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Ferrari A, Tacconi G, Polidori C. Subtle morphological changes in the visual and antennal sensory system of bees and wasps across an urbanisation gradient. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8960. [PMID: 38637599 PMCID: PMC11026482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased temperature and fragmentation of green spaces in urban areas could drive variations in functional traits of insects. Such morphological shifts may occur for sensory systems, which were previously reported to be prone to change with habitat characteristics in non-urban contexts. Here, we measured traits related to the visual and antennal sensory systems in the bees Halictus scabiosae and Osmia cornuta and the wasp Polistes dominula along an urbanisation gradient within Milan (Italy). We hypothesised that fragmentation could filter for better visual properties, and that higher temperature could filter for fewer thermoreceptors and more olfactory hairs. While controlling for body size, results show subtle but appreciable responses to urbanisation in one or more traits in all species, though not always supporting our hypotheses. O. cornuta shows marginally higher ommatidia density and smaller ommatidia diameter (associated with better visual resolution) in more fragmented sites, as well as marginally fewer thermoreceptors in hotter sites, in agreement with our two predictions. On the other hand, H. scabiosae has marginally smaller antennae and P. dominula has smaller eyes at warmer locations, and the wasp also has smaller antennae and 9th flagellomeres in more fragmented areas. Perhaps higher temperatures accelerate development of sensory system at higher speed than the rest of body in these two species. Our results represent the first evidence of urbanisation effects on the visual and antennal sensory systems of bees and wasps and underline how such effects may involve a much broader bouquet of traits then previously observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ferrari
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Greta Tacconi
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Polidori
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
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2
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Privalova V, Sobczyk Ł, Szlachcic E, Labecka AM, Czarnoleski M. Heat tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster is influenced by oxygen conditions and mutations in cell size control pathways. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220490. [PMID: 38186282 PMCID: PMC10772611 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding metabolic performance limitations is key to explaining the past, present and future of life. We investigated whether heat tolerance in actively flying Drosophila melanogaster is modified by individual differences in cell size and the amount of oxygen in the environment. We used two mutants with loss-of-function mutations in cell size control associated with the target of rapamycin (TOR)/insulin pathways, showing reduced (mutant rictorΔ2) or increased (mutant Mnt1) cell size in different body tissues compared to controls. Flies were exposed to a steady increase in temperature under normoxia and hypoxia until they collapsed. The upper critical temperature decreased in response to each mutation type as well as under hypoxia. Females, which have larger cells than males, had lower heat tolerance than males. Altogether, mutations in cell cycle control pathways, differences in cell size and differences in oxygen availability affected heat tolerance, but existing theories on the roles of cell size and tissue oxygenation in metabolic performance can only partially explain our results. A better understanding of how the cellular composition of the body affects metabolism may depend on the development of research models that help separate various interfering physiological parameters from the exclusive influence of cell size. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolutionary significance of variation in metabolic rates'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Privalova
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sobczyk
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Szlachcic
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Labecka
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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3
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Szlachcic E, Dańko MJ, Czarnoleski M. Rapamycin supplementation of Drosophila melanogaster larvae results in less viable adults with smaller cells. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230080. [PMID: 37351490 PMCID: PMC10282583 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic sources of mortality relate to the ability to meet the metabolic demands of tissue maintenance and repair, ultimately shaping ageing patterns. Anti-ageing mechanisms compete for resources with other functions, including those involved in maintaining functional plasma membranes. Consequently, organisms with smaller cells and more plasma membranes should devote more resources to membrane maintenance, leading to accelerated intrinsic mortality and ageing. To investigate this unexplored trade-off, we reared Drosophila melanogaster larvae on food with or without rapamycin (a TOR pathway inhibitor) to produce small- and large-celled adult flies, respectively, and measured their mortality rates. Males showed higher mortality than females. As expected, small-celled flies (rapamycin) showed higher mortality than their large-celled counterparts (control), but only in early adulthood. Contrary to predictions, the median lifespan was similar between the groups. Rapamycin administered to adults prolongs life; thus, the known direct physiological effects of rapamycin cannot explain our results. Instead, we invoke indirect effects of rapamycin, manifested as reduced cell size, as a driver of increased early mortality. We conclude that cell size differences between organisms and the associated burdens of plasma membrane maintenance costs may be important but overlooked factors influencing mortality patterns in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szlachcic
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej J. Dańko
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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4
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Privalova V, Labecka AM, Szlachcic E, Sikorska A, Czarnoleski M. Systemic changes in cell size throughout the body of Drosophila melanogaster associated with mutations in molecular cell cycle regulators. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7565. [PMID: 37160985 PMCID: PMC10169805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34674-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with different life strategies, organisms have evolved dramatic cellular composition differences. Understanding the molecular basis and fitness effects of these differences is key to elucidating the fundamental characteristics of life. TOR/insulin pathways are key regulators of cell size, but whether their activity determines cell size in a systemic or tissue-specific manner awaits exploration. To that end, we measured cells in four tissues in genetically modified Drosophila melanogaster (rictorΔ2 and Mnt1) and corresponding controls. While rictorΔ2 flies lacked the Rictor protein in TOR complex 2, downregulating the functions of this element in TOR/insulin pathways, Mnt1 flies lacked the transcriptional regulator protein Mnt, weakening the suppression of downstream signalling from TOR/insulin pathways. rictorΔ2 flies had smaller epidermal (leg and wing) and ommatidial cells and Mnt1 flies had larger cells in these tissues than the controls. Females had consistently larger cells than males in the three tissue types. In contrast, dorsal longitudinal flight muscle cells (measured only in males) were not altered by mutations. We suggest that mutations in cell cycle control pathways drive the evolution of systemic changes in cell size throughout the body, but additional mechanisms shape the cellular composition of some tissues independent of these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Privalova
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Labecka
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Szlachcic
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Sikorska
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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5
