1
|
Liu T, Zhang M, Hanson S, Juarez R, Wilson S, Schroeder H, Li Q, Zhu L, Zhang G, Blood AB. H 2S Increases Blood Pressure via Activation of L-Type Calcium Channels with Mediation by HS • Generated from Reactions with Oxyhemoglobin. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2305866. [PMID: 38685626 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Although the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is well known for its vasodilatory effects, H2S also exhibits vasoconstricting properties. Herein, it is demonstrated that administration of H2S as intravenous sodium sulfide (Na2S) increased blood pressure in sheep and rats, and this effect persisted after H2S has disappeared from the blood. Inhibition of the L-type calcium channel (LTCC) diminished the hypertensive effects. Incubation of Na2S with whole blood, red blood cells, methemoglobin, or oxyhemoglobin produced a hypertensive product of H2S, which is not hydrogen thioperoxide, metHb-SH- complexes, per-/poly- sulfides, or thiolsulfate, but rather a labile intermediate. One-electron oxidation of H2S by oxyhemoglobin generated its redox cousin, sulfhydryl radical (HS•). Consistent with the role of HS• as the hypertensive intermediate, scavenging HS• inhibited Na2S-induced vasoconstriction and activation of LTCCs. In conclusion, H2S causes vasoconstriction that is dependent on the activation of LTCCs and generation of HS• by oxyhemoglobin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiming Liu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Meijuan Zhang
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Shawn Hanson
- Lawrence D. Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Rucha Juarez
- Lawrence D. Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Sean Wilson
- Lawrence D. Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Hobe Schroeder
- Lawrence D. Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Medicine, Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK
| | - Lingchao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Mass spectrometry core facility, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Arlin B Blood
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Lawrence D. Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Omorou M, Liu N, Huang Y, Al-Ward H, Gao M, Mu C, Zhang L, Hui X. Cystathionine beta-Synthase in hypoxia and ischemia/reperfusion: A current overview. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 718:109149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
3
|
Zhu J, Ligi S, Yang G. An evolutionary perspective on the interplays between hydrogen sulfide and oxygen in cellular functions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 707:108920. [PMID: 34019852 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The physiological effects of the endogenously generated hydrogen sulfide (H2S) have been extensively studied in recent years. This review summarized the role of H2S in the origin of life and H2S metabolism in organisms from bacteria to vertebrates, examined the relationship between H2S and oxygen from an evolutionary perspective and emphasized the oxygen-dependent manner of H2S signaling in various physiological and pathological processes. H2S and oxygen are inextricably linked in various cellular functions. H2S is involved in aerobic respiration and stimulates oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production within the cell. Besides, H2S has protective effects on ischemia and reperfusion injury in several organs by acting as an oxygen sensor. Also, emerging evidence suggests the role of H2S is in an oxygen-dependent manner. All these findings indicate the subtle relationship between H2S and oxygen and further explain why H2S, a toxic molecule thriving in an anoxia environment several billion years ago, still affects homeostasis today despite the very low content in the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiechun Zhu
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Samantha Ligi
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Guangdong Yang
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Donovan J, Wong PS, Garle MJ, Alexander SPH, Dunn WR, Ralevic V. Coronary artery hypoxic vasorelaxation is augmented by perivascular adipose tissue through a mechanism involving hydrogen sulphide and cystathionine-β-synthase. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 224:e13126. [PMID: 29896909 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Hypoxia causes vasodilatation of coronary arteries which protects the heart from ischaemic damage through mechanisms including the generation of hydrogen sulphide (H2 S), but the influence of the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and myocardium is incompletely understood. This study aimed to determine whether PVAT and the myocardium modulate the coronary artery hypoxic response and whether this involves hydrogen sulphide. METHODS Porcine left circumflex coronary arteries were prepared as cleaned segments and with PVAT intact, myocardium intact or both PVAT and myocardium intact, and contractility investigated using isometric tension recording. Immunoblotting was used to measure levels of H2 S-synthesizing enzymes: cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase (MPST). RESULTS All three H2 S-synthesizing enzymes were detected in the artery and myocardium, but only CBS and MPST were detected in PVAT. Hypoxia elicited a biphasic response in cleaned artery segments consisting of transient contraction followed by prolonged relaxation. In arteries with PVAT intact, hypoxic contraction was attenuated and relaxation augmented. In arteries with myocardium intact, hypoxic contraction was attenuated, but relaxation was unaffected. In replacement experiments, replacement of dissected PVAT and myocardium attenuated artery contraction and augmented relaxation to hypoxia, mimicking the effect of in situ PVAT and indicating involvement of a diffusible factor(s). In arteries with intact PVAT, augmentation of hypoxic relaxation was reversed by amino-oxyacetate (CBS inhibitor), but not DL-propargylglycine (CSE inhibitor) or aspartate (inhibits MPST pathway). CONCLUSION PVAT augments hypoxic relaxation of coronary arteries through a mechanism involving H2 S and CBS, pointing to an important role in regulation of coronary blood flow during hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Donovan
- School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - P. S. Wong
- School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - M. J. Garle
- School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | | | - W. R. Dunn
- School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - V. Ralevic
- School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hydrogen Sulfide as an O 2 Sensor: A Critical Analysis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 967:261-276. [PMID: 29047091 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the physiological actions and therapeutic potential of the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S). In addition to exerting antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and pro-angiogenic effects, H2S has been suggested to play a central and ubiquitous role in O2 sensing. According to this concept, because H2S is metabolized by oxidation, its cellular concentration varies inversely with the ambient pO2 such that hypoxia causes a rise in intracellular [H2S]; this then acts to induce appropriate cellular responses. In particular, it has been proposed that H2S underpins O2 sensing in the carotid body, which triggers increases in ventilation in response to hypoxemia, and also in pulmonary arteries, which constrict in response to local alveolar hypoxia. This process, termed hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), acts to divert blood to better-oxygenated regions of the lung, thereby maintaining the ventilation-perfusion ratio and minimizing hypoxia-induced falls in blood O2 saturation. In this chapter, we present a critical review of the evidence supporting and questioning this model in both HPV and the carotid body.
