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Rotshenker S. Galectin-3 (MAC-2) controls phagocytosis and macropinocytosis through intracellular and extracellular mechanisms. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:949079. [PMID: 36274989 PMCID: PMC9581057 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.949079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3; formally named MAC-2) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin. Various cell types produce Gal-3 under either normal conditions and/or pathological conditions. Gal-3 can be present in cells' nuclei and cytoplasm, secreted from producing cells, and associated with cells' plasma membranes. This review focuses on how Gal-3 controls phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. Intracellular and extracellular Gal-3 promotes the phagocytosis of phagocytic targets/cargo (e.g., tissue debris and apoptotic cells) in “professional phagocytes” (e.g., microglia and macrophages) and “non-professional phagocytes” (e.g., Schwann cells and astrocytes). Intracellularly, Gal-3 promotes phagocytosis by controlling the “eat me” signaling pathways that phagocytic receptors generate, directing the cytoskeleton to produce the mechanical forces that drive the structural changes on which phagocytosis depends, protrusion and then retraction of filopodia and lamellipodia as they, respectively, engulf and then internalize phagocytic targets. Extracellularly, Gal-3 promotes phagocytosis by functioning as an opsonin, linking phagocytic targets to phagocytic receptors, activating them to generate the “eat me” signaling pathways. Macropinocytosis is a non-selective endocytic mechanism that various cells use to internalize the bulk of extracellular fluid and included materials/cargo (e.g., dissolved nutrients, proteins, and pathogens). Extracellular and intracellular Gal-3 control macropinocytosis in some types of cancer. Phagocytosed and macropinocytosed targets/cargo that reach lysosomes for degradation may rupture lysosomal membranes. Damaged lysosomal membranes undergo either repair or removal by selective autophagy (i.e., lysophagy) that intracellular Gal-3 controls.
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Abstract
The distinct movements of macropinosome formation and maturation have corresponding biochemical activities which occur in a defined sequence of stages and transitions between those stages. Each stage in the process is regulated by variously phosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) which reside in the cytoplasmic face of the membrane lipid bilayer. PtdIns derivatives phosphorylated at the 3' position of the inositol moiety, called 3' phosphoinositides (3'PIs), regulate different stages of the sequence. 3'PIs are synthesized by numerous phosphoinositide 3'-kinases (PI3K) and other lipid kinases and phosphatases, which are themselves regulated by small GTPases of the Ras superfamily. The combined actions of these enzymes localize four principal species of 3'PI to distinct domains of the plasma membrane or to discrete organelles, with distinct biochemical activities confined to those domains. Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) and phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P2) regulate the early stages of macropinosome formation, which include cell surface ruffling and constrictions of circular ruffles which close into macropinosomes. Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) regulates macropinosome fusion with other macropinosomes and early endocytic organelles. Phosphatidylinositol (3,5)-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2) mediates macropinosome maturation and shrinkage, through loss of ions and water, and subsequent traffic to lysosomes. The different characteristic rates of macropinocytosis in different cell types indicate levels of regulation which may be governed by the cell's capacity to generate 3'PIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Swanson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
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Vorselen D, Barger SR, Wang Y, Cai W, Theriot JA, Gauthier NC, Krendel M. Phagocytic 'teeth' and myosin-II 'jaw' power target constriction during phagocytosis. eLife 2021; 10:e68627. [PMID: 34708690 PMCID: PMC8585483 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis requires rapid actin reorganization and spatially controlled force generation to ingest targets ranging from pathogens to apoptotic cells. How actomyosin activity directs membrane extensions to engulf such diverse targets remains unclear. Here, we combine lattice light-sheet microscopy (LLSM) with microparticle traction force microscopy (MP-TFM) to quantify actin dynamics and subcellular forces during macrophage phagocytosis. We show that spatially localized forces leading to target constriction are prominent during phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized targets. This constriction is largely driven by Arp2/3-mediated assembly of discrete actin protrusions containing myosin 1e and 1f ('teeth') that appear to be interconnected in a ring-like organization. Contractile myosin-II activity contributes to late-stage phagocytic force generation and progression, supporting a specific role in phagocytic cup closure. Observations of partial target eating attempts and sudden target release via a popping mechanism suggest that constriction may be critical for resolving complex in vivo target encounters. Overall, our findings present a phagocytic cup shaping mechanism that is distinct from cytoskeletal remodeling in 2D cell motility and may contribute to mechanosensing and phagocytic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Vorselen