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Szlachcic E, Labecka AM, Privalova V, Sikorska A, Czarnoleski M. Systemic orchestration of cell size throughout the body: influence of sex and rapamycin exposure in Drosophila melanogaster. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20220611. [PMID: 36946132 PMCID: PMC10031402 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with differences in life histories, metazoans have also evolved vast differences in cellularity, involving changes in the molecular pathways controlling the cell cycle. The extent to which the signalling network systemically determines cellular composition throughout the body and whether tissue cellularity is organized locally to match tissue-specific functions are unclear. We cultured genetic lines of Drosophila melanogaster on food with and without rapamycin to manipulate the activity of target of rapamycin (TOR)/insulin pathways and evaluate cell-size changes in five types of adult cells: wing and leg epidermal cells, ommatidial cells, indirect flight muscle cells and Malpighian tubule epithelial cells. Rapamycin blocks TOR multiprotein complex 1, reducing cell growth, but this effect has been studied in single cell types. As adults, rapamycin-treated flies had smaller bodies and consistently smaller cells in all tissues. Regardless, females eclosed with larger bodies and larger cells in all tissues than males. Thus, differences in TOR activity and sex were associated with the orchestration of cell size throughout the body, leading to differences in body size. We postulate that the activity of TOR/insulin pathways and their effects on cellularity should be considered when investigating the origin of ecological and evolutionary patterns in life histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szlachcic
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Labecka
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Valeriya Privalova
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Sikorska
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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6
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Zhao C, Chen H, Guo J, Zhou Z. Effects of Fluctuating Thermal Regimes on Life History Parameters and Body Size of Ophraella communa. INSECTS 2022; 13:821. [PMID: 36135522 PMCID: PMC9504774 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The beetle Ophraella communa is an effective biological control agent against the invasive common ragweed spread across various ecosystems with variable temperature ranges. The trend in climate change attributed to fluctuating temperatures and abrupt rainfalls is expected to continue. This study aimed to better understand the effects of thermal fluctuation on O. communa by exposing all their life stages to heat stress under different treatments. Repeated exposure to high temperatures, relative to constant milder temperatures, increased the duration of immature development, mean generation time, and the adult longevity, decreased the intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of population increase, net reproductive rate, survival rate, overall longevity, body length, and mass of adults and positively affected overall fecundity by prolonging the oviposition period, biasing sex ratio towards females. After exposure to heat stress, the mating success and production of viable offspring were higher in O. communa. Our findings demonstrate that exposure to heat stress negatively affects ragweed beetles, but they were able to survive and reproduce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Biology of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
- International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hongsong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Biology of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jianying Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhongshi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Biology of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
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7
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Manenti T, Kjærsgaard A, Schou TM, Pertoldi C, Moghadam NN, Loeschcke V. Responses to Developmental Temperature Fluctuation in Life History Traits of Five Drosophila Species (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from Different Thermal Niches. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100925. [PMID: 34680694 PMCID: PMC8540664 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Temperature has profound effects on biochemical processes as suggested by the extensive variation in performance of organisms across temperatures. Nonetheless, the use of fluctuating temperature (FT) regimes in laboratory experiments compared to constant temperature (CT) regimes is still mainly applied in studies of model organisms. We investigated how two amplitudes of developmental temperature fluctuation (22.5/27.5 °C and 20/30 °C, 12/12 h) affected several fitness-related traits in five Drosophila species with markedly different thermal resistance. Egg-to-adult viability did not change much with temperature except in the cold-adapted D. immigrans. Developmental time increased with FT among all species compared to the same mean CT. The impact of FT on wing size was quite diverse among species. Whereas wing size decreased quasi-linearly with CT in all species, there were large qualitative differences with FT. Changes in wing aspect ratio due to FT were large compared to the other traits and presumably a consequence of thermal stress. These results demonstrate that species of the same genus but with different thermal resistance can show substantial differences in responses to fluctuating developmental temperatures not predictable by constant developmental temperatures. Testing multiple traits facilitated the interpretation of responses to FT in a broader context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Manenti
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.K.); (T.M.S.); (V.L.)
- Laboratori Biokyma srl, Loc.Mocaia 44b, 52031 Anghiari, AR, Italy
- Correspondence: or
| | - Anders Kjærsgaard
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.K.); (T.M.S.); (V.L.)
| | - Toke Munk Schou
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.K.); (T.M.S.); (V.L.)
| | - Cino Pertoldi
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (C.P.); (N.N.M.)
- Aalborg Zoo, Mølleparkvej 63, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Neda N. Moghadam
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (C.P.); (N.N.M.)
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Volker Loeschcke
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.K.); (T.M.S.); (V.L.)
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8
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Thermal and Oxygen Flight Sensitivity in Ageing Drosophila melanogaster Flies: Links to Rapamycin-Induced Cell Size Changes. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090861. [PMID: 34571738 PMCID: PMC8464818 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Cold-blooded organisms can become physiologically challenged when performing highly oxygen-demanding activities (e.g., flight) across different thermal and oxygen environmental conditions. We explored whether this challenge decreases if an organism is built of smaller cells. This is because small cells create a large cell surface, which is costly, but can ease the delivery of oxygen to cells’ power plants, called mitochondria. We developed fruit flies in either standard food or food with rapamycin (a human drug altering the cell cycle and ageing), which produced flies with either large cells (no supplementation) or small cells (rapamycin supplementation). We measured the maximum speed at which flies were flapping their wings in warm and hot conditions, combined with either normal or reduced air oxygen concentrations. Flight intensity increased with temperature, and it was reduced by poor oxygen conditions, indicating limitations of flying insects by oxygen supply. Nevertheless, flies with small cells showed lower limitations, only slowing down their wing flapping in low oxygen in the hot environment. Our study suggests that small cells in a body can help cold-blooded organisms maintain demanding activities (e.g., flight), even in poor oxygen conditions, but this advantage can depend on body temperature. Abstract Ectotherms can become physiologically challenged when performing oxygen-demanding activities (e.g., flight) across differing environmental conditions, specifically temperature and oxygen levels. Achieving a balance between oxygen supply and demand can also depend on the cellular composition of organs, which either evolves or changes plastically in nature; however, this hypothesis has rarely been examined, especially in tracheated flying insects. The relatively large cell membrane area of small cells should increase the rates of oxygen and nutrient fluxes in cells; however, it does also increase the costs of cell membrane maintenance. To address the effects of cell size on flying insects, we measured the wing-beat frequency in two cell-size phenotypes of Drosophila melanogaster when flies were exposed to two temperatures (warm/hot) combined with two oxygen conditions (normoxia/hypoxia). The cell-size phenotypes were induced by rearing 15 isolines on either standard food (large cells) or rapamycin-enriched food (small cells). Rapamycin supplementation (downregulation of TOR activity) produced smaller flies with smaller wing epidermal cells. Flies generally flapped their wings at a slower rate in cooler (warm treatment) and less-oxygenated (hypoxia) conditions, but the small-cell-phenotype flies were less prone to oxygen limitation than the large-cell-phenotype flies and did not respond to the different oxygen conditions under the warm treatment. We suggest that ectotherms with small-cell life strategies can maintain physiologically demanding activities (e.g., flight) when challenged by oxygen-poor conditions, but this advantage may depend on the correspondence among body temperatures, acclimation temperatures and physiological thermal limits.