Collapse
|
6
|
Donovan J, Wong PS, Roberts RE, Garle MJ, Alexander SPH, Dunn WR, Ralevic V. A critical role for cystathionine-β-synthase in hydrogen sulfide-mediated hypoxic relaxation of the coronary artery. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 93-95:20-32. [PMID: 28552745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced coronary artery vasodilatation protects the heart by increasing blood flow under ischemic conditions, however its mechanism is not fully elucidated. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is reported to be an oxygen sensor/transducer in the vasculature. The present study aimed to identify and characterise the role of H2S in the hypoxic response of the coronary artery, and to define the H2S synthetic enzymes involved. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry showed expression of all three H2S-producing enzymes, cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST), in porcine coronary artery. Artery segments were mounted for isometric tension recording; hypoxia caused a transient endothelium-dependent contraction followed by prolonged endothelium-independent relaxation. The CBS inhibitor amino-oxyacetate (AOAA) reduced both phases of the hypoxic response. The CSE inhibitor dl-propargylglycine (PPG) and aspartate (limits MPST) had no effect alone, but when applied together with AOAA the hypoxic relaxation response was further reduced. Exogenous H2S (Na2S and NaHS) produced concentration-dependent contraction followed by prolonged relaxation. Responses to both hypoxia and exogenous H2S were dependent on the endothelium, NO, cGMP, K+ channels and Cl-/HCO3- exchange. H2S production in coronary arteries was blocked by CBS inhibition (AOAA), but not by CSE inhibition (PPG). These data show that H2S is an endogenous mediator of the hypoxic response in coronary arteries. Of the three H2S-producing enzymes, CBS, expressed in the vascular smooth muscle, appears to be the most important for H2S generated during hypoxic relaxation of the coronary artery. A contribution from other H2S-producing enzymes only becomes apparent when CBS activity is inhibited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Donovan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - P S Wong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - R E Roberts
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - M J Garle
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - S P H Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - W R Dunn
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - V Ralevic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Crossley DA, Burggren WW, Reiber CL, Altimiras J, Rodnick KJ. Mass Transport: Circulatory System with Emphasis on Nonendothermic Species. Compr Physiol 2016; 7:17-66. [PMID: 28134997 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mass transport can be generally defined as movement of material matter. The circulatory system then is a biological example given its role in the movement in transporting gases, nutrients, wastes, and chemical signals. Comparative physiology has a long history of providing new insights and advancing our understanding of circulatory mass transport across a wide array of circulatory systems. Here we focus on circulatory function of nonmodel species. Invertebrates possess diverse convection systems; that at the most complex generate pressures and perform at a level comparable to vertebrates. Many invertebrates actively modulate cardiovascular function using neuronal, neurohormonal, and skeletal muscle activity. In vertebrates, our understanding of cardiac morphology, cardiomyocyte function, and contractile protein regulation by Ca2+ highlights a high degree of conservation, but differences between species exist and are coupled to variable environments and body temperatures. Key regulators of vertebrate cardiac function and systemic blood pressure include the autonomic nervous system, hormones, and ventricular filling. Further chemical factors regulating cardiovascular function include adenosine, natriuretic peptides, arginine vasotocin, endothelin 1, bradykinin, histamine, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide, to name but a few. Diverse vascular morphologies and the regulation of blood flow in the coronary and cerebral circulations are also apparent in nonmammalian species. Dynamic adjustments of cardiovascular function are associated with exercise on land, flying at high altitude, prolonged dives by marine mammals, and unique morphology, such as the giraffe. Future studies should address limits of gas exchange and convective transport, the evolution of high arterial pressure across diverse taxa, and the importance of the cardiovascular system adaptations to extreme environments. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:17-66, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dane A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Warren W Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Carl L Reiber
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Jordi Altimiras
- AVIAN Behavioral Genomics and Physiology, IFM Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kenneth J Rodnick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Krause NC, Kutsche HS, Santangelo F, DeLeon ER, Dittrich NP, Olson KR, Althaus M. Hydrogen sulfide contributes to hypoxic inhibition of airway transepithelial sodium absorption. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R607-17. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00177.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In lung epithelial cells, hypoxia decreases the expression and activity of sodium-transporting molecules, thereby reducing the rate of transepithelial sodium absorption. The mechanisms underlying the sensing of hypoxia and subsequent coupling to sodium-transporting molecules remain unclear. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently been recognized as a cellular signaling molecule whose intracellular concentrations critically depend on oxygen levels. Therefore, it was questioned whether endogenously produced H2S contributes to hypoxic inhibition of sodium transport. In electrophysiological Ussing chamber experiments, hypoxia was established by decreasing oxygen concentrations in the chambers. Hypoxia concentration dependently and reversibly decreased amiloride-sensitive sodium absorption by cultured H441 monolayers and freshly dissected porcine tracheal epithelia due to inhibition of basolateral Na+/K+-ATPase. Exogenous application of H2S by the sulfur salt Na2S mimicked the effect of hypoxia and inhibited amiloride-sensitive sodium absorption by both tissues in an oxygen-dependent manner. Hypoxia increased intracellular concentrations of H2S and decreased the concentration of polysulfides. Pretreatment with the cystathionine-γ-lyase inhibitor d/l-propargylglycine (PAG) decreased hypoxic inhibition of sodium transport by H441 monolayers, whereas inhibition of cystathionine-β-synthase (with aminooxy-acetic acid; AOAA) or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (with aspartate) had no effect. Inhibition of all of these H2S-generating enzymes with a combination of AOAA, PAG, and aspartate decreased the hypoxic inhibition of sodium transport by H441 cells and pig tracheae and decreased H2S production by tracheae. These data suggest that airway epithelial cells endogenously produce H2S during hypoxia, and this contributes to hypoxic inhibition of transepithelial sodium absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Krause
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Hanna S. Kutsche
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Fabrizio Santangelo
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Eric R. DeLeon
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Nikolaus P. Dittrich
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Kenneth R. Olson
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Mike Althaus
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
In recent years, it has become apparent that the gaseous pollutant, hydrogen sulphide (H2S) can be synthesised in the body and has a multitude of biological actions. This review summarizes some of the actions of this 'gasotransmitter' in influencing the smooth muscle that is responsible for controlling muscular activity of hollow organs. In the vasculature, while H2S can cause vasoconstriction by complex interactions with other biologically important gases, such as nitric oxide, the prevailing response is vasorelaxation. While most vasorelaxation responses occur by a direct action of H2S on smooth muscle cells, it has recently been proposed to be an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. H2S also promotes relaxation in other smooth muscle preparations including bronchioles, the bladder, gastrointestinal tract and myometrium, opening up the opportunity of exploiting the pharmacology of H2S in the treatment of conditions where smooth muscle tone is excessive. The original concept, that H2S caused smooth muscle relaxation by activating ATP-sensitive K(+) channels, has been supplemented with observations that H2S can also modify the activity of other potassium channels, intracellular pH, phosphodiesterase activity and transient receptor potential channels on sensory nerves. While the enzymes responsible for generating endogenous H2S are widely expressed in smooth muscle preparations, it is much less clear what the physiological role of H2S is in determining smooth muscle contractility. Clarification of this requires the development of potent and selective inhibitors of H2S-generating enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William R Dunn
