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Matz MV. Not-so-mutually beneficial coral symbiosis. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R798-R801. [PMID: 39255756 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
The partnership between corals and their intracellular algal symbionts has long been a textbook example of a mutually beneficial association. Here I argue that this view has been made obsolete by a steady accumulation of evidence over the past three decades. The coral-algal relationship is perhaps better viewed as one of domestication - think of it like a cattle farm, in which the coral is the farmer and the algae are the cows. I synthesize old and new evidence in support of this updated view and highlight remaining knowledge gaps, the largest of which continues to be the natural history of algal symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Matz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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2
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Li R, Deng Y, Shang L, Liu Y, Tao Z, Chai Z, Tang YZ. Evidence for the production of asexual resting cysts in a free-living species of Symbiodiniaceae (Dinophyceae). HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 137:102658. [PMID: 39003022 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Coral reef ecosystems are the most productive and biodiverse marine ecosystems, with their productivity levels highly dependent on the symbiotic dinoflagellates belonging to the family Symbiodiniaceae. As a unique life history strategy, resting cyst production is of great significance in the ecology of many dinoflagellate species, those HABs-causing species in particular, however, there has been no confirmative evidence for the resting cyst production in any species of the family Symbiodiniaceae. Based on morphological and life history observations of cultures in the laboratory and morpho-molecular detections of cysts from the marine sediments via fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), cyst photography, and subsequent singe-cyst PCR sequencing, here we provide evidences for the asexual production of resting cysts by Effrenium voratum, the free-living, red tide-forming, and the type species of the genus Effrenium in Symbiodiniaceae. The evidences from the marine sediments were obtained through a sequential detections: Firstly, E. voratum amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were detected in the cyst assemblages that were concentrated with the sodium polytungstate (SPT) method from the sediments collected from different regions of China Seas by high-throughput next generation sequencing (NGS); Secondly, the presence of E. voratum in the sediments was detected by PCR using the species-specific primers for the DNA directly extracted from sediment; Thirdly, E. voratum cysts were confirmed by a combined approach of FISH using the species-specific probes, light microscopic (LM) photography of the FISH-positive cysts, and a subsequent single-cyst PCR sequencing for the FISH-positive and photographed cysts. The evidences from the laboratory-reared clonal cultures of E. voratum include that: 1) numerous cysts formed in the two clonal cultures and exhibited a spherical shape, a smooth surface, absence of ornaments, and a large red accumulation body; 2) cysts could maintain morphologically intact for a storage of two weeks to six months at 4 °C in darkness and of which 76-92 % successfully germinated through an internal development processes within a time period of 3-21 days after being transferred back to the normal culturing conditions; 3) two or four germlings were released from each cyst through the cryptopylic archeopyle in all cysts with continuous observations of germination processes; and 4) while neither sexual mating of gametes nor planozygote (cells with two longitudinal flagella) were observed, the haploidy of cysts was proven with flow cytometric measurements and direct LM measurements of fluorescence from cells stained with either propidium iodide (PI) or DAPI, which together suggest that the cysts were formed asexually. All evidences led to a conclusion that E. voratum is capable of producing asexual resting cysts, although its sexuality cannot be completely excluded, which guarantees a more intensive investigation. This work fills a gap in the knowledge about the life cycle, particularly the potential of resting cyst formation, of the species in Symbiodiniaceae, a group of dinoflagellates having unique life forms and vital significance in the ecology of coral reefs, and may provide novel insights into understanding the recovery mechanisms of coral reefs destructed by the global climate change and suggest various forms of resting cysts in the cyst assemblages of dinoflagellates observed in the field sediments, including HABs-causing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao, 266071 China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunyan Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao, 266071 China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lixia Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao, 266071 China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuyang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Zhe Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao, 266071 China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyang Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao, 266071 China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ying Zhong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao, 266071 China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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3
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Hulver AM, Carbonne C, Teixidó N, Comeau S, Kemp DW, Keister EF, Gattuso JP, Grottoli AG. Elevated heterotrophic capacity as a strategy for Mediterranean corals to cope with low pH at CO2 vents. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306725. [PMID: 39078831 PMCID: PMC11288460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The global increase in anthropogenic CO2 is leading to ocean warming and acidification, which is threatening corals. In Ischia, Italy, two species of Mediterranean scleractinian corals-the symbiotic Cladocora caespitosa and the asymbiotic Astroides calycularis-were collected from ambient pH sites (average pHT = 8.05) and adjacent CO2 vent sites (average pHT = 7.8) to evaluate their response to ocean acidification. Coral colonies from both sites were reared in a laboratory setting for six months at present day pH (pHT ~ 8.08) or low pH (pHT ~7.72). Previous work showed that these corals were tolerant of low pH and maintained positive calcification rates throughout the experiment. We hypothesized that these corals cope with low pH by increasing their heterotrophic capacity (i.e., feeding and/or proportion of heterotrophically derived compounds incorporated in their tissues), irrespective of site of origin, which was quantified indirectly by measuring δ13C, δ15N, and sterols. To further characterize coral health, we quantified energy reserves by measuring biomass, total lipids, and lipid classes. Additional analysis for C. caespitosa included carbohydrates (an energy reserve) and chlorophyll a (an indicator of photosynthetic capacity). Isotopic evidence shows that ambient-sourced Mediterranean corals, of both species, decreased heterotrophy in response to six months of low pH. Despite maintaining energy reserves, lower net photosynthesis (C. caespitosa) and a trend of declining calcification (A. calycularis) suggest a long-term cost to low heterotrophy under ocean acidification conditions. Conversely, vent-sourced corals maintained moderate (C. caespitosa) or high (A. calycularis) heterotrophic capacity and increased photosynthesis rates (C. caespitosa) in response to six months at low pH, allowing them to sustain themselves physiologically. Provided there is sufficient zooplankton and/or organic matter to meet their heterotrophic needs, vent-sourced corals are more likely to persist this century and potentially be a source for new corals in the Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marie Hulver
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chloé Carbonne
- CNRS-INSU, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Nuria Teixidó
- CNRS-INSU, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Department of Integrated Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia Marine Center, Ischia, Naples, Italy
| | - Steeve Comeau
- CNRS-INSU, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Dustin W. Kemp
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Elise F. Keister
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jean-Pierre Gattuso
- CNRS-INSU, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, Paris, France
| | - Andréa G. Grottoli
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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4
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Rinkevich B. A conceptual approach for an innovative marine animal forest apparatus that facilitates carbon sequestration and biodiversity enhancement. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174353. [PMID: 38944304 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Climate change, mainly caused by the indiscriminate usage of fossil fuels, is an urgent global challenge which endangers lives and livelihood of billions of people, the integrity of environmental well-being and the composition and functioning of terrestrial/marine ecosystems alike. To address this pressing concern, climate mitigation and adaptation solutions that target "carbon neutrality by 2050" becomes a crucial global mission. Yet, numerous emerged broad solutions that support biological approaches, such as tree planting, are less stable under enhanced climate change impacts (e.g., forests go on fire). Targeting to achieve the Paris Agreement goals, a wide range of blue carbon sequestering (BCS) approaches have been suggested, since they may contribute considerably to carbon neutrality. Unfortunately, most biological solutions, neglect the employment of marine animal-forests. Here I discuss the potential significance of a novel approach for marine animal forests' BCS, converting the commonly used coral nursery tool into a carbon sequestering floating reef device, a modular device that may accommodate carbon and biodiversity credits.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rinkevich
- Israel Oceanography and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Tel Shikmona, P.O Box 9753, Haifa 3109701, Israel.
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5
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Mao J, Burdett HL, Kamenos NA. Efficient carbon recycling between calcification and photosynthesis in red coralline algae. Biol Lett 2024; 20:20230598. [PMID: 38889774 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Red coralline algae create abundant, spatially vast, reef ecosystems throughout our coastal oceans with significant ecosystem service provision, but our understanding of their basic physiology is lacking. In particular, the balance and linkages between carbon-producing and carbon-sequestering processes remain poorly constrained, with significant implications for understanding their role in carbon sequestration and storage. Using dual radioisotope tracing, we provide evidence for coupling between photosynthesis (which requires CO2) and calcification (which releases CO2) in the red coralline alga Boreolithothamnion soriferum (previously Lithothamnion soriferum)-a marine ecosystem engineer widely distributed across Atlantic mid-high latitudes. Of the sequestered HCO3 -, 38 ± 22% was deposited as carbonate skeleton while 39 ± 14% was incorporated into organic matter via photosynthesis. Only 38 ± 2% of the sequestered HCO3 - was transformed into CO2, and almost 40% of that was internally recycled as photosynthetic substrate, reducing the net release of carbon to 23 ± 3% of the total uptake. The calcification rate was strongly dependent on photosynthetic substrate production, supporting the presence of photosynthetically enhanced calcification. The efficient carbon-recycling physiology reported here suggests that calcifying algae may not contribute as much to marine CO2 release as is currently assumed, supporting a reassessment of their role in blue carbon accounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University , Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - H L Burdett
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden
| | - N A Kamenos
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden
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6
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Crovetto L, Venn AA, Sevilgen D, Tambutté S, Tambutté E. Spatial variability of and effect of light on the cœlenteron pH of a reef coral. Commun Biol 2024; 7:246. [PMID: 38424314 PMCID: PMC10904758 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05938-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs, the largest bioconstruction on Earth, are formed by calcium carbonate skeletons of corals. Coral skeleton formation commonly referred to as calcification occurs in a specific compartment, the extracellular calcifying medium (ECM), located between the aboral ectoderm and the skeleton. Calcification models often assume a direct link between the surrounding seawater and the ECM. However, the ECM is separated from the seawater by several tissue layers and the cœlenteron, which contains the cœlenteric fluid found in both polyps and cœnosarc (tissue connecting the polyps). Symbiotic dinoflagellate-containing cells line the cœlenteron and their photosynthetic activity contributes to changes in the chemistry of the cœlenteric fluid, particularly with respect to pH. The aim of our study is to compare cœlenteron pH between the cœnosarc and polyps and to compare areas of high or low dinoflagellate density based on tissue coloration. To achieve this, we use liquid ion exchange (LIX) pH microsensors to profile pH in the cœlenteron of polyps and the cœnosarc in different regions of the coral colony in light and darkness. We interpret our results in terms of what light and dark exposure means for proton gradients between the ECM and the coelenteron, and how this could affect calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Crovetto
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000, Monaco
- Sorbonne Université - ED 515 Complexité du Vivant, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Alexander A Venn
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000, Monaco
| | - Duygu Sevilgen
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000, Monaco
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000, Monaco.
