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Chan KYK, Ko WH. Modeling Fertilization Outcome in a Changing World. Integr Comp Biol 2024; 64:905-920. [PMID: 38871950 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icae071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms have complex life histories. For broadcast spawners, successful continuation of the population requires their small gametes to make contact in the water column for sufficiently long periods for fertilization to occur. Anthropogenic climate change has been shown to impact fertilization success in various marine invertebrates, including sea urchins, which are key grazers in their habitats. Gamete performance of both sexes declined when exposed to elevated temperatures and/or pCO2 levels. Examples of reduced performance included slower sperm swimming speed and thinning egg jelly coat. However, such responses to climate change stress were not uniform between individuals. Such variations could serve as the basis for selection. Fertilization kinetics have long been modeled as a particle collision process. Here, we present a modified fertilization kinetics model that incorporates individual variations in performance in a more environmentally relevant regime, and which the performance of groups with different traits can be separately tracked in a mixture. Numerical simulations highlight that fertilization outcomes are influenced by changes in gamete traits as they age in sea water and the presence of competition groups (multiple dams or sires). These results highlight the importance of considering multiple individuals and at multiple time points during in vivo assays. We also applied our model to show that interspecific variation in climate stress vulnerabilities elevates the risk of hybridization. By making a numerical model open-source, we aim to help us better understand the fate of organisms in the face of climate change by enabling the community to consider the mean and variance of the response to capture adaptive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wing Ho Ko
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
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2
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Ravaglioli C, De Marchi L, Giannessi J, Pretti C, Bulleri F. Seagrass meadows as ocean acidification refugia for sea urchin larvae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167465. [PMID: 37778543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Foundation species have been widely documented to provide suitable habitats for other species by ameliorating stressful environmental conditions. Nonetheless, their role in rescuing stress-sensitive species from adverse conditions due to climate change remains often unexplored. Here, we performed a mesocosm experiment to assess whether the seagrass, Posidonia oceanica, through its photosynthetic activity, could mitigate the negative effects of ocean acidification on larval development and growth of the calcifying sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus. Sea urchin larvae at early and late developmental stages that are generally associated to benthic habitats, were grown in aquaria with or without P. oceanica plants, under ambient or low pH conditions predicted by the end of the century under the worst climate scenario (RCP8.5). The percentage of abnormal larvae and their total body length under different experimental conditions were assessed on early- (i.e., pluteus; 72 h post-fertilization) and final-developmental stages (i.e., echinopluteus; 30 days post-fertilization), respectively. The presence of P. oceanica increased mean daily pH values of ∼0.1 and ∼0.15 units at ambient and low pH conditions, respectively, compared with tanks without plants. When grown at low pH in association with P. oceanica, plutei showed a ∼23 % reduction of malformations and echinoplutei a ∼34 % increase in total body length, respectively, compared with larvae developing in tanks without plants. Our results suggest that P. oceanica, by increasing pH and altering seawater carbonate chemistry through its metabolic activity, could buffer the negative effects of ocean acidification on calcifying organisms and could, thus, represent a tool against climate-driven loss of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ravaglioli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, CoNISMa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - L De Marchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte) - 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy.
| | - J Giannessi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte) - 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy.
| | - C Pretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte) - 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Viale N.Sauro 4, 57128 Livorno, Italy.
| | - F Bulleri
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, CoNISMa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Centro interdipartimentale di Ricerca per lo Studio degli Effetti del Cambiamento Climatico (CIRSEC), Università di Pisa, Italy.
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3
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Leach TS, Hofmann GE. Marine heatwave temperatures enhance larval performance but are meditated by paternal thermal history and inter-individual differences in the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1230590. [PMID: 37601631 PMCID: PMC10436589 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1230590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine heatwave (MHW) events, characterized by periods of anomalous temperatures, are an increasingly prevalent threat to coastal marine ecosystems. Given the seasonal phenology of MHWs, the full extent of their biological consequences may depend on how these thermal stress events align with an organism's reproductive cycle. In organisms with more complex life cycles (e.g., many marine invertebrate species) the alignment of adult and larval environments may be an important factor determining offspring success, setting the stage for MHW events to influence reproduction and development in situ. Here, the influence of MHW-like temperatures on the early development of the California purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, were explored within the context of paternal thermal history. Based on temperature data collected during MHW events seen in Southern California from 2014-2020, adult urchins were acclimated to either MHW or non-MHW temperatures for 28 days before their sperm was used to produce embryos that were subsequently raised under varying thermal conditions. Once offspring reached an early larval stage, the impact of paternal and offspring environments were assessed on two aspects of offspring performance: larval size and thermal tolerance. Exposure to elevated temperatures during early development resulted in larger, more thermally tolerant larvae, with further influences of paternal identity and thermal history, respectively. The alignment of paternal and offspring exposure to MHW temperatures had additional positive benefits on larval thermal tolerance, but this tolerance significantly decreased when their thermal experience mismatched. As the highest recorded temperatures within past MHW events have occurred during the gametogenesis of many kelp forest benthic marine invertebrate species, such as the purple sea urchin, such parental mediated impacts may represent important drivers of future recruitment and population composition for these species.
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Palombo C, Chiarore A, Ciscato M, Asnicar D, Mirasole A, Fabbrizzi E, Teixidó N, Munari M. Thanks mum. Maternal effects in response to ocean acidification of sea urchin larvae at different ecologically relevant temperatures. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 188:114700. [PMID: 36773584 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Palombo
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Ischia Marine Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Antonia Chiarore
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Ischia Marine Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Ciscato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Asnicar
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Aquatic Bioscience, Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Road, St Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada E5B 2L7.
| | - Alice Mirasole
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Ischia Marine Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia, Naples, Italy.
| | - Erika Fabbrizzi
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Ischia Marine Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia, Naples, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Nuria Teixidó
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Ischia Marine Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia, Naples, Italy; Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Marco Munari
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Ischia Marine Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia, Naples, Italy; Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Fano Marine Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Fano, Italy.
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5
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Effects of Seawater Acidification on Echinoid Adult Stage: A Review. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10040477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The continuous release of CO2 in the atmosphere is increasing the acidity of seawater worldwide, and the pH is predicted to be reduced by ~0.4 units by 2100. Ocean acidification (OA) is changing the carbonate chemistry, jeopardizing the life of marine organisms, and in particular calcifying organisms. Because of their calcareous skeleton and limited ability to regulate the acid–base balance, echinoids are among the organisms most threatened by OA. In this review, 50 articles assessing the effects of seawater acidification on the echinoid adult stage have been collected and summarized, in order to identify the most important aspects to consider for future experiments. Most of the endpoints considered (i.e., related to calcification, physiology, behaviour and reproduction) were altered, highlighting how various and subtle the effects of pH reduction can be. In general terms, more than 43% of the endpoints were modified by low pH compared with the control condition. However, animals exposed in long-term experiments or resident in CO2-vent systems showed acclimation capability. Moreover, the latitudinal range of animals’ distribution might explain some of the differences found among species. Therefore, future experiments should consider local variability, long-term exposure and multigenerational approaches to better assess OA effects on echinoids.
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Fanelli E, Di Giacomo S, Gambi C, Bianchelli S, Da Ros Z, Tangherlini M, Andaloro F, Romeo T, Corinaldesi C, Danovaro R. Effects of Local Acidification on Benthic Communities at Shallow Hydrothermal Vents of the Aeolian Islands (Southern Tyrrhenian, Mediterranean Sea). BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020321. [PMID: 35205186 PMCID: PMC8868750 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The Aeolian Islands (Mediterranean Sea) host a unique hydrothermal system called the "Smoking Land" due to the presence of over 200 volcanic CO2-vents, resulting in water acidification phenomena and the creation of an acidified benthic environment. Here, we report the results of a study conducted at three sites located at ca. 16, 40, and 80 m of depth, and characterized by CO2 emissions to assess the effects of acidification on meio- and macrobenthic assemblages. Acidification caused significant changes in both meio- and macrofaunal assemblages, with a clear decrease in terms of abundance and a shift in community composition. A noticeable reduction in biomass was observed only for macrofauna. The most sensitive meiofaunal taxa were kinorhynchs and turbellarians that disappeared at the CO2 sites, while the abundance of halacarids and ostracods increased, possibly as a result of the larger food availability and the lower predatory pressures by the sensitive meiofaunal and macrofaunal taxa. Sediment acidification also causes the disappearance of more sensitive macrofaunal taxa, such as gastropods, and the increase in tolerant taxa such as oligochaetes. We conclude that the effects of shallow CO2-vents result in the progressive simplification of community structure and biodiversity loss due to the disappearance of the most sensitive meio- and macrofaunal taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Fanelli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.D.G.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (Z.D.R.); (R.D.)
- Stazione Zoologica di Napoli Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80100 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (F.A.); (T.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Simone Di Giacomo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.D.G.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (Z.D.R.); (R.D.)
| | - Cristina Gambi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.D.G.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (Z.D.R.); (R.D.)
| | - Silvia Bianchelli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.D.G.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (Z.D.R.); (R.D.)
| | - Zaira Da Ros
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.D.G.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (Z.D.R.); (R.D.)
- Stazione Zoologica di Napoli Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80100 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (F.A.); (T.R.)
| | - Michael Tangherlini
- Stazione Zoologica di Napoli Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80100 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (F.A.); (T.R.)
| | - Franco Andaloro
- Stazione Zoologica di Napoli Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80100 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (F.A.); (T.R.)
| | - Teresa Romeo
- Stazione Zoologica di Napoli Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80100 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (F.A.); (T.R.)
| | - Cinzia Corinaldesi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.D.G.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (Z.D.R.); (R.D.)
- Stazione Zoologica di Napoli Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80100 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (F.A.); (T.R.)
