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Lin J, Gu M, Wang X, Chen Y, Chau NV, Li J, Chu Q, Qing L, Wu W. Huanglian Jiedu decoction inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell-derived foam cell formation by activating autophagy via suppressing P2RY12. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 328:118125. [PMID: 38561055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HLJDD) is a Chinese medicine with a long history of therapeutic application. It is widely used in treating atherosclerosis (AS) in Chinese medicine theory and clinical practice. However, the mechanism of HLJDD in treating AS remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the efficacy and mechanism of HLJDD in treating AS. MATERIALS AND METHODS AS was induced on high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice, with the aorta pathological changes evaluated with lipid content and plaque progression. In vitro, foam cells were induced by subjecting primary mouse aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to oxLDL incubation. After HLJDD intervention, VSMCs were assessed with lipid stack, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and the expression of foam cell markers. The effects of P2RY12 were tested by adopting clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (CDL) in vivo and transfecting P2RY12 over-expressive plasmid in vitro. Autophagy was inhibited by Chloroquine or transfecting siRNA targeting ATG7 (siATG7). The mechanism of HLJDD treating atherosclerosis was explored using network pharmacology and validated with molecular docking and co-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS HLJDD exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in lipid deposition, collagen loss, and necrosis within plaques. It also reversed lipid accumulation and down-regulated the expression of foam cell markers. P2RY12 inhibition alleviated AS, while P2RY12 overexpression enhanced foam cell formation and blocked the therapeutic effects of HLJDD. Network pharmacological analysis suggested that HLJDD might mediate PI3K/AKT signaling pathway-induced autophagy. P2RY12 overexpression also impaired autophagy. Similarly, inhibiting autophagy counteracted the effect of CDL, exacerbated AS in vivo, and promoted foam cell formation in vitro. However, HLJDD treatment mitigated these detrimental effects by suppressing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Immunofluorescence and molecular docking revealed a high affinity between P2RY12 and PIK3CB, while co-immunoprecipitation assays illustrated their interaction. CONCLUSIONS HLJDD inhibited AS in vivo and foam cell formation in vitro by restoring P2RY12/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway-suppressed autophagy. This study is the first to reveal an interaction between P2RY12 and PI3K3CB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhai Lin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China.
| | - Mingyang Gu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Qinchengda Community Health Service Center, Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Group, No. 225, Block 10A, Qinchengda Yueyuan Commercial and Residential Building, Shenzhen, 518100, Guangdong, China.
| | - Nhi Van Chau
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China; Traditional Medicine Department, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 179 Nguyen Van Cu Street, An Khanh, Ninh Kieu, Can Tho, 94000, Viet Nam.
| | - Junlong Li
- The Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qingmin Chu
- The Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lijin Qing
- The Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- The Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China.
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Lopes E, Machado-Oliveira G, Simões CG, Ferreira IS, Ramos C, Ramalho J, Soares MIL, Melo TMVDPE, Puertollano R, Marques ARA, Vieira OV. Cholesteryl Hemiazelate Present in Cardiovascular Disease Patients Causes Lysosome Dysfunction in Murine Fibroblasts. Cells 2023; 12:2826. [PMID: 38132146 PMCID: PMC10741512 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence supporting the role of fibroblasts in all stages of atherosclerosis, from the initial phase to fibrous cap and plaque formation. In the arterial wall, as with macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts are exposed to a myriad of LDL lipids, including the lipid species formed during the oxidation of their polyunsaturated fatty acids of cholesteryl esters (PUFA-CEs). Recently, our group identified the final oxidation products of the PUFA-CEs, cholesteryl hemiesters (ChE), in tissues from cardiovascular disease patients. Cholesteryl hemiazelate (ChA), the most prevalent lipid of this family, is sufficient to impact lysosome function in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells, with consequences for their homeostasis. Here, we show that the lysosomal compartment of ChA-treated fibroblasts also becomes dysfunctional. Indeed, fibroblasts exposed to ChA exhibited a perinuclear accumulation of enlarged lysosomes full of neutral lipids. However, this outcome did not trigger de novo lysosome biogenesis, and only the lysosomal transcription factor E3 (TFE3) was slightly transcriptionally upregulated. As a consequence, autophagy was inhibited, probably via mTORC1 activation, culminating in fibroblasts' apoptosis. Our findings suggest that the impairment of lysosome function and autophagy and the induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts may represent an additional mechanism by which ChA can contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizeth Lopes
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-069 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.L.); (G.M.-O.); (C.G.S.); (I.S.F.); (C.R.); (J.R.)