- Pharmacology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
| | - Stephen P H Alexander
- Pharmacology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Ralevic
- Pharmacology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard E Roberts
- Pharmacology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yuan G, Vasavda C, Peng YJ, Makarenko VV, Raghuraman G, Nanduri J, Gadalla MM, Semenza GL, Kumar GK, Snyder SH, Prabhakar NR. Protein kinase G-regulated production of H2S governs oxygen sensing. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra37. [PMID: 25900831 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reflexes initiated by the carotid body, the principal O2-sensing organ, are critical for maintaining cardiorespiratory homeostasis during hypoxia. O2 sensing by the carotid body requires carbon monoxide (CO) generation by heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) synthesis by cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE). We report that O2 stimulated the generation of CO, but not that of H2S, and required two cysteine residues in the heme regulatory motif (Cys(265) and Cys(282)) of HO-2. CO stimulated protein kinase G (PKG)-dependent phosphorylation of Ser(377) of CSE, inhibiting the production of H2S. Hypoxia decreased the inhibition of CSE by reducing CO generation resulting in increased H2S, which stimulated carotid body neural activity. In carotid bodies from mice lacking HO-2, compensatory increased abundance of nNOS (neuronal nitric oxide synthase) mediated O2 sensing through PKG-dependent regulation of H2S by nitric oxide. These results provide a mechanism for how three gases work in concert in the carotid body to regulate breathing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Yuan
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology for O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chirag Vasavda
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology for O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ying-Jie Peng
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology for O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Vladislav V Makarenko
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology for O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gayatri Raghuraman
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology for O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jayasri Nanduri
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology for O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Moataz M Gadalla
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gregg L Semenza
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Oncology, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry; and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ganesh K Kumar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology for O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Solomon H Snyder
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nanduri R Prabhakar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology for O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
da Silva GSF, Soriano RN, Kwiatkoski M, Giusti H, Glass ML, Branco LGS. Central hydrogen sulphide mediates ventilatory responses to hypercapnia in adult conscious rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 212:239-47. [PMID: 25042027 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is endogenously produced and plays an important role as a modulator of neuronal functions; however, its modulatory role in the central CO2 chemoreception is unknown. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of endogenously produced H2S in the ventilatory response to hypercapnia in adult conscious rats. METHODS Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) inhibitors (aminooxyacetate: AOA and propargylglycine: PAG respectively) and a H2S donor (sodium sulphide: Na2S) were microinjected into the fourth ventricle (4V). Ventilation (V̇(E)), oxygen consumption (V̇O2) and body temperature were recorded before (room air) and during a 30-min CO2 exposure (hypercapnia, 7% CO2). Endogenous H2S levels were measured in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). RESULTS Microinjection of Na2S (H2S donor), AOA (CBS inhibitor) or PAG (CSE inhibitor) did not affect baseline of the measured variables compared to control group (vehicle). In all experimental groups, hypercapnia elicited an increase in V̇(E). However, AOA microinjection, but not PAG, attenuated the ventilatory response to hypercapnia (P < 0.05), whereas Na2S elicited a slight, not significant, enhancement. Moreover, endogenous H2S levels were found higher in the NTS after hypercapnia (P < 0.05) compared to room air (normoxia) condition. CONCLUSION There are a few reports on the role of gaseous transmitters in the control of breathing. Importantly, the present data suggest that endogenous H2S via the CBS-H2S pathway mediates the ventilatory response to hypercapnia playing an excitatory role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. S. F. da Silva
- Dental School of Ribeirao Preto; University of Sao Paulo; Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - R. N. Soriano
- Dental School of Ribeirao Preto; University of Sao Paulo; Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - M. Kwiatkoski
- Medical School of Ribeirao Preto; University of Sao Paulo; Ribeirao Preto Brazil
| | - H. Giusti
- Medical School of Ribeirao Preto; University of Sao Paulo; Ribeirao Preto Brazil
| | - M. L. Glass
- Medical School of Ribeirao Preto; University of Sao Paulo; Ribeirao Preto Brazil
| | - L. G. S. Branco
- Dental School of Ribeirao Preto; University of Sao Paulo; Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Toohey JI, Cooper AJL. Thiosulfoxide (sulfane) sulfur: new chemistry and new regulatory roles in biology. Molecules 2014; 19:12789-813. [PMID: 25153879 PMCID: PMC4170951 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190812789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of sulfur bonding is undergoing change. Old theories on hypervalency of sulfur and the nature of the chalcogen-chalcogen bond are now questioned. At the same time, there is a rapidly expanding literature on the effects of sulfur in regulating biological systems. The two fields are inter-related because the new understanding of the thiosulfoxide bond helps to explain the newfound roles of sulfur in biology. This review examines the nature of thiosulfoxide (sulfane, S0) sulfur, the history of its regulatory role, its generation in biological systems, and its functions in cells. The functions include synthesis of cofactors (molybdenum cofactor, iron-sulfur clusters), sulfuration of tRNA, modulation of enzyme activities, and regulating the redox environment by several mechanisms (including the enhancement of the reductive capacity of glutathione). A brief review of the analogous form of selenium suggests that the toxicity of selenium may be due to over-reduction caused by the powerful reductive activity of glutathione perselenide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arthur J L Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Burggren WW, Christoffels VM, Crossley DA, Enok S, Farrell AP, Hedrick MS, Hicks JW, Jensen B, Moorman AFM, Mueller CA, Skovgaard N, Taylor EW, Wang T. Comparative cardiovascular physiology: future trends, opportunities and challenges. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:257-76. [PMID: 24119052 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The inaugural Kjell Johansen Lecture in the Zoophysiology Department of Aarhus University (Aarhus, Denmark) afforded the opportunity for a focused workshop comprising comparative cardiovascular physiologists to ponder some of the key unanswered questions in the field. Discussions were centred around three themes. The first considered function of the vertebrate heart in its various forms in extant vertebrates, with particular focus on the role of intracardiac shunts, the trabecular ('spongy') nature of the ventricle in many vertebrates, coronary blood supply and the building plan of the heart as revealed by molecular approaches. The second theme involved the key unanswered questions in the control of the cardiovascular system, emphasizing autonomic control, hypoxic vasoconstriction and developmental plasticity in cardiovascular control. The final theme involved poorly understood aspects of the interaction of the cardiovascular system with the lymphatic, renal and digestive systems. Having posed key questions around these three themes, it is increasingly clear that an abundance of new analytical tools and approaches will allow us to learn much about vertebrate cardiovascular systems in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W. W. Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster; Department of Biological Sciences; University of North Texas; Denton TX USA
| | - V. M. Christoffels
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - D. A. Crossley
- Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster; Department of Biological Sciences; University of North Texas; Denton TX USA
| | - S. Enok