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7
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Lo HKA, Chua VA, Chan KYK. Near future ocean acidification modulates the physiological impact of fluoxetine at environmental concentration on larval urchins. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149709. [PMID: 34425440 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals found in human wastes are emergent pollutants that are continuously released into aquatic systems. While exposure to pharmaceuticals alone could adversely impact aquatic organisms, few studies have considered the interactive effects of pharmaceuticals and the future environmental conditions, such as decreasing pH due to ocean acidification. Given the bioavailability of many pharmaceuticals is dependent on these physical conditions, we investigated the effect of environmentally-relevant concentrations of fluoxetine (10 and 100 ng L-1) under ambient (pH 8.0) and reduced pH conditions (pH 7.7) on physiology, behavior, and DNA integrity of larval sea urchins (Heliocidaris crassispina). Notably, the negative impacts of fluoxetine exposure were attenuated by reduced pH. Larvae exposed to both reduced pH and fluoxetine exhibited lower levels of DNA damage compared to those exposed to only one of the stressors. Similar antagonistic interactions were observed at the organismal level: for example, fluoxetine exposure at 10 ng L-1 under ambient pH increased the percentage of embryos at later developmental stages, but such effects of fluoxetine were absent at pH 7.7. However, despite the modulation of fluoxetine impacts under ocean acidification, control larvae performed better than those exposed to either stressor, alone or in combination. We also observed that pH alone impacted organismal behaviors, as larvae swam slower at reduced pH regardless of fluoxetine exposure. Our findings highlight the need to consider multi-stressor interactions when determining future organismal performance and that multiple metrics are needed to paint a fuller picture of ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau Kwan Abby Lo
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | | | - Kit Yu Karen Chan
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong; Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Ave, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA.
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8
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Boco SR, Pitt KA, Melvin SD. Coastal acidification and deoxygenation enhance settlement but do not influence movement behaviour of creeping polyps of the Irukandji jellyfish, Alatina alata (Cubozoa). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 162:105175. [PMID: 33070064 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Deoxygenation and acidification co-occur in many coastal ecosystems because nutrient enrichment produces excess organic matter that intensifies aerobic respiration during decomposition, thereby depleting O2, increasing CO2 and lowering pH. Despite this link between coastal deoxygenation (CD) and acidification (CA), and evidence that both stressors pose a risk to marine fauna, few studies have examined the effects of these drivers in combination on marine animals including invertebrates. Here, we studied the individual and combined effects of CD (~1.5 mg L-1 O2) and CA (~7.7 pH) on the survival, number of tentacles, settlement and movement behaviours of creeping polyps of the Irukandji jellyfish, Alatina alata. Low DO increased the survival rate (17% more) of the creeping polyps. 12% more creeping polyps settled in low pH than ambient pH and 16.7% more settled in low DO than ambient DO treatment. Exposure to CA and CD did not influence the number of tentacles, mobility or movement velocity of the creeping polyps, but after 4 h exposure to the treatments, they moved approximately half as fast. Our results indicate that CD can enhance survival and settlement success, but CA does not intensify these outcomes on A. alata creeping polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon Rey Boco
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia.
| | - Kylie A Pitt
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Steven D Melvin
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia
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Pereira TM, Gnocchi KG, Merçon J, Mendes B, Lopes BM, Passos LS, Chippari Gomes AR. The success of the fertilization and early larval development of the tropical sea urchin Echinometra lucunter (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) is affected by the pH decrease and temperature increase. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 161:105106. [PMID: 32861967 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The decrease in the pH of oceans and the increase in their temperature are the two main problems observed in the marine ecosystems due to the increasing emission of CO2 in the atmosphere. Both conditions can affect the ecological processes of reproduction, recruitment and survival of the marine biota. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of pH decrease and temperature increase of seawater on the fertilization success and embryo-larval development of a species of tropical sea urchin. For this purpose, fertilization success (gametes) and embryo-larval development rate were determined by exposing gametes and embryos to decreasing pH values (8.0 (control), 7.7, and 7.4) and increasing temperatures (26 (control), 28, 30, 34, and 38 °C). These conditions were tested associated with each other (in synergy). The gamete test was sensitive to all investigated scenarios, the fertilization success was significantly reduced in the conditions of increased temperature (28, 30, 34, and 38 °C) associated with the ideal pH (pH 8.0) and the conditions of reduced pH (pH 7.7, and 7.4), remaining unchanged only in the ideal condition (pH 8.0 + 26 °C). However, the embryo test displayed enhanced sensitivity in the scenarios of temperature increase (28, 30, 34, and 38 °C) associated with pH decrease conditions. A significantly reduction of 29%, 23% and 10% was observed in all tested pH values at 38 °C, when compared to the control group (80%, 79.5% and 63%, respectively). Therefore, the present study suggests that the occurrence of both scenarios may have a significant impact, in the coming years, on the population of Echinometra lucunter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Miura Pereira
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology (FISHLAB), University Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil.
| | - Karla Giavarini Gnocchi
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology (FISHLAB), University Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Julia Merçon
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology (FISHLAB), University Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Bruna Mendes
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology (FISHLAB), University Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Barbara Martins Lopes
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology (FISHLAB), University Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Larissa Souza Passos
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology (FISHLAB), University Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
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Fonseca JG, Laranjeiro F, Freitas DB, Oliveira IB, Rocha RJM, Machado J, Hinzmann M, Barroso CM, Galante-Oliveira S. Impairment of swimming performance in Tritia reticulata (L.) veligers under projected ocean acidification and warming scenarios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139187. [PMID: 32413662 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tritia reticulata (L.) is a neogastropod ubiquitous in the coastal communities of the NE Atlantic. Its life cycle relies on the swimming performance of planktonic early life stages, whose sensitivity to the climate conditions projected for the near future, namely of ocean acidification (OA) and warming (W), is, to our best knowledge, unknown. To examine the resilience of larval stages to future environmental conditions, this work investigates the effect of OA-W on the swimming performance of T. reticulata veligers under a range of experimental conditions, based on the end-of-century projections of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Veligers were exposed to six experimental scenarios for 14 days, employing a full factorial design with three temperatures (T°C: 18, 20 and 22 °C) and two pH levels (pHtarget: 8.1 and 7.8). Mortality was assessed throughout the trial, after which swimming behaviour - characterised by the activity, speed and the distance travelled by veligers - was analysed by automated video recordings in a Zebrabox® device. Mortality increased with OA-W and, although more active, larvae travelled shorter distances revealing reduced swimming speed under acidic and warmer conditions, with the interaction of the tested stressors - pH and T°C - being highly significant. Results motivated the morpho-histological analysis of larvae preserved at the end of the trial, to check for the integrity of the organs involved in veligers' motion: statocysts, velum and foot. Statocyst and velar morpho-structure were conserved but histological damage of metapodial epithelia was evident under acidity, namely an apparent hypertrophy and protrusion of the secretory cells, with dispersed pigmented granules and, at 22 °C, less cilia, with potential functional implications. Negative consequences of the OA-W scenarios tested on veligers' competence are unveiled, pointing towards the eminent threat these phenomena constitute to T. reticulata perpetuation in case no mitigation measures are taken, and projections become effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Fonseca
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F Laranjeiro
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - D B Freitas
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - I B Oliveira
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - R J M Rocha
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J Machado
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, ICBAS, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Hinzmann
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - C M Barroso
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - S Galante-Oliveira
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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11
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Johnson KM, Hofmann GE. Combined stress of ocean acidification and warming influence survival and drives differential gene expression patterns in the Antarctic pteropod, Limacina helicina antarctica. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa013. [PMID: 32257214 PMCID: PMC7098371 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ecologically important thecosome pteropods in the Limacina spp. complex have recently been the focus of studies examining the impacts global change factors - e.g., ocean acidification (OA) and ocean warming (OW) - on their performance and physiology. This focus is driven by conservation concerns where the health of pteropod populations is threatened by the high susceptibility of their shells to dissolution in low aragonite saturation states associated with OA and how coupling of these stressors may push pteropods past the limits of physiological plasticity. In this manipulation experiment, we describe changes in the transcriptome of the Antarctic pteropod, Limacina helicina antarctica, to these combined stressors. The conditions used in the laboratory treatments met or exceeded those projected for the Southern Ocean by the year 2100. We made two general observations regarding the outcome of the data: (1) Temperature was more influential than pH in terms of changing patterns of gene expression, and (2) these Antarctic pteropods appeared to have a significant degree of transcriptomic plasticity to respond to acute abiotic stress in the laboratory. In general, differential gene expression was observed amongst the treatments; here, for example, transcripts associated with maintaining protein structure and cell proliferation were up-regulated. To disentangle the effects of OA and OW, we used a weighted gene co-expression network analysis to explore patterns of change in the transcriptome. This approach identified gene networks associated with OW that were enriched for transcripts proposed to be involved in increasing membrane fluidity at warmer temperatures. Together these data provide evidence that L.h.antarctica has a limited capacity to acclimate to the combined conditions of OA and OW used in this study. This reduced scope of acclimation argues for continued study of how adaptation to polar aquatic environments may limit the plasticity of present-day populations in responding to future environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620 USA
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12
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Antonio-Martínez F, Henaut Y, Vega-Zepeda A, Cerón-Flores AI, Raigoza-Figueras R, Cetz-Navarro NP, Espinoza-Avalos J. Leachate effects of pelagic Sargassum spp. on larval swimming behavior of the coral Acropora palmata. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3910. [PMID: 32127622 PMCID: PMC7054338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging disturbance for Caribbean reefs is the massive arrival of pelagic Sargassum, which deteriorates water quality due to the production of leachates. The highest arrivals of Sargassum took place when broadcasting corals spawned. We experimentally determined the effect of Sargassum leachates on swimming behavior of Acropora palmata larvae through five treatments (control, stain (simulating 100% leachate color), and 25%, 50% and 100% Sargassum leachate concentrations) during 30 min (10 min of videos and 20 min of post-observations). In the videos, larvae with leachates reduced swimming speed, were positively geotactic, the percentage of individuals that swam in a spiral pattern increased, and most behavioral displacements occurred at lower frequencies than larvae without leachates. Moreover, symptomatic spiral behavior was higher in the presence of leachates, suggesting that this behavior may be an effect of pollution. During post-observations, most larvae with leachates were motionless. This is the first time that Sargassum leachates have been documented modifying larval swimming behavior, which may reduce larval dispersion and genetic diversity. We suggest that a future evaluation of the effects of leachates at lower concentrations and over longer periods of exposure is needed. The resilience of corals may be compromised if Sargassum arrivals become frequent events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Antonio-Martínez
- ECOSUR, Avenida Centenario km 5.5, Colonia Pacto Obrero Campesino, Chetumal, 77014, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Yann Henaut
- ECOSUR, Avenida Centenario km 5.5, Colonia Pacto Obrero Campesino, Chetumal, 77014, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Vega-Zepeda
- ECOSUR, Avenida Centenario km 5.5, Colonia Pacto Obrero Campesino, Chetumal, 77014, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | | | | | - Neidy P Cetz-Navarro
- ECOSUR, Avenida Centenario km 5.5, Colonia Pacto Obrero Campesino, Chetumal, 77014, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
- Freelance, Chetumal, 77025, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
| | - Julio Espinoza-Avalos
- ECOSUR, Avenida Centenario km 5.5, Colonia Pacto Obrero Campesino, Chetumal, 77014, Quintana Roo, Mexico
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13
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Chan KYK, Tong CSD. Temporal variability modulates pH impact on larval sea urchin development: Themed Issue Article: Biomechanics and Climate Change. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa008. [PMID: 32274060 PMCID: PMC7132065 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Coastal organisms reside in highly dynamic habitats. Global climate change is expected to alter not only the mean of the physical conditions experienced but also the frequencies and/or the magnitude of fluctuations of environmental factors. Understanding responses in an ecologically relevant context is essential for formulating management strategies. In particular, there are increasing suggestions that exposure to fluctuations could alleviate the impact of climate change-related stressors by selecting for plasticity that may help acclimatization to future conditions. However, it remains unclear whether the presence of fluctuations alone is sufficient to confer such effects or whether the pattern of the fluctuations matters. Therefore, we investigated the role of frequency and initial conditions of the fluctuations on performance by exposing larval sea urchin Heliocidaris crassispina to either constant or fluctuating pH. Reduced pH alone (pH 7.3 vs 8.0) did not affect larval mortality but reduced the growth of larval arms in the static pH treatments. Changes in morphology could affect the swimming mechanics for these small organisms, and geometric morphometric analysis further suggested an overall shape change such that acidified larvae had more U-shaped bodies and shorter arms, which would help maintain stability in moving water. The relative negative impact of lower pH, computed as log response ratio, on larval arm development was smaller when larvae were exposed to pH fluctuations, especially when the change was less frequent (48- vs 24-h cycle). Furthermore, larvae experiencing an initial pH drop, i.e. those where the cycle started at pH 8.0, were more negatively impacted compared with those kept at an initial pH of 7.3 before the cycling started. Our observations suggest that larval responses to climate change stress could not be easily predicted from mean conditions. Instead, to better predict organismal performance in the future ocean, monitoring and investigation of the role of real-time environmental fluctuations along the dispersive pathway is key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Yu Karen Chan
- Corresponding author: Biology Department, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA. Tel: 610-328-8051.