| | - Eric Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000, Monaco
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7
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Mashini A, Oakley CA, Peng L, Grossman AR, Weis VM, Davy SK. Proteomes of native and non-native symbionts reveal responses underpinning host-symbiont specificity in the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae122. [PMID: 38988135 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Cellular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of nutrient exchange, immune responses, and symbiont population growth in the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis are poorly resolved, particularly with respect to the dinoflagellate symbiont. Here, we characterized proteomic changes in the native symbiont Breviolum minutum during colonization of its host sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana ("Aiptasia"). We also compared the proteome of this native symbiont in the established symbiotic state with that of a non-native symbiont, Durusdinium trenchii. The onset of symbiosis between Aiptasia and Breviolum minutum increased the accumulation of symbiont proteins associated with the acquisition of inorganic carbon and photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, micro- and macronutrient starvation, suppression of host immune responses, tolerance to low pH, and management of oxidative stress. Such responses are consistent with a functional, persistent symbiosis. In contrast, D. trenchii predominantly showed elevated levels of immunosuppressive proteins, consistent with the view that this symbiont is an opportunist that forms a less beneficial, less well-integrated symbiosis with this model anemone. By adding symbiont analysis to the already known responses of the host proteome, our results provide a more holistic view of cellular processes that determine host-symbiont specificity and how differences in symbiont partners (i.e. native versus non-native symbionts) may impact the fitness of the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mashini
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Clinton A Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Lifeng Peng
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Virginia M Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Simon K Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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Ram S, Erez J. Anion elements incorporation into corals skeletons: Experimental approach for biomineralization and paleo-proxies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306627120. [PMID: 37917794 PMCID: PMC10636356 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306627120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The elemental composition of coral skeletons provides important information for palaeoceanographic reconstructions and coral biomineralization. Partition of anions and their stable isotopes in coral skeleton enables the reconstruction of past seawater carbonate chemistry, paleo-CO2, and past climates. Here, we investigated the partition of B, S, As, Br, I, and Mo into the skeletons of two corals, Acropora cervicornis and Pocillopora damicornis, as a function of calcium and carbonate concentrations.* Anion-to-calcium ratio in the corals (An/CaCoral) were correlated with the equivalent ratios in the culturing seawater (An/CO32-SW). Negative intercepts of these relationships suggest a higher CO32- concentration in the coral extracellular calcifying fluid (ECF) relative to seawater, from which the skeleton precipitates. The enrichment factor of CO32- at the ECF was 2.5 for A. cervicornis and 1.9 for P. damicornis, consistent with their relative calcification rates. The CO32-ECF concentrations thus calculated are similar to those proposed by previous studies based on B/Ca coupled with δ11B, as well as by direct measurements using microsensors and fluorescent dyes. Rayleigh fractionation modeling demonstrates a uniform Ca utilization at various CaSW concentrations, providing further evidence that coral calcification occurs directly from a semiclosed seawater reservoir as reported previously. The partition coefficients reported in this study for B, S, As, Br, I, and Mo open up wide possibilities for past ocean chemistry reconstructions based on Br having long residence time (~160 Ma) in the ocean. Other elements like S, Mo, B, as well as pCO2 may also be calculated based on these elements in fossil coral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Ram
- The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem9190401, Israel
| | - Jonathan Erez
- The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem9190401, Israel
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9
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Canesi M, Douville E, Montagna P, Taviani M, Stolarski J, Bordier L, Dapoigny A, Coulibaly GEH, Simon AC, Agelou M, Fin J, Metzl N, Iwankow G, Allemand D, Planes S, Moulin C, Lombard F, Bourdin G, Troublé R, Agostini S, Banaigs B, Boissin E, Boss E, Bowler C, de Vargas C, Flores M, Forcioli D, Furla P, Gilson E, Galand PE, Pesant S, Sunagawa S, Thomas OP, Vega Thurber R, Voolstra CR, Wincker P, Zoccola D, Reynaud S. Differences in carbonate chemistry up-regulation of long-lived reef-building corals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11589. [PMID: 37463961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37598-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
With climate projections questioning the future survival of stony corals and their dominance as tropical reef builders, it is critical to understand the adaptive capacity of corals to ongoing climate change. Biological mediation of the carbonate chemistry of the coral calcifying fluid is a fundamental component for assessing the response of corals to global threats. The Tara Pacific expedition (2016-2018) provided an opportunity to investigate calcification patterns in extant corals throughout the Pacific Ocean. Cores from colonies of the massive Porites and Diploastrea genera were collected from different environments to assess calcification parameters of long-lived reef-building corals. At the basin scale of the Pacific Ocean, we show that both genera systematically up-regulate their calcifying fluid pH and dissolved inorganic carbon to achieve efficient skeletal precipitation. However, while Porites corals increase the aragonite saturation state of the calcifying fluid (Ωcf) at higher temperatures to enhance their calcification capacity, Diploastrea show a steady homeostatic Ωcf across the Pacific temperature gradient. Thus, the extent to which Diploastrea responds to ocean warming and/or acidification is unclear, and it deserves further attention whether this is beneficial or detrimental to future survival of this coral genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Canesi
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, UMR 8212 CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine Ier, 98000, Monaco City, Monaco.
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco - U FR, Monaco City, Monaco.
| | - Eric Douville
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, UMR 8212 CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Paolo Montagna
- Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP), CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Taviani
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jarosław Stolarski
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Louise Bordier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, UMR 8212 CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Arnaud Dapoigny
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, UMR 8212 CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gninwoyo Eric Hermann Coulibaly
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, UMR 8212 CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | - Jonathan Fin
- Laboratoire LOCEAN/IPSL, Sorbonne Université-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Metzl
- Laboratoire LOCEAN/IPSL, Sorbonne Université-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Iwankow
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL," PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 66100, Perpignan, France
| | - Denis Allemand
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine Ier, 98000, Monaco City, Monaco
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco - U FR, Monaco City, Monaco
| | - Serge Planes
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL," PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 66100, Perpignan, France
| | | | - Fabien Lombard
- Institut de la Mer de Villefranche Sur Mer, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, 06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | | | | | - Sylvain Agostini
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Bernard Banaigs
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL," PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 66100, Perpignan, France
| | - Emilie Boissin
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL," PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 66100, Perpignan, France
| | - Emmanuel Boss
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Chris Bowler
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Colomban de Vargas
- CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, AD2M, UMR 7144, ECOMAP, Sorbonne Université, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Michel Flores
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Didier Forcioli
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco - U FR, Monaco City, Monaco
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Nice, France
| | - Paola Furla
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco - U FR, Monaco City, Monaco
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Nice, France
| | - Eric Gilson
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco - U FR, Monaco City, Monaco
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Nice, France
- Department of Medical Genetics, CHU, Nice, France
| | - Pierre E Galand
- CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques (LECOB), Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Sorbonne Université, 66650, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Stéphane Pesant
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Shinichi Sunagawa
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Vega Thurber
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 220 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | | | - Patrick Wincker
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Didier Zoccola
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine Ier, 98000, Monaco City, Monaco
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco - U FR, Monaco City, Monaco
| | - Stéphanie Reynaud
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine Ier, 98000, Monaco City, Monaco
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco - U FR, Monaco City, Monaco
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10
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Tresguerres M, Kwan GT, Weinrauch A. Evolving views of ionic, osmotic and acid-base regulation in aquatic animals. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245747. [PMID: 37522267 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of ionic, osmotic and acid-base (IOAB) conditions in biological fluids is among the most fundamental functions in all organisms; being surrounded by water uniquely shapes the IOAB regulatory strategies of water-breathing animals. Throughout its centennial history, Journal of Experimental Biology has established itself as a premier venue for publication of comparative, environmental and evolutionary studies on IOAB regulation. This Review provides a synopsis of IOAB regulation in aquatic animals, some of the most significant research milestones in the field, and evolving views about the underlying cellular mechanisms and their evolutionary implications. It also identifies promising areas for future research and proposes ideas for enhancing the impact of aquatic IOAB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tresguerres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Garfield T Kwan
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alyssa Weinrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M5, Canada
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11
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Tinoco A, Mitchison-Field L, Bradford J, Renicke C, Perrin D, Bay L, Pringle J, Cleves P. Role of the bicarbonate transporter SLC4γ in stony-coral skeleton formation and evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216144120. [PMID: 37276409 PMCID: PMC10268325 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216144120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are highly diverse ecosystems of immense ecological, economic, and aesthetic importance built on the calcium-carbonate-based skeletons of stony corals. The formation of these skeletons is threatened by increasing ocean temperatures and acidification, and a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved may assist efforts to mitigate the effects of such anthropogenic stressors. In this study, we focused on the role of the predicted bicarbonate transporter SLC4γ, which was suggested in previous studies to be a product of gene duplication and to have a role in coral-skeleton formation. Our comparative-genomics study using 30 coral species and 15 outgroups indicates that SLC4γ is present throughout the stony corals, but not in their non-skeleton-forming relatives, and apparently arose by gene duplication at the onset of stony-coral evolution. Our expression studies show that SLC4γ, but not the closely related and apparently ancestral SLC4β, is highly upregulated during coral development coincident with the onset of skeleton deposition. Moreover, we show that juvenile coral polyps carrying CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations in SLC4γ are defective in skeleton formation, with the severity of the defect in individual animals correlated with their frequencies of SLC4γ mutations. Taken together, the results suggest that the evolution of the stony corals involved the neofunctionalization of the newly arisen SLC4γ for a unique role in the provision of concentrated bicarbonate for calcium-carbonate deposition. The results also demonstrate the feasibility of reverse-genetic studies of ecologically important traits in adult corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda I. Tinoco
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD21218
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW2109, Australia
| | - Lorna M. Y. Mitchison-Field