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9
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Rodrigues YK, van Bergen E, Alves F, Duneau D, Beldade P. Additive and non-additive effects of day and night temperatures on thermally plastic traits in a model for adaptive seasonal plasticity. Evolution 2021; 75:1805-1819. [PMID: 34097756 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity can match organismal phenotypes to ecological conditions, helping populations to deal with the environmental heterogeneity of alternating seasons. In contrast to natural situations, experimental studies of plasticity often use environmental conditions that are held constant during development. To explore potential interactions between day and night temperatures, we tested effects of circadian temperature fluctuations on thermally plastic traits in a seasonally plastic butterfly, Bicyclus anynana. Comparing phenotypes for four treatments corresponding to a full-factorial analysis of cooler and warmer temperatures, we found evidence of significant interaction effects between day and night temperatures. We then focused on comparing phenotypes between individuals reared under two types of temperature fluctuations (warmer days with cooler nights, and cooler days with warmer nights) and individuals reared under a constant temperature of the same daily mean. We found evidence of additive-like effects (for body size), and different types of dominance-like effects, with one particular period of the light cycle (for development time) or one particular extreme temperature (for eyespot size) having a larger impact on phenotype. Differences between thermally plastic traits, which together underlie alternative seasonal strategies for survival and reproduction, revealed their independent responses to temperature. This study underscores the value of studying how organisms integrate complex environmental information toward a complete understanding of natural phenotypic variation and of the impact of environmental change thereon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Katia Rodrigues
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Current address: Atlantic Technical University (UTA), Mindelo, São Vicente island, Cabo Verde
| | - Erik van Bergen
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Current address: Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Filipa Alves
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - David Duneau
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,UMR 5174 - CNRS, Evolution et Diversité Biologique, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrícia Beldade
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,UMR 5174 - CNRS, Evolution et Diversité Biologique, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,CE3C: Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal
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10
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Pincebourde S, Dillon ME, Woods HA. Body size determines the thermal coupling between insects and plant surfaces. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Pincebourde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR 7261 CNRS ‐ Université de Tours Tours France
| | - Michael E. Dillon
- Department of Zoology & Physiology and Program in Ecology University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA
| | - H. Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT USA
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11
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Privalova V, Szlachcic E, Sobczyk Ł, Szabla N, Czarnoleski M. Oxygen Dependence of Flight Performance in Ageing Drosophila melanogaster. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:327. [PMID: 33919761 PMCID: PMC8070683 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Similar to humans, insects lose their physical and physiological capacities with age, which makes them a convenient study system for human ageing. Although insects have an efficient oxygen-transport system, we know little about how their flight capacity changes with age and environmental oxygen conditions. We measured two types of locomotor performance in ageing Drosophila melanogaster flies: the frequency of wing beats and the capacity to climb vertical surfaces. Flight performance was measured under normoxia and hypoxia. As anticipated, ageing flies showed systematic deterioration of climbing performance, and low oxygen impeded flight performance. Against predictions, flight performance did not deteriorate with age, and younger and older flies showed similar levels of tolerance to low oxygen during flight. We suggest that among different insect locomotory activities, flight performance deteriorates slowly with age, which is surprising, given that insect flight is one of the most energy-demanding activities in animals. Apparently, the superior capacity of insects to rapidly deliver oxygen to flight muscles remains little altered by ageing, but we showed that insects can become oxygen limited in habitats with a poor oxygen supply (e.g., those at high elevations) during highly oxygen-demanding activities such as flight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (V.P.); (E.S.); (Ł.S.); (N.S.)
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12
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Glazier DS. Genome Size Covaries More Positively with Propagule Size than Adult Size: New Insights into an Old Problem. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:270. [PMID: 33810583 PMCID: PMC8067107 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The body size and (or) complexity of organisms is not uniformly related to the amount of genetic material (DNA) contained in each of their cell nuclei ('genome size'). This surprising mismatch between the physical structure of organisms and their underlying genetic information appears to relate to variable accumulation of repetitive DNA sequences, but why this variation has evolved is little understood. Here, I show that genome size correlates more positively with egg size than adult size in crustaceans. I explain this and comparable patterns observed in other kinds of animals and plants as resulting from genome size relating strongly to cell size in most organisms, which should also apply to single-celled eggs and other reproductive propagules with relatively few cells that are pivotal first steps in their lives. However, since body size results from growth in cell size or number or both, it relates to genome size in diverse ways. Relationships between genome size and body size should be especially weak in large organisms whose size relates more to cell multiplication than to cell enlargement, as is generally observed. The ubiquitous single-cell 'bottleneck' of life cycles may affect both genome size and composition, and via both informational (genotypic) and non-informational (nucleotypic) effects, many other properties of multicellular organisms (e.g., rates of growth and metabolism) that have both theoretical and practical significance.
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13
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Verberk WC, Atkinson D, Hoefnagel KN, Hirst AG, Horne CR, Siepel H. Shrinking body sizes in response to warming: explanations for the temperature-size rule with special emphasis on the role of oxygen. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:247-268. [PMID: 32959989 PMCID: PMC7821163 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Body size is central to ecology at levels ranging from organismal fecundity to the functioning of communities and ecosystems. Understanding temperature-induced variations in body size is therefore of fundamental and applied interest, yet thermal responses of body size remain poorly understood. Temperature-size (T-S) responses tend to be negative (e.g. smaller body size at maturity when reared under warmer conditions), which has been termed the temperature-size rule (TSR). Explanations emphasize either physiological mechanisms (e.g. limitation of oxygen or other resources and temperature-dependent resource allocation) or the adaptive value of either a large body size (e.g. to increase fecundity) or a short development time (e.g. in response to increased mortality in warm conditions). Oxygen limitation could act as a proximate factor, but we suggest it more likely constitutes a selective pressure to reduce body size in the warm: risks of oxygen limitation will be reduced as a consequence of evolution eliminating genotypes more prone to oxygen limitation. Thus, T-S responses can be explained by the 'Ghost of Oxygen-limitation Past', whereby the resulting (evolved) T-S responses safeguard sufficient oxygen provisioning under warmer conditions, reflecting the balance between oxygen supply and demands experienced by ancestors. T-S responses vary considerably across species, but some of this variation is predictable. Body-size reductions with warming are stronger in aquatic taxa than in terrestrial taxa. We discuss whether larger aquatic taxa may especially face greater risks of oxygen limitation as they grow, which may be manifested at the cellular level, the level of the gills and the whole-organism level. In contrast to aquatic species, terrestrial ectotherms may be less prone to oxygen limitation and prioritize early maturity over large size, likely because overwintering is more challenging, with concomitant stronger end-of season time constraints. Mechanisms related to time constraints and oxygen limitation are not mutually exclusive explanations for the TSR. Rather, these and other mechanisms may operate in tandem. But their relative importance may vary depending on the ecology and physiology of the species in question, explaining not only the general tendency of negative T-S responses but also variation in T-S responses among animals differing in mode of respiration (e.g. water breathers versus air breathers), genome size, voltinism and thermally associated behaviour (e.g. heliotherms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilco C.E.P. Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - David Atkinson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and BehaviourUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZBU.K.