| | - Chun Sang Daniel Tong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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14
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Conradi M, Sánchez-Moyano JE, Bhuiyan MKA, Rodríguez-Romero A, Galotti A, Basallote MD, DelValls A, Parra G, Riba I. Intraspecific variation in the response of the estuarine European isopod Cyathura carinata (Krøyer, 1847) to ocean acidification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:134-145. [PMID: 31129324 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study the model isopod, Cyathura carinata were exposed to four pHNIST treatments (control: 7.9; 7.5, 7, 6.5) in order to determine the tolerance and pH threshold value this estuarine species withstand under future acidification scenarios. Seawater acidification significantly affected the lifespan of C. carinata, where population density was remarkably reduced at the lowest pH treatment. The longevity, survivorship and swimming activity (related to the acquisition of energy) of these isopods decreased with decreasing pH. Furthermore, to determine the possible metabolic plasticity of this species, the swimming activity, the Na+/K + -ATPase activity (relevant for osmoregulation process), and the RNA:DNA ratio (an indicator of fitness) were measure from two populations of C. carinata, one inhabiting a stable environment (pHNIST 7.5-8.0) and one inhabiting a fluctuating pCO2 regimes (pH 3.3-8.5) subjected to three pH treatments (7.9, 7.0 and 6.5). The population from high fluctuating pCO2 conditions showed capacity to withstand to pH 6.5, as well as higher longevity and metabolic plasticity, when compared with the population from the habitat with slight pCO2 variation. These results indicate that Cyathura population from stable environments could be vulnerable to ocean acidification because it could trigger detrimental effects on its survival energy budget, and growth. However, ocean acidification has limited effect on the energy budget and survival of C. carinata population from highly variable habitats, suggesting that they are able to cope with the elevated energy demand. The difference showed between populations is likely an indication of genetic differentiation in tolerance to ocean acidification, possibly attributable to local adaptations, which could provide the raw material necessary for adaptation to future conditions. In addition, our results suggest that when assessing marine crustacean responses to changing environments on a global scale, variability in population and metabolic responses need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Conradi
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Av Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012 Sevilla. Spain.
| | - J E Sánchez-Moyano
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Av Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012 Sevilla. Spain
| | - M K A Bhuiyan
- UNESCO UNITWIN/UNICOP, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, PG Rio San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - A Rodríguez-Romero
- Green Engineering Resources Group (GER), Departamento de Química e Ingeniería de Procesos y Recursos (ETSIIT), Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria, Spain
| | - A Galotti
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Vegetal y Ecología, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - M D Basallote
- Department of Earth Sciences & Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - A DelValls
- UNESCO UNITWIN/UNICOP, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, PG Rio San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - G Parra
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Vegetal y Ecología, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - I Riba
- UNESCO UNITWIN/UNICOP, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, PG Rio San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
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15
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Tipping points of gastric pH regulation and energetics in the sea urchin larva exposed to CO 2 -induced seawater acidification. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 234:87-97. [PMID: 31022521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sea urchin larvae reduce developmental rates accompanied by changes in their energy budget when exposed to acidified conditions. The necessity to maintain highly alkaline conditions in their digestive systems led to the hypothesis that gastric pH homeostasis is a key trait affecting larval energy budgets leading to distinct tipping points for growth and survival. To test this hypothesis, sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) larvae were reared for 10 days in different pH conditions ranging from pH 7.0 to pH 8.2. Survival, development and growth rates were determined demonstrating severe impacts < pH 7.2. To test the effects of pH on midgut alkalization we measured midgut pH and monitored the expression of acid-base transporters. While larvae were able to maintain their midgut pH at 8.9-9.1 up to an acidification level of pH 7.2, midgut pH was decreased in the lower pH treatments. The maintenance of midgut pH under low pH conditions was accompanied by dynamic changes in the expression level of midgut acid-base transporters. Metabolic rates of the larvae increased with decreasing pH and reached a threshold between pH 7.0 and pH 7.3 where metabolic rates decreased again. Methylation analyses on promoter CpG islands were performed for midgut acid-base transporter genes to test for possible epigenetic modifications after 10-day exposure to different pH conditions. This analysis demonstrated no correlation between methylation level and pH treatments suggesting low potential for epigenetic modification of acid-base transporters upon short-term exposure. Since a clear tipping point was identified at pH 7.2, which is much lower than near-future ocean acidification (OA) scenarios, this study suggests that the early development of the purple sea urchin larva has a comparatively high tolerance to seawater acidification with substantial acclimation capacity and plasticity in a key physiological trait under near-future OA conditions.
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16
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Dorey N, Maboloc E, Chan KYK. Development of the sea urchin Heliocidaris crassispina from Hong Kong is robust to ocean acidification and copper contamination. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 205:1-10. [PMID: 30296660 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metallic pollution is of particular concern in coastal cities. In the Asian megacity of Hong Kong, despite water qualities have improved over the past decade, some local zones are still particularly affected and could represent sinks for remobilization of labile toxic species such as copper. Ocean acidification is expected to increase the fraction of the most toxic form of copper (Cu2+) by 2.3-folds by 2100 (pH ≈7.7), increasing its bioavailability to marine organisms. Additionally, multiple stressors are likely to exert concomitant effects (additive, synergic or antagonist) on the organisms living in the sea. Here, we tested the hypothesis that copper-contaminated waters are more toxic to sea urchin larvae under future pH conditions. We exposed sea urchin embryos and larvae to two low-pH and two copper treatments (0.1 and 1.0 μM) in three separate experiments. Over the short time typically used for toxicity tests (up to 4-arm plutei, i.e. 3 days), larvae of the sea urchin Heliocidaris crassispina were robust and survived the copper levels present in Hong Kong waters today (≤0.19 μM) as well as the average pH projected for 2100. We, however, observed significant mortality with lowering pH in the longer, single-stressor experiment (Expt A: 8-arm plutei, i.e. 9 days). Abnormality and arm asymmetry were significantly increased by pH or/and by copper presence (depending on the experiment and copper level). Body size (d3; but not body growth rates in Expt A) was significantly reduced by both lowered pH and added copper. Larval respiration (Expt A) was doubled by a decrease at pHT from 8.0 to 7.3 on d6. In Expt B1.0 and B0.1, larval morphology (relative arm lengths and stomach volume) were affected by at least one of the two investigated factors. Although the larvae appeared robust, these sub-lethal effects may have indirect consequences on feeding, swimming and ultimately survival. The complex relationship between pH and metal speciation/uptake is not well-characterized and further investigations are urgently needed to detangle the mechanisms involved and to identify possible caveats in routinely used toxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narimane Dorey
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Elizaldy Maboloc
- School of Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kit Yu Karen Chan
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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17
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García E, Hernández JC, Clemente S. Robustness of larval development of intertidal sea urchin species to simulated ocean warming and acidification. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 139:35-45. [PMID: 29753493 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ocean warming and acidification are the two most significant side effects of carbone dioxide emissions in the world's oceans. By changing water, temperature and pH are the main environmental factors controlling the distribution, physiology, morphology and behaviour of marine invertebrates. This study evaluated the combined effects of predicted high temperature levels, and predicted low pH values, on fertilization and early development stages of the sea urchins Arbacia lixula, Paracentrotus lividus, Sphaerechinus granularis and Diadema africanum. Twelve treatments, combining different temperatures (19, 21, 23 and 25 °C) and pH values (8.1, 7.7 and 7.4 units), were tested in laboratory experiments. All of the tested temperatures and pH values were within the open coast seawater range expected within the next century. We examined fertilization rate, cleavage rate, 3-day larvae survival, and development of the different sea urchin species at set time intervals after insemination. Our results highlight the susceptibility of subtidal species to environmental changes, and the robustness of intertidal species to ocean warming and acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseba García
- Biodiversidad, Ecología Marina y Conservación, Dpto. Biología Animal (Ciencias Marinas), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna. La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, España, Spain.
