1
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Li S, Yu C, Cheng Y, Du F, Wen G. Bioinformatics analysis identifies biomarkers associated with poor prognosis in diffuse‑type gastric cancer. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:193. [PMID: 33495829 PMCID: PMC7809905 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies of the digestive system. In diffuse‑type GC, differentiation is relatively poor, and the probability of distant metastasis and lymph node metastasis is high, resulting in poor clinical prognosis. The purpose of this study was to identify specific genes that can predict the prognosis of different types of GC. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened in the GSE62254 dataset obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus using the 'limma' and 'survival' R packages. A total of 355 survival‑related DEGs were selected according to specific screening criteria, of which 293 were associated with diffuse‑type GC and 62 with intestinal‑type GC. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes were used for functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs. Using protein‑protein interaction networks and Cytoscape software, three hub genes were identified in diffuse‑type GC‑associated DEGs, including angiotensinogen (AGT), C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) and adrenoceptor β2 (ADRB2). Immunohistochemical staining and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR revealed that the expression levels of the three genes in diffuse‑type GC samples were upregulated compared with in intestinal‑type GC samples. Kaplan Meier analysis indicated that a higher expression levels of these three hub genes were associated with a poorer prognosis of diffuse‑type GC. In summary, the present findings suggested that AGT, CXCL12 and ADRB2 might contribute to the progression of diffuse‑type GC, and could serve as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230061, P.R. China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230061, P.R. China
| | - Yuanguang Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230061, P.R. China
| | - Fangchao Du
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230061, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230061, P.R. China
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2
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Lalos A, Tülek A, Tosti N, Mechera R, Wilhelm A, Soysal S, Daester S, Kancherla V, Weixler B, Spagnoli GC, Eppenberger-Castori S, Terracciano L, Piscuoglio S, von Flüe M, Posabella A, Droeser RA. Prognostic significance of CD8+ T-cells density in stage III colorectal cancer depends on SDF-1 expression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:775. [PMID: 33436863 PMCID: PMC7803998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most common malignancies, a tremendous amount of studies keep taking place in this field. Over the past 25 years, a notable part of the scientific community has focused on the association between the immune system and colorectal cancer. A variety of studies have shown that high densities of infiltrating CD8+ T-cells are associated with improved disease-free and overall survival in CRC. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is a protein that regulates leukocyte trafficking and is variably expressed in several healthy and malignant tissues. There is strong evidence that SDF-1 has a negative prognostic impact on a variety of solid tumors. However, the existing data do not provide sufficient evidence that the expression of SDF-1 has an influence on CRC. Knowing nowadays, that the microenvironment plays a crucial role in the development of cancer, we hypothesized that the expression of SDF-1 in CRC could influence the prognostic significance of CD8+ T-cells, as an indicator of the essential role of the immune microenvironment in cancer development. Therefore, we explored the combined prognostic significance of CD8+ T-cell density and SDF-1 expression in a large CRC collective. We analyzed a tissue microarray of 613 patient specimens of primary CRCs by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the CD8 + T-cells density and the expression of SDF-1 by tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Besides, we analyzed the expression of SDF-1 at the RNA level in The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort. We found that the combined high CD8+ T-cell infiltration and expression of SDF-1 shows a favorable 5-year overall survival rate (66%; 95% CI 48-79%) compared to tumors showing a high expression of CD8+ T-cell only (55%; 95% CI 45-64%; p = 0.0004). After stratifying the patients in nodal negative and positive groups, we found that the prognostic significance of CD8+ T-cell density in nodal positive colorectal cancer depends on SDF-1 expression. Univariate and multivariate Hazard Cox regression survival analysis considering the combination of both markers revealed that the combined high expression of SDF-1 and CD8+ T-cell density was an independent, favorable, prognostic marker for overall survival (HR = 0.34, 95% CI 0.17-0.66; p = 0.002 and HR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.23-0.89; p = 0.021, respectively). In our cohort there was a very weak correlation between SDF-1 and CD8+ T-cells (rs = 0.13, p = 0.002) and in the trascriptomic expression of these two immune markers display a weak correlation (rs = 0.28, p < 0.001) which was significantly more pronounced in stage III cancers (rs = 0.40, p < 0.001). The combination of high CD8+ T-cell density and expression of SDF-1 represents an independent, favorable, prognostic condition in CRC, mostly in patients with stage III disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Lalos
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Clarunis, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Ali Tülek
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Clarunis, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Tosti
- Institute of Pathology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Mechera
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Clarunis, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Wilhelm
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Clarunis, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Savas Soysal
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Clarunis, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Daester
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Clarunis, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Venkatesh Kancherla
- Institute of Pathology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Weixler
- Department of Surgery, Charité University Hospital, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giulio C Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Piscuoglio
- Institute of Pathology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Visceral Surgery Research Laboratory, Clarunis, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus von Flüe
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Clarunis, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Visceral Surgery Research Laboratory, Clarunis, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Posabella
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Clarunis, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raoul A Droeser
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Clarunis, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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3
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Shi Y, Riese DJ, Shen J. The Role of the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 Chemokine Axis in Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:574667. [PMID: 33363463 PMCID: PMC7753359 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.574667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a family of small, secreted cytokines which regulate a variety of cell functions. The C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) binds to C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR7). The interaction of CXCL12 and its receptors subsequently induces downstream signaling pathways with broad effects on chemotaxis, cell proliferation, migration, and gene expression. Accumulating evidence suggests that the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis plays a pivotal role in tumor development, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, and tumor microenvironment. In addition, this chemokine axis promotes chemoresistance in cancer therapy via complex crosstalk with other pathways. Multiple small molecules targeting CXCR4/CXCR7 have been developed and used for preclinical and clinical cancer treatment. In this review, we describe the roles of the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in cancer progression and summarize strategies to develop novel targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianzhong Shen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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4
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Yashiro M, Kinoshita H, Tsujio G, Fukuoka T, Yamamoto Y, Sera T, Sugimoto A, Nishimura S, Kushiyama S, Togano S, Kuroda K, Toyokawa T, Ohira M. SDF1α/CXCR4 axis may be associated with the malignant progression of gastric cancer in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:38. [PMID: 33262830 PMCID: PMC7693388 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF1α) and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) have been reported to form an important chemokine signaling pathway. Our previous study reported that SDF1α from tumor stromal cells may stimulate the proliferation of gastric cancer (GC) cells through the CXCR4 axis in a hypoxic microenvironment. However, a limited number of studies have addressed the clinicopathological significance of the expression of SDF1α and CXCR4 in GC, particularly at hypoxic regions. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the expression levels of SDF1α, CXCR4 and the hypoxic marker carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) in 185 patients with stage II and III GC. The results demonstrated that CA9 was expressed on cancer and stromal cells in hypoxic lesions, CXCR4 was mainly expressed in cancer cells, and SDFα was mainly expressed in stromal cells. CXCR4 expression in cancer cells and SDFα expression in stromal cells were associated with the hypoxic regions with CA9 expression. The CA9 and CXCR4 expression in the cancer cells, and the SDF1α expression in the stromal cells (CA9/CXCR4/SDF1α) was significantly associated with macroscopic type 4 tumor (P=0.012) and the pattern of tumor infiltration into the surrounding tissue (P<0.001). The prognosis of the all CA9/CXCR4/SDF1α-positive patients was significantly poorer compared with that of patients with CA9-, CXCR4- or SDF1α-negative GC at Stage III (P=0.041). These results indicated that hypoxia may upregulate SDFα production in stromal cells and CXCR4 expression in cancer cells. The SDF1α/CXCR4 axis may serve an important role in the progression of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Yashiro
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Haruhito Kinoshita
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Gen Tsujio
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsunari Fukuoka
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yurie Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sera
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sugimoto
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Sadaaki Nishimura
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kushiyama
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shingo Togano
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Kuroda
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Toyokawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masaichi Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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5
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Xu X, Song Y, Wei S, Wang C. Study on the Relationship between Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 (SDF-1) and Gastric Cancer. Health (London) 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2019.113029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Xin Q, Zhang N, Wen LK, Zhang Q, Zhang CS. Chemokine receptor CXCR7 promotes gastric cancer growth via VEGF. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:639-647. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i11.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of CXCR7 on the invasion of human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901, and to explore the effect of blocking CXCR7 on gastric cancer growth and the underlying molecular mechanism.
METHODS A lentiviral vector overexpressing CXCR7 was transfected into SGC-7901 cells, and RT-PCR and Western blot were used to confirm if transfection was successful. The effect of CXCR7 overexpression on cell invasion and adhesion as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion was also assessed. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence double staining were performed to assess the expression of CXCR7 in the vascular endothelium of human gastric cancer tissues. After blocking CXCR7 in nude mice carrying tumors, new blood vessels were detected by immunohistochemical staining for CD31 and microvessel density was calculated to reveal the relationship between CXCR7 and vascular density. The expression of VEGF was also detected.
RESULTS In vitro, CXCR7 was found to induce cell invasion and adhesion and VEGF secretion in SGC-7901 cells. CXCR7 was expressed in blood vessels of human gastric cancer tissues. In vivo, tumor growth (volume: F = 5.487, P = 0.047; weight: F = 5.364, P = 0.049) and angiogenesis (F = 6.438, P = 0.035) were suppressed, and VEGF was down-regulated (F = 87.211, P = 0.000) by CCX711.
CONCLUSION CXCR7 can significantly promote SGC-7901 cell invasion, adhesion, and angiogenesis. CXCR7 antagonist can inhibit tumor growth by inhibiting the secretion of VEGF and reducing angiogenesis, suggesting the value of CXCR7 as a potential target for gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xin
- Tianjin Third Central Hospital; Tianjin Research Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cells; Research Center of Artificial Cell Engineering Technology of the Ministry of Health, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Tianjin Third Central Hospital; Tianjin Research Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cells; Research Center of Artificial Cell Engineering Technology of the Ministry of Health, Tianjin 300170, China,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Binhai New Area Dagang Hospital, Tianjin 300270, China
| | - Li-Kun Wen
- Tianjin Third Central Hospital; Tianjin Research Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cells; Research Center of Artificial Cell Engineering Technology of the Ministry of Health, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Tianjin Third Central Hospital; Tianjin Research Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cells; Research Center of Artificial Cell Engineering Technology of the Ministry of Health, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Chuan-Shan Zhang
- Tianjin Third Central Hospital; Tianjin Research Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cells; Research Center of Artificial Cell Engineering Technology of the Ministry of Health, Tianjin 300170, China
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7
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Cheng Y, Song Y, Qu J, Che X, Song N, Fan Y, Wen T, Xu L, Gong J, Wang X, Zhang C, Qu X, Liu Y. The Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 and c-MET Cooperatively Promote Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Gastric Cancer Cells. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:487-497. [PMID: 29494948 PMCID: PMC5884220 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) pathway can promote tumor metastasis but is dependent on cross talk with other signaling pathways. The MET proto-oncogene (c-MET) participates in metastasis and is highly expressed in gastric cancer. However, the relationship between CXCR4 and c-MET signaling and their mechanisms of action in gastric cancer metastasis remain unclear. In this study, in vitro experiments demonstrated that C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)/CXCR4 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promotes migration in gastric cancer cells, which is accompanied by c-MET activation. These phenomena were reversed by c-MET inhibition. Further investigation revealed that c-MET activation correlated with its interaction with caveolin 1 in lipid rafts, induced by CXCL12. In clinical samples, we observed a significant positive association between CXCR4 expression and c-MET phosphorylation (r = 0.259, P = .005). Moreover, samples expressing both receptors were found to indicate significantly poorer patient prognosis (P < .001). These results suggest that CXCL12 induces EMT at least partially through cross talk between CXCR4 and c-MET signaling. In addition, changes in these pathways could have clinical importance for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China
| | - Yongxi Song
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China
| | - Jinglei Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Che
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China
| | - Na Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China
| | - Yibo Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China
| | - Ti Wen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China
| | - Jing Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China
| | - Xiaoxun Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China
| | - Chenlu Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China.
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, PR China.
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8
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Zhang Q, Xu F, Shi Y, Chen YW, Wang HP, Yu X, Li Y. C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 promotes tumor angiogenesis in gastric