| | - Gisela Machado-Oliveira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-069 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.L.); (G.M.-O.); (C.G.S.); (I.S.F.); (C.R.); (J.R.)
| | - Catarina Guerreiro Simões
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-069 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.L.); (G.M.-O.); (C.G.S.); (I.S.F.); (C.R.); (J.R.)
| | - Inês S. Ferreira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-069 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.L.); (G.M.-O.); (C.G.S.); (I.S.F.); (C.R.); (J.R.)
| | - Cristiano Ramos
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-069 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.L.); (G.M.-O.); (C.G.S.); (I.S.F.); (C.R.); (J.R.)
| | - José Ramalho
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-069 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.L.); (G.M.-O.); (C.G.S.); (I.S.F.); (C.R.); (J.R.)
| | - Maria I. L. Soares
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC)–Institute of Molecular Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.I.L.S.); (T.M.V.D.P.e.M.)
| | - Teresa M. V. D. Pinho e Melo
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC)–Institute of Molecular Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.I.L.S.); (T.M.V.D.P.e.M.)
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - André R. A. Marques
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-069 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.L.); (G.M.-O.); (C.G.S.); (I.S.F.); (C.R.); (J.R.)
| | - Otília V. Vieira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-069 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.L.); (G.M.-O.); (C.G.S.); (I.S.F.); (C.R.); (J.R.)
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Domingues N, Gaifem J, Matthiesen R, Saraiva DP, Bento L, Marques ARA, Soares MIL, Sampaio J, Klose C, Surma MA, Almeida MS, Rodrigues G, Gonçalves PA, Ferreira J, E Melo RG, Pedro LM, Simons K, Pinho E Melo TMVD, Cabral MG, Jacinto A, Silvestre R, Vaz W, Vieira OV. Cholesteryl hemiazelate identified in CVD patients causes in vitro and in vivo inflammation. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100419. [PMID: 37482218 PMCID: PMC10450993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of PUFAs in LDLs trapped in the arterial intima plays a critical role in atherosclerosis. Though there have been many studies on the atherogenicity of oxidized derivatives of PUFA-esters of cholesterol, the effects of cholesteryl hemiesters (ChEs), the oxidation end products of these esters, have not been studied. Through lipidomics analyses, we identified and quantified two ChE types in the plasma of CVD patients and identified four ChE types in human endarterectomy specimens. Cholesteryl hemiazelate (ChA), the ChE of azelaic acid (n-nonane-1,9-dioic acid), was the most prevalent ChE identified in both cases. Importantly, human monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, and neutrophils exhibit inflammatory features when exposed to subtoxic concentrations of ChA in vitro. ChA increases the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 and modulates the surface-marker profile of monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophage. In vivo, when zebrafish larvae were fed with a ChA-enriched diet, they exhibited neutrophil and macrophage accumulation in the vasculature in a caspase 1- and cathepsin B-dependent manner. ChA also triggered lipid accumulation at the bifurcation sites of the vasculature of the zebrafish larvae and negatively impacted their life expectancy. We conclude that ChA behaves as an endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern with inflammatory and proatherogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neuza Domingues
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, (NMS, FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Gaifem
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Portugal and ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rune Matthiesen
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, (NMS, FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana P Saraiva
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, (NMS, FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Bento
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, (NMS, FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - André R A Marques
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, (NMS, FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria I L Soares
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Manuel S Almeida
- Hospital Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Gustavo Rodrigues
- Hospital Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Portugal
| | | | - Jorge Ferreira
- Hospital Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Ryan Gouveia E Melo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitario Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Mendes Pedro
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitario Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Teresa M V D Pinho E Melo
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Guadalupe Cabral
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, (NMS, FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Antonio Jacinto