| | - José Carlos Hernández
- Biodiversidad, Ecología Marina y Conservación, Dpto. Biología Animal (Ciencias Marinas), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna. La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, España, Spain
| | - Sabrina Clemente
- Biodiversidad, Ecología Marina y Conservación, Dpto. Biología Animal (Ciencias Marinas), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna. La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, España, Spain
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18
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Chen WY, Lin HC. Probabilistic risk assessment of the effect of acidified seawater on development stages of sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12947-12956. [PMID: 29478168 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that ocean acidification has a significant impact on calcifying marine organisms. However, there is a lack of exposure risk assessments for aquatic organisms under future environmentally relevant ocean acidification scenarios. The objective of this study was to investigate the probabilistic effects of acidified seawater on the life-stage response dynamics of fertilization, larvae growth, and larvae mortality of the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis). We incorporated the regulation of primary body cavity (PBC) pH in response to seawater pH into the assessment by constructing an explicit model to assess effective life-stage response dynamics to seawater or PBC pH levels. The likelihood of exposure to ocean acidification was also evaluated by addressing the uncertainties of the risk characterization. For unsuccessful fertilization, the estimated 50% effect level of seawater acidification (EC50 SW ) was 0.55 ± 0.014 (mean ± SE) pH units. This life stage was more sensitive than growth inhibition and mortality, for which the EC50 values were 1.13 and 1.03 pH units, respectively. The estimated 50% effect levels of PBC pH (EC50 PBC ) were 0.99 ± 0.05 and 0.88 ± 0.006 pH units for growth inhibition and mortality, respectively. We also predicted the probability distributions for seawater and PBC pH levels in 2100. The level of unsuccessful fertilization had 50 and 90% probability risks of 5.07-24.51 (95% CI) and 0-6.95%, respectively. We conclude that this probabilistic risk analysis model is parsimonious enough to quantify the multiple vulnerabilities of the green sea urchin while addressing the systemic effects of ocean acidification. This study found a high potential risk of acidification affecting the fertilization of the green sea urchin, whereas there was no evidence for adverse effects on growth and mortality resulting from exposure to the predicted acidified environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Hsing-Chieh Lin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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19
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Baker DW, Hudson ME, Frost EJ, Sewell MA. Repeated measurement of Mo 2 in small aquatic organisms: a manual intermittent flow respirometer using off-the-shelf components. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:741-749. [PMID: 29212670 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00771.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of rates of oxygen consumption ( Mo2) in small aquatic embryos or larvae (<1 mm) in response to altered environmental conditions has traditionally been challenging. Here, using modifications of a commercially available fluorescent optode flow-through cell (FTC; PreSens FTC-PSt3) and routine laboratory supplies (syringes, stopcocks, tubing), we have constructed a manual intermittent flow respirometer (MIFR) that allows measurement of Mo2 in small numbers of individuals when sequentially exposed to different environmental conditions (e.g., changes in seawater pH) through a gravity-driven media replacement perfusion system. We first show that the FTC can be used in "static" mode while incubating small numbers of embryos/larvae contained within the planar oxygen sensor (POS) chamber with Nitex filters. We then demonstrate the use of the MIFR by exposing larval echinoderms ( Fellaster zelandiae, Evechinus chloroticus, and Centrostephanus rodgersii) to seawater equilibrated with elevated CO2 and measured Mo2 during acute and chronic exposure to hypercapnia. This MIFR method will allow investigators to address questions regarding the respiratory physiology of small aquatic animals, such as the thresholds for metabolic depression in embryonic and larval forms. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A manual intermittent flow respirometer (MIFR), allowing media exchange in a flow-through cell containing small aquatic organisms, permits repeated measurement of Mo2 of individuals not only in a single medium (e.g., technical replication), but also in different media (here, high CO2-equilibrated seawater), enabling measurement of acute physiological responses to changed conditions. This versatile technique has wide-ranging implications for the study of the Mo2 response of aquatic organisms in the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Baker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Michael E Hudson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Emily J Frost
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Mary A Sewell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
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20
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Allen RM, Metaxas A, Snelgrove PVR. Applying Movement Ecology to Marine Animals with Complex Life Cycles. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2018; 10:19-42. [PMID: 28813201 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Marine animals with complex life cycles may move passively or actively for fertilization, dispersal, predator avoidance, resource acquisition, and migration, and over scales from micrometers to thousands of kilometers. This diversity has catalyzed idiosyncratic and unfocused research, creating unsound paradigms regarding the role of movement in ecology and evolution. The emerging movement ecology paradigm offers a framework to consolidate movement research independent of taxon, life-history stage, scale, or discipline. This review applies the framework to movement among life-history stages in marine animals with complex life cycles to consolidate marine movement research and offer insights for scientists working in aquatic and terrestrial realms. Irrespective of data collection or simulation strategy, breaking each life-history stage down into the fundamental units of movement allows each unit to be studied independently or interactively with other units. Understanding these underlying mechanisms of movement within each life-history stage can then be used to construct lifetime movement paths. These paths can allow further investigation of the relative contributions and interdependencies of steps and phases across a lifetime and how these paths influence larger research topics, such as population-level movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Allen
- Department of Ocean Sciences and Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1C 5S7, Canada;
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Anna Metaxas
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Paul V R Snelgrove
- Department of Ocean Sciences and Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1C 5S7, Canada;
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21
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Hammill E, Johnson E, Atwood TB, Harianto J, Hinchliffe C, Calosi P, Byrne M. Ocean acidification alters zooplankton communities and increases top-down pressure of a cubozoan predator. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e128-e138. [PMID: 28850765 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The composition of local ecological communities is determined by the members of the regional community that are able to survive the abiotic and biotic conditions of a local ecosystem. Anthropogenic activities since the industrial revolution have increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which have in turn decreased ocean pH and altered carbonate ion concentrations: so called ocean acidification (OA). Single-species experiments have shown how OA can dramatically affect zooplankton development, physiology and skeletal mineralization status, potentially reducing their defensive function and altering their predatory and antipredatory behaviors. This means that increased OA may indirectly alter the biotic conditions by modifying trophic interactions. We investigated how OA affects the impact of a cubozoan predator on their zooplankton prey, predominantly Copepoda, Pleocyemata, Dendrobranchiata, and Amphipoda. Experimental conditions were set at either current (pCO2 370 μatm) or end-of-the-century OA (pCO2 1,100 μatm) scenarios, crossed in an orthogonal experimental design with the presence/absence of the cubozoan predator Carybdea rastoni. The combined effects of exposure to OA and predation by C. rastoni caused greater shifts in community structure, and greater reductions in the abundance of key taxa than would be predicted from combining the effect of each stressor in isolation. Specifically, we show that in the combined presence of OA and a cubozoan predator, populations of the most abundant member of the zooplankton community (calanoid copepods) were reduced 27% more than it would be predicted based on the effects of these stressors in isolation, suggesting that OA increases the susceptibility of plankton to predation. Our results indicate that the ecological consequences of OA may be greater than predicted from single-species experiments, and highlight the need to understand future marine global change from a community perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edd Hammill
- Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellery Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Trisha B Atwood
- Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Januar Harianto
- Schools of Medical and Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charles Hinchliffe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Gaitán-Espitia JD, Villanueva PA, Lopez J, Torres R, Navarro JM, Bacigalupe LD. Spatio-temporal environmental variation mediates geographical differences in phenotypic responses to ocean acidification. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2016.0865. [PMID: 28179409 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is expected to play a major adaptive role in the response of species to ocean acidification (OA), by providing broader tolerances to changes in pCO2 conditions. However, tolerances and sensitivities to future OA may differ among populations within a species because of their particular environmental context and genetic backgrounds. Here, using the climatic variability hypothesis (CVH), we explored this conceptual framework in populations of the sea urchin Loxechinus albus across natural fluctuating pCO2/pH environments. Although elevated pCO2 affected the morphology, physiology, development and survival of sea urchin larvae, the magnitude of these effects differed among populations. These differences were consistent with the predictions of the CVH showing greater tolerance to OA in populations experiencing greater local variation in seawater pCO2/pH. Considering geographical differences in plasticity, tolerances and sensitivities to increased pCO2 will provide more accurate predictions for species responses to future OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Diego Gaitán-Espitia
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart 7001 Tasmania, Australia .,Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Paola A Villanueva
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnologicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jorge Lopez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnologicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistema de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Jorge M Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnologicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Pecquet A, Dorey N, Chan KYK. Ocean acidification increases larval swimming speed and has limited effects on spawning and settlement of a robust fouling bryozoan, Bugula neritina. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 124:903-910. [PMID: 28341296 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Few studies to date have investigated the effects of ocean acidification on non-reef forming marine invertebrates with non-feeding larvae. Here, we exposed adults of the bryozoan Bugula neritina and their larvae to lowered pH. We monitored spawning, larval swimming, settlement, and post-settlement individual sizes at two pHs (7.9 vs. 7.6) and settlement dynamics alone over a broader pH range (8.0 down to 6.5). Our results show that spawning was not affected by adult exposure (48h at pH7.6), larvae swam 32% faster and the newly-settled individuals grew significantly larger (5%) at pH7.6 than in the control. Although larvae required more time to settle when pH was lowered, reduced pH was not lethal, even down to pH6.5. Overall, this fouling species appeared to be robust to acidification, and yet, indirect effects such as prolonging the pelagic larval duration could increase predation risk, and might negatively impact population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Pecquet
- Science and Technology Faculty, University of La Rochelle, France; Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Narimane Dorey
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Kit Yu Karen Chan
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
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24
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Alves VM, Hernández MIM. Morphometric Modifications in Canthon quinquemaculatus Castelnau 1840 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae): Sublethal Effects of Transgenic Maize? INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8040115. [PMID: 29065452 PMCID: PMC5746798 DOI: 10.3390/insects8040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of transgenic compounds on non-target organisms remain poorly understood, especially in native insect species. Morphological changes (e.g., changes in body size and shape) may reflect possible responses to environmental stressors, like transgenic toxins. The dung beetle Canthon quinquemaculatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) is a non-target species found in transgenic crops. We evaluated whether C. quinquemaculatus individuals inhabiting corn fields cultivated with different seed types (conventional, creole and transgenic) present modifications in body shape compared to individuals inhabiting adjacent native forest fragments. We collected C. quinquemaculatus specimens across an agricultural landscape in southern Brazil, during the summer of 2015. Six populations were sampled: three maize crop populations each under a different seed type, and three populations of adjacent forests. After sampling, specimens were subjected to morphometric analyses to discover differences in body shape. We chose fifteen landmarks to describe body shape, and morphometric data were tested with Procrustes ANOVA and Discriminant Analysis. We found that body shape did not differ between individuals collected in conventional and creole crops with their respective adjacent forests (p > 0.05); however, transgenic crop populations differed significantly from those collected in adjacent forests (p < 0.05). Insects in transgenic maize are more oval and have a retraction in the abdominal region, compared with the respective adjacent forest, this result shows the possible effect of transgenic crops on non-target species. This may have implications for the ecosystem service of organic matter removal, carried out by these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Michelon Alves
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brasil.
| | - Malva Isabel Medina Hernández
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brasil.