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Sarah R Barger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Mira Krendel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
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Leyden F, Uthishtran S, Moorthi UK, York HM, Patil A, Gandhi H, Petrov EP, Bornschlögl T, Arumugam S. Rac1 activation can generate untemplated, lamellar membrane ruffles. BMC Biol 2021; 19:72. [PMID: 33849538 PMCID: PMC8042924 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Membrane protrusions that occur on the dorsal surface of a cell are an excellent experimental system to study actin machinery at work in a living cell. Small GTPase Rac1 controls the membrane protrusions that form and encapsulate extracellular volumes to perform pinocytic or phagocytic functions. RESULTS Here, capitalizing on rapid volumetric imaging capabilities of lattice light-sheet microscopy (LLSM), we describe optogenetic approaches using photoactivable Rac1 (PA-Rac1) for controlled ruffle generation. We demonstrate that PA-Rac1 activation needs to be continuous, suggesting a threshold local concentration for sustained actin polymerization leading to ruffling. We show that Rac1 activation leads to actin assembly at the dorsal surface of the cell membrane that result in sheet-like protrusion formation without any requirement of a template. Further, this approach can be used to study the complex morpho-dynamics of the protrusions or to investigate specific proteins that may be enriched in the ruffles. Deactivating PA-Rac1 leads to complex contractile processes resulting in formation of macropinosomes. Using multicolour imaging in combination with these approaches, we find that Myo1e specifically is enriched in the ruffles. CONCLUSIONS Combining LLSM and optogenetics enables superior spatial and temporal control for studying such dynamic mechanisms. Demonstrated here, the techniques implemented provide insight into the complex nature of the molecular interplay involved in dynamic actin machinery, revealing that Rac1 activation can generate untemplated, lamellar protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Leyden
- Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - S Uthishtran
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - U K Moorthi
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- European Molecular Biological Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - H M York
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- European Molecular Biological Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - A Patil
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- European Molecular Biological Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - H Gandhi
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- European Molecular Biological Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - E P Petrov
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestraße 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - T Bornschlögl
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - S Arumugam
- Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- European Molecular Biological Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
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Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are clinical syndromes that cause significant mortality in clinical settings and morbidity among survivors accompanied by huge healthcare costs. Lung-resident cell dysfunction/death and neutrophil alveolitis accompanied by proteinous edema are the main pathological features of ALI/ARDS. While understanding of the mechanisms underlying ALI/ARDS pathogenesis is progressing and potential treatments such as statin therapy, nutritional strategies, and mesenchymal cell therapy are emerging, poor clinical outcomes in ALI/ARDS patients persist. Thus, a better understanding of lung-resident cell death and neutrophil alveolitis and their mitigation and clearance mechanisms may provide new therapeutic strategies to accelerate lung repair and improve outcomes in critically ill patients. Macrophages are required for normal tissue development and homeostasis as well as regulating tissue injury and repair through modulation of inflammation and other cellular processes. While macrophages mediate various functions, here we review recent dead cell clearance (efferocytosis) mechanisms mediated by these immune cells for maintaining tissue homeostasis after infectious and non-infectious lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Noone