- Zoophysiology; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - A. P. Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - M. S. Hedrick
- Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster; Department of Biological Sciences; University of North Texas; Denton TX USA
| | - J. W. Hicks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Irvine CA USA
| | - B. Jensen
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Zoophysiology; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - A. F. M. Moorman
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - C. A. Mueller
- Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster; Department of Biological Sciences; University of North Texas; Denton TX USA
| | - N. Skovgaard
- Zoophysiology; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - E. W. Taylor
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - T. Wang
- Zoophysiology; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Olson KR, Deleon ER, Gao Y, Hurley K, Sadauskas V, Batz C, Stoy GF. Thiosulfate: a readily accessible source of hydrogen sulfide in oxygen sensing. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R592-603. [PMID: 23804280 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00421.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
H2S derived from organic thiol metabolism has been proposed serve as an oxygen sensor in a variety of systems because of its susceptibility to oxidation and its ability to mimic hypoxic responses in numerous oxygen-sensing tissues. Thiosulfate, an intermediate in oxidative H2S metabolism can alternatively be reduced and regenerate H2S. We propose that this contributes to the H2S-mediated oxygen-sensing mechanism. H2S formation from thiosulfate in buffers and in a variety of mammalian tissues and in lamprey dorsal aorta was examined in real time using a polarographic H2S sensor. Inferences of intracellular H2S production were made by examining hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) in bovine pulmonary arteries under conditions in which increased H2S production would be expected and in mouse and rat aortas, where reducing conditions should mediate vasorelaxation. In Krebs-Henseleit (mammalian) and Cortland (lamprey) buffers, H2S was generated from thiosulfate in the presence of the exogenous reducing agent, DTT, or the endogenous reductant dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA). Both the magnitude and rate of H2S production were greatly increased by these reductants in the presence of tissue, with the most notable effects occurring in the liver. H2S production was only observed when tissues were hypoxic; exposure to room air, or injecting oxygen inhibited H2S production and resulted in net H2S consumption. Both DTT and DHLA augmented HPV, and DHLA dose-dependently relaxed precontracted mouse and rat aortas. These results indicate that thiosulfate can contribute to H2S signaling under hypoxic conditions and that this is not only a ready source of H2S production but also serves as a means of recycling sulfur and thereby conserving biologically relevant thiols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend Center, South Bend, Indiana; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Olson KR, Donald JA, Dombkowski RA, Perry SF. Evolutionary and comparative aspects of nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 184:117-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
16
|
Pimenova EA, Varaksin AA. Localization of cystathionine β-synthase in digestive tract of the masu salmon Onchorhynchus masou (Teleostei). J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209301204010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
17
|
Zhang J, Xie Y, Xu Y, Shao C. Suppression of endogenous hydrogen sulfide contributes to the radiation-induced bystander effects on hypoxic HepG2 cells. Radiat Res 2012; 178:395-402. [PMID: 23020085 DOI: 10.1667/rr2967.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced bystander effects may have important implications in radiotherapy, but it is still not well known if radiation-induced bystander effects can be triggered in hypoxic tumor cells and what are the related bystander signals. Using human hepatoma cells of HepG2, the present study found that micronuclei (MN) could be induced in the nonirradiated cells after treatment with conditioned medium (CM) harvested from irradiated cells under hypoxic conditions. Bystander effects were diminished when the irradiated cells were pretreated with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, an exogenous H(2)S donor) (≤100 μM). However, the bystander effects were increased when the irradiated cells were pretreated with an inhibitor of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), the synthases of endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S). Western blotting showed that the expressions of CSE and CBS were increased in the irradiated hypoxic cells, but were reduced in the CM treated bystander cells. The ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, a molecular marker of apoptosis, decreased with CM treatment time. However, the activity of caspase-3 increased in the hypoxic bystander cells, and this could be regulated by both NaHS and the inhibitor of endogenous H(2)S. These results demonstrate that under hypoxic conditions irradiated hepatoma cells induce bystander responses by depressing the generation of endogenous H(2)S and altering Bcl-2/Bax ratios as well as caspase-3 dependent damage in the bystander cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Zhang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Predmore BL, Lefer DJ. Hydrogen sulfide-mediated myocardial pre- and post-conditioning. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 4:83-96. [PMID: 21373204 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.10.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Acute myocardial infarction, resulting from coronary artery atherosclerosis, is a serious and often fatal consequence of coronary artery disease, resulting in cell death in the myocardium. Pre- and post-conditioning of the myocardium are two treatment strategies that reduce the amount of cell death significantly. Hydrogen sulfide has recently been identified as a potent cardioprotective signaling molecule, which is a highly effective pre- and post-conditioning agent. The cardioprotective signaling pathways involved in hydrogen sulfide-based pre- and post-conditioning will be explored in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Predmore
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang R. Physiological implications of hydrogen sulfide: a whiff exploration that blossomed. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:791-896. [PMID: 22535897 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1349] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The important life-supporting role of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has evolved from bacteria to plants, invertebrates, vertebrates, and finally to mammals. Over the centuries, however, H(2)S had only been known for its toxicity and environmental hazard. Physiological importance of H(2)S has been appreciated for about a decade. It started by the discovery of endogenous H(2)S production in mammalian cells and gained momentum by typifying this gasotransmitter with a variety of physiological functions. The H(2)S-catalyzing enzymes are differentially expressed in cardiovascular, neuronal, immune, renal, respiratory, gastrointestinal, reproductive, liver, and endocrine systems and affect the functions of these systems through the production of H(2)S. The physiological functions of H(2)S are mediated by different molecular targets, such as different ion channels and signaling proteins. Alternations of H(2)S metabolism lead to an array of pathological disturbances in the form of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, diabetes, cirrhosis, inflammation, sepsis, neurodegenerative disease, erectile dysfunction, and asthma, to name a few. Many new technologies have been developed to detect endogenous H(2)S production, and novel H(2)S-delivery compounds have been invented to aid therapeutic intervention of diseases related to abnormal H(2)S metabolism. While acknowledging the challenges ahead, research on H(2)S physiology and medicine is entering an exponential exploration era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu YH, Lu M, Hu LF, Wong PTH, Webb GD, Bian JS. Hydrogen sulfide in the mammalian cardiovascular system. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:141-85. [PMID: 22304473 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For more than a century, hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been regarded as a toxic gas. This review surveys the growing recognition of the role of H(2)S as an endogenous signaling molecule in mammals, with emphasis on its physiological and pathological pathways in the cardiovascular system. In biological fluids, H(2)S gas is a weak acid that exists as about 15% H(2)S, 85% HS(-), and a trace of S(2-). Here, we use "H(2)S" to refer to this mixture. H(2)S has been found to influence heart contractile functions and may serve as a cardioprotectant for treating ischemic heart diseases and heart failure. Alterations of the endogenous H(2)S level have been found in animal models with various pathological conditions such as myocardial ischemia, spontaneous hypertension, and hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. In the vascular system, H(2)S exerts biphasic regulation of a vascular tone with varying effects based on its concentration and in the presence of nitric oxide. Over the past decade, several H(2)S-releasing compounds (NaHS, Na(2)S, GYY4137, etc.) have been utilized to test the effect of exogenous H(2)S under different physiological and pathological situations in vivo and in vitro. H(2)S has been found to promote angiogenesis and to protect against atherosclerosis and hypertension, while excess H(2)S may promote inflammation in septic or hemorrhagic shock. H(2)S-releasing compounds and inhibitors of H(2)S synthesis hold promise in alleviating specific disease conditions. This comprehensive review covers in detail the effects of H(2)S on the cardiovascular system, especially in disease situations, and also the various underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Skovgaard N, Olson KR. Hydrogen sulfide mediates hypoxic vasoconstriction through a production of mitochondrial ROS in trout gills. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 303:R487-94. [PMID: 22739350 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00151.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is an adaptive response that diverts pulmonary blood flow from poorly ventilated and hypoxic areas of the lung to more well-ventilated parts. This response is important for the local matching of blood perfusion to ventilation and improves pulmonary gas exchange efficiency. HPV is an ancient and highly conserved response, expressed in the respiratory organs of all vertebrates, including lungs of mammals, birds, and reptiles; amphibian skin; and fish gills. The mechanism underlying HPV and how cells sense low Po(2) remains elusive. In perfused trout gills (Oncorhynchus mykiss), acute hypoxia, as well as H(2)S, caused an initial and transient constriction of the vasculature. Inhibition of the enzymes cystathionine-β-synthase and cystathionine-γ-lyase, which blocks H(2)S production, abolished the hypoxic response. Individually blocking the four complexes in the electron transport chain abolished both the hypoxic and the H(2)S-mediated constriction. Glutathione, an antioxidant and scavenger of superoxide, attenuated the vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia and H(2)S. Furthermore, diethyldithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of superoxide dismutase, attenuated the hypoxic and H(2)S constriction. This strongly suggests that H(2)S mediates the hypoxic vasoconstriction in trout gills. H(2)S may stimulate the mitochondrial production of superoxide, which is then converted to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Thus, H(2)O(2) may act as the "downstream" signaling molecule in hypoxic vasoconstriction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nini Skovgaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dombkowski RA, Naylor MG, Shoemaker E, Smith M, DeLeon ER, Stoy GF, Gao Y, Olson KR. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and hypoxia inhibit salmonid gastrointestinal motility: evidence for H₂S as an oxygen sensor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 214:4030-40. [PMID: 22071195 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.061473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been shown to affect gastrointestinal (GI) motility and signaling in mammals and O(2)-dependent H(2)S metabolism has been proposed to serve as an O(2) 'sensor' that couples hypoxic stimuli to effector responses in a variety of other O(2)-sensing tissues. The low P(O2) values and high H(2)S concentrations routinely encountered in the GI tract suggest that H(2)S might also be involved in hypoxic responses in these tissues. In the present study we examined the effect of H(2)S on stomach, esophagus, gallbladder and intestinal motility in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and we evaluated the potential for H(2)S in oxygen sensing by examining GI responses to hypoxia in the presence of known inhibitors of H(2)S biosynthesis and by adding the sulfide donor cysteine (Cys). We also measured H(2)S production by intestinal tissue in real time and in the presence and absence of oxygen. In tissues exhibiting spontaneous contractions, H(2)S inhibited contraction magnitude (area under the curve and amplitude) and frequency, and in all tissues it reduced baseline tension in a concentration-dependent relationship. Longitudinal intestinal smooth muscle was significantly more sensitive to H(2)S than other tissues, exhibiting significant inhibitory responses at 1-10 μmol l(-1) H(2)S. The effects of hypoxia were essentially identical to those of H(2)S in longitudinal and circular intestinal smooth muscle; of special note was a unique transient stimulatory effect upon application of both hypoxia and H(2)S. Inhibitors of enzymes implicated in H(2)S biosynthesis (cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase) partially inhibited the effects of hypoxia whereas the hypoxic effects were augmented by the sulfide donor Cys. Furthermore, tissue production of H(2)S was inversely related to O(2); addition of Cys to intestinal tissue homogenate stimulated H(2)S production when the tissue was gassed with 100% nitrogen (~0% O(2)), whereas addition of oxygen (~10% O(2)) reversed this to net H(2)S consumption. This study shows that the inhibitory effects of H(2)S on the GI tract of a non-mammalian vertebrate are identical to those reported in mammals and they provide further evidence that H(2)S is a key mediator of the hypoxic response in a variety of O(2)-sensitive tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Dombkowski
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Haouzi P, Bell H, Van de Louw A. Hypoxia-induced arterial chemoreceptor stimulation and hydrogen sulfide: too much or too little? Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 179:97-102. [PMID: 22001444 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This brief review presents and discusses some of the important issues surrounding the theory which asserts that endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is the mediator of, or at least an important contributor to, hypoxia-induced arterial chemorereceptor stimulation. The view presented here is that before H(2)S can seriously be considered as a candidate for transducing the O(2)-signal in the carotid bodies (CB), fundamental contradictions need to be resolved. One of these major contradictions is certainly the discrepancy between the levels of H(2)S endogenously present in the CB during hypoxia compared to the levels required to stimulate the arterial chemoreceptors in vitro. Very small amounts of H(2)S are thought to be produced endogenously during a given level of hypoxia, yet the partial pressure of tissue H(2)S which is needed to produce an effect commensurate with that of hypoxia is thousands to millions of times higher. This review discusses this and other contradictions in light of what is known about H(2)S concentration and production in various tissues, the lessons we have learnt from the response to exogenous sulfide and the ability of the blood and the mitochondria to oxidize very large amounts of sulfide. These considerations suggest that the increased production of H(2)S in hypoxia and exogenous sulfide cannot produce the same effect on the carotid bodies and breathing. While the effects of the endogenous H(2)S on breathing remains to be established, the effects exogenous sulfide can be accounted for by its long established toxicity on cytochrome C oxidase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Oxygen dependence of metabolism and cellular adaptation in vertebrate muscles: a review. J Comp Physiol B 2011; 182:177-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-011-0616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
25
|
Hydrogen sulfide is an oxygen sensor in the carotid body. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 179:103-10. [PMID: 21968289 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable controversy surrounding the initial step that transduces a fall in [Formula: see text] into a physiological signal, i.e., the "oxygen sensor" in chemoreceptors. Initial studies on systemic and respiratory vessels suggested that the metabolism of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) could serve as the oxygen sensor. This model was subsequently extended to chemoreceptors in fish and tissues of other animals. In this model, constitutive production of biologically active H(2)S is offset by H(2)S oxidation; when oxygen availability falls, production of H(2)S exceeds metabolism, and the resultant increase in intracellular H(2)S initiates the appropriate physiological responses. This model is supported by observations that the effects of hypoxia and H(2)S are similar, if not identical in many tissues: hypoxic responses are inhibited by inhibitors of H(2)S biosynthesis and augmented by sulfur donating molecules, and the tipping point between H(2)S production and oxidation occurs at physiologically relevant [Formula: see text] . Recent studies from other laboratories support this mechanism of O(2) sensing in the carotid body. This review summarizes information that supports the H(2)S metabolic hypothesis in these tissues with emphasis on the carotid chemoreceptors. Evidence suggesting that H(2)S is not involved in oxygen sensing in the carotid body is also critically evaluated.