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25
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Mos B, Kaposi KL, Rose AL, Kelaher B, Dworjanyn SA. Moderate ocean warming mitigates, but more extreme warming exacerbates the impacts of zinc from engineered nanoparticles on a marine larva. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 228:190-200. [PMID: 28535490 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is growing concern about the combined effects of multiple human-induced stressors on biodiversity. In particular, there are substantial knowledge gaps about the combined effects of existing stressors (e.g. pollution) and predicted environmental stress from climate change (e.g. ocean warming). We investigated the impacts of ocean warming and engineered nanoparticles (nano-zinc oxide, nZnO) on larvae of a cosmopolitan tropical sea urchin, Tripneustes gratilla. Larval T. gratilla were exposed to all combinations of three temperatures, 25, 27 and 29 °C (current SST and near-future predicted warming of +2 and + 4 °C) and six concentrations of nZnO (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg nZnO·L-1). These stressors had strong interactive effects on fertilization, gastrulation and normal development of 5 day old larvae. High concentrations of nZnO had a negative effect, but this impact was less pronounced for sea urchins reared at their preferred temperature of 27 °C compared to 25 or 29 °C. Larval growth was also impacted by combined stress of elevated temperature and nZnO. Subsequent measurement of the dissolution and aggregation of nZnO particles and the direct effect of Zn2+ ions on larvae, suggest the negative effects of nZnO on larval development and growth were most likely due to Zn2+ ions. Our results demonstrate that marine larvae may be more resilient to stressors at optimal temperatures and highlight the potential for ocean warming to exacerbate the effects of pollution on marine larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Mos
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katrina L Kaposi
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew L Rose
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia; Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brendan Kelaher
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Symon A Dworjanyn
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia.
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26
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Wheeler JD, Chan KYK, Anderson EJ, Mullineaux LS. Ontogenetic changes in larval swimming and orientation of pre-competent sea urchin Arbacia punctulata in turbulence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 219:1303-10. [PMID: 27208032 PMCID: PMC4874563 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.129502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many marine organisms have complex life histories, having sessile adults and relying on the planktonic larvae for dispersal. Larvae swim and disperse in a complex fluid environment and the effect of ambient flow on larval behavior could in turn impact their survival and transport. However, to date, most studies on larvae–flow interactions have focused on competent larvae near settlement. We examined the importance of flow on early larval stages by studying how local flow and ontogeny influence swimming behavior in pre-competent larval sea urchins, Arbacia punctulata. We exposed larval urchins to grid-stirred turbulence and recorded their behavior at two stages (4- and 6-armed plutei) in three turbulence regimes. Using particle image velocimetry to quantify and subtract local flow, we tested the hypothesis that larvae respond to turbulence by increasing swimming speed, and that the increase varies with ontogeny. Swimming speed increased with turbulence for both 4- and 6-armed larvae, but their responses differed in terms of vertical swimming velocity. 4-Armed larvae swam most strongly upward in the unforced flow regime, while 6-armed larvae swam most strongly upward in weakly forced flow. Increased turbulence intensity also decreased the relative time that larvae spent in their typical upright orientation. 6-Armed larvae were tilted more frequently in turbulence compared with 4-armed larvae. This observation suggests that as larvae increase in size and add pairs of arms, they are more likely to be passively re-oriented by moving water, rather than being stabilized (by mechanisms associated with increased mass), potentially leading to differential transport. The positive relationship between swimming speed and larval orientation angle suggests that there was also an active response to tilting in turbulence. Our results highlight the importance of turbulence to planktonic larvae, not just during settlement but also in earlier stages through morphology–flow interactions. Highlighted Article: Pre-competent, 6-armed larval urchins swim faster and are less stable in experimental turbulent flow than younger 4-armed larvae, suggesting a potential age/morphology-driven differential transport mechanism in ambient flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette D Wheeler
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Kit Yu Karen Chan
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Erik J Anderson
- Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Department of Mechanical Engineering, Grove City College, Grove City, PA 16127, USA
| | - Lauren S Mullineaux
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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27
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Faimali M, Gambardella C, Costa E, Piazza V, Morgana S, Estévez-Calvar N, Garaventa F. Old model organisms and new behavioral end-points: Swimming alteration as an ecotoxicological response. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 128:36-45. [PMID: 27194191 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral responses of aquatic organisms have received much less attention than developmental or reproductive ones due to the scarce presence of user-friendly tools for their acquisition. The technological development of data acquisition systems for quantifying behavior in the aquatic environment and the increase of studies on the understanding the relationship between the behavior of aquatic organisms and the physiological/ecological activities have generated renewed interest in using behavioral responses also in marine ecotoxicology. Recent reviews on freshwater environment show that behavioral end-points are comparatively fast and sensitive, and warrant further attention as tools for assessing the toxicological effects of environmental contaminants. In this mini-review, we perform a systematic analysis of the most recent works that have used marine invertebrate swimming alteration as behavioral end-point in ecotoxicological studies by assessing the differences between behavioral and acute responses in a wide range of species, in order to compare their sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Faimali
- National Research Council - Institute of Marine Science (CNR-ISMAR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- National Research Council - Institute of Marine Science (CNR-ISMAR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Costa
- National Research Council - Institute of Marine Science (CNR-ISMAR), Arsenale - Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122 Venezia, Italy
| | - Veronica Piazza
- National Research Council - Institute of Marine Science (CNR-ISMAR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Morgana
- National Research Council - Institute of Marine Science (CNR-ISMAR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Noelia Estévez-Calvar
- National Research Council - Institute of Marine Science (CNR-ISMAR), Arsenale - Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122 Venezia, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- National Research Council - Institute of Marine Science (CNR-ISMAR), Arsenale - Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122 Venezia, Italy
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28
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Karelitz SE, Uthicke S, Foo SA, Barker MF, Byrne M, Pecorino D, Lamare MD. Ocean acidification has little effect on developmental thermal windows of echinoderms from Antarctica to the tropics. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:657-672. [PMID: 27497050 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As the ocean warms, thermal tolerance of developmental stages may be a key driver of changes in the geographical distributions and abundance of marine invertebrates. Additional stressors such as ocean acidification may influence developmental thermal windows and are therefore important considerations for predicting distributions of species under climate change scenarios. The effects of reduced seawater pH on the thermal windows of fertilization, embryology and larval morphology were examined using five echinoderm species: two polar (Sterechinus neumayeri and Odontaster validus), two temperate (Fellaster zelandiae and Patiriella regularis) and one tropical (Arachnoides placenta). Responses were examined across 12-13 temperatures ranging from -1.1 °C to 5.7 °C (S. neumayeri), -0.5 °C to 10.7 °C (O. validus), 5.8 °C to 27 °C (F. zelandiae), 6.0 °C to 27.1 °C (P. regularis) and 13.9 °C to 34.8 °C (A. placenta) under present-day and near-future (2100+) ocean acidification conditions (-0.3 pH units) and for three important early developmental stages 1) fertilization, 2) embryo (prehatching) and 3) larval development. Thermal windows for fertilization were broad and were not influenced by a pH decrease. Embryological development was less thermotolerant. For O. validus, P. regularis and A. placenta, low pH reduced normal development, albeit with no effect on thermal windows. Larval development in all five species was affected by both temperature and pH; however, thermal tolerance was not reduced by pH. Results of this study suggest that in terms of fertilization and development, temperature will remain as the most important factor influencing species' latitudinal distributions as the ocean continues to warm and decrease in pH, and that there is little evidence of a synergistic effect of temperature and ocean acidification on the thermal control of species ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam E Karelitz
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 310 Castle Street, 9016, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sven Uthicke
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Shawna A Foo
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mike F Barker
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 310 Castle Street, 9016, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Maria Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Danilo Pecorino
- Department for Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Miles D Lamare
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 310 Castle Street, 9016, Dunedin, New Zealand
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29
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Morley SA, Suckling CC, Clark MS, Cross EL, Peck LS. Long-term effects of altered pH and temperature on the feeding energetics of the Antarctic sea urchin, Sterechinus neumayeri. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2016.1174956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon A. Morley
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Coleen C. Suckling
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Melody S. Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma L. Cross
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lloyd S. Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
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30
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García E, Clemente S, Hernández JC. Ocean warming ameliorates the negative effects of ocean acidification on Paracentrotus lividus larval development and settlement. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 110:61-68. [PMID: 26275754 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ocean warming and acidification both impact marine ecosystems. All organisms have a limited body temperature range, outside of which they become functionally constrained. Beyond the absolute extremes of this range, they cannot survive. It is hypothesized that some stressors can present effects that interact with other environmental variables, such as ocean acidification (OA) that have the potential to narrow the thermal range where marine species are functional. An organism's response to ocean acidification can therefore be highly dependent on thermal conditions. This study evaluated the combined effects of predicted ocean warming conditions and acidification, on survival, development, and settlement, of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Nine combined treatments of temperature (19.0, 20.5 and 22.5 °C) and pH (8.1, 7.7 and 7.4 units) were carried out. All of the conditions tested were either within the current natural ranges of seawater pH and temperature or are within the ranges that have been predicted for the end of the century, in the sampling region (Canary Islands). Our results indicated that the negative effects of low pH on P. lividus larval development and settlement will be mitigated by a rise in seawater temperature, up to a thermotolerance threshold. Larval development and settlement performance of the sea urchin P. lividus was enhanced by a slight increase in temperature, even under lowered pH conditions. However, the species did show negative responses to the levels of ocean warming and acidification that have been predicted for the turn of the century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseba García
- Biodiversidad, Ecología Marina y Conservación, Dpto. Biología Animal (Ciencias Marinas), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, c/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain.