| | - K. Natan Hoefnagel
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ocean Ecosystems — Energy and Sustainability Research Institute GroningenUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Andrew G. Hirst
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 3GPU.K.
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU AquaTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Curtis R. Horne
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 3GPU.K.
| | - Henk Siepel
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
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14
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Hermaniuk A, van de Pol ILE, Verberk WCEP. Are acute and acclimated thermal effects on metabolic rate modulated by cell size? A comparison between diploid and triploid zebrafish larvae. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb227124. [PMID: 33257437 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.227124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Being composed of small cells may carry energetic costs related to maintaining ionic gradients across cell membranes as well as benefits related to diffusive oxygen uptake. Here, we test the hypothesis that these costs and benefits of cell size in ectotherms are temperature dependent. To study the consequences of cell size for whole-organism metabolic rate, we compared diploid and triploid zebrafish larvae differing in cell size. A fully factorial design was applied combining three different rearing and test temperatures that allowed us to distinguish acute from acclimated thermal effects. Individual oxygen consumption rates of diploid and triploid larvae across declining levels of oxygen availability were measured. We found that both acute and acclimated thermal effects affected the metabolic response. In comparison with triploids, diploids responded more strongly to acute temperatures, especially when reared at the highest temperature. These observations support the hypothesis that animals composed of smaller cells (i.e. diploids) are less vulnerable to oxygen limitation in warm aquatic habitats. Furthermore, we found slightly improved hypoxia tolerance in diploids. By contrast, warm-reared triploids had higher metabolic rates when they were tested at acute cold temperature, suggesting that being composed of larger cells may provide metabolic advantages in the cold. We offer two mechanisms as a potential explanation of this result, related to homeoviscous adaptation of membrane function and the mitigation of developmental noise. Our results suggest that being composed of larger cells provides metabolic advantages in cold water, while being composed of smaller cells provides metabolic advantages in warm water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hermaniuk
- Department of Evolutionary and Physiological Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Iris L E van de Pol
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilco C E P Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Verspagen N, Leiva FP, Janssen IM, Verberk WCEP. Effects of developmental plasticity on heat tolerance may be mediated by changes in cell size in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:1244-1256. [PMID: 31829515 PMCID: PMC7687148 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the physiology underpinning heat tolerance of ectotherms and their responses to the ongoing rise in temperature. However, there is no consensus about the underlying physiological mechanisms. According to "the maintain aerobic scope and regulate oxygen supply" hypothesis, responses to warming at different organizational levels contribute to the ability to safeguard energy metabolism via aerobic pathways. At the cellular level, a decrease in cell size increases the capacity for the uptake of resources (e.g., food and oxygen), but the maintenance of electrochemical gradients across cellular membranes implies greater energetic costs in small cells. In this study, we investigated how different rearing temperatures affected cell size and heat tolerance in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We tested the hypothesis that smaller-celled flies are more tolerant to acute, intense heat stress whereas larger-celled flies are more tolerant to chronic, mild heat stress. We used the thermal tolerance landscape framework, which incorporates the intensity and duration of thermal challenge. Rearing temperatures strongly affected both cell size and survival times. We found different effects of developmental plasticity on tolerance to either chronic or acute heat stress. Warm-reared flies had both smaller cells and exhibited higher survival times under acute, intense heat stress when compared to cold-reared flies. However, under chronic, mild heat stress, the situation was reversed and cold-reared flies, consisting of larger cells, showed better survival. These differences in heat tolerance could have resulted from direct effects of rearing temperature or they may be mediated by the correlated changes in cell size. Notably, our results are consistent with the idea that a smaller cell size may confer tolerance to acute temperatures via enhanced oxygen supply, while a larger cell may confer greater tolerance to chronic and less intense heat stress via more efficient use of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Verspagen
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Félix P. Leiva
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Irene M. Janssen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical CenterRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Wilco C. E. P. Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
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16
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Haas M, Janiga M. Variation in erythrocyte morphology in alpine accentors (Prunella collaris Scop.) from Tian Shan, Rila and the High Tatra mountains and effects of molting. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2020.1813821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Haas
- Institute of High Mountain Biology, University of Žilina, Tatranská Javorina, Slovakia
| | - M. Janiga
- Institute of High Mountain Biology, University of Žilina, Tatranská Javorina, Slovakia
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17