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Jacob Bradford
- Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD4001, Australia
- School of Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD4001, Australia
| | - Christian Renicke
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Dimitri Perrin
- Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD4001, Australia
- School of Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD4001, Australia
| | - Line K. Bay
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD4810, Australia
| | - John R. Pringle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Phillip A. Cleves
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD21218
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW2109, Australia
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
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12
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Willard HF, Deutekom ES, Allemand D, Tambutté S, Kaandorp JA. Testing hypotheses on the calcification in scleractinian corals using a spatio-temporal model that shows a high degree of robustness. J Theor Biol 2023; 561:111382. [PMID: 36610694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Calcification in photosynthetic scleractinian corals is a complicated process that involves many different biological, chemical, and physical sub-processes that happen within and around the coral tissue. Identifying and quantifying the role of separate processes in vivo or in vitro is difficult or not possible. A computational model can facilitate this research by simulating the sub-processes independently. This study presents a spatio-temporal model of the calcification physiology, which is based on processes that are considered essential for calcification: respiration, photosynthesis, Ca2+-ATPase, carbonic anhydrase. The model is used to test different hypotheses considering ion transport across the calicoblastic cells and Light Enhanced Calcification (LEC). It is also used to quantify the effect of ocean acidification (OA) on the Extracellular Calcifying Medium (ECM) and ATP-consumption of Ca2+-ATPase. It was able to reproduce the experimental data of three separate studies and finds that paracellular transport plays a minor role compared to transcellular transport. In the model, LEC results from increased Ca2+-ATPase activity in combination with increased metabolism. Implementing OA increases the concentration of CO2 throughout the entire tissue, thereby increasing the availability of CO3- in the ECM. As a result, the model finds that calcification becomes more energy-demanding and the calcification rate increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena F Willard
- Computational Science Lab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva S Deutekom
- Computational Science Lab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denis Allemand
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Avenue Saint Martin, 98000, Monaco
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Avenue Saint Martin, 98000, Monaco
| | - Jaap A Kaandorp
- Computational Science Lab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Mashini AG, Oakley CA, Beepat SS, Peng L, Grossman AR, Weis VM, Davy SK. The Influence of Symbiosis on the Proteome of the Exaiptasia Endosymbiont Breviolum minutum. Microorganisms 2023; 11:292. [PMID: 36838257 PMCID: PMC9967746 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of nutrient exchange, immune response, and symbiont population growth in the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis are poorly resolved. Here, we employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to elucidate proteomic changes associated with symbiosis in Breviolum minutum, a native symbiont of the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana ('Aiptasia'). We manipulated nutrients available to the algae in culture and to the holobiont in hospite (i.e., in symbiosis) and then monitored the impacts of our treatments on host-endosymbiont interactions. Both the symbiotic and nutritional states had significant impacts on the B. minutum proteome. B. minutum in hospite showed an increased abundance of proteins involved in phosphoinositol metabolism (e.g., glycerophosphoinositol permease 1 and phosphatidylinositol phosphatase) relative to the free-living alga, potentially reflecting inter-partner signalling that promotes the stability of the symbiosis. Proteins potentially involved in concentrating and fixing inorganic carbon (e.g., carbonic anhydrase, V-type ATPase) and in the assimilation of nitrogen (e.g., glutamine synthase) were more abundant in free-living B. minutum than in hospite, possibly due to host-facilitated access to inorganic carbon and nitrogen limitation by the host when in hospite. Photosystem proteins increased in abundance at high nutrient levels irrespective of the symbiotic state, as did proteins involved in antioxidant defences (e.g., superoxide dismutase, glutathione s-transferase). Proteins involved in iron metabolism were also affected by the nutritional state, with an increased iron demand and uptake under low nutrient treatments. These results detail the changes in symbiont physiology in response to the host microenvironment and nutrient availability and indicate potential symbiont-driven mechanisms that regulate the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clinton A. Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Sandeep S. Beepat
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Lifeng Peng
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Virginia M. Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Simon K. Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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14
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Mezger SD, Klinke A, Tilstra A, El-Khaled YC, Thobor B, Wild C. The widely distributed soft coral Xenia umbellata exhibits high resistance against phosphate enrichment and temperature increase. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22135. [PMID: 36550166 PMCID: PMC9780247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Both global and local factors affect coral reefs worldwide, sometimes simultaneously. An interplay of these factors can lead to phase shifts from hard coral dominance to algae or other invertebrates, particularly soft corals. However, most studies have targeted the effects of single factors, leaving pronounced knowledge gaps regarding the effects of combined factors on soft corals. Here, we investigated the single and combined effects of phosphate enrichment (1, 2, and 8 μM) and seawater temperature increase (26 to 32 °C) on the soft coral Xenia umbellata by quantifying oxygen fluxes, protein content, and stable isotope signatures in a 5-week laboratory experiment. Findings revealed no significant effects of temperature increase, phosphate enrichment, and the combination of both factors on oxygen fluxes. However, regardless of the phosphate treatment, total protein content and carbon stable isotope ratios decreased significantly by 62% and 7% under temperature increase, respectively, suggesting an increased assimilation of their energy reserves. Therefore, we hypothesize that heterotrophic feeding may be important for X. umbellata to sustain their energy reserves under temperature increase, highlighting the advantages of a mixotrophic strategy. Overall, X. umbellata shows a high tolerance towards changes in global and local factors, which may explain their competitive advantage observed at many Indo-Pacific reef locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma D. Mezger
- grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Department of Marine Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Annabell Klinke
- grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Department of Marine Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany ,grid.461729.f0000 0001 0215 3324Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Arjen Tilstra
- grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Department of Marine Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Yusuf C. El-Khaled
- grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Department of Marine Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Bianca Thobor
- grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Department of Marine Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Christian Wild
- grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Department of Marine Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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15
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Extracellular carbonic anhydrase activity promotes a carbon concentration mechanism in metazoan calcifying cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203904119. [PMID: 36161891 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203904119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many calcifying organisms utilize metabolic CO2 to generate CaCO3 minerals to harden their shells and skeletons. Carbonic anhydrases are evolutionary ancient enzymes that have been proposed to play a key role in the calcification process, with the underlying mechanisms being little understood. Here, we used the calcifying primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) of sea urchin larva to study the role of cytosolic (iCAs) and extracellular carbonic anhydrases (eCAs) in the cellular carbon concentration mechanism (CCM). Molecular analyses identified iCAs and eCAs in PMCs and highlight the prominent expression of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane-bound CA (Cara7). Intracellular pH recordings in combination with CO2 pulse experiments demonstrated iCA activity in PMCs. iCA activity measurements, together with pharmacological approaches, revealed an opposing contribution of iCAs and eCAs on the CCM. H+-selective electrodes were used to demonstrate eCA-catalyzed CO2 hydration rates at the cell surface. Knockdown of Cara7 reduced extracellular CO2 hydration rates accompanied by impaired formation of specific skeletal segments. Finally, reduced pHi regulatory capacities during inhibition and knockdown of Cara7 underscore a role of this eCA in cellular HCO3- uptake. This work reveals the function of CAs in the cellular CCM of a marine calcifying animal. Extracellular hydration of metabolic CO2 by Cara7 coupled to HCO3- uptake mechanisms mitigates the loss of carbon and reduces the cellular proton load during the mineralization process. The findings of this work provide insights into the cellular mechanisms of an ancient biological process that is capable of utilizing CO2 to generate a versatile construction material.
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16
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Cuif JP, Medjoubi K, Somogyi A, Dauphin Y, Bazin D. From visible light to X-ray microscopy: major steps in the evolution of developmental models for calcification of invertebrate skeletons. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Molecular characterization, immunofluorescent localization, and expression levels of two bicarbonate anion transporters in the whitish mantle of the giant clam, Tridacna squamosa, and the implications for light-enhanced shell formation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 268:111200. [PMID: 35337976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Giant clams conduct light-enhanced shell formation, which requires the increased transport of Ca2+ and inorganic carbon (Ci) from the hemolymph through the shell-facing epithelium of the whitish inner mantle to the extrapallial fluid where CaCO3 deposition occurs. The major form of Ci in the hemolymph is HCO3-, but the mechanisms of HCO3- transport through the basolateral and apical membranes of the shell-facing epithelial cells remain unknown. This study aimed to clone from the inner mantle of Tridacna squamosa the complete coding cDNA sequences of electrogenic Na+-HCO3-cotransporter 1 homolog (NBCe1-like-b) and electrogenic Na+-HCO3-cotransporter 2 homolog (NBCe2-like). NBCe1-like-b comprised 3360 bp, encoding a 125.7 kDa protein with 1119 amino acids. NBCe1-like-b was slightly different from NBCe1-like-a of the ctenidium reported elsewhere, as it had a serine residue (Ser1025), which might undergo phosphorylation leading to the transport of Na+: HCO3- at a ratio of 1: 2 into the cell. NBCe1-like-b was localized at the basolateral membrane of the shell-facing epithelial cells, and its gene and protein expression levels increased significantly in the inner mantle during illumination, indicating a role in the light-enhanced uptake of HCO3- from the hemolymph. The sequence of NBCe2-like obtained from the inner mantle was identical to that reported previously for the outer mantle. In the inner mantle, NBCe2-like had an apical localization in the shell-facing epithelial cells, and its protein abundance was upregulated during illumination. Hence, NBCe2-like might take part in the light-enhanced transport of HCO3- through the apical membrane of these cells into the extrapallial fluid.
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18
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High light quantity suppresses locomotion in symbiotic Aiptasia. Symbiosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMany cnidarians engage in endosymbioses with microalgae of the family Symbiodiniaceae. In this association, the fitness of the cnidarian host is closely linked to the photosynthetic performance of its microalgal symbionts. Phototaxis may enable semi-sessile cnidarians to optimize the light regime for their microalgal symbionts. Indeed, phototaxis and phototropism have been reported in the photosymbiotic sea anemone Aiptasia. However, the influence of light quantity on the locomotive behavior of Aiptasia remains unknown. Here we show that light quantity and the presence of microalgal symbionts modulate the phototactic behavior in Aiptasia. Although photosymbiotic Aiptasia were observed to move in seemingly random directions along an experimental light gradient, their probability of locomotion depended on light quantity. As photosymbiotic animals were highly mobile in low light but almost immobile at high light quantities, photosymbiotic Aiptasia at low light quantities exhibited an effective net movement towards light levels sufficient for positive net photosynthesis. In contrast, aposymbiotic Aiptasia exhibited greater mobility than their photosymbiotic counterparts, regardless of light quantity. Our results suggest that photosynthetic activity of the microalgal symbionts suppresses locomotion in Aiptasia, likely by supporting a positive energy balance in the host. We propose that motile photosymbiotic organisms can develop phototactic behavior as a consequence of starvation linked to symbiotic nutrient cycling.