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sekhar P Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Guo Y, Chen H, Wang QJ, Qi X, Li Q, Fu W, Huang J, Yao CY, Liu ZY, Wang MZ, An L, Tian JH, Wu ZH. Prolonged melatonin treatment promote testicular recovery by enhancing RAC1-mediated apoptotic cell clearance and cell junction-dependent spermatogensis after heat stress. Theriogenology 2020; 162:22-31. [PMID: 33418161 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A decline in semen quality caused by global warming and torrid working conditions is a major cause of human male infertility, and heat stress-induced decreases in male reproductive ability results in economic losses in livestock husbandry. Increasing evidence suggests that melatonin exerts protective effects on stress-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in germ cells. However, few studies have assessed the effects of melatonin on testicular recovery during post-heat stress and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS In vivo studies using 8-week-old male CD-1 mice revealed that melatonin pretreatment (50 mg/kg for 5 days) did not alleviate heat stress-induced germ cell loss and disrupted testicular histomorphology, however, long-term melatonin administration after heat stress accelerated germ cell apoptosis, spermatogenic cell regeneration, and testicular weight recovery. In vitro studies demonstrated that melatonin enhanced RAC1 activity, resulting in increased phagocytosis of apoptotic germ cells by Sertoli cells. In addition, melatonin restored gap junctions and tight junctions after heat stress, thereby promoting hollow seminiferous tubule filling. DISCUSSION Long-term melatonin administration accelerated testicular recovery after heat stress by enhancing the phagocytotic activity of Sertoli cells and the regeneration of spermatogenic cells. This finding suggests that melatonin is a potential therapeutic for heat stress-induced male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Qiang-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chun-Yan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhong-Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mei-Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei An
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian-Hui Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhong-Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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7
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Nelsen E, Hobson CM, Kern ME, Hsiao JP, O'Brien Iii ET, Watanabe T, Condon BM, Boyce M, Grinstein S, Hahn KM, Falvo MR, Superfine R. Combined Atomic Force Microscope and Volumetric Light Sheet System for Correlative Force and Fluorescence Mechanobiology Studies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8133. [PMID: 32424215 PMCID: PMC7234992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The central goals of mechanobiology are to understand how cells generate force and how they respond to environmental mechanical stimuli. A full picture of these processes requires high-resolution, volumetric imaging with time-correlated force measurements. Here we present an instrument that combines an open-top, single-objective light sheet fluorescence microscope with an atomic force microscope (AFM), providing simultaneous volumetric imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution and high dynamic range force capability (10 pN - 100 nN). With this system we have captured lysosome trafficking, vimentin nuclear caging, and actin dynamics on the order of one second per single-cell volume. To showcase the unique advantages of combining Line Bessel light sheet imaging with AFM, we measured the forces exerted by a macrophage during FcɣR-mediated phagocytosis while performing both sequential two-color, fixed plane and volumetric imaging of F-actin. This unique instrument allows for a myriad of novel studies investigating the coupling of cellular dynamics and mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nelsen
- Deptartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - C M Hobson
- Deptartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - M E Kern
- Deptartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - J P Hsiao
- Deptartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - E T O'Brien Iii
- Deptartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - T Watanabe
- Deptartment of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - B M Condon
- Deptartment of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, United States
| | - M Boyce
- Deptartment of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, United States
| | - S Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - K M Hahn
- Deptartment of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - M R Falvo
- Deptartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - R Superfine
- Deptartment of Applied and Materials Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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8