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Antoł A, Labecka AM, Horváthová T, Sikorska A, Szabla N, Bauchinger U, Kozłowski J, Czarnoleski M. Effects of thermal and oxygen conditions during development on cell size in the common rough woodlice Porcellio scaber. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9552-9566. [PMID: 32953083 PMCID: PMC7487255 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, cells may adjust their size to balance between the tissue metabolic demand and the oxygen and resource supply: Small cells may effectively absorb oxygen and nutrients, but the relatively large area of the plasma membrane requires costly maintenance. Consequently, warm and hypoxic environments should favor ectotherms with small cells to meet increased metabolic demand by oxygen supply. To test these predictions, we compared cell size (hindgut epithelium, hepatopancreas B cells, ommatidia) in common rough woodlice (Porcellio scaber) that were developed under four developmental conditions designated by two temperatures (15 or 22°C) and two air O2 concentrations (10% or 22%). To test whether small-cell woodlice cope better under increased metabolic demand, the CO2 production of each woodlouse was measured under cold, normoxic conditions and under warm, hypoxic conditions, and the magnitude of metabolic increase (MMI) was calculated. Cell sizes were highly intercorrelated, indicative of organism-wide mechanisms of cell cycle control. Cell size differences among woodlice were largely linked with body size changes (larger cells in larger woodlice) and to a lesser degree with oxygen conditions (development of smaller cells under hypoxia), but not with temperature. Developmental conditions did not affect MMI, and contrary to predictions, large woodlice with large cells showed higher MMI than small woodlice with small cells. We also observed complex patterns of sexual difference in the size of hepatopancreatic cells and the size and number of ommatidia, which are indicative of sex differences in reproductive biology. We conclude that existing theories about the adaptiveness of cell size do not satisfactorily explain the patterns in cell size and metabolic performance observed here in P. scaber. Thus, future studies addressing physiological effects of cell size variance should simultaneously consider different organismal elements that can be involved in sustaining the metabolic demands of tissue, such as the characteristics of gas-exchange organs and O2-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Antoł
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | | | - Terézia Horváthová
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
- Institute of Soil BiologyBiology Centre CASČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Anna Sikorska
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Natalia Szabla
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Ulf Bauchinger
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
- Nencki Institute of Experimental BiologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Jan Kozłowski
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
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18
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Kielland ØN, Bech C, Einum S. Warm and out of breath: Thermal phenotypic plasticity in oxygen supply. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Nordeide Kielland
- Department of Natural History Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology NTNU University Museum Trondheim Norway
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology NTNU Trondheim Norway
| | - Claus Bech
- Department of Biology Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology NTNU Trondheim Norway
| | - Sigurd Einum
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology NTNU Trondheim Norway
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19
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Leiva FP, Calosi P, Verberk WCEP. Scaling of thermal tolerance with body mass and genome size in ectotherms: a comparison between water- and air-breathers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190035. [PMID: 31203753 PMCID: PMC6606457 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming appears to favour smaller-bodied organisms, but whether larger species are also more vulnerable to thermal extremes, as suggested for past mass-extinction events, is still an open question. Here, we tested whether interspecific differences in thermal tolerance (heat and cold) of ectotherm organisms are linked to differences in their body mass and genome size (as a proxy for cell size). Since the vulnerability of larger, aquatic taxa to warming has been attributed to the oxygen limitation hypothesis, we also assessed how body mass and genome size modulate thermal tolerance in species with contrasting breathing modes, habitats and life stages. A database with the upper (CTmax) and lower (CTmin) critical thermal limits and their methodological aspects was assembled comprising more than 500 species of ectotherms. Our results demonstrate that thermal tolerance in ectotherms is dependent on body mass and genome size and these relationships became especially evident in prolonged experimental trials where energy efficiency gains importance. During long-term trials, CTmax was impaired in larger-bodied water-breathers, consistent with a role for oxygen limitation. Variation in CTmin was mostly explained by the combined effects of body mass and genome size and it was enhanced in larger-celled, air-breathing species during long-term trials, consistent with a role for depolarization of cell membranes. Our results also highlight the importance of accounting for phylogeny and exposure duration. Especially when considering long-term trials, the observed effects on thermal limits are more in line with the warming-induced reduction in body mass observed during long-term rearing experiments. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Physiological diversity, biodiversity patterns and global climate change: testing key hypotheses involving temperature and oxygen’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix P Leiva
- 1 Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen , 6500 Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Piero Calosi
- 2 Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski , 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada G5L 3A1
| | - Wilco C E P Verberk
- 1 Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen , 6500 Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Krittika
- Fly Laboratory, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Pankaj Yadav
- Fly Laboratory, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
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21
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Benfey TJ, Devlin RH. Ploidy Has Minimal Effect on Hypoxia Tolerance at High Temperature in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Physiol Biochem Zool 2019; 91:1091-1101. [PMID: 30285539 DOI: 10.1086/700218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Polyploidy is an important driver of evolutionary change (generally via tetraploidy) and also serves a practical role in aquaculture and fisheries management (via triploidy). Fundamental changes in cell size and number that accompany polyploidy are predicted to affect cellular and whole-animal physiology due to constraints placed on surface-mediated processes at the cellular level, potentially altering environmental tolerances and optima. The aim of this study was to determine whether the documented reduction in thermal tolerance of aquatic polyploids is a result of their being less hypoxia tolerant. This was assessed by holding diploid and triploid rainbow trout for 1 h above their thermal optima in separate trials at eight temperatures between 20° and 27°C and then rapidly reducing the oxygen tension (Po2) of the water and determining the nonlethal Po2 at which fish lost equilibrium. As expected, there was a highly significant ([Formula: see text]) effect of temperature on Po2 at loss of equilibrium. Although there was also a significant ([Formula: see text]) effect of ploidy on Po2 at loss of equilibrium, with triploid values higher than diploid, post hoc analyses showed no significant effect of ploidy at any specific temperature. Oxygen availability alone therefore does not appear to play a major role in determining the thermal tolerance of polyploids.