| | - Sabrina Clemente
- Biodiversidad, Ecología Marina y Conservación, Dpto. Biología Animal (Ciencias Marinas), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, c/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - José Carlos Hernández
- Biodiversidad, Ecología Marina y Conservación, Dpto. Biología Animal (Ciencias Marinas), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, c/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
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31
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Flynn EE, Bjelde BE, Miller NA, Todgham AE. Ocean acidification exerts negative effects during warming conditions in a developing Antarctic fish. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 3:cov033. [PMID: 27293718 PMCID: PMC4778439 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic CO2 is rapidly causing oceans to become warmer and more acidic, challenging marine ectotherms to respond to simultaneous changes in their environment. While recent work has highlighted that marine fishes, particularly during early development, can be vulnerable to ocean acidification, we lack an understanding of how life-history strategies, ecosystems and concurrent ocean warming interplay with interspecific susceptibility. To address the effects of multiple ocean changes on cold-adapted, slowly developing fishes, we investigated the interactive effects of elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and temperature on the embryonic physiology of an Antarctic dragonfish (Gymnodraco acuticeps), with protracted embryogenesis (∼10 months). Using an integrative, experimental approach, our research examined the impacts of near-future warming [-1 (ambient) and 2°C (+3°C)] and ocean acidification [420 (ambient), 650 (moderate) and 1000 μatm pCO2 (high)] on survival, development and metabolic processes over the course of 3 weeks in early development. In the presence of increased pCO2 alone, embryonic mortality did not increase, with greatest overall survival at the highest pCO2. Furthermore, embryos were significantly more likely to be at a later developmental stage at high pCO2 by 3 weeks relative to ambient pCO2. However, in combined warming and ocean acidification scenarios, dragonfish embryos experienced a dose-dependent, synergistic decrease in survival and developed more slowly. We also found significant interactions between temperature, pCO2 and time in aerobic enzyme activity (citrate synthase). Increased temperature alone increased whole-organism metabolic rate (O2 consumption) and developmental rate and slightly decreased osmolality at the cost of increased mortality. Our findings suggest that developing dragonfish are more sensitive to ocean warming and may experience negative physiological effects of ocean acidification only in the presence of an increased temperature. In addition to reduced hatching success, alterations in development and metabolism due to ocean warming and acidification could have negative ecological consequences owing to changes in phenology (i.e. early hatching) in the highly seasonal Antarctic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Flynn
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brittany E Bjelde
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nathan A Miller
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anne E Todgham
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Waldbusser GG, Hales B, Langdon CJ, Haley BA, Schrader P, Brunner EL, Gray MW, Miller CA, Gimenez I, Hutchinson G. Ocean Acidification Has Multiple Modes of Action on Bivalve Larvae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128376. [PMID: 26061095 DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is altering the chemistry of the world's oceans at rates unparalleled in the past roughly 1 million years. Understanding the impacts of this rapid change in baseline carbonate chemistry on marine organisms needs a precise, mechanistic understanding of physiological responses to carbonate chemistry. Recent experimental work has shown shell development and growth in some bivalve larvae, have direct sensitivities to calcium carbonate saturation state that is not modulated through organismal acid-base chemistry. To understand different modes of action of OA on bivalve larvae, we experimentally tested how pH, PCO2, and saturation state independently affect shell growth and development, respiration rate, and initiation of feeding in Mytilus californianus embryos and larvae. We found, as documented in other bivalve larvae, that shell development and growth were affected by aragonite saturation state, and not by pH or PCO2. Respiration rate was elevated under very low pH (~7.4) with no change between pH of ~ 8.3 to ~7.8. Initiation of feeding appeared to be most sensitive to PCO2, and possibly minor response to pH under elevated PCO2. Although different components of physiology responded to different carbonate system variables, the inability to normally develop a shell due to lower saturation state precludes pH or PCO2 effects later in the life history. However, saturation state effects during early shell development will carry-over to later stages, where pH or PCO2 effects can compound OA effects on bivalve larvae. Our findings suggest OA may be a multi-stressor unto itself. Shell development and growth of the native mussel, M. californianus, was indistinguishable from the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, collected from the southern U.S. Pacific coast, an area not subjected to seasonal upwelling. The concordance in responses suggests a fundamental OA bottleneck during development of the first shell material affected only by saturation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- George G Waldbusser
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Burke Hales
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Chris J Langdon
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| | - Brian A Haley
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Paul Schrader
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L Brunner
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Matthew W Gray
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| | - Cale A Miller
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Iria Gimenez
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Greg Hutchinson
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
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33
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Waldbusser GG, Hales B, Langdon CJ, Haley BA, Schrader P, Brunner EL, Gray MW, Miller CA, Gimenez I, Hutchinson G. Ocean Acidification Has Multiple Modes of Action on Bivalve Larvae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128376. [PMID: 26061095 PMCID: PMC4465621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is altering the chemistry of the world’s oceans at rates unparalleled in the past roughly 1 million years. Understanding the impacts of this rapid change in baseline carbonate chemistry on marine organisms needs a precise, mechanistic understanding of physiological responses to carbonate chemistry. Recent experimental work has shown shell development and growth in some bivalve larvae, have direct sensitivities to calcium carbonate saturation state that is not modulated through organismal acid-base chemistry. To understand different modes of action of OA on bivalve larvae, we experimentally tested how pH, PCO2, and saturation state independently affect shell growth and development, respiration rate, and initiation of feeding in Mytilus californianus embryos and larvae. We found, as documented in other bivalve larvae, that shell development and growth were affected by aragonite saturation state, and not by pH or PCO2. Respiration rate was elevated under very low pH (~7.4) with no change between pH of ~ 8.3 to ~7.8. Initiation of feeding appeared to be most sensitive to PCO2, and possibly minor response to pH under elevated PCO2. Although different components of physiology responded to different carbonate system variables, the inability to normally develop a shell due to lower saturation state precludes pH or PCO2 effects later in the life history. However, saturation state effects during early shell development will carry-over to later stages, where pH or PCO2 effects can compound OA effects on bivalve larvae. Our findings suggest OA may be a multi-stressor unto itself. Shell development and growth of the native mussel, M. californianus, was indistinguishable from the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, collected from the southern U.S. Pacific coast, an area not subjected to seasonal upwelling. The concordance in responses suggests a fundamental OA bottleneck during development of the first shell material affected only by saturation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- George G. Waldbusser
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Burke Hales
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Chris J. Langdon
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Haley
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Paul Schrader
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Brunner
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Gray
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| | - Cale A. Miller
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Iria Gimenez
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Greg Hutchinson
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
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Acidification reduced growth rate but not swimming speed of larval sea urchins. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9764. [PMID: 25978405 PMCID: PMC4432868 DOI: 10.1038/srep09764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Swimming behaviors of planktonic larvae impact dispersal and population dynamics of many benthic marine invertebrates. This key ecological function is modulated by larval development dynamics, biomechanics of the resulting morphology, and behavioral choices. Studies on ocean acidification effects on larval stages have yet to address this important interaction between development and swimming under environmentally-relevant flow conditions. Our video motion analysis revealed that pH covering present and future natural variability (pH 8.0, 7.6 and 7.2) did not affect age-specific swimming of larval green urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in still water nor in shear, despite acidified individuals being significantly smaller in size (reduced growth rate). This maintenance of speed and stability in shear was accompanied by an overall change in size-corrected shape, implying changes in swimming biomechanics. Our observations highlight strong evolutionary pressure to maintain swimming in a varying environment and the plasticity in larval responses to environmental change.