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Feng Y, Ma M, Zhang X, Liu D, Wang L, Qian C, Wei G, Zhu B. Characterization of small GTPase Rac1 and its interaction with PAK1 in crayfish Procambarus clarkii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:178-183. [PMID: 30639478 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) participates in many biological processes. In this study, a Rac1 gene was identified in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii with an open reading frame of 579 bp that encoded 192 amino acids. This predicted 21.4 kDa protein was highly homologous to those in other invertebrates. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that Pc-Rac1 was expressed in all examined tissues with the highest expression level in hemocytes. The transcriptional expression level of Pc-Rac1 was significantly upregulated in hemocytes and hepatopancreas after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly I: C) induction. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blot analysis suggested that a recombinant Pc-Rac1 protein was successfully expressed in E. coli. Far-western blot analysis demonstrated that Rac1 can interact with the PBD domain of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1). RNA interference of Pc-Rac1 affected the mRNA expression levels of immune-related genes lectin, Toll, crustin, TNF, ALF and cactus. These results suggest that Pc-Rac1 is involved in the innate immune responses in P. clarkii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Maolin Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiaojiao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Die Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Cen Qian
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Guoqing Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Baojian Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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9
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Murakami A, Maekawa M, Kawai K, Nakayama J, Araki N, Semba K, Taguchi T, Kamei Y, Takada Y, Higashiyama S. Cullin-3/KCTD10 E3 complex is essential for Rac1 activation through RhoB degradation in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:650-661. [PMID: 30515933 PMCID: PMC6361568 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPase Rac1 is a central regulator of F‐actin organization and signal transduction to control plasma membrane dynamics and cell proliferation. Dysregulated Rac1 activity is often observed in various cancers including breast cancer and is suggested to be critical for malignancy. Here, we showed that the ubiquitin E3 ligase complex Cullin‐3 (CUL3)/KCTD10 is essential for epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐induced/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐dependent Rac1 activation in HER2‐positive breast cancer cells. EGF‐induced dorsal membrane ruffle formation and cell proliferation that depends on both Rac1 and HER2 were suppressed in CUL3‐ or KCTD10‐depleted cells. Mechanistically, CUL3/KCTD10 ubiquitinated RhoB for degradation, another Rho GTPase that inhibits Rac1 activation at the plasma membrane by suppressing endosome‐to‐plasma membrane traffic of Rac1. In HER2‐positive breast cancers, high expression of Rac1 mRNA significantly correlated with poor prognosis of the patients. This study shows that this novel molecular axis (CUL3/KCTD10/RhoB) positively regulates the activity of Rac1 in HER2‐positive breast cancers, and our findings may lead to new treatment options for HER2‐ and Rac1‐positive breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Murakami
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Masashi Maekawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan.,Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kawai
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Semba
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kamei
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Yasutsugu Takada
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan.,Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
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10
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Payapilly A, Malliri A. Compartmentalisation of RAC1 signalling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 54:50-56. [PMID: 29723737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RAC1 signalling has been implicated in a variety of dynamic cell biological processes that are orchestrated through regulated localisation and activation of RAC1. As a small GTPase, RAC1 switches between active and inactive states at various subcellular locations that include the plasma membrane, nucleus and mitochondria. Once activated, RAC1 interacts with a range of effectors that then mediate various biological functions. RAC1 is regulated by a large number of proteins that can promote its recruitment, activation, deactivation, or stability. RAC1 and its regulators are subject to various post-translational modifications that further fine tune RAC1 localisation, levels and activity. Developments in technologies have enabled the accurate detection of activated RAC1 during processes such as cell migration, invasion and DNA damage. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of RAC1 regulation and function at specific subcellular sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Payapilly
- Cell Signalling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Angeliki Malliri
- Cell Signalling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG, UK.