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19
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Buckingham MC, D’Angelo C, Chalk TB, Foster GL, Johnson KG, Connelly Z, Olla C, Saeed M, Wiedenmann J. Impact of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enrichment and skewed N:P stoichiometry on the skeletal formation and microstructure of symbiotic reef corals. CORAL REEFS (ONLINE) 2022; 41:1147-1159. [PMID: 37334145 PMCID: PMC10276130 DOI: 10.1007/s00338-022-02223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Reported divergent responses of coral growth and skeletal microstructure to the nutrient environment complicate knowledge-based management of water quality in coral reefs. By re-evaluating published results considering the taxonomy of the studied corals and the N:P stoichiometry of their nutrient environment, we could resolve some of the major apparent contradictions. Our analysis suggests that Acroporids behave differently to several other common genera and show distinct responses to specific nutrient treatments. We hypothesised that both the concentrations of dissolved inorganic N and P in the water and their stoichiometry shape skeletal growth and microstructure. We tested this hypothesis by exposing Acropora polystoma fragments to four nutrient treatments for > 10 weeks: high nitrate/high phosphate (HNHP), high nitrate/low phosphate (HNLP), low nitrate/high phosphate (LNHP) and low nitrate/low phosphate (LNLP). HNHP corals retained high zooxanthellae densities and their linear extension and calcification rates were up to ten times higher than in the other treatments. HNLP and LNLP corals bleached through loss of symbionts. The photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of residual symbionts in HNLP corals was significantly reduced, indicating P-starvation. Micro-computed tomography (µCT) of the skeletal microstructure revealed that reduced linear extension in nutrient limited or nutrient starved conditions (HNLP, LNHP, LNLP) was associated with significant thickening of skeletal elements and reduced porosity. These changes can be explained by the strongly reduced linear extension rate in combination with a smaller reduction in the calcification rate. Studies using increased skeletal density as a proxy for past thermal bleaching events should consider that such an increase in density may also be associated with temperature-independent response to the nutrient environment. Furthermore, the taxonomy of corals and seawater N:P stoichiometry should be considered when analysing and managing the impacts of nutrient pollution. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00338-022-02223-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Buckingham
- School of Ocean and Earth Science (SOES), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - C. D’Angelo
- School of Ocean and Earth Science (SOES), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - T. B. Chalk
- School of Ocean and Earth Science (SOES), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - G. L. Foster
- School of Ocean and Earth Science (SOES), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Z. Connelly
- School of Ocean and Earth Science (SOES), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - C. Olla
- School of Ocean and Earth Science (SOES), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M. Saeed
- School of Ocean and Earth Science (SOES), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - J. Wiedenmann
- School of Ocean and Earth Science (SOES), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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20
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Fietzke J, Wall M. Distinct fine-scale variations in calcification control revealed by high-resolution 2D boron laser images in the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj4172. [PMID: 35302850 PMCID: PMC8932653 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj4172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Coral calcification is a complex biologically controlled process of hard skeleton formation, and it is influenced by environmental conditions. The chemical composition of coral skeletons responds to calcification conditions and can be used to gain insights into both the control asserted by the organism and the environment. Boron and its isotopic composition have been of particular interest because of links to carbon chemistry and pH. In this study, we acquired high-resolution boron images (concentration and isotopes) in a skeleton sample of the azooxanthellate cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa. We observed high boron variability at a small spatial scale related to skeletal structure. This implies differences in calcification control during different stages of skeleton formation. Our data point to bicarbonate active transport as a critical pathway during early skeletal growth, and the variable activity rates explain the majority of the observed boron systematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fietzke
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| | - Marlene Wall
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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21
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Thies AB, Quijada-Rodriguez AR, Zhouyao H, Weihrauch D, Tresguerres M. A Rhesus channel in the coral symbiosome membrane suggests a novel mechanism to regulate NH 3 and CO 2 delivery to algal symbionts. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm0303. [PMID: 35275725 PMCID: PMC8916725 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Reef-building corals maintain an intracellular photosymbiotic association with dinoflagellate algae. As the algae are hosted inside the symbiosome, all metabolic exchanges must take place across the symbiosome membrane. Using functional studies in Xenopus oocytes, immunolocalization, and confocal Airyscan microscopy, we established that Acropora yongei Rh (ayRhp1) facilitates transmembrane NH3 and CO2 diffusion and that it is present in the symbiosome membrane. Furthermore, ayRhp1 abundance in the symbiosome membrane was highest around midday and lowest around midnight. We conclude that ayRhp1 mediates a symbiosomal NH4+-trapping mechanism that promotes nitrogen delivery to algae during the day-necessary to sustain photosynthesis-and restricts nitrogen delivery at night-to keep algae under nitrogen limitation. The role of ayRhp1-facilitated CO2 diffusion is less clear, but it may have implications for metabolic dysregulation between symbiotic partners and bleaching. This previously unknown mechanism expands our understanding of symbioses at the immediate animal-microbe interface, the symbiosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus B. Thies
- Marine Biology research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.B.T.); (M.T.)
| | | | - Haonan Zhouyao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Dirk Weihrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.B.T.); (M.T.)
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22
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Gilbert PUPA, Bergmann KD, Boekelheide N, Tambutté S, Mass T, Marin F, Adkins JF, Erez J, Gilbert B, Knutson V, Cantine M, Hernández JO, Knoll AH. Biomineralization: Integrating mechanism and evolutionary history. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl9653. [PMID: 35263127 PMCID: PMC8906573 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl9653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) biomineralizing organisms have played major roles in the history of life and the global carbon cycle during the past 541 Ma. Both marine diversification and mass extinctions reflect physiological responses to environmental changes through time. An integrated understanding of carbonate biomineralization is necessary to illuminate this evolutionary record and to understand how modern organisms will respond to 21st century global change. Biomineralization evolved independently but convergently across phyla, suggesting a unity of mechanism that transcends biological differences. In this review, we combine CaCO3 skeleton formation mechanisms with constraints from evolutionary history, omics, and a meta-analysis of isotopic data to develop a plausible model for CaCO3 biomineralization applicable to all phyla. The model provides a framework for understanding the environmental sensitivity of marine calcifiers, past mass extinctions, and resilience in 21st century acidifying oceans. Thus, it frames questions about the past, present, and future of CaCO3 biomineralizing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pupa U. P. A. Gilbert
- Departments of Physics, Chemistry, Geoscience, and Materials Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author. (P.U.P.A.G.); (A.H.K.)
| | - Kristin D. Bergmann
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas Boekelheide
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Department of Marine Biology, 98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Tali Mass
- University of Haifa, Marine Biology Department, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Frédéric Marin
- Université de Bourgogne–Franche-Comté (UBFC), Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Bâtiment des Sciences Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jess F. Adkins
- Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, MS 100-23, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jonathan Erez
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Earth Sciences, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Energy Geoscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Vanessa Knutson
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Marjorie Cantine
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Javier Ortega Hernández
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Andrew H. Knoll
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Corresponding author. (P.U.P.A.G.); (A.H.K.)
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Cheng CM, Cheng YR, Lin HY, Sun WT, Pan CH, Ding DS. Effects of LED Light Illumination on the Growth, Digestive Enzymes, and Photoacclimation of Goniopora Columna in Captivity. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030306. [PMID: 35158630 PMCID: PMC8833557 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Coral aquaculture is a new industry, which is of great importance to the sustainable development of coral reefs and meeting commercial needs. Light sources are crucial for the growth of corals because zooxanthellae provide them with essential nutrients through photosynthesis. Different corals and zooxanthellae have different photoacclimation characteristics; therefore, selecting a suitable light wavelength remains the critical inhibitor of coral maintenance in marine aquariums. Accordingly, this study investigated the effects of different light wavelengths and feeding of G. columna. The results showed that blue light (440–470 nm) and purple light (400–430 nm) increased the protease and body protein in corals, and the growth and survival rate also increased. In summary, G. columna’s efficient cultivation can use 400–470 nm wavelengths as the primary source of illumination. Abstract Goniopora columna is a stony coral valued for its reef-building potential and its unique appearance. Thus, identifying the optimal culture conditions for G. columna would enable efficient cultivation and prevent the illegal exploitation of marine resources. Light sources are crucial for the growth of corals because zooxanthellae provide them with basic nutrients through photosynthesis. Different corals and zooxanthellae have different photoacclimation characteristics; therefore, selecting a suitable light wavelength remains the key inhibitor of coral maintenance in marine aquariums. Accordingly, this study investigated the effects of different light wavelengths on G. columna. It was illuminated for 6 or 12 h a day under white light, yellow light, red light (LR), green light (LG), blue light (LB), or purple light (LP) for 8 weeks. During the experiment, R(R; i.e., a formula feed that combines sodium alginate, protein and probiotics) of 5% (w/v) of G. columna tissue and skeletal dry weight was fed every day. Coral polyps were counted, zooxanthellae density, chlorophyll a concentration, specific growth rates, and survival rates were calculated; polyp stretching and contractile behaviors were observed; and body composition and digestive enzyme activity were analyzed. LB or LP (but not LG or LR) illumination for at least 6 h per day significantly promoted the growth, survival, protein content, and protease activity of the G. columna specimens. Furthermore, coral polyp extension reached 100% after 30 min of LP and LB light irradiation. Although no significant differences in the zooxanthellae density or chlorophyll a concentration were noted under various light wavelengths, significant reductions were detected in the absence of light. To achieve energy-efficient coral aquaculture with regard to G. columna cultivation, 6 h of LB or LP illumination per day can improve the growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Min Cheng
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan; (C.-M.C.); (H.-Y.L.); (W.-T.S.); (C.-H.P.)
| | - Yu-Rong Cheng
- Department of Fisheries Production and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan;
| | - Hsuan-Yu Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan; (C.-M.C.); (H.-Y.L.); (W.-T.S.); (C.-H.P.)
| | - Wei-Ting Sun
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan; (C.-M.C.); (H.-Y.L.); (W.-T.S.); (C.-H.P.)
| | - Chih-Hung Pan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan; (C.-M.C.); (H.-Y.L.); (W.-T.S.); (C.-H.P.)
| | - De-Sing Ding
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan; (C.-M.C.); (H.-Y.L.); (W.-T.S.); (C.-H.P.)
- Correspondence:
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The colorful mantle of the giant clam Tridacna squamosa expresses a homolog of electrogenic sodium: Bicarbonate cotransporter 2 that mediates the supply of inorganic carbon to photosynthesizing symbionts. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258519. [PMID: 34653199 PMCID: PMC8519421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant clams live in symbiosis with phototrophic dinoflagellates, which reside extracellularly inside zooxanthellal tubules located mainly in the colourful and extensible outer mantle. As symbiotic dinoflagellates have no access to the ambient seawater, they need to obtain inorganic carbon (Ci) from the host for photosynthesis during illumination. The outer mantle has a host-mediated and light-dependent carbon-concentrating mechanism to augment the supply of Ci to the symbionts during illumination. Iridocytes can increase the secretion of H+ through vacuolar H+-ATPase to dehydrate HCO3− present in the hemolymph to CO2. CO2 can permeate the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells of the zooxanthellal tubules, and rehydrated back to HCO3− in the cytoplasm catalysed by carbonic anhydrase 2. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism involved in the transport of HCO3− across the apical membrane of these epithelial cells into the luminal fluid surrounding the symbionts. We had obtained the complete cDNA coding sequence of a homolog of electrogenic Na+-HCO3−cotransporter 2 (NBCe2-like gene) from the outer mantle of the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa. NBCe2-like gene comprised 3,399 bp, encoding a protein of 1,132 amino acids of 127.3 kDa. NBCe2-like protein had an apical localization in the epithelial cells of zooxanthellal tubules, denoting that it could transport HCO3− between the epithelial cells and the luminal fluid. Furthermore, illumination augmented the transcript level and protein abundance of NBCe2-like gene/NBCe2-like protein in the outer mantle, indicating that it could mediate the increased transport of HCO3− into the luminal fluid to support photosynthesis in the symbionts.
