y, Higashiyama S. SNX9 determines the surface levels of integrin β1 in vascular endothelial cells: Implication in poor prognosis of human colorectal cancers overexpressing SNX9. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17280-17294. [PMID: 30784076 PMCID: PMC6617759 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is involved in a variety of diseases including the tumor growth. In response to various angiogenic stimulations, a number of proteins on the surface of vascular endothelial cells are activated to coordinate cell proliferation, migration, and spreading processes to form new blood vessels. Plasma membrane localization of these angiogenic proteins, which include vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and integrins, are warranted by intracellular membrane trafficking. Here, by using a siRNA library, we screened for the sorting nexin family that regulates intracellular trafficking and identified sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) as a novel angiogenic factor in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). SNX9 was essential for cell spreading on the Matrigel, and tube formation that mimics in vivo angiogenesis in HUVECs. SNX9 depletion significantly delayed the recycling of integrin β1, an essential adhesion molecule for angiogenesis, and reduced the surface levels of integrin β1 in HUVECs. Clinically, we showed that SNX9 protein was highly expressed in tumor endothelial cells of human colorectal cancer tissues. High-level expression of SNX9 messenger RNA significantly correlated with poor prognosis of the patients with colorectal cancer. These results suggest that SNX9 is an angiogenic factor and provide a novel target for the development of new antiangiogenic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Tanigawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masashi Maekawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.,Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University
| | - Takeshi Kiyoi
- Division of Analytical Bio-medicine, Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University
| | - Riko Kitazawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine.,Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Ehime University Hospital
| | - Sohei Kitazawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kentaro Semba
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Satoshi Akita
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Motohira Yoshida
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kei Ishimaru
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yuji Watanabe
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.,Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University
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Poudel KR, Roh-Johnson M, Su A, Ho T, Mathsyaraja H, Anderson S, Grady WM, Moens CB, Conacci-Sorrell M, Eisenman RN, Bai J. Competition between TIAM1 and Membranes Balances Endophilin A3 Activity in Cancer Metastasis. Dev Cell 2018; 45:738-752.e6. [PMID: 29920278 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Normal cells acquire aggressive behavior by modifying signaling pathways. For instance, alteration of endocytosis profoundly impacts both proliferation and migration during tumorigenesis. Here we investigate the mechanisms that enable the endocytic machinery to coordinate these processes. We show that a membrane curvature-sensing protein, endophilin A3, promotes growth and migration of colon cancer cells through two competing mechanisms: an endocytosis pathway that is required for proliferation and a GTPase regulatory pathway that controls cell motility. EndoA3 stimulates cell migration by binding the Rac GEF TIAM1 leading to activation of small GTPases. Competing interactions of EndoA3 with membrane versus TIAM1 modulate hyperproliferative and metastatic phenotypes. Disruption of EndoA3-membrane interactions stimulates TIAM1 and small GTPases in vitro, and further promotes pro-metastatic phenotypes in vivo. Together, these results uncover a coupling mechanism, by which EndoA3 promotes growth and migration of colon cancers, by linking membrane dynamics to GTPase regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumud R Poudel
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Minna Roh-Johnson
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Allen Su
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Thuong Ho
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Haritha Mathsyaraja
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sarah Anderson
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - William M Grady
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Cecilia B Moens
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Robert N Eisenman
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Jihong Bai
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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13
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Liu C, Zhai X, Du H, Cao Y, Cao H, Wang Y, Yu X, Gao J, Xu Z. Sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) is not essential for development and auditory function in mice. Oncotarget 2018; 7:68921-68932. [PMID: 27655699 PMCID: PMC5356600 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorting nexins are a large family of evolutionarily conserved proteins that play fundamental roles in endocytosis, endosomal sorting and signaling. As an important member of sorting nexin family, sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) has been shown to participate in coordinating actin polymerization with membrane tubulation and vesicle formation. We previously showed that SNX9 is expressed in mouse auditory hair cells and might regulate actin polymerization in those cells. To further examine the physiological role of SNX9, we generated Snx9 knockout mice using homologous recombination method. Unexpectedly, Snx9 knockout mice have normal viability and fertility, and are morphologically and behaviorally indistinguishable from control mice. Further investigation revealed that the morphology and function of auditory hair cells are not affected by Snx9 inactivation, and Snx9 knockout mice have normal hearing threshold. In conclusion, our data revealed that Snx9-deficient mice do not show defects in development as well as auditory function, suggesting that SNX9 is not essential for mice development and hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Cao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Huiren Cao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Jiangang Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
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14
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Abstract