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22
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Szentgyörgyi H, Czekońska K, Tofilski A. Honey bees are larger and live longer after developing at low temperature. J Therm Biol 2018; 78:219-226. [PMID: 30509639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are known to be temperature specialist and actively maintain brood temperature in a very narrow temperature range. Developing larvae are sensitive to changes of temperature in the nest. Temperatures lower than generally assumed as optimal have been shown to cause a number of negative developmental and behavioural changes in honey bees. We have reared both worker and drone larvae during the capped brood stage in cold (32 °C) and in warm temperatures (35 °C). Next, we measured their body mass at emergence and the longevity of individuals either caged in incubator (workers) or placed in maintaining colonies (drones). For drones, the reproductive caste, we also compared the mass and ratio of body parts (head, thorax, and abdomen) to body mass. As expected, both castes were heavier when reared in cold, but contrary to our expectations, both castes survived longer after emergence than bees reared in warm. Drones reared in cold were characterized by proportionally larger abdomens, in comparison to drones reared in warm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajnalka Szentgyörgyi
- Department of Pomology and Apiculture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Al. 29. Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Czekońska
- Department of Pomology and Apiculture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Al. 29. Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Tofilski
- Department of Pomology and Apiculture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Al. 29. Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
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23
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Czarnoleski M, Labecka AM, Dragosz-Kluska D, Pis T, Pawlik K, Kapustka F, Kilarski WM, Kozłowski J. Concerted evolution of body mass and cell size: similar patterns among species of birds (Galliformes) and mammals (Rodentia). Biol Open 2018. [PMID: 29540429 PMCID: PMC5936057 DOI: 10.1242/bio.029603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell size plays a role in body size evolution and environmental adaptations. Addressing these roles, we studied body mass and cell size in Galliformes birds and Rodentia mammals, and collected published data on their genome sizes. In birds, we measured erythrocyte nuclei and basal metabolic rates (BMRs). In birds and mammals, larger species consistently evolved larger cells for five cell types (erythrocytes, enterocytes, chondrocytes, skin epithelial cells, and kidney proximal tubule cells) and evolved smaller hepatocytes. We found no evidence that cell size differences originated through genome size changes. We conclude that the organism-wide coordination of cell size changes might be an evolutionarily conservative characteristic, and the convergent evolutionary body size and cell size changes in Galliformes and Rodentia suggest the adaptive significance of cell size. Recent theory predicts that species evolving larger cells waste less energy on tissue maintenance but have reduced capacities to deliver oxygen to mitochondria and metabolize resources. Indeed, birds with larger size of the abovementioned cell types and smaller hepatocytes have evolved lower mass-specific BMRs. We propose that the inconsistent pattern in hepatocytes derives from the efficient delivery system to hepatocytes, combined with their intense involvement in supracellular function and anabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Czarnoleski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Labecka
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dominika Dragosz-Kluska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pis
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlik
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Filip Kapustka
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wincenty M Kilarski
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Biology and Cell Imaging, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Kozłowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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24
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Harrison JF, Greenlee KJ, Verberk WCEP. Functional Hypoxia in Insects: Definition, Assessment, and Consequences for Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 63:303-325. [PMID: 28992421 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Insects can experience functional hypoxia, a situation in which O2 supply is inadequate to meet oxygen demand. Assessing when functional hypoxia occurs is complex, because responses are graded, age and tissue dependent, and compensatory. Here, we compare information gained from metabolomics and transcriptional approaches and by manipulation of the partial pressure of oxygen. Functional hypoxia produces graded damage, including damaged macromolecules and inflammation. Insects respond by compensatory physiological and morphological changes in the tracheal system, metabolic reorganization, and suppression of activity, feeding, and growth. There is evidence for functional hypoxia in eggs, near the end of juvenile instars, and during molting. Functional hypoxia is more likely in species with lower O2 availability or transport capacities and when O2 need is great. Functional hypoxia occurs normally during insect development and is a factor in mediating life-history trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501;
| | - Kendra J Greenlee
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050;
| | - Wilco C E P Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands;
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25
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Czarnoleski M, Labecka AM, Starostová Z, Sikorska A, Bonda-Ostaszewska E, Woch K, Kubička L, Kratochvíl L, Kozlowski J. Not all cells are equal: effects of temperature and sex on the size of different cell types in the Madagascar ground gecko Paroedura picta. Biol Open 2017. [PMID: 28630354 PMCID: PMC5576080 DOI: 10.1242/bio.025817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell size plays a role in evolutionary and phenotypically plastic changes in body size. To examine this role, we measured the sizes of seven cell types of geckos (Paroedura picta) reared at three constant temperatures (24, 27, and 30°C). Our results show that the cell size varies according to the body size, sex and developmental temperature, but the pattern of this variance depends on the cell type. We identified three groups of cell types, and the cell sizes changed in a coordinated manner within each group. Larger geckos had larger erythrocytes, striated muscle cells and hepatocytes (our first cell group), but their renal proximal tubule cells and duodenal enterocytes (our second cell group), as well as tracheal chondrocytes and epithelial skin cells (our third cell group), were largely unrelated to the body size. For six cell types, we also measured the nuclei and found that larger cells had larger nuclei. The relative sizes of the nuclei were not invariant but varied in a complex manner with temperature and sex. In conclusion, we provide evidence suggesting that changes in cell size might be commonly involved in the origin of thermal and sexual differences in adult size. A recent theory predicts that smaller cells speed up metabolism but demand more energy for their maintenance; consequently, the cell size matches the metabolic demand and supply, which in ectotherms, largely depends on the thermal conditions. The complex thermal dependency of cell size in geckos suggests that further advancements in understanding the adaptive value of cell size requires the consideration of tissue-specific demand/supply conditions. Summary: The cell sizes of Madagascar ground geckos (Paroedura picta) vary according to body size, sex and developmental temperature, and the pattern of these differences depends on the cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Czarnoleski
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Labecka
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Zuzana Starostová
- Charles University, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Sikorska
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Woch
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Lukáš Kubička
- Charles University, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Charles University, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kozlowski
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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26
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Kierat J, Szentgyörgyi H, Czarnoleski M, Woyciechowski M. The thermal environment of the nest affects body and cell size in the solitary red mason bee ( Osmia bicornis L.). J Therm Biol 2017; 68:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Hermaniuk A, Rybacki M, Taylor JRE. Metabolic Rate of Diploid and Triploid Edible Frog Pelophylax esculentus Correlates Inversely with Cell Size in Tadpoles but Not in Frogs. Physiol Biochem Zool 2017; 90:230-239. [DOI: 10.1086/689408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Adrian GJ, Czarnoleski M, Angilletta MJ. Flies evolved small bodies and cells at high or fluctuating temperatures. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7991-7996. [PMID: 27878071 PMCID: PMC5108251 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent theory predicts that the sizes of cells will evolve according to fluctuations in body temperature. Smaller cells speed metabolism during periods of warming but require more energy to maintain and repair. To evaluate this theory, we studied the evolution of cell size in populations of Drosophila melanogaster held at either a constant temperature (16°C or 25°C) or fluctuating temperatures (16 and 25°C). Populations that evolved at fluctuating temperatures or a constant 25°C developed smaller thoraxes, wings, and cells than did flies exposed to a constant 16°C. The cells of flies from fluctuating environments were intermediate in size to those of flies from constant environments. Most genetic variation in cell size was independent of variation in wing size, suggesting that cell size was a target of selection. These evolutionary patterns accord with patterns of developmental plasticity documented previously. Future studies should focus on the mechanisms that underlie the selective advantage of small cells at high or fluctuating temperatures.