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Hoadley KD, Pettay DT, Lewis A, Wham D, Grasso C, Smith R, Kemp DW, LaJeunesse T, Warner ME. Different functional traits among closely related algal symbionts dictate stress endurance for vital Indo-Pacific reef-building corals. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:5295-5309. [PMID: 34255912 PMCID: PMC9291761 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Reef-building corals in the genus Porites are one of the most important constituents of Indo-Pacific reefs. Many species within this genus tolerate abnormally warm water and exhibit high specificity for particular kinds of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates that cope with thermal stress better than those living in other corals. Still, during extreme ocean heating, some Porites exhibit differences in their stress tolerance. While corals have different physiological qualities, it remains unknown whether the stability and performance of these mutualisms is influenced by the physiology and genetic relatedness of their symbionts. We investigated two ubiquitous Pacific reef corals, Porites rus and Porites cylindrica, from warmer inshore and cooler offshore reef systems in Palau. While these corals harbored a similar kind of symbiont in the genus Cladocopium (within the ITS2 C15 subclade), rapidly evolving genetic markers revealed evolutionarily diverged lineages corresponding to each Porites species living in each reef habitat. Furthermore, these closely related Cladocopium lineages were differentiated by their densities in host tissues, cell volume, chlorophyll concentration, gross photosynthesis, and photoprotective pathways. When assessed using several physiological proxies, these previously undifferentiated symbionts contrasted in their tolerance to thermal stress. Symbionts within P. cylindrica were relatively unaffected by exposure to 32℃ for 14 days, whereas P. rus colonies lost substantial numbers of photochemically compromised symbionts. Heating reduced the ability of the offshore symbiont associated with P. rus to translocate carbon to the coral. By contrast, high temperatures enhanced symbiont carbon assimilation and delivery to the coral skeleton of inshore P. cylindrica. This study indicates that large physiological differences exist even among closely related symbionts, with significant implications for thermal susceptibility among reef-building Porites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D. Hoadley
- School of Marine Science and PolicyUniversity of DelawareLewesUK
- Biological SciencesUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosaAlabamaUSA
- Dauphin Island Sea LabDauphin IslandAlabamaUSA
| | - Daniel. T. Pettay
- School of Marine Science and PolicyUniversity of DelawareLewesUK
- Present address:
University of South CarolinaBeaufortSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Allison Lewis
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State Institutes of Energy and the EnvironmentUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
National Science FoundationSilver SpringsMarylandUSA
| | - Drew Wham
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State Institutes of Energy and the EnvironmentUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Chris Grasso
- School of Marine Science and PolicyUniversity of DelawareLewesUK
| | - Robin Smith
- Science Under SailWellington ParkQLDAustralia
- Present address:
The Nature ConservancySt. CroixUS Virgin IslandsUSA
| | - Dustin W. Kemp
- Department of BiologyUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Todd LaJeunesse
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State Institutes of Energy and the EnvironmentUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Mark E. Warner
- School of Marine Science and PolicyUniversity of DelawareLewesUK
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Wang X, Zoccola D, Liew YJ, Tambutte E, Cui G, Allemand D, Tambutte S, Aranda M. The Evolution of Calcification in Reef-Building Corals. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:3543-3555. [PMID: 33871620 PMCID: PMC8382919 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Corals build the structural foundation of coral reefs, one of the most diverse and productive ecosystems on our planet. Although the process of coral calcification that allows corals to build these immense structures has been extensively investigated, we still know little about the evolutionary processes that allowed the soft-bodied ancestor of corals to become the ecosystem builders they are today. Using a combination of phylogenomics, proteomics, and immunohistochemistry, we show that scleractinian corals likely acquired the ability to calcify sometime between ∼308 and ∼265 Ma through a combination of lineage-specific gene duplications and the co-option of existing genes to the calcification process. Our results suggest that coral calcification did not require extensive evolutionary changes, but rather few coral-specific gene duplications and a series of small, gradual optimizations of ancestral proteins and their co-option to the calcification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Didier Zoccola
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Yi Jin Liew
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eric Tambutte
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Guoxin Cui
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Denis Allemand
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Sylvie Tambutte
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Manuel Aranda
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Herrera M, Liew YJ, Venn A, Tambutté E, Zoccola D, Tambutté S, Cui G, Aranda M. New Insights From Transcriptomic Data Reveal Differential Effects of CO 2 Acidification Stress on Photosynthesis of an Endosymbiotic Dinoflagellate in hospite. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:666510. [PMID: 34349734 PMCID: PMC8326563 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.666510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) has both detrimental as well as beneficial effects on marine life; it negatively affects calcifiers while enhancing the productivity of photosynthetic organisms. To date, many studies have focused on the impacts of OA on calcification in reef-building corals, a process particularly susceptible to acidification. However, little is known about the effects of OA on their photosynthetic algal partners, with some studies suggesting potential benefits for symbiont productivity. Here, we investigated the transcriptomic response of the endosymbiont Symbiodinium microadriaticum (CCMP2467) in the Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata subjected to different long-term (2 years) OA treatments (pH 8.0, 7.8, 7.4, 7.2). Transcriptomic analyses revealed that symbionts from corals under lower pH treatments responded to acidification by increasing the expression of genes related to photosynthesis and carbon-concentrating mechanisms. These processes were mostly up-regulated and associated metabolic pathways were significantly enriched, suggesting an overall positive effect of OA on the expression of photosynthesis-related genes. To test this conclusion on a physiological level, we analyzed the symbiont’s photochemical performance across treatments. However, in contrast to the beneficial effects suggested by the observed gene expression changes, we found significant impairment of photosynthesis with increasing pCO2. Collectively, our data suggest that over-expression of photosynthesis-related genes is not a beneficial effect of OA but rather an acclimation response of the holobiont to different water chemistries. Our study highlights the complex effects of ocean acidification on these symbiotic organisms and the role of the host in determining symbiont productivity and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Herrera
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yi Jin Liew
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander Venn
- Marine Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Eric Tambutté
- Marine Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Didier Zoccola
- Marine Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Marine Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Guoxin Cui
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manuel Aranda
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Brahmi C, Chapron L, Le Moullac G, Soyez C, Beliaeff B, Lazareth CE, Gaertner-Mazouni N, Vidal-Dupiol J. Effects of elevated temperature and pCO 2 on the respiration, biomineralization and photophysiology of the giant clam Tridacna maxima. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab041. [PMID: 34150209 PMCID: PMC8208665 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many reef organisms, such as the giant clams, are confronted with global change effects. Abnormally high seawater temperatures can lead to mass bleaching events and subsequent mortality, while ocean acidification may impact biomineralization processes. Despite its strong ecological and socio-economic importance, its responses to these threats still need to be explored. We investigated physiological responses of 4-year-old Tridacna maxima to realistic levels of temperature (+1.5°C) and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) (+800 μatm of CO2) predicted for 2100 in French Polynesian lagoons during the warmer season. During a 65-day crossed-factorial experiment, individuals were exposed to two temperatures (29.2°C, 30.7°C) and two pCO2 (430 μatm, 1212 μatm) conditions. The impact of each environmental parameter and their potential synergetic effect were evaluated based on respiration, biomineralization and photophysiology. Kinetics of thermal and/or acidification stress were evaluated by performing measurements at different times of exposure (29, 41, 53, 65 days). At 30.7°C, the holobiont O2 production, symbiont photosynthetic yield and density were negatively impacted. High pCO2 had a significant negative effect on shell growth rate, symbiont photosynthetic yield and density. No significant differences of the shell microstructure were observed between control and experimental conditions in the first 29 days; however, modifications (i.e. less-cohesive lamellae) appeared from 41 days in all temperature and pCO2 conditions. No significant synergetic effect was found. Present thermal conditions (29.2°C) appeared to be sufficiently stressful to induce a host acclimatization response. All these observations indicate that temperature and pCO2 are both forcing variables affecting T. maxima's physiology and jeopardize its survival under environmental conditions predicted for the end of this century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Brahmi
- Univ. Polynésie française, IFREMER, ILM, IRD, EIO UMR 241, F-98702 Faa’a, Tahiti, Polynésie française
| | - Leila Chapron
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gilles Le Moullac
- IFREMER, IRD, Institut Louis-Malardé, Univ. Polynésie française, EIO, F-98719 Taravao, Tahiti, Polynésie française, France
| | - Claude Soyez
- IFREMER, IRD, Institut Louis-Malardé, Univ. Polynésie française, EIO, F-98719 Taravao, Tahiti, Polynésie française, France
| | - Benoît Beliaeff
- IFREMER, IRD, Institut Louis-Malardé, Univ. Polynésie française, EIO, F-98719 Taravao, Tahiti, Polynésie française, France
| | - Claire E Lazareth
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA) MNHN, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 61 Rue Buffon, CP53, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Nabila Gaertner-Mazouni
- Univ. Polynésie française, IFREMER, ILM, IRD, EIO UMR 241, F-98702 Faa’a, Tahiti, Polynésie française
| | - Jeremie Vidal-Dupiol
- IFREMER, IRD, Institut Louis-Malardé, Univ. Polynésie française, EIO, F-98719 Taravao, Tahiti, Polynésie française, France
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier France
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29
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Liu X, Deng W, Cui H, Chen X, Cai G, Zeng T, Wei G. Change of coral carbon isotopic response to anthropogenic Suess effect since around 2000s. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 168:105328. [PMID: 33853013 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) in coral skeletons can be used to reconstruct the evolution of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in surface seawater, and its long-term declining trend during the past 200 years (~1800-2000) reflects the effect of anthropogenic Suess effect on carbonate chemistry in surface oceans. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration still has been increasing since 2000, and the Suess effect is intensifying. Considering the coral's ability of resilience and acclimatization to external environmental stressors, the response of coral δ13C to Suess effect may change and needs to be re-evaluated. In this study, ten long coral δ13C time series synthesized from different oceans were used to re-evaluate the response of coral carbonate chemistry to Suess effect under the changing environments. These δ13C time series showed a long-term declining trend since 1960s, but the declining rates slowed in eight time series since around 2000s. Considering that the declining rates of the DIC-δ13C in surface seawater from the Hawaii Ocean Time-series Station and Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Station has not changed since 2000 compared with those during 1960-1999, the change in the coral δ13C trends at eight of ten locations may indicate that the response of coral δ13C to the anthropogenic Suess effect has changed since around 2000s. This change may have resulted from coral acclimatization to external environmental stressors. To adapt to acidifying oceans, coral may have the ability to regulate the source of DIC in extracellular calcifying fluid and/or the utilization way of DIC, therefore the response of coral δ13C to anthropogenic Suess effect will change accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Wenfeng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China.