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Kamya PZ, Dworjanyn SA, Hardy N, Mos B, Uthicke S, Byrne M. Larvae of the coral eating crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci in a warmer-high CO2 ocean. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:3365-76. [PMID: 24615941 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster planci, contribute to major declines of coral reef ecosystems throughout the Indo-Pacific. As the oceans warm and decrease in pH due to increased anthropogenic CO2 production, coral reefs are also susceptible to bleaching, disease and reduced calcification. The impacts of ocean acidification and warming may be exacerbated by COTS predation, but it is not known how this major predator will fare in a changing ocean. Because larval success is a key driver of population outbreaks, we investigated the sensitivities of larval A. planci to increased temperature (2-4 °C above ambient) and acidification (0.3-0.5 pH units below ambient) in flow-through cross-factorial experiments (3 temperature × 3 pH/pCO2 levels). There was no effect of increased temperature or acidification on fertilization or very early development. Larvae reared in the optimal temperature (28 °C) were the largest across all pH treatments. Development to advanced larva was negatively affected by the high temperature treatment (30 °C) and by both experimental pH levels (pH 7.6, 7.8). Thus, planktonic life stages of A. planci may be negatively impacted by near-future global change. Increased temperature and reduced pH had an additive negative effect on reducing larval size. The 30 °C treatment exceeded larval tolerance regardless of pH. As 30 °C sea surface temperatures may become the norm in low latitude tropical regions, poleward migration of A. planci may be expected as they follow optimal isotherms. In the absence of acclimation or adaptation, declines in low latitude populations may occur. Poleward migration will be facilitated by strong western boundary currents, with possible negative flow-on effects on high latitude coral reefs. The contrasting responses of the larvae of A. planci and those of its coral prey to ocean acidification and warming are considered in context with potential future change in tropical reef ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Z Kamya
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
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Ko GWK, Dineshram R, Campanati C, Chan VBS, Havenhand J, Thiyagarajan V. Interactive effects of ocean acidification, elevated temperature, and reduced salinity on early-life stages of the pacific oyster. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10079-10088. [PMID: 25014366 DOI: 10.1021/es501611u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) effects on larvae are partially attributed for the rapidly declining oyster production in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. This OA effect is a serious concern in SE Asia, which produces >80% of the world's oysters. Because climate-related stressors rarely act alone, we need to consider OA effects on oysters in combination with warming and reduced salinity. Here, the interactive effects of these three climate-related stressors on the larval growth of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, were examined. Larvae were cultured in combinations of temperature (24 and 30 °C), pH (8.1 and 7.4), and salinity (15 psu and 25 psu) for 58 days to the early juvenile stage. Decreased pH (pH 7.4), elevated temperature (30 °C), and reduced salinity (15 psu) significantly delayed pre- and post-settlement growth. Elevated temperature lowered the larval lipid index, a proxy for physiological quality, and negated the negative effects of decreased pH on attachment and metamorphosis only in a salinity of 25 psu. The negative effects of multiple stressors on larval metamorphosis were not due to reduced size or depleted lipid reserves at the time of metamorphosis. Our results supported the hypothesis that the C. gigas larvae are vulnerable to the interactions of OA with reduced salinity and warming in Yellow Sea coastal waters now and in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginger W K Ko
- The Swire Institute of Marine Sciences and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Does encapsulation protect embryos from the effects of ocean acidification? The example of Crepidula fornicata. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93021. [PMID: 24671195 PMCID: PMC3966861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life history stages of marine organisms are generally thought to be more sensitive to environmental stress than adults. Although most marine invertebrates are broadcast spawners, some species are brooders and/or protect their embryos in egg or capsules. Brooding and encapsulation strategies are typically assumed to confer greater safety and protection to embryos, although little is known about the physico-chemical conditions within egg capsules. In the context of ocean acidification, the protective role of encapsulation remains to be investigated. To address this issue, we conducted experiments on the gastropod Crepidula fornicata. This species broods its embryos within capsules located under the female and veliger larvae are released directly into the water column. C. fornicata adults were reared at the current level of CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) (390 μatm) and at elevated levels (750 and 1400 μatm) before and after fertilization and until larval release, such that larval development occurred entirely at a given pCO2. The pCO2 effects on shell morphology, the frequency of abnormalities and mineralization level were investigated on released larvae. Shell length decreased by 6% and shell surface area by 11% at elevated pCO2 (1400 μatm). The percentage of abnormalities was 1.5- to 4-fold higher at 750 μatm and 1400 μatm pCO2, respectively, than at 390 μatm. The intensity of birefringence, used as a proxy for the mineralization level of the larval shell, also decreased with increasing pCO2. These negative results are likely explained by increased intracapsular acidosis due to elevated pCO2 in extracapsular seawater. The encapsulation of C. fornicata embryos did not protect them against the deleterious effects of a predicted pCO2 increase. Nevertheless, C. fornicata larvae seemed less affected than other mollusk species. Further studies are needed to identify the critical points of the life cycle in this species in light of future ocean acidification.
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Sewell MA, Millar RB, Yu PC, Kapsenberg L, Hofmann GE. Ocean acidification and fertilization in the antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri: the importance of polyspermy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 48:713-722. [PMID: 24299658 DOI: 10.1021/es402815s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA), the reduction of the seawater pH as a result of increasing levels of atmospheric CO2, is an important climate change stressor in the Southern Ocean and Antarctic. We examined the impact of OA on fertilization success in the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri using pH treatment conditions reflective of the current and near-future "pH seascape" for this species: current (control: pH 8.052, 384.1 μatm of pCO2), a high CO2 treatment approximating the 0.2-0.3 unit decrease in pH predicted for 2100 (high CO2: pH 7.830, 666.0 μatm of pCO2), and an intermediate medium CO2 (pH 7.967, 473.4 μatm of pCO2). Using a fertilization kinetics approach and mixed-effect models, we observed significant variation in the OA response between individual male/female pairs (N = 7) and a significant population-level increase (70-100%) in tb (time for a complete block to polyspermy) at medium and high CO2, a mechanism that potentially explains the higher levels of abnormal development seen in OA conditions. However, two pairs showed higher fertilization success with CO2 treatment and a nonsignificant effect. Future studies should focus on the mechanisms and levels of interindividual variability in OA response, so that we can consider the potential for selection and adaptation of organisms to a future ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Sewell
- School of Biological Sciences and ‡Department of Statistics, University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Dorey N, Lançon P, Thorndyke M, Dupont S. Assessing physiological tipping point of sea urchin larvae exposed to a broad range of pH. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:3355-3367. [PMID: 23744556 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Our ability to project the impact of global change on marine ecosystem is limited by our poor understanding on how to predict species sensitivity. For example, the impact of ocean acidification is highly species-specific, even in closely related taxa. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the tolerance range of a given species to decreased pH corresponds to their natural range of exposure. Larvae of the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis were cultured from fertilization to metamorphic competence (29 days) under a wide range of pH (from pHT = 8.0/pCO2 ≈ 480 μatm to pHT = 6.5/pCO2 ≈ 20 000 μatm) covering present (from pHT 8.7 to 7.6), projected near-future variability (from pHT 8.3 to 7.2) and beyond. Decreasing pH impacted all tested parameters (mortality, symmetry, growth, morphometry and respiration). Development of normal, although showing morphological plasticity, swimming larvae was possible as low as pHT ≥ 7.0. Within that range, decreasing pH increased mortality and asymmetry and decreased body length (BL) growth rate. Larvae raised at lowered pH and with similar BL had shorter arms and a wider body. Relative to a given BL, respiration rates and stomach volume both increased with decreasing pH suggesting changes in energy budget. At the lowest pHs (pHT ≤ 6.5), all the tested parameters were strongly negatively affected and no larva survived past 13 days post fertilization. In conclusion, sea urchin larvae appeared to be highly plastic when exposed to decreased pH until a physiological tipping point at pHT = 7.0. However, this plasticity was associated with direct (increased mortality) and indirect (decreased growth) consequences for fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narimane Dorey
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences - Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, 45178, Sweden
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Byrne M, Lamare M, Winter D, Dworjanyn SA, Uthicke S. The stunting effect of a high CO2 ocean on calcification and development in sea urchin larvae, a synthesis from the tropics to the poles. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120439. [PMID: 23980242 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The stunting effect of ocean acidification on development of calcifying invertebrate larvae has emerged as a significant effect of global change. We assessed the arm growth response of sea urchin echinoplutei, here used as a proxy of larval calcification, to increased seawater acidity/pCO2 and decreased carbonate mineral saturation in a global synthesis of data from 15 species. Phylogenetic relatedness did not influence the observed patterns. Regardless of habitat or latitude, ocean acidification impedes larval growth with a negative relationship between arm length and increased acidity/pCO2 and decreased carbonate mineral saturation. In multiple linear regression models incorporating these highly correlated parameters, pCO2 exerted the greatest influence on decreased arm growth in the global dataset and also in the data subsets for polar and subtidal species. Thus, reduced growth appears largely driven by organism hypercapnia. For tropical species, decreased carbonate mineral saturation was most important. No single parameter played a dominant role in arm size reduction in the temperate species. For intertidal species, the models were equivocal. Levels of acidification causing a significant (approx. 10-20+%) reduction in arm growth varied between species. In 13 species, reduction in length of arms and supporting skeletal rods was evident in larvae reared in near-future (pCO2 800+ µatm) conditions, whereas greater acidification (pCO2 1000+ µatm) reduced growth in all species. Although multi-stressor studies are few, when temperature is added to the stressor mix, near-future warming can reduce the negative effect of acidification on larval growth. Broadly speaking, responses of larvae from across world regions showed similar trends despite disparate phylogeny, environments and ecology. Larval success may be the bottleneck for species success with flow-on effects for sea urchin populations and marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Byrne M, Ho MA, Koleits L, Price C, King CK, Virtue P, Tilbrook B, Lamare M. Vulnerability of the calcifying larval stage of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri to near-future ocean acidification and warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:2264-2275. [PMID: 23504957 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Stenothermal polar benthic marine invertebrates are highly sensitive to environmental perturbations but little is known about potential synergistic effects of concurrent ocean warming and acidification on development of their embryos and larvae. We examined the effects of these stressors on development to the calcifying larval stage in the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri in embryos reared in present and future (2100+) ocean conditions from fertilization. Embryos were reared in 2 temperature (ambient: -1.0 °C, + 2 °C : 1.0 °C) and 3 pH (ambient: pH 8.0, -0.2-0.4 pH units: 7.8,7.6) levels. Principle coordinates analysis on five larval metrics showed a significant effect of temperature and pH on the pattern of growth. Within each temperature, larvae were separated by pH treatment, a pattern primarily influenced by larval arm and body length. Growth was accelerated by temperature with a 20-28% increase in postoral (PO) length at +2 °C across all pH levels. Growth was strongly depressed by reduced pH with a 8-19% decrease in PO length at pH 7.6-7.8 at both temperatures. The boost in growth caused by warming resulted in larvae that were larger than would be observed if acidification was examined in the absence of warming. However, there was no significant interaction between these stressors. The increase in left-right asymmetry and altered body allometry indicated that decreased pH disrupted developmental patterning and acted as a teratogen (agent causing developmental malformation). Decreased developmental success with just a 2 °C warming indicates that development in S. neumayeri is particularly sensitive to increased temperature. Increased temperature also altered larval allometry. Altered body shape impairs swimming and feeding in echinoplutei. In the absence of adaptation, it appears that the larval phase may be a bottleneck for survivorship of S. neumayeri in a changing ocean in a location where poleward migration to escape inhospitable conditions is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Carter HA, Ceballos-Osuna L, Miller NA, Stillman JH. Impact of ocean acidification on metabolism and energetics during early life stages of the intertidal porcelain crab Petrolisthes cinctipes. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:1412-22. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.078162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Absorption of elevated atmospheric CO2 is causing surface ocean pH to decline, a process known as ocean acidification (OA). To date, few studies have assessed the physiological impacts of OA on early life-history stages of intertidal organisms, which transition from habitats with fluctuating pH (intertidal zone) to relatively stable (pelagic zone) pH environments. We used the intertidal crab Petrolisthes cinctipes to determine whether metabolic responses to year 2300 predictions for OA vary among early developmental stages and to examine whether the effects were more pronounced in larval stages developing in the open ocean. Oxygen consumption rate, total protein, dry mass, total lipids and C/N were determined in late-stage embryos, zoea I larvae and newly settled juveniles reared in ambient pH (7.93±0.06) or low pH (7.58±0.06). After short-term exposure to low pH, embryos displayed 11% and 6% lower metabolism and dry mass, respectively, which may have an associated bioenergetic cost of delayed development to hatching. However, metabolic responses appeared to vary among broods, suggesting significant parental effects among the offspring of six females, possibly a consequence of maternal state during egg deposition and genetic differences among broods. Larval and juvenile metabolism were not affected by acute exposure to elevated CO2. Larvae contained 7% less nitrogen and C/N was 6% higher in individuals reared at pH 7.58 for 6 days, representing a possible switch from lipid to protein metabolism under low pH; the metabolic switch appears to fully cover the energetic cost of responding to elevated CO2. Juvenile dry mass was unaffected after 33 days exposure to low pH seawater. Increased tolerance to low pH in zoea I larvae and juvenile stages may be a consequence of enhanced acid–base regulatory mechanisms, allowing greater compensation of extracellular pH changes and thus preventing decreases in metabolism after exposure to elevated PCO2. The observed variation in responses of P. cinctipes to decreased pH in the present study suggests the potential for this species to adapt to future declines in near-shore pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley A. Carter
- Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Lina Ceballos-Osuna
- Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Nathan A. Miller
- Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Jonathon H. Stillman
- Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Valley Life Sciences Building no. 3140, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
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Ceballos-Osuna L, Carter HA, Miller NA, Stillman JH. Effects of ocean acidification on early life-history stages of the intertidal porcelain crab Petrolisthes cinctipes. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:1405-11. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.078154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Intertidal zone organisms naturally experience daily fluctuations in pH, presently reaching values beyond what is predicted for open ocean surface waters from ocean acidification (OA) by the year 2100, and thus present an opportunity to study the pH sensitivity of organisms that are presumably adapted to an acidified environment. The intertidal zone porcelain crab, Petrolisthes cinctipes, was used to study physiological responses to low pH in embryonic, larval and newly recruited juvenile life-history stages. In these crabs, embryonic development occurs in the pH-variable intertidal zone (pH 6.9–9.5), larvae mature in the more stable pelagic environment (pH 7.9–8.2), and juvenile crabs settle back into the pH-variable intertidal zone. We examined survival, cardiac performance, energetics and morphology in embryonic, larval and juvenile crabs exposed to two pH conditions (pH 7.9 and 7.6). Embryos and larvae were split by brood between the pH treatments for 9 days to examine brood-specific responses to low pH. Hatching success did not differ between pH conditions, but ranged from 30% to 95% among broods. Larval survival was not affected by acidification, but juvenile survival was reduced by ~30% after longer (40 days) exposure to low pH. Embryonic and larval heart rates were 37% and 20% lower at low pH, and there was a brood-specific response in embryos. Embryos did not increase in volume under acidified conditions, compared with a 15% increase in ambient conditions. We conclude that sustained exposure to low pH could be detrimental to P. cinctipes embryos and larvae despite the fact that embryos are regularly exposed to naturally fluctuating hypercapnic water in the intertidal zone. Importantly, our results indicate that early life-history stage responses to OA may be brood specific through as yet undetermined mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ceballos-Osuna
- Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Hayley A. Carter
- Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Nathan A. Miller
- Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Jonathon H. Stillman
- Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Valley Life Sciences Building no. 3140, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
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Schlegel P, Havenhand JN, Gillings MR, Williamson JE. Individual variability in reproductive success determines winners and losers under ocean acidification: a case study with sea urchins. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53118. [PMID: 23300876 PMCID: PMC3531373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Climate change will lead to intense selection on many organisms, particularly during susceptible early life stages. To date, most studies on the likely biotic effects of climate change have focused on the mean responses of pooled groups of animals. Consequently, the extent to which inter-individual variation mediates different selection responses has not been tested. Investigating this variation is important, since some individuals may be preadapted to future climate scenarios. Methodology/Principal Findings We examined the effect of CO2-induced pH changes (“ocean acidification”) in sperm swimming behaviour on the fertilization success of the Australasian sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma, focusing on the responses of separate individuals and pairs. Acidification significantly decreased the proportion of motile sperm but had no effect on sperm swimming speed. Subsequent fertilization experiments showed strong inter-individual variation in responses to ocean acidification, ranging from a 44% decrease to a 14% increase in fertilization success. This was partly explained by the significant relationship between decreases in percent sperm motility and fertilization success at ΔpH = 0.3, but not at ΔpH = 0.5. Conclusions and Significance The effects of ocean acidification on reproductive success varied markedly between individuals. Our results suggest that some individuals will exhibit enhanced fertilization success in acidified oceans, supporting the concept of ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ of climate change at an individual level. If these differences are heritable it is likely that ocean acidification will lead to selection against susceptible phenotypes as well as to rapid fixation of alleles that allow reproduction under more acidic conditions. This selection may ameliorate the biotic effects of climate change if taxa have sufficient extant genetic variation upon which selection can act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schlegel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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Matson PG, Yu PC, Sewell MA, Hofmann GE. Development under elevated pCO2 conditions does not affect lipid utilization and protein content in early life-history stages of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2012; 223:312-327. [PMID: 23264477 DOI: 10.1086/bblv223n3p312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is expected to have a major impact on marine species, particularly during early life-history stages. These effects appear to be species-specific and may include reduced survival, altered morphology, and depressed metabolism. However, less information is available regarding the bioenergetics of development under elevated CO(2) conditions. We examined the biochemical and morphological responses of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus during early development under ecologically relevant levels of pCO(2) (365, 1030, and 1450 μatm) that may occur during intense upwelling events. The principal findings of this study were (1) lipid utilization rates and protein content in S. purpuratus did not vary with pCO(2); (2) larval growth was reduced at elevated pCO(2) despite similar rates of energy utilization; and (3) relationships between egg phospholipid content and larval length were found under control but not high pCO(2) conditions. These results suggest that this species may either prioritize endogenous energy toward development and physiological function at the expense of growth, or that reduced larval length may be strictly due to higher costs of growth under OA conditions. This study highlights the need to further expand our knowledge of the physiological mechanisms involved in OA response in order to better understand how present populations may respond to global environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Matson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California-Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA
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46
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Effects of reduced seawater pH on fertilisation, embryogenesis and larval development in the Antarctic seastar Odontaster validus. Polar Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-012-1255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chan KYK. Biomechanics of larval morphology affect swimming: insights from the sand dollars Dendraster excentricus. Integr Comp Biol 2012; 52:458-69. [PMID: 22753391 DOI: 10.1093/icb/ics092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most planktonic larvae of marine invertebrates are denser than sea water, and rely on swimming to locate food, navigate advective currents, and avoid predators. Therefore, swimming behaviors play important roles in larval survival and dispersal. Larval bodies are often complex and highly variable across developmental stages and environmental conditions. These complex morphologies reflect compromises among multiple evolutionary pressures, including maintaining the ability to swim. Here, I highlight metrics of swimming performance, their relationships with morphology, and the roles of behavior in modulating larval swimming within biomechanical limits. Sand dollars have a representative larval morphology using long ciliated projections for swimming and feeding. Observed larval sand dollars fell within a narrow range of key morphological parameters that maximized their abilities to maintain directed upward movement over the most diverse flow fields, outperforming hypothetical alternatives in a numerical model. Ontogenetic changes in larval morphology also led to different vertical movements in simulated flow fields, implying stage-dependent vertical distributions and lateral transport. These model outcomes suggest a tight coupling between larval morphology and swimming. Environmental stressors, such as changes in temperature and pH, can therefore affect larval swimming through short-term behavioral adjustments and long-term changes in morphology. Larval sand dollars reared under elevated pCO(2) conditions had significantly different morphology, but not swimming speeds or trajectories. Geometric morphometric analysis showed a pH-dependent, size-mediated change in shape, suggesting a coordinated morphological adjustment to maintain swimming performance under acidified conditions. Quantification of the biomechanics and behavioral aspects of swimming improves predictions of larval survival and dispersal under present-day and future environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Yu Karen Chan
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7940, USA
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Byrne M. Global change ecotoxicology: Identification of early life history bottlenecks in marine invertebrates, variable species responses and variable experimental approaches. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 76:3-15. [PMID: 22154473 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a threat to marine biota because increased atmospheric CO₂ is causing ocean warming, acidification, hypercapnia and decreased carbonate saturation. These stressors have toxic effects on invertebrate development. The persistence and success of populations requires all ontogenetic stages be completed successfully and, due to their sensitivity to environmental stressors, developmental stages may be a population bottleneck in a changing ocean. Global change ecotoxicology is being used to identify the marine invertebrate developmental stages vulnerable to climate change. This overview of research, and the methodologies used, shows that most studies focus on acidification, with few studies on ocean warming, despite a long history of research on developmental thermotolerance. The interactive effects of stressors are poorly studied. Experimental approaches differ among studies. Fertilization in many species exhibits a broad tolerance to warming and/or acidification, although different methodologies confound inter-study comparisons. Early development is susceptible to warming and most calcifying larvae are sensitive to acidification/increased pCO₂. In multistressor studies moderate warming diminishes the negative impact of acidification on calcification in some species. Development of non-calcifying larvae appears resilient to near-future ocean change. Although differences in species sensitivities to ocean change stressors undoubtedly reflect different tolerance levels, inconsistent handling of gametes, embryos and larvae probably influences different research outcomes. Due to the integrative 'developmental domino effect', life history responses will be influenced by the ontogenetic stage at which experimental incubations are initiated. Exposure to climate change stressors from early development (fertilization where possible) in multistressor experiments is needed to identify ontogenetic sensitivities and this will be facilitated by more consistent methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Biological Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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