Actin remodeling plays an essential role in diverse cellular processes such as cell motility, vesicle trafficking or cytokinesis. The scaffold protein and actin nucleation promoting factor Cortactin is present in virtually all actin-based structures, participating in the formation of branched actin networks. It has been involved in the control of endocytosis, and vesicle trafficking, axon guidance and organization, as well as adhesion, migration and invasion. To migrate and invade through three-dimensional environments, cells have developed specialized actin-based structures called invadosomes, a generic term to designate invadopodia and podosomes. Cortactin has emerged as a critical regulator of invadosome formation, function and disassembly. Underscoring this role, Cortactin is frequently overexpressed in several types of invasive cancers. Herein we will review the roles played by Cortactin in these specific invasive structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Jeannot
- CRCT INSERM UMR1037, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier , CNRS ERL5294, Toulouse, France.,Cell Signalling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester , Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Arnaud Besson
- CRCT INSERM UMR1037, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier , CNRS ERL5294, Toulouse, France.,LBCMCP , Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse , CNRS, UPS, Toulouse Cedex, France
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15
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Daste F, Walrant A, Holst MR, Gadsby JR, Mason J, Lee JE, Brook D, Mettlen M, Larsson E, Lee SF, Lundmark R, Gallop JL. Control of actin polymerization via the coincidence of phosphoinositides and high membrane curvature. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3745-3765. [PMID: 28923975 PMCID: PMC5674896 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201704061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
How the membrane environment informs when and where actin is polymerized in clathrin-mediated endocytosis is unclear. Daste et al. show that high membrane curvature stimulates PI(3,4)P2 dephosphorylation by INPP4A and that PI(3)P recruits SNX9 in conjunction with both PI(4,5)P2 and high membrane curvature. Furthermore, they find that Lowe syndrome mimics this membrane microenvironment with the aberrant formation of a PI(4,5)P2/PI(3)P intermediate, giving rise to actin comets. The conditional use of actin during clathrin-mediated endocytosis in mammalian cells suggests that the cell controls whether and how actin is used. Using a combination of biochemical reconstitution and mammalian cell culture, we elucidate a mechanism by which the coincidence of PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3)P in a curved vesicle triggers actin polymerization. At clathrin-coated pits, PI(3)P is produced by the INPP4A hydrolysis of PI(3,4)P2, and this is necessary for actin-driven endocytosis. Both Cdc42⋅guanosine triphosphate and SNX9 activate N-WASP–WIP- and Arp2/3-mediated actin nucleation. Membrane curvature, PI(4,5)P2, and PI(3)P signals are needed for SNX9 assembly via its PX–BAR domain, whereas signaling through Cdc42 is activated by PI(4,5)P2 alone. INPP4A activity is stimulated by high membrane curvature and synergizes with SNX9 BAR domain binding in a process we call curvature cascade amplification. We show that the SNX9-driven actin comets that arise on human disease–associated oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe (OCRL) deficiencies are reduced by inhibiting PI(3)P production, suggesting PI(3)P kinase inhibitors as a therapeutic strategy in Lowe syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Daste
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Astrid Walrant
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Mikkel R Holst
- Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonathan R Gadsby
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Julia Mason
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Daniel Brook
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Marcel Mettlen
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Elin Larsson
- Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | | | - Jennifer L Gallop
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
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16
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Ganaie IA, Naqvi SH, Jain SK, Wajid S. Reduced expression of SETD2 and SNX9 proteins in chemically induced mammary tumorigenesis in Wistar rats: a prognostic histological and proteomic study. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1451-1466. [PMID: 27766425 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major global health concern, appealing for precise prognostic approaches. Thus, the need is to have studies focusing on the identification and recognition of preliminary events leading to the disease. The present study reports the tracing of precancerous progression and serum proteomic analysis in a breast cancer model developed as a result of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) administration. Mammary gland histological changes of prime importance were examined by histopathology, and immunohistochemical analysis with Ki-67 was performed to monitor enhanced cell proliferation, right from the onset of hyperplasia till neoplasia. Serum proteomics (one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis, followed by MALDI-TOF MS characterization) was performed to decipher the differentially expressed serum proteins in animals undergoing tumorigenesis vis-à-vis controls. The significance of our study lies in reporting the significantly reduced expression of two proteins: histone-lysine N-methyltransferase (SETD2) and sorting nexin-9 (SNX9) at very early stage (13 weeks) of tumorigenesis, while the full-fledged tumors developed after 6 months. The reduced expression of SETD2 and SNX9 was validated by western blotting and relative expression analysis using quantitative real-time PCR. These proteins may hence prove as potentially useful tools in search for prognostic markers for the early detection of mammary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Ahmad Ganaie
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard), New Delhi, 110062, India
| | | | - Swatantra Kumar Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard), New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard), New Delhi, 110062, India.
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17
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Bendris N, Schmid SL. Endocytosis, Metastasis and Beyond: Multiple Facets of SNX9. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 27:189-200. [PMID: 27989654 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sorting nexin (SNX)9 was first discovered as an endocytic accessory protein involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. However, recent data suggest that SNX9 is a multifunctional scaffold that coordinates membrane trafficking and remodeling with changes in actin dynamics to affect diverse cellular processes. Here, we review the accumulated knowledge on SNX9 with an emphasis on its recently identified roles in clathrin-independent endocytic pathways, cell invasion, and cell division, which have implications for SNX9 function in human disease, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Bendris
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Sandra L Schmid
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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