Collapse
|
26
|
Bouillaud F, Blachier F. Mitochondria and sulfide: a very old story of poisoning, feeding, and signaling? Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:379-91. [PMID: 21028947 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide is a molecule with toxicity comparable to that of cyanide. It inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase at submicromolar concentrations. However, at even lower concentrations, sulfide is a substrate for the mitochondrial electron transport chain in mammals, and is comparable to succinate. This oxidation involves a sulfide quinone reductase. Sulfide is thus oxidized before reaching a toxic concentration, which explains why free sulfide concentrations are very low in mammals, even though sulfide is constantly released as a result of cellular metabolism. It has been suggested that sulfide has signaling properties in mammals like two other gases, NO and CO, which are also cytochrome oxidase inhibitors. The oxidation of sulfide by mitochondria creates further complexity in the description/use of sulfide signaling in mammals. In fact, in the many studies reported in the literature, the sulfide concentrations that have been used were well within the range that affects mitochondrial activity. This review focuses on the relevance of sulfide bioenergetics to sulfide biology and discusses the case of colonocytes, which are routinely exposed to higher sulfide concentrations. Finally, we offer perspectives for future studies on the relationship between the two opposing aspects of this Janus-type molecule, sulfide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bouillaud
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM-U1016, CNRS-UMR8104, Paris, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Haouzi P, Bell H, Philmon M. Hydrogen sulfide oxidation and the arterial chemoreflex: effect of methemoglobin. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 177:273-83. [PMID: 21569867 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous H(2)S has been proposed to transduce the effects of hypoxia in the carotid bodies (CB). To test this hypothesis, we created a sink for endogenously produced H(2)S by inducing ∼10% methemoglobinemia via the injection of 250 mg of sodium nitrite in spontaneously breathing anaesthetized sheep. Methemoglobinemia has been shown to catalyze the oxidation of large quantities of sulfide in the blood and tissues. We found that the presence of metHb completely abolished the ventilatory stimulation induced by 10 mg NaHS (i.v.), which in control conditions mimicked the effects of breathing 6-7 tidal volumes of nitrogen, confirming the dramatic increase in the oxidative power of the blood for sulfide. The ventilatory responses to hypoxia (10% O(2)), nitrogen and hyperoxia were in no way depressed by the metHb. Our results demonstrate that the ventilatory chemoreflex is not depressed in the presence of a high oxidative capacity for sulfide and challenge the view that H(2)S transduces the effects of hypoxia in the CB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Penn State Milton Hershey Medical Centre, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pushchina EV, Varaksin AA, Obukhov DK. Cystathionine β-synthase in the CNS of masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou (Salmonidae) and carp Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae). NEUROCHEM J+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712411010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
29
|
Zhang J, Xie Y, Xu Y, Pan Y, Shao C. Hydrogen sulfide contributes to hypoxia-induced radioresistance on hepatoma cells. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2011; 52:622-628. [PMID: 21952317 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.11004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence has demonstrated that, as an endogenous signaling gasotransmitter, hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) plays an important role in regulating numerous biological functions. The role of H(2)S in hypoxia-induced radioresistance on hepatoma cells was investigated in the present work. Results showed that, when HepG2 cells were maintained in hypoxia circumstances for 4 h, the cellular radioresistance was extensively increased so that the oxygen enhancement ratio of the survival fraction approached 2.68. Under this hypoxic condition, when the cells were treated with DL-propargylglycine (PPG) and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), a specific inhibitor of H(2)S synthase of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) respectively, radiation responses including cell killing, micronuclei (MN) formation, and caspase-3 activity were significantly enhanced. However, treatment of cells with low concentrations of NaHS (≤ 100 µM) protected cells from these radiation damages. Western bolting assay showed that CSE and CBS were over-expressed in the irradiated hypoxic cells in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, when the hypoxic HepG2 cells were treated with NaHS together with glibenclamide, a specific inhibitor of K(+)(ATP) channels, the role of exogenous H(2)S in radioprotection was partly eliminated. This study demonstrated that H(2)S contributed to hypoxia-induced radioresistance probably via the opening of K(+)(ATP) channels, which suggests that the endogenous H(2)S synthase could be a potential radiotherapeutic target for a hypoxic tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Zhang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hydrogen sulfide-mediated cardioprotection: mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Clin Sci (Lond) 2010; 120:219-29. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20100462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
H2S (hydrogen sulfide), viewed with dread for more than 300 years, is rapidly becoming a ubiquitously present and physiologically relevant signalling molecule. Knowledge of the production and metabolism of H2S has spurred interest in delineating its functions both in physiology and pathophysiology of disease. Although its role in blood pressure regulation and interaction with NO is controversial, H2S, through its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, has demonstrated significant cardioprotection. As a result, a number of sulfide-donor drugs, including garlic-derived polysulfides, are currently being designed and investigated for the treatment of cardiovascular conditions, specifically myocardial ischaemic disease. However, huge gaps remain in our knowledge about this gasotransmitter. Only by additional studies will we understand more about the role of this intriguing molecule in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
|
31
|