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Walczyńska A, Kiełbasa A, Sobczyk M. 'Optimal thermal range' in ectotherms: Defining criteria for tests of the temperature-size-rule. J Therm Biol 2016; 60:41-8. [PMID: 27503715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermal performance curves for population growth rate r (a measure of fitness) were estimated over a wide range of temperature for three species: Coleps hirtus (Protista), Lecane inermis (Rotifera) and Aeolosoma hemprichi (Oligochaeta). We measured individual body size and examined if predictions for the temperature-size rule (TSR) were valid for different temperatures. All three organisms investigated follow the TSR, but only over a specific range between minimal and optimal temperatures, while maintenance at temperatures beyond this range showed the opposite pattern in these taxa. We consider minimal and optimal temperatures to be species-specific, and moreover delineate a physiological range outside of which an ectotherm is constrained against displaying size plasticity in response to temperature. This thermal range concept has important implications for general size-temperature studies. Furthermore, the concept of 'operating thermal conditions' may provide a new approach to (i) defining criteria required for investigating and interpreting temperature effects, and (ii) providing a novel interpretation for many cases in which species do not conform to the TSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Walczyńska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Anna Kiełbasa
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Sobczyk
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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30
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Shearer PW, West JD, Walton VM, Brown PH, Svetec N, Chiu JC. Seasonal cues induce phenotypic plasticity of Drosophila suzukii to enhance winter survival. BMC Ecol 2016; 16:11. [PMID: 27001084 PMCID: PMC4802914 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-016-0070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As global climate change and exponential human population growth intensifies pressure on agricultural systems, the need to effectively manage invasive insect pests is becoming increasingly important to global food security. Drosophila suzukii is an invasive pest that drastically expanded its global range in a very short time since 2008, spreading to most areas in North America and many countries in Europe and South America. Preliminary ecological modeling predicted a more restricted distribution and, for this reason, the invasion of D. suzukii to northern temperate regions is especially unexpected. Investigating D. suzukii phenology and seasonal adaptations can lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms through which insects express phenotypic plasticity, which likely enables invasive species to successfully colonize a wide range of environments. RESULTS We describe seasonal phenotypic plasticity in field populations of D. suzukii. Specifically, we observed a trend of higher proportions of flies with the winter morph phenotype, characterized by darker pigmentation and longer wing length, as summer progresses to winter. A laboratory-simulated winter photoperiod and temperature (12:12 L:D and 10 °C) were sufficient to induce the winter morph phenotype in D. suzukii. This winter morph is associated with increased survival at 1 °C when compared to the summer morph, thus explaining the ability of D. suzukii to survive cold winters. We then used RNA sequencing to identify gene expression differences underlying seasonal differences in D. suzukii physiology. Winter morph gene expression is consistent with known mechanisms of cold-hardening such as adjustments to ion transport and up-regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, transcripts involved in oogenesis and DNA replication were down-regulated in the winter morph, providing the first molecular evidence of a reproductive diapause in D. suzukii. CONCLUSIONS To date, D. suzukii cold resistance studies suggest that this species cannot overwinter in northern locations, e.g. Canada, even though they are established pests in these regions. Combining physiological investigations with RNA sequencing, we present potential mechanisms by which D. suzukii can overwinter in these regions. This work may contribute to more accurate population models that incorporate seasonal variation in physiological parameters, leading to development of better management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Shearer
- Mid-Columbia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, 3005 Experiment Station Drive, Hood River, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jessica D West
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Vaughn M Walton
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Preston H Brown
- Mid-Columbia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, 3005 Experiment Station Drive, Hood River, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Nicolas Svetec
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Joanna C Chiu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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31
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Hermaniuk A, Rybacki M, Taylor JRE. Low Temperature and Polyploidy Result in Larger Cell and Body Size in an Ectothermic Vertebrate. Physiol Biochem Zool 2016; 89:118-29. [PMID: 27082722 DOI: 10.1086/684974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies reported that low temperatures result in increases in both cell size and body size in ectotherms that may explain patterns of geographic variation of their body size across latitudinal ranges. Also, polyploidy showed the same effect on body size in invertebrates. In vertebrates, despite their having larger cells, no clear effect of polyploidy on body size has been found. This article presents the relationship between temperature, cell size, growth rate, and body size in diploid and polyploid hybridogenetic frog Pelophylax esculentus reared as tadpoles at 19° and 24°C. The size of cells was larger in both diploid and triploid tadpoles at 19°C, and triploids had larger cells at both temperatures. In diploid and triploid froglets, the temperature in which they developed as tadpoles did not affect the size of their cells, but triploids still had larger cells. Triploid tadpoles grew faster than diploids at 19°C and had larger body mass; there was no clear difference between ploidies in growth rate at 24°C. This indicates better adaptation of triploid tadpoles to cold environment. This is the first report on the increase of body mass of a polyploid vertebrate caused by low temperature, and we showed relationship between increase in cell size and increased body mass. The large body mass of triploids may provide a selective advantage, especially in colder environments, and this may explain the prevalence of triploids in the northern parts of the geographic range of P. esculentus.
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Czarnoleski M, Ejsmont-Karabin J, Angilletta MJ, Kozlowski J. Colder rotifers grow larger but only in oxygenated waters. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es15-00024.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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33
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Tobler R, Hermisson J, Schlötterer C. Parallel trait adaptation across opposing thermal environments in experimental Drosophila melanogaster populations. Evolution 2015; 69:1745-59. [PMID: 26080903 PMCID: PMC4755034 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Thermal stress is a pervasive selective agent in natural populations that impacts organismal growth, survival, and reproduction. Drosophila melanogaster exhibits a variety of putatively adaptive phenotypic responses to thermal stress in natural and experimental settings; however, accompanying assessments of fitness are typically lacking. Here, we quantify changes in fitness and known thermal tolerance traits in replicated experimental D. melanogaster populations following more than 40 generations of evolution to either cyclic cold or hot temperatures. By evaluating fitness for both evolved populations alongside a reconstituted starting population, we show that the evolved populations were the best adapted within their respective thermal environments. More strikingly, the evolved populations exhibited increased fitness in both environments and improved resistance to both acute heat and cold stress. This unexpected parallel response appeared to be an adaptation to the rapid temperature changes that drove the cycling thermal regimes, as parallel fitness changes were not observed when tested in a constant thermal environment. Our results add to a small, but growing group of studies that demonstrate the importance of fluctuating temperature changes for thermal adaptation and highlight the need for additional work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Tobler
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
- Vienna Graduate School of Population Genetics, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
| | - Joachim Hermisson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Nordbergstrasse 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Schlötterer
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria.