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, (NMS, FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Portugal and ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Winchil Vaz
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, (NMS, FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Otília V Vieira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, (NMS, FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Domingues N, Marques ARA, Calado RDA, Ferreira IS, Ramos C, Ramalho J, Soares MIL, Pereira T, Oliveira L, Vicente JR, Wong LH, Simões ICM, Pinho E Melo TMVD, Peden A, Almeida CG, Futter CE, Puertollano R, Vaz WLC, Vieira OV. Oxidized cholesteryl ester induces exocytosis of dysfunctional lysosomes in lipidotic macrophages. Traffic 2023; 24:284-307. [PMID: 37129279 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A key event in atherogenesis is the formation of lipid-loaded macrophages, lipidotic cells, which exhibit irreversible accumulation of undigested modified low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in lysosomes. This event culminates in the loss of cell homeostasis, inflammation, and cell death. Nevertheless, the exact chemical etiology of atherogenesis and the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the impairment of lysosome function in plaque macrophages are still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that macrophages exposed to cholesteryl hemiazelate (ChA), one of the most prevalent products of LDL-derived cholesteryl ester oxidation, exhibit enlarged peripheral dysfunctional lysosomes full of undigested ChA and neutral lipids. Both lysosome area and accumulation of neutral lipids are partially irreversible. Interestingly, the dysfunctional peripheral lysosomes are more prone to fuse with the plasma membrane, secreting their undigested luminal content into the extracellular milieu with potential consequences for the pathology. We further demonstrate that this phenotype is mechanistically linked to the nuclear translocation of the MiT/TFE family of transcription factors. The induction of lysosome biogenesis by ChA appears to partially protect macrophages from lipid-induced cytotoxicity. In sum, our data show that ChA is involved in the etiology of lysosome dysfunction and promotes the exocytosis of these organelles. This latter event is a new mechanism that may be important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neuza Domingues
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André R A Marques
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Diogo Almeida Calado
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês S Ferreira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristiano Ramos
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Ramalho
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria I L Soares
- CQC and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Telmo Pereira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Oliveira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José R Vicente
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Louise H Wong
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Inês C M Simões
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Andrew Peden
- Department of Biomedical Science & Center for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Cláudia Guimas Almeida
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Clare E Futter
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Winchil L C Vaz
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Otília V Vieira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Delay of EGF-Stimulated EGFR Degradation in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 (DM1). Cells 2022; 11:cells11193018. [PMID: 36230978 PMCID: PMC9562898 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by a CTG repeat expansion in the 3′ untranslated region of the dystrophia myotonica protein kinase gene. AKT dephosphorylation and autophagy are associated with DM1. Autophagy has been widely studied in DM1, although the endocytic pathway has not. AKT has a critical role in endocytosis, and its phosphorylation is mediated by the activation of tyrosine kinase receptors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGF-activated EGFR triggers the internalization and degradation of ligand–receptor complexes that serve as a PI3K/AKT signaling platform. Here, we used primary fibroblasts from healthy subjects and DM1 patients. DM1-derived fibroblasts showed increased autophagy flux, with enlarged endosomes and lysosomes. Thereafter, cells were stimulated with a high concentration of EGF to promote EGFR internalization and degradation. Interestingly, EGF binding to EGFR was reduced in DM1 cells and EGFR internalization was also slowed during the early steps of endocytosis. However, EGF-activated EGFR enhanced AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels in the DM1-derived fibroblasts. Therefore, there was a delay in EGF-stimulated EGFR endocytosis in DM1 cells; this alteration might be due to the decrease in the binding of EGF to EGFR, and not to a decrease in AKT phosphorylation.
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