| | - Hao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuefei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Guanqiang Cai
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510760, China
| | - Ti Zeng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China; Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gangjian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China
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Abstract
Mollusc shells are a result of the deposition of crystalline and amorphous calcite catalysed by enzymes and shell matrix proteins. Developing a detailed understanding of bivalve mollusc biomineralization pathways is complicated not only by the multiplicity of shell forms and microstructures in this class, but also by the evolution of associated proteins by domain co-option and domain shuffling. In spite of this, a minimal biomineralization toolbox comprising proteins and protein domains critical for shell production across species has been identified. Using a matched pair design to reduce experimental noise from inter-individual variation, combined with damage-repair experiments and a database of biomineralization shell matrix proteins (SMP) derived from published works, proteins were identified that are likely to be involved in shell calcification. Eighteen new, shared proteins likely to be involved in the processes related to the calcification of shells were identified by analysis of genes expressed during repair in Crassostrea gigas, Mytilus edulis and Pecten maximus. Genes involved in ion transport were also identified as potentially involved in calcification either via the maintenance of cell acid-base balance or transport of critical ions to the extrapallial space, the site of shell assembly. These data expand the number of candidate biomineralization proteins in bivalve molluscs for future functional studies and define a minimal functional protein domain set required to produce solid microstructures from soluble calcium carbonate. This is important for understanding molluscan shell evolution, the likely impacts of environmental change on biomineralization processes, materials science, and biomimicry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswi Yarra
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK.,British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Mark Blaxter
- Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Melody S Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
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Guillermic M, Cameron LP, De Corte I, Misra S, Bijma J, de Beer D, Reymond CE, Westphal H, Ries JB, Eagle RA. Thermal stress reduces pocilloporid coral resilience to ocean acidification by impairing control over calcifying fluid chemistry. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/2/eaba9958. [PMID: 33523983 PMCID: PMC7793579 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba9958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The combination of thermal stress and ocean acidification (OA) can more negatively affect coral calcification than an individual stressors, but the mechanism behind this interaction is unknown. We used two independent methods (microelectrode and boron geochemistry) to measure calcifying fluid pH (pHcf) and carbonate chemistry of the corals Pocillopora damicornis and Stylophora pistillata grown under various temperature and pCO2 conditions. Although these approaches demonstrate that they record pHcf over different time scales, they reveal that both species can cope with OA under optimal temperatures (28°C) by elevating pHcf and aragonite saturation state (Ωcf) in support of calcification. At 31°C, neither species elevated these parameters as they did at 28°C and, likewise, could not maintain substantially positive calcification rates under any pH treatment. These results reveal a previously uncharacterized influence of temperature on coral pHcf regulation-the apparent mechanism behind the negative interaction between thermal stress and OA on coral calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Guillermic
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 595 Charles Young Drive E, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, LGO, Rue Dumont d'Urville, Université de Brest Occidentale, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Louise P Cameron
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, 430 Nahant Rd, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
- McLean Laboratory, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,360 Woods Hole Rd, Falmouth, MA 02543, USA
- The Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ilian De Corte
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 595 Charles Young Drive E, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sambuddha Misra
- Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
- The Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jelle Bijma
- Marine Biogeosciences, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Claire E Reymond
- The Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (CUG), 388 Lumo Rd, Hongshan, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Hildegard Westphal
- The Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Department of Geosciences, Bremen University, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Justin B Ries
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, 430 Nahant Rd, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
- The Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Robert A Eagle
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 595 Charles Young Drive E, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, LGO, Rue Dumont d'Urville, Université de Brest Occidentale, 29280, Plouzané, France
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32
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Raven JA, Suggett DJ, Giordano M. Inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms in free-living and symbiotic dinoflagellates and chromerids. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:1377-1397. [PMID: 32654150 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic dinoflagellates are ecologically and biogeochemically important in marine and freshwater environments. However, surprisingly little is known of how this group acquires inorganic carbon or how these diverse processes evolved. Consequently, how CO2 availability ultimately influences the success of dinoflagellates over space and time remains poorly resolved compared to other microalgal groups. Here we review the evidence. Photosynthetic core dinoflagellates have a Form II RuBisCO (replaced by Form IB or Form ID in derived dinoflagellates). The in vitro kinetics of the Form II RuBisCO from dinoflagellates are largely unknown, but dinoflagellates with Form II (and other) RuBisCOs have inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), as indicated by in vivo internal inorganic C accumulation and affinity for external inorganic C. However, the location of the membrane(s) at which the essential active transport component(s) of the CCM occur(s) is (are) unresolved; isolation and characterization of functionally competent chloroplasts would help in this respect. Endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae (in Foraminifera, Acantharia, Radiolaria, Ciliata, Porifera, Acoela, Cnidaria, and Mollusca) obtain inorganic C by transport from seawater through host tissue. In corals this transport apparently provides an inorganic C concentration around the photobiont that obviates the need for photobiont CCM. This is not the case for tridacnid bivalves, medusae, or, possibly, Foraminifera. Overcoming these long-standing knowledge gaps relies on technical advances (e.g., the in vitro kinetics of Form II RuBisCO) that can functionally track the fate of inorganic C forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, Sydney, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, Sydney, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Mario Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Algatech, Trebon, Czech Republic
- National Research Council, Institute of Marine Science ISMAR, Venezia, Italy
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Venn AA, Bernardet C, Chabenat A, Tambutté E, Tambutté S. Paracellular transport to the coral calcifying medium: effects of environmental parameters. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb227074. [PMID: 32675232 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.227074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coral calcification relies on the transport of ions and molecules to the extracellular calcifying medium (ECM). Little is known about paracellular transport (via intercellular junctions) in corals and other marine calcifiers. Here, we investigated whether the permeability of the paracellular pathway varied in different environmental conditions in the coral Stylophora pistillata Using the fluorescent dye calcein, we characterised the dynamics of calcein influx from seawater to the ECM and showed that increases in paracellular permeability (leakiness) induced by hyperosmotic treatment could be detected by changes in calcein influx rates. We then used the calcein-imaging approach to investigate the effects of two environmental stressors on paracellular permeability: seawater acidification and temperature change. Under conditions of seawater acidification (pH 7.2) known to depress pH in the ECM and the calcifying cells of S. pistillata, we observed a decrease in half-times of calcein influx, indicating increased paracellular permeability. By contrast, high temperature (31°C) had no effect, whereas low temperature (20°C) caused decreases in paracellular permeability. Overall, our study establishes an approach to conduct further in vivo investigation of paracellular transport and suggests that changes in paracellular permeability could form an uncharacterised aspect of the physiological response of S. pistillata to seawater acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Venn
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco
| | - Coralie Bernardet
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco
| | - Apolline Chabenat
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco
| | - Eric Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco
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Koch JC, Verde EA, Weis VM. Carbonic anhydrases are influenced by the size and symbiont identity of the aggregating sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb221424. [PMID: 32487669 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.221424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CA; EC 4.2.1.1) play a vital role in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) transport to photosynthetic microalgae residing in symbiotic cnidarians. The temperate sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima can occur in three symbiotic states: hosting Breviolum muscatinei (brown), hosting Elliptochloris marina (green) or without algal symbionts (aposymbiotic). This provides a basis for A. elegantissima to be a model for detailed studies of the role of CA in DIC transport. This study investigated the effects of symbiosis, body size and light on CA activity and expression, and suggests that A. elegantissima has a heterotrophy-dominated trophic strategy. We identified putative A. elegantissima CA genes and performed phylogenetic analyses to infer subcellular localization in anemones. We performed experiments on field-collected anemones to compare: (1) CA activity and expression from anemones in different symbiotic states, (2) CA activity in brown anemones as a function of size, and (3) CA activity in anemones of different symbiotic states that were exposed to different light intensities. CA activity in brown anemones was highest, whereas activity in green and aposymbiotic anemones was low. Several CAs had expression patterns that mirrored activity, while another had expression that was inversely correlated with activity, suggesting that symbionts may induce different DIC transport pathways. Finally, CA activity was inversely correlated with anemone size. Our results suggest that the observed CA activity and expression patterns are affected not only by symbiosis, but also by other factors in the host physiology, including trophic strategy as it relates to body size and cellular pH homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Cushman Koch
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - E Alan Verde
- Corning School of Ocean Studies, Maine Maritime Academy, Castine, ME 04420, USA
| | - Virginia M Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Nishida K, Chew YC, Miyairi Y, Hirabayashi S, Suzuki A, Hayashi M, Yamamoto Y, Sato M, Nojiri Y, Yokoyama Y. Novel reverse radioisotope labelling experiment reveals carbon assimilation of marine calcifiers under ocean acidification conditions. Methods Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kozue Nishida
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering National Institute of TechnologyIbaraki College Hitachinaka Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Tokyo Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan
| | - Yue Chin Chew
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute The University of Tokyo Kashiwa Japan
- Graduate Program on Environmental Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Yosuke Miyairi
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute The University of Tokyo Kashiwa Japan
| | - Shoko Hirabayashi
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute The University of Tokyo Kashiwa Japan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Geological Survey of Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- The Demonstration Laboratory Marine Ecology Research Institute Kashiwazaki Japan
| | - Yuzo Yamamoto
- The Demonstration Laboratory Marine Ecology Research Institute Kashiwazaki Japan
| | - Mizuho Sato
- Geological Survey of Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Japan
- Asahi Geo‐Survey Co. Ltd Tokyo Japan
| | - Yukihiro Nojiri
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Hirosaki University Hirosaki Japan
- Center for Global Environmental Research National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba Japan
| | - Yusuke Yokoyama
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute The University of Tokyo Kashiwa Japan
- Graduate Program on Environmental Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Biogeochemistry Program Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology Yokosuka Japan
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36
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Drake JL, Mass T, Stolarski J, Von Euw S, van de Schootbrugge B, Falkowski PG. How corals made rocks through the ages. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:31-53. [PMID: 31696576 PMCID: PMC6942544 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hard, or stony, corals make rocks that can, on geological time scales, lead to the formation of massive reefs in shallow tropical and subtropical seas. In both historical and contemporary oceans, reef-building corals retain information about the marine environment in their skeletons, which is an organic-inorganic composite material. The elemental and isotopic composition of their skeletons is frequently used to reconstruct the environmental history of Earth's oceans over time, including temperature, pH, and salinity. Interpretation of this information requires knowledge of how the organisms formed their skeletons. The basic mechanism of formation of calcium carbonate skeleton in stony corals has been studied for decades. While some researchers consider coral skeletons as mainly passive recorders of ocean conditions, it has become increasingly clear that biological processes play key roles in the biomineralization mechanism. Understanding the role of the animal in living stony coral biomineralization and how it evolved has profound implications for interpreting environmental signatures in fossil corals to understand past ocean conditions. Here we review historical hypotheses and discuss the present understanding of how corals evolved and how their skeletons changed over geological time. We specifically explain how biological processes, particularly those occurring at the subcellular level, critically control the formation of calcium carbonate structures. We examine the different models that address the current debate including the tissue-skeleton interface, skeletal organic matrix, and biomineralization pathways. Finally, we consider how understanding the biological control of coral biomineralization is critical to informing future models of coral vulnerability to inevitable global change, particularly increasing ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeana L Drake
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tali Mass
- Department of Marine Biology, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Stanislas Von Euw
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Paul G Falkowski
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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37
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Fonseca JDS, Marangoni LFDB, Marques JA, Bianchini A. Carbonic anhydrase activity as a potential biomarker for acute exposure to copper in corals. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 227:598-605. [PMID: 31009866 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs are subjected to climate change and are severely impacted by human activities, with copper (Cu) being a relevant physiological stressor for corals at local scale. The ecological relevance of parameters measured at biochemical or cellular level is now considered an extremely important feature in environmental studies, and can be used as early warning signs of environmental degradation. In this context, the effects of acute exposure (96 h) to Cu were assessed on the maximum photochemical efficiency of zooxanthellae (Fv/Fm) and on the activity of key enzymes [carbonic anhydrase (CA) and Ca-ATPase] involved in coral physiology using the scleractinian coral Mussismilia harttii as a biological model. Corals were exposed to different concentrations of dissolved Cu (4.6-19.4 μg/L) using two different experimental approaches: a laboratory closed system and a marine mesocosm system. Fv/Fm values and Ca - ATPase activity were not affect by exposure to Cu in any of the exposure systems. However, a significant reduction in CA activity was observed in corals exposed to 11.9 and 19.4 μg Cu/L in the laboratory and at all concentrations of Cu tested in the mesocosm system (4.6, 6.0 and 8.5 μg/L). Based on the sensitivity of this enzyme to the short period of exposure to sublethal concentrations of Cu in both experimental approaches, the present study suggests the use of CA activity as a potential biomarker to be used in biomarker-based environmental monitoring programs in coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana da Silva Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Laura Fernandes de Barros Marangoni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Instituto Coral Vivo, Rua dos Coqueiros, Parque Yaya, Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA, 45807-000, Brazil
| | - Joseane Aparecida Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Instituto Coral Vivo, Rua dos Coqueiros, Parque Yaya, Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA, 45807-000, Brazil
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Instituto Coral Vivo, Rua dos Coqueiros, Parque Yaya, Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA, 45807-000, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil.
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38
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Unique quantitative Symbiodiniaceae signature of coral colonies revealed through spatio-temporal survey in Moorea. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7921. [PMID: 31138834 PMCID: PMC6538640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the mechanisms of rapid adaptation or acclimatization to environmental changes in corals is through the dynamics of the composition of their associated endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae community. The various species of these dinoflagellates are characterized by different biological properties, some of which can confer stress tolerance to the coral host. Compelling evidence indicates that the corals’ Symbiodiniaceae community can change via shuffling and/or switching but the ecological relevance and the governance of these processes remain elusive. Using a qPCR approach to follow the dynamics of Symbiodiniaceae genera in tagged colonies of three coral species over a 10–18 month period, we detected putative genus-level switching of algal symbionts, with coral species-specific rates of occurrence. However, the dynamics of the corals’ Symbiodiniaceae community composition was not driven by environmental parameters. On the contrary, putative shuffling event were observed in two coral species during anomalous seawater temperatures and nutrient concentrations. Most notably, our results reveal that a suit of permanent Symbiodiniaceae genera is maintained in each colony in a specific range of quantities, giving a unique ‘Symbiodiniaceae signature’ to the host. This individual signature, together with sporadic symbiont switching may account for the intra-specific differences in resistance and resilience observed during environmental anomalies.
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39
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Linsley BK, Dunbar RB, Dassié EP, Tangri N, Wu HC, Brenner LD, Wellington GM. Coral carbon isotope sensitivity to growth rate and water depth with paleo-sea level implications. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2056. [PMID: 31053736 PMCID: PMC6499886 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although reef coral skeletal carbon isotopes (δ13C) are routinely measured, interpretation remains controversial. Here we show results of a consistent inverse relationship between coral δ13C and skeletal extension rate over the last several centuries in Porites corals at Fiji, Tonga, Rarotonga and American Samoa in the southwest Pacific. Beginning in the 1950s, this relationship breaks down as the atmospheric 13C Suess effect shifts skeletal δ13C > 1.0‰ lower. We also compiled coral δ13C from a global array of sites and find that mean coral δ13C decreases by -1.4‰ for every 5 m increase in water depth (R = 0.68, p < 0.01). This highlights the fundamental sensitivity of coral δ13C to endosymbiotic photosynthesis. Collectively, these results suggest that photosynthetic rate largely determines mean coral δ13C while changes in extension rate and metabolic effects over time modulate skeletal δ13C around this mean value. The newly quantified coral δ13C-water depth relationship may be an effective tool for improving the precision of paleo-sea level reconstruction using corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braddock K Linsley
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA.
| | - Robert B Dunbar
- Department of Environmental Earth Systems Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Emilie P Dassié
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA.,CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, Place du Dr B. Peyneau, F-33120, Arcachon, France
| | - Neil Tangri
- Department of Environmental Earth Systems Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Henry C Wu
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT) GmbH, Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Logan D Brenner
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
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40
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Radice VZ, Hoegh‐Guldberg O, Fry B, Fox MD, Dove SG. Upwelling as the major source of nitrogen for shallow and deep reef‐building corals across an oceanic atoll system. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Z. Radice
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Global Change Institute The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Ove Hoegh‐Guldberg
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Global Change Institute The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Brian Fry
- Australian Rivers Institute Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
| | - Michael D. Fox
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole Massachusetts USA
| | - Sophie G. Dove
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
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41
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Briggs AA, Carpenter RC. Contrasting responses of photosynthesis and photochemical efficiency to ocean acidification under different light environments in a calcifying alga. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3986. [PMID: 30850681 PMCID: PMC6408467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is predicted to enhance photosynthesis in many marine taxa. However, photophysiology has multiple components that OA may affect differently, especially under different light environments, with potentially contrasting consequences for photosynthetic performance. Furthermore, because photosynthesis affects energetic budgets and internal acid-base dynamics, changes in it due to OA or light could mediate the sensitivity of other biological processes to OA (e.g. respiration and calcification). To better understand these effects, we conducted experiments on Porolithon onkodes, a common crustose coralline alga in Pacific coral reefs, crossing pCO2 and light treatments. Results indicate OA inhibited some aspects of photophysiology (maximum photochemical efficiency), facilitated others (α, the responsiveness of photosynthesis to sub-saturating light), and had no effect on others (maximum gross photosynthesis), with the first two effects depending on treatment light level. Light also exacerbated the increase in dark-adapted respiration under OA, but did not alter the decline in calcification. Light-adapted respiration did not respond to OA, potentially due to indirect effects of photosynthesis. Combined, results indicate OA will interact with light to alter energetic budgets and potentially resource allocation among photosynthetic processes in P. onkodes, likely shifting its light tolerance, and constraining it to a narrower range of light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Briggs
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA. .,Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Robert C Carpenter
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
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42
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Effects of light and darkness on pH regulation in three coral species exposed to seawater acidification. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2201. [PMID: 30778093 PMCID: PMC6379376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The resilience of corals to ocean acidification has been proposed to rely on regulation of extracellular calcifying medium pH (pHECM), but few studies have compared the capacity of coral species to control this parameter at elevated pCO2. Furthermore, exposure to light and darkness influences both pH regulation and calcification in corals, but little is known about its effect under conditions of seawater acidification. Here we investigated the effect of acidification in light and darkness on pHECM, calcifying cell intracellular pH (pHI), calcification, photosynthesis and respiration in three coral species: Stylophora pistillata, Pocillopora damicornis and Acropora hyacinthus. We show that S. pistillata was able to maintain pHECM under acidification in light and darkness, but pHECM decreased in P. damicornis and A. hyacinthus to a much greater extent in darkness than in the light. Acidification depressed calcifying cell pHI in all three species, but we identified an unexpected positive effect of light on pHI. Calcification rate and pHECM decreased together under acidification, but there are inconsistencies in their relationship indicating that other physiological parameters are likely to shape how coral calcification responds to acidification. Overall our study reveals interspecies differences in coral regulation of pHECM and pHI when exposed to acidification, influenced by exposure to light and darkness.
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Taubner I, Hu MY, Eisenhauer A, Bleich M. Electrophysiological evidence for light-activated cation transport in calcifying corals. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182444. [PMID: 30963934 PMCID: PMC6408601 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Light has been demonstrated to enhance calcification rates in hermatypic coral species. To date, it remains unresolved whether calcifying epithelia change their ion transport activity during illumination, and whether such a process is mediated by the endosymbiotic algae or can be controlled by the coral host itself. Using a modified Ussing chamber in combination with H+ sensitive microelectrode measurements, the present work demonstrates that light triggers the generation of a skeleton positive potential of up to 0.9 mV in the hermatypic coral Stylophora pistillata. This potential is generated by a net flux of cations towards the skeleton and reaches its maximum at blue (450 nm) light. The effects of pharmacological inhibitors targeting photosynthesis 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) and anion transport 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid (DIDS) were investigated by pH microelectrode measurements in coral tissues demonstrating a rapid decrease in tissue pH under illumination. However, these inhibitors showed no effect on the electrophysiological light response of the coral host. By contrast, metabolic inhibition by cyanide and deoxyglucose reversibly inhibited the light-induced cation flux towards the skeleton. These results suggest that ion transport across coral epithelia is directly triggered by blue light, independent of photosynthetic activity of algal endosymbionts. Measurements of this very specific and quantifiable physiological response can provide parameters to identify photoreception mechanisms and will help to broaden our understanding of the mechanistic link between light stimulation and epithelial ion transport, potentially relevant for calcification in hermatypic corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Taubner
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Institute of Physiology, Kiel, Germany
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marian Y. Hu
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Institute of Physiology, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Markus Bleich
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Institute of Physiology, Kiel, Germany
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Guo W. Seawater temperature and buffering capacity modulate coral calcifying pH. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1189. [PMID: 30718522 PMCID: PMC6362028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scleractinian corals promote the precipitation of their carbonate skeleton by elevating the pH and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration of their calcifying fluid above that of seawater. The fact corals actively regulate their calcifying fluid chemistry implies the potential for acclimation to ocean acidification. However, the extent to which corals can adjust their regulation mechanism in the face of decreasing ocean pH has not been rigorously tested. Here I present a numerical model simulating pH and DIC up-regulation by corals, and use it to determine the relative importance of physiological regulation versus seawater conditions in controlling coral calcifying fluid chemistry. I show that external seawater temperature and buffering capacity exert the first-order control on the extent of pH elevation in the calcifying fluid and explain most of the observed inter- and intra-species variability. Conversely, physiological regulation, represented by the interplay between enzymatic proton pumping, carbon influx and the exchange of calcifying fluid with external seawater, contributes to some variability but remain relatively constant as seawater conditions change. The model quantitatively reproduces variations of calcifying fluid pH in natural Porites colonies, and predicts an average 0.16 unit decrease in Porites calcifying fluid pH, i.e., ~43% increase in H+ concentration, by the end of this century as a combined result of projected ocean warming and acidification, highlighting the susceptibility of coral calcification to future changes in ocean conditions. In addition, my findings support the development of coral-based seawater pH proxies, but suggest the influences of physicochemical and biological factors other than seawater pH must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifu Guo
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
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Eyal G, Cohen I, Eyal-Shaham L, Ben-Zvi O, Tikochinski Y, Loya Y. Photoacclimation and induction of light-enhanced calcification in the mesophotic coral Euphyllia paradivisa. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:180527. [PMID: 30891251 PMCID: PMC6408387 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Corals and their photosymbionts experience inherent changes in light along depth gradients, leading them to have evolved several well-investigated photoacclimation strategies. As coral calcification is influenced by light (a process described as LEC-'light-enhanced calcification'), studies have sought to determine the link between photosynthesis and calcification, but many puzzling aspects still persist. Here, we examine the physiology of Euphyllia paradivisa, a coral species found at a wide range of depths but that is strictly mesophotic in the Red Sea; and also examines the coupling between photosynthesis and LEC by investigating the response of the coral under several controlled light regimes during a long-term experiment. E. paradivisa specimens were collected from 40 to 50 m depth and incubated under three light conditions for a period of 1 year: full-spectrum shallow-water light (approx. 3 m, e.g. shallow-light treatment); blue deep-water light (approx. 40 m, e.g. mesophotic-light treatment) or total darkness (e.g. dark treatment). Net photosynthesis remained similar in the shallow-light-treated corals compared to the mesophotic-light-treated corals, under both low and high light. However, calcification increased dramatically with increasing light intensity in the shallow-light-treated corals, suggesting a decoupling between these processes. Photoacclimation to shallow-water conditions was indicated by enhanced respiration, a higher density of zooxanthellae per polyp and lower chlorophyll a content per cell. The dark-treated corals became completely bleached but did not lower their metabolism below that of the mesophotic-light-treated corals. No Symbiodinium clade shift was found following the year-long light treatments. We conclude that E. paradivisa, and its original symbiont clade, can adapt to various light conditions by controlling its metabolic rate and growth energy investment, and consequently induce LEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Eyal
- School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences of Eilat, Eilat 88103, Israel
- The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Israel National Center for Biodiversity Studies, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Itay Cohen
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences of Eilat, Eilat 88103, Israel
- The Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Lee Eyal-Shaham
- School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences of Eilat, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Or Ben-Zvi
- School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yaron Tikochinski
- School of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret 40297, Israel
| | - Yossi Loya
- School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Ross CL, DeCarlo TM, McCulloch MT. Environmental and physiochemical controls on coral calcification along a latitudinal temperature gradient in Western Australia. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:431-447. [PMID: 30456772 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The processes that occur at the micro-scale site of calcification are fundamental to understanding the response of coral growth in a changing world. However, our mechanistic understanding of chemical processes driving calcification is still evolving. Here, we report the results of a long-term in situ study of coral calcification rates, photo-physiology, and calcifying fluid (cf) carbonate chemistry (using boron isotopes, elemental systematics, and Raman spectroscopy) for seven species (four genera) of symbiotic corals growing in their natural environments at tropical, subtropical, and temperate locations in Western Australia (latitudinal range of ~11°). We find that changes in net coral calcification rates are primarily driven by pHcf and carbonate ion concentration [ CO 3 2 - ]cf in conjunction with temperature and DICcf . Coral pHcf varies with latitudinal and seasonal changes in temperature and works together with the seasonally varying DICcf to optimize [ CO 3 2 - ]cf at species-dependent levels. Our results indicate that corals shift their pHcf to adapt and/or acclimatize to their localized thermal regimes. This biological response is likely to have critical implications for predicting the future of coral reefs under CO2 -driven warming and acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Ross
- School of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas M DeCarlo
- Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Malcolm T McCulloch
- Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Jiang L, Guo YJ, Zhang F, Zhang YY, McCook LJ, Yuan XC, Lei XM, Zhou GW, Guo ML, Cai L, Lian JS, Qian PY, Huang H. Diurnally Fluctuating pCO 2 Modifies the Physiological Responses of Coral Recruits Under Ocean Acidification. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1952. [PMID: 30692940 PMCID: PMC6340097 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diurnal pCO2 fluctuations have the potential to modulate the biological impact of ocean acidification (OA) on reef calcifiers, yet little is known about the physiological and biochemical responses of scleractinian corals to fluctuating carbonate chemistry under OA. Here, we exposed newly settled Pocillopora damicornis for 7 days to ambient pCO2, steady and elevated pCO2 (stable OA) and diurnally fluctuating pCO2 under future OA scenario (fluctuating OA). We measured the photo-physiology, growth (lateral growth, budding and calcification), oxidative stress and activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA), Ca-ATPase and Mg-ATPase. Results showed that while OA enhanced the photochemical performance of in hospite symbionts, it also increased catalase activity and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, both OA treatments altered the activities of host and symbiont CA, suggesting functional changes in the uptake of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) for photosynthesis and calcification. Most importantly, only the fluctuating OA treatment resulted in a slight drop in calcification with concurrent up-regulation of Ca-ATPase and Mg-ATPase, implying increased energy expenditure on calcification. Consequently, asexual budding rates decreased by 50% under fluctuating OA. These results suggest that diel pCO2 oscillations could modify the physiological responses and potentially alter the energy budget of coral recruits under future OA, and that fluctuating OA is more energetically expensive for the maintenance of coral recruits than stable OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Hainan Tropical Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Juan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Hainan Tropical Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Laurence John McCook
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Xiang-Cheng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Ming Lei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Hainan Tropical Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Ming-Lan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Cai
- Shenzhen Research Institute and Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Lian
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Shenzhen Research Institute and Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Hainan Tropical Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
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Sevilgen DS, Venn AA, Hu MY, Tambutté E, de Beer D, Planas-Bielsa V, Tambutté S. Full in vivo characterization of carbonate chemistry at the site of calcification in corals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau7447. [PMID: 30746460 PMCID: PMC6357752 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau7447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Reef-building corals form their calcium carbonate skeletons within an extracellular calcifying medium (ECM). Despite the critical role of the ECM in coral calcification, ECM carbonate chemistry is poorly constrained in vivo, and full ECM carbonate chemistry has never been characterized based solely on direct in vivo measurements. Here, we measure pHECM in the growing edge of Stylophora pistillata by simultaneously using microsensors and the fluorescent dye SNARF-1, showing that, when measured at the same time and place, the results agree. We then conduct microscope-guided microsensor measurements of pH, [Ca2+], and [CO3 2-] in the ECM and, from this, determine [DIC]ECM and aragonite saturation state (Ωarag), showing that all parameters are elevated with respect to the surrounding seawater. Our study provides the most complete in vivo characterization of ECM carbonate chemistry parameters in a coral species to date, pointing to the key role of calcium- and carbon-concentrating mechanisms in coral calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu S. Sevilgen
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Marine Biology Department, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000 Monaco, Monaco
- Corresponding author. (S.T.); (D.S.S.)
| | - Alexander A. Venn
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Marine Biology Department, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000 Monaco, Monaco
| | - Marian Y. Hu
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 5, DE 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eric Tambutté
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Marine Biology Department, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000 Monaco, Monaco
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, DE 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Víctor Planas-Bielsa
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Polar Biology Department, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000 Monaco, Monaco
- Laboratoire International Associé LIA 647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-Unistra), 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000 Monaco, Monaco
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Marine Biology Department, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000 Monaco, Monaco
- Corresponding author. (S.T.); (D.S.S.)
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Kornder NA, Riegl BM, Figueiredo J. Thresholds and drivers of coral calcification responses to climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:5084-5095. [PMID: 30152194 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased temperature and CO2 levels are considered key drivers of coral reef degradation. However, individual assessments of ecological responses (calcification) to these stressors are often contradicting. To detect underlying drivers of heterogeneity in coral calcification responses, we developed a procedure for the inclusion of stress-effect relationships in ecological meta-analyses. We applied this technique to a dataset of 294 empirical observations from 62 peer-reviewed publications testing individual and combined effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on coral calcification. Our results show an additive interaction between warming and acidification, which reduces coral calcification by 20% when pCO2 levels exceed 700 ppm and temperature increases by 3°C. However, stress levels varied among studies and significantly affected outcomes, with unaffected calcification rates under moderate stresses (pCO2 ≤ 700 ppm, ΔT < 3°C). Future coral reef carbon budgets will therefore depend on the magnitude of pCO2 and temperature elevations and, thus, anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Accounting for stress-effect relationships enabled us to identify additional drivers of heterogeneity including coral taxa, life stage, habitat, food availability, climate, and season. These differences can aid reef management identifying refuges and conservation priorities, but without a global effort to reduce CO2 emissions, coral capacity to build reefs will be at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas A Kornder
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Halmos College of Natural Science and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, Florida
| | - Bernhard M Riegl
- Halmos College of Natural Science and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, Florida
| | - Joana Figueiredo
- Halmos College of Natural Science and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, Florida
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50
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Comeau S, Cornwall CE, DeCarlo TM, Krieger E, McCulloch MT. Similar controls on calcification under ocean acidification across unrelated coral reef taxa. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4857-4868. [PMID: 29957854 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is a major threat to marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs which are heavily reliant on calcareous species. OA decreases seawater pH and calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω), and increases the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Intense scientific effort has attempted to determine the mechanisms via which ocean acidification (OA) influences calcification, led by early hypotheses that calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω) is the main driver. We grew corals and coralline algae for 8-21 weeks, under treatments where the seawater parameters Ω, pH, and DIC were manipulated to examine their differential effects on calcification rates and calcifying fluid chemistry (Ωcf , pHcf , and DICcf ). Here, using long duration experiments, we provide geochemical evidence that differing physiological controls on carbonate chemistry at the site of calcification, rather than seawater Ω, are the main determinants of calcification. We found that changes in seawater pH and DIC rather than Ω had the greatest effects on calcification and calcifying fluid chemistry, though the effects of seawater carbonate chemistry were limited. Our results demonstrate the capacity of organisms from taxa with vastly different calcification mechanisms to regulate their internal chemistry under extreme chemical conditions. These findings provide an explanation for the resistance of some species to OA, while also demonstrating how changes in seawater DIC and pH under OA influence calcification of key coral reef taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Comeau
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS-INSU, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Christopher E Cornwall
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Thomas M DeCarlo
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Erik Krieger
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Fachbereich 2 Biologie/Chemie, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Malcolm T McCulloch
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Crawley, WA, Australia
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