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Walczyńska A, Sobczyk M, Czarnoleski M, Kozłowski J. The temperature–size rule in a rotifer is determined by the mother and at the egg stage. Evol Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-015-9771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hidalgo K, Dujardin JP, Mouline K, Dabiré RK, Renault D, Simard F. Seasonal variation in wing size and shape between geographic populations of the malaria vector, Anopheles coluzzii in Burkina Faso (West Africa). Acta Trop 2015; 143:79-88. [PMID: 25579425 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mosquito, Anopheles coluzzii is a major vector of human malaria in Africa with widespread distribution throughout the continent. The species hence populates a wide range of environments in contrasted ecological settings often exposed to strong seasonal fluctuations. In the dry savannahs of West Africa, this mosquito population dynamics closely follows the pace of surface water availability: the species pullulates during the rainy season and is able to reproduce throughout the dry season in areas where permanent water bodies are available for breeding. The impact of such environmental fluctuation on mosquito development and the phenotypic quality of emerging adults has however not been addressed in details. Here, we examined and compared phenotypic changes in the duration of pre-imaginal development, body dry mass at emergence and wing size, shape and surface area in young adult females An. coluzzii originated from five distinct geographic locations when they are reared in two contrasting conditions mimicking those experienced by mosquitoes during the rainy season (RS) and at the onset of the dry season (ODS) in Burkina Faso (West Africa). Our results demonstrated strong phenotypic plasticity in all traits, with differences in the magnitude and direction of changes between RS and ODS depending upon the geographic origin, hence the genetic background of the mosquito populations. Highest heterogeneity within population was observed in Bama, where large irrigation schemes allow year-round mosquito breeding. Further studies are needed to explore the adaptive value of such phenotypic plasticity and its relevance for local adaptation in An. coluzzii.
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36
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Colinet H, Sinclair BJ, Vernon P, Renault D. Insects in fluctuating thermal environments. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:123-40. [PMID: 25341105 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-021017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
All climate change scenarios predict an increase in both global temperature means and the magnitude of seasonal and diel temperature variation. The nonlinear relationship between temperature and biological processes means that fluctuating temperatures lead to physiological, life history, and ecological consequences for ectothermic insects that diverge from those predicted from constant temperatures. Fluctuating temperatures that remain within permissive temperature ranges generally improve performance. By contrast, those which extend to stressful temperatures may have either positive impacts, allowing repair of damage accrued during exposure to thermal extremes, or negative impacts from cumulative damage during successive exposures. We discuss the mechanisms underlying these differing effects. Fluctuating temperatures could be used to enhance or weaken insects in applied rearing programs, and any prediction of insect performance in the field-including models of climate change or population performance-must account for the effect of fluctuating temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Colinet
- UMR CNRS 6553, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; ,
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37
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Hariharan R, Hoffman JM, Thomas AS, Soltow QA, Jones DP, Promislow DEL. Invariance and plasticity in the Drosophila melanogaster metabolomic network in response to temperature. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8:139. [PMID: 25540032 PMCID: PMC4302152 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-014-0139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Metabolomic responses to extreme thermal stress have recently been investigated in Drosophila melanogaster. However, a network level understanding of metabolomic responses to longer and less drastic temperature changes, which more closely reflect variation in natural ambient temperatures experienced during development and adulthood, is currently lacking. Here we use high-resolution, non-targeted metabolomics to dissect metabolomic changes in D. melanogaster elicited by moderately cool (18°C) or warm (27°C) developmental and adult temperature exposures. Results We find that temperature at which larvae are reared has a dramatic effect on metabolomic network structure measured in adults. Using network analysis, we are able to identify modules that are highly differentially expressed in response to changing developmental temperature, as well as modules whose correlation structure is strongly preserved across temperature. Conclusions Our results suggest that the effect of temperature on the metabolome provides an easily studied and powerful model for understanding the forces that influence invariance and plasticity in biological networks. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-014-0139-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Hariharan
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Box 357705, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA. .,Laboratory for Integrated Bioinformatics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Jessica M Hoffman
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Ariel S Thomas
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA. .,Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA.
| | - Quinlyn A Soltow
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,ClinMet Inc, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Daniel E L Promislow
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Box 357705, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA. .,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Walczyńska A, Labecka AM, Sobczyk M, Czarnoleski M, Kozłowski J. The Temperature-Size Rule in Lecane inermis (Rotifera) is adaptive and driven by nuclei size adjustment to temperature and oxygen combinations. J Therm Biol 2014; 54:78-85. [PMID: 26615729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary implications of the Temperature-Size Rule (TSR) in ectotherms is debatable; it is uncertain whether size decrease with temperature increase is an adaptation or a non-adaptive by-product of some temperature-dependent processes. We tested whether (i) the size of the rotifer Lecane inermis affects fecundity in a way that depends on the combination of low or high temperature and oxygen content and (ii) the proximate mechanism underlying TSR in this species is associated with nuclei size adjustment (a proxy of cell size). Small-type and large-type rotifers were obtained by culturing at different temperatures prior to the experiment and then exposed to combinations of two temperature and two oxygen conditions. Fecundity was estimated and used as a measure of fitness. Nuclei and body sizes were measured to examine the response to both environmental factors tested. The results show the following for L. inermis. (i) Body size affects fecundity in response to both temperature and oxygen, supporting a hypothesis regarding the contribution of oxygen in TSR. (ii) Large individuals are generally more fecund than small ones; however, under a combination of high temperature and poor oxygen conditions, small individuals are more fecund than large ones, in accordance with a hypothesis of the adaptive significance of TSR. (iii) The body size response to temperature is realised by nuclei size adjustment. (iv) Nuclei size changes in response to temperature and oxygen conditions, in agreement with hypotheses on the cellular mechanism underlying TSR and on a contribution of oxygen availability in TSR. These results serve as empirical evidence for the adaptive significance of TSR and validation of the cellular mechanism for the observed response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Walczyńska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Anna Maria Labecka
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Sobczyk
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Kozłowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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39
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Flies developed smaller cells when temperature fluctuated more frequently. J Therm Biol 2014; 54:106-10. [PMID: 26615732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in cell size might be an important component of adaptation to thermal heterogeneity. Although Drosophila melanogaster develops smaller cells at fluctuating temperatures, we do not know whether this response depends on the frequency or amplitude of thermal change. In a laboratory experiment, we exposed flies to either frequent or infrequent fluctuations between 17 and 27 °C, while controlling the total exposure to each temperature. Flies emerged from these treatments with similar body sizes, but flies at more frequent fluctuations emerged earlier and had smaller epidermal cells for a given body size. Tissue built from small cells has more nuclei for transcription, shorter distances between cell compartments, and a larger surface area for transport across membranes. Therefore, we hypothesize that physiological effects of small cells reduce lags in metabolic activity and enhance performance of flies during warming. For plasticity of cell size to confer a fitness advantage, this hypothetical benefit must outweigh the cost of maintaining a greater area of plasma membrane.
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