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11
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Ueda Y, Sato M. Induction of Signal Transduction by Using Non-Channelrhodopsin-Type Optogenetic Tools. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1217-1231. [PMID: 29577530 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Signal transductions are the basis for all cellular functions. Previous studies investigating signal transductions mainly relied on pharmacological inhibition, RNA interference, and constitutive active/dominant negative protein expression systems. However, such studies do not allow the modulation of protein activity with high spatial and temporal precision in cells, tissues, and organs in animals. Recently, non-channelrhodopsin-type optogenetic tools for regulating signal transduction have emerged. These photoswitches address several disadvantages of previous techniques, and allow us to control a variety of signal transductions such as cell membrane dynamics, calcium signaling, lipid signaling, and apoptosis. In this review we summarize recent advances in the development of such photoswitches and in how these optotools are applied to signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshibumi Ueda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
- AMED-PRIME (Japan), Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moritoshi Sato
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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12
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Morioka S, Nigorikawa K, Okada E, Tanaka Y, Kasuu Y, Yamada M, Kofuji S, Takasuga S, Nakanishi H, Sasaki T, Hazeki K. TMEM55a localizes to macrophage phagosomes to downregulate phagocytosis. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.213272. [PMID: 29378918 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
TMEM55a (also known as PIP4P2) is an enzyme that dephosphorylates the phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) PtdIns(4,5)P2 to form PtdIns(5)P in vitro However, the in vivo conversion of the polyphosphoinositide into PtdIns(5)P by the phosphatase has not yet been demonstrated, and the role of TMEM55a remains poorly understood. Here, we found that mouse macrophages (Raw264.7) deficient in TMEM55a showed an increased engulfment of large particles without affecting the phagocytosis of Escherichia coli Transfection of a bacterial phosphatase with similar substrate specificity to TMEM55a, namely IpgD, into Raw264.7 cells inhibited the engulfment of IgG-erythrocytes in a manner dependent on its phosphatase activity. In contrast, cells transfected with PIP4K2a, which catalyzes PtdIns(4,5)P2 production from PtdIns(5)P, increased phagocytosis. Fluorescent TMEM55a transfected into Raw264.7 cells was found to mostly localize to the phagosome. The accumulation of PtdIns(4,5)P2, PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and F-actin on the phagocytic cup was increased in TMEM55a-deficient cells, as monitored by live-cell imaging. Phagosomal PtdIns(5)P was decreased in the knockdown cells, but the augmentation of phagocytosis in these cells was unaffected by the exogenous addition of PtdIns(5)P. Taken together, these results suggest that TMEM55a negatively regulates the phagocytosis of large particles by reducing phagosomal PtdIns(4,5)P2 accumulation during cup formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Morioka
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Nigorikawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Eri Okada
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kasuu
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Miho Yamada
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kofuji
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Takasuga
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakanishi
- Research Center for Biosignal, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sasaki
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kaoru Hazeki
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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Egami Y, Araki N. Transient recruitment of M-Ras GTPase to phagocytic cups in RAW264 macrophages during FcγR-mediated phagocytosis. Microscopy (Oxf) 2018; 67:68-74. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfx131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Egami
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Egami Y, Kawai K, Araki N. RhoC regulates the actin remodeling required for phagosome formation during FcγR-mediated phagocytosis. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:4168-4179. [PMID: 29113998 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.202739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagosome formation is a complicated process that requires spatiotemporally regulated actin reorganization. We found that RhoC GTPase is a critical regulator of FcγR-mediated phagocytosis in macrophages. Our live-cell imaging revealed that RhoC, but not RhoA, is recruited to phagocytic cups engulfing IgG-opsonized erythrocytes (IgG-Es). RhoC silencing through RNAi, CRISPR/Cas-mediated RhoC knockout, and the expression of dominant-negative or constitutively active RhoC mutants suppressed the phagocytosis of IgG-Es. Moreover, RhoC-GTP pulldown experiments showed that endogenous RhoC is transiently activated during phagosome formation. Notably, actin-driven pseudopod extension, which is required for the formation of phagocytic cups, was severely impaired in cells expressing the constitutively active mutant RhoC-G14V, which induced abnormal F-actin accumulation underneath the plasma membrane. mDia1 (encoded by DIAPH1), a Rho-dependent actin nucleation factor, and RhoC were colocalized at the phagocytic cups. Similar to what was seen for RhoC, mDia1 silencing through RNAi inhibited phagosome formation. Additionally, the coexpression of mDia1 with constitutively active mutant RhoC-G14V or expression of active mutant mDia1-ΔN3 drastically inhibited the uptake of IgG-Es. These data suggest that RhoC modulates phagosome formation be modifying actin cytoskeletal remodeling via mDia1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Egami
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kawai
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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