Predmore BL, Alendy MJ, Ahmed KI, Leeuwenburgh C, Julian D. The hydrogen sulfide signaling system: changes during aging and the benefits of caloric restriction. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 32:467-81. [PMID: 20502969 PMCID: PMC2980601 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-010-9150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide gas (H(2)S) is a putative signaling molecule that causes diverse effects in mammalian tissues including relaxation of blood vessels and regulation of perfusion in the liver, but the effects of aging on H(2)S signaling are unknown. Aging has negative impacts on the cardiovascular system. However, the liver is more resilient with age. Caloric restriction (CR) attenuates affects of age in many tissues. We hypothesized that the H(2)S signaling system is negatively affected by age in the vasculature but not in the liver, which is typically more resilient to age, and that a CR diet minimizes the age affect in the vasculature. To investigate this, we determined protein and mRNA expression of the H(2)S-producing enzymes cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), H(2)S production rates in the aorta and liver, and the contractile response of aortic rings to exogenous H(2)S. Tissue was collected from Fisher 344 × Brown Norway rats from 8-38 months of age, which had been maintained on an ad libitum (AL) or CR diet. The results demonstrate that age and diet have differential effects on the H(2)S signaling system in aorta and liver. The aorta showed a sizeable effect of both age and diet, whereas the liver only showed a sizeable effect of diet. Aortic rings showed increased contractile sensitivity to H(2)S and increased protein expression of CSE and CBS with age, consistent with a decrease in H(2)S concentration with age. CR appears to benefit CSE and CBS protein in both aorta and liver, potentially by reducing oxidative stress and ameliorating the negative effect of age on H(2)S concentration. Therefore, CR may help maintain the H(2)S signaling system during aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maikel J. Alendy
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Khadija I. Ahmed
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | | | - David Julian
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Vertebrate cardiorespiratory homeostasis is inextricably dependent upon specialized cells that provide feedback on oxygen status in the tissues, blood, and on occasion, environment. These "oxygen sensing" cells include chemoreceptors and oxygen-sensitive chromaffin cells that initiate cardiorespiratory reflexes, vascular smooth muscle cells that adjust perfusion to metabolism or ventilation, and other cells that condition themselves in response to episodic hypoxia. Identification of how these cells sense oxygen and transduce this into the appropriate physiological response has enormous clinical applicability, but despite intense research there is no consensus regarding the initial hypoxia-effector coupling mechanism. This review examines an alternative mechanism of oxygen sensing using oxidation of endogenously produced hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) as the O(2)-sensitive couple. Support for this hypothesis includes the similarity of effects of hypoxia and H(2)S on a variety of tissues, augmentation of hypoxic responses by precursors of H(2)S production and their inhibition by inhibitors of H(2)S synthesis, and the rapid consumption of H(2)S by O(2) in the range of intracellular/mitochondrial Po(2). These studies also indicate that, under normoxic conditions, it is doubtful that free H(2)S has longer than a transient existence in tissue or extracellular fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend Center, South Bend, Indiana 46617, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Stecyk JAW, Skovgaard N, Nilsson GE, Wang T. Vasoactivity of hydrogen sulfide in normoxic and anoxic turtles (Trachemys scripta). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R1225-39. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00521.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Systemic vascular resistance ( Rsys) of freshwater turtles increases substantially during anoxia, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We investigated whether hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenously produced metabolite believed to be an O2 sensor/transducer of vasomotor tone, contributes to the increased Rsys of anoxic red-eared slider turtles ( Trachemys scripta ). Vascular infusion of the H2S donor NaHS in anesthetized turtles at 21°C and fully recovered normoxic turtles at 5°C and 21°C revealed H2S to be a potent vasoconstrictor of the systemic circulation. Likewise, wire myography of isolated turtle mesenteric and pulmonary arteries demonstrated H2S to mediate an anoxia-induced constriction. Intriguingly, however, NaHS did not exert vasoconstrictory effects during anoxia (6 h at 21°C; 14 days at 5°C) when plasma H2S concentration, estimated from the colorimetric measurement of plasma acid-labile sulfide concentration, likely increased by ∼3- and 4-fold during anoxia at 21°C, and 5°C, respectively. Yet, blockade of endogenous H2S production by DL-propargylglycine or hydroxylamine (0.44 mmol/kg) partially reversed the decreased systemic conductance ( Gsys) exhibited by 5°C anoxic turtles. These findings suggest that the signal transduction pathway of H2S-mediated vasoactivity is either maximally activated in the systemic circulation of anoxic turtles and/or that it is oxygen dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. W. Stecyk
- Physiology Programme, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Nini Skovgaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Göran E. Nilsson
- Physiology Programme, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Tobias Wang
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Forgan LG, Forster ME. Oxygen-dependence of metabolic rate in the muscles of craniates. J Comp Physiol B 2010; 180:715-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-010-0455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
35
|
Forgan LG, Forster ME. Oxygen consumption, ventilation frequency and cytochrome c oxidase activity in blue cod (Parapercis colias) exposed to hydrogen sulphide or isoeugenol. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 151:57-65. [PMID: 19720158 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) and isoeugenol exposure on activity, oxygen consumption (VO(2)), ventilation frequency (Vf) and cytochrome c oxidase activity in a teleost fish are reported. In H(2)S (200 microM Na(2)S) exposed animals VO(2) and Vf decreased significantly (both to 40% of resting) after 30 min, concurrent with a loss of equilibrium and narcosis. Post-flushing, VO(2) increased to resting values, but Vf remained depressed (P<0.05) until 30 min of recovery. Subsequently, equilibrium and mobility were regained accompanied by increases in VO(2) (66%) and Vf (15%) between 60-70 min of recovery. Isoeugenol (0.011 g L(-1)) exposed fish reached stage 4-5 of anaesthesia accompanied by decreases (P<0.05) in VO(2) (64%) and Vf (38%) by 35 min. Post-flushing, VO(2) and Vf recovered to resting values, followed by a rise (P<0.05) in VO(2) (45%) and Vf (25%). Overall, VO(2) in relation to the resting rate was reduced in isoeugenol treated animals. Conversely, VO(2) was increased (P<0.05) relative to the resting rate in H(2)S exposed fish. 20 and 200 microM Na(2)S reduced cytochrome c oxidase activity (P<0.05) in skeletal muscle and gill lamellae by between 69 and 97%, while isoeugenol had no effect in any tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard G Forgan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Seth H, Axelsson M, Farrell AP. The circulation and metabolism of the gastrointestinal tract. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(10)03009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
37
|
Comparison of the metabolic and ventilatory response to hypoxia and H2S in unsedated mice and rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009; 167:316-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
38
|
Li L, Hsu A, Moore PK. Actions and interactions of nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide in the cardiovascular system and in inflammation--a tale of three gases! Pharmacol Ther 2009; 123:386-400. [PMID: 19486912 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) together make up a family of biologically active gases (the so-called 'gaseous triumvirate') with an increasingly well defined range of physiological effects plus roles to play in a number of disease states. Over the years, most researchers have concentrated their attention on understanding the part played by a single gas in one or more body systems. It is becoming more clear that all three gases are synthesised naturally in the body, often by the same cells within the same organs, and that all three gases exert essentially similar biological effects albeit via different mechanisms. Within the cardiovascular system, for example, all are vasodilators, promote angiogenesis and vascular remodelling and are protective towards tissue damage in for example, ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the heart. Similarly, all exhibit complex effects in inflammation with both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects recognised. It seems likely that cell function is controlled not by the activity of single gases working in isolation but by the concerted activity of all three of these gases working together.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE19NH, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Olson KR, Donald JA. Nervous control of circulation--the role of gasotransmitters, NO, CO, and H2S. Acta Histochem 2009; 111:244-56. [PMID: 19128825 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The origins and actions of gaseous signaling molecules, nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) in the mammalian cardiovascular system have received considerable attention and it is evident that these three "gasotransmitters" perform a variety of homeostatic functions. The origins, actions and disposition of these gasotransmitters in the piscine vasculature are far from resolved. In most fish examined to date, NO or NO donors are generally in vitro and in vivo vasodilators acting via soluble guanylyl cyclase, although there is evidence for NO-mediated vasoconstriction. Injection of sodium nitroprusside into trout causes hypotension that is attributed to a reduction in systemic resistance. Unlike mammals, NO does not appear to have an endothelial origin in fish blood vessels as an endothelial NO synthase has not identified. However, neural NO synthase is prevalent in perivascular nerves and is the most likely source of NO for cardiovascular control in fish. CO is a vasodilator in lamprey and trout vessels, and it, like NO, appears to exert its action, at least in part, via guanylyl cyclase and potassium channel activation. Inhibition of CO production increases resting tone in trout vessels suggestive of tonic CO activity, but little else is known about the origin or control of CO in the fish vasculature. H(2)S is synthesized by fish vessels and its constrictory, dilatory, or even multi-phasic actions, are both species- and vessel-specific. A small component of H(2)S-mediated basal activity may be endothelial in origin, but to a large extent H(2)S affects vascular smooth muscle directly and the mechanisms are unclear. H(2)S injected into the dorsal aorta of unanesthetized trout often produces oscillations in arterial blood pressure suggestive of H(2)S activity in the central nervous system as well as peripheral vasculature. Collectively, these studies hint at significant involvement of the gasotransmitters in piscine cardiovascular function and hopefully provide a variety of avenues for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, IN 46617, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Perry SF, McNeill B, Elia E, Nagpal A, Vulesevic B. Hydrogen sulfide stimulates catecholamine secretion in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296:R133-40. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00185.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that endogenously produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S) can potentially contribute to the adrenergic stress response in rainbow trout by initiating catecholamine secretion from chromaffin cells. During acute hypoxia (water Po2= 35 mmHg), plasma H2S levels were significantly elevated concurrently with a rise in circulating catecholamine concentrations. Tissues enriched with chromaffin cells (posterior cardinal vein and anterior kidney) produced H2S in vitro when incubated with l-cysteine. In both tissues, the production of H2S was eliminated by adding the cystathionine β-synthase inhibitor, aminooxyacetate. Cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase were cloned and sequenced and the results of real-time PCR demonstrated that with the exception of white muscle, mRNA for both enzymes was broadly distributed within the tissues that were examined. Electrical field stimulation of an in situ saline-perfused posterior cardinal vein preparation caused the appearance of H2S and catecholamines in the outflowing perfusate. Perfusion with the cholinergic receptor agonist carbachol (1 × 10−6M) or depolarizing levels of KCl (1 × 10−2M) caused secretion of catecholamines without altering H2S output, suggesting that neuronal excitation is required for H2S release. Addition of H2S (at concentrations exceeding 5 × 10−7M) to the perfusion fluid resulted in a marked stimulation of catecholamine secretion that was not observed when Ca2+-free perfusate was used. These data, together with the finding that H2S-induced catecholamine secretion was unaltered by the nicotinic receptor blocker hexamethonium, suggest that H2S is able to directly elicit catecholamine secretion via membrane depolarization followed by Ca2+-mediated exocytosis.
Collapse
|
41
|
Olson KR. Hydrogen sulfide and oxygen sensing: implications in cardiorespiratory control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 211:2727-34. [PMID: 18723529 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although all cells are variously affected by oxygen, a few have the responsibility of monitoring oxygen tensions and initiating key homeostatic responses when P(O2) falls to critical levels. These ;oxygen-sensing' cells include the chemoreceptors in the gills (neuroepithelial cells), airways (neuroepithelial bodies) and vasculature (carotid bodies) that initiate cardiorespiratory reflexes, oxygen sensitive chromaffin cells associated with systemic veins or adrenal glands that regulate the rate of catecholamine secretion, and vascular smooth muscle cells capable of increasing blood flow to systemic tissues, or decreasing it through the lungs. In spite of intense research, and enormous clinical applicability, there is little, if any, consensus regarding the mechanism of how these cells sense oxygen and transduce this into the appropriate physiological response. We have recently proposed that the metabolism of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) may serve as an 'oxygen sensor' in vertebrate vascular smooth muscle and preliminary evidence suggests it has similar activity in gill chemoreceptors. In this proposed mechanism, the cellular concentration of H2S is determined by the simple balance between constitutive H2S production in the cytoplasm and H2S oxidation in the mitochondria; when tissue oxygen levels fall the rate of H2S oxidation decreases and the concentration of biologically active H2S in the tissue increases. This commentary briefly describes the oxygen-sensitive tissues in fish and mammals, delineates the current hypotheses of oxygen sensing by these tissues, and then critically evaluates the evidence for H2S metabolism in oxygen sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend Center, South Bend, Indiana 46617, USA.
| |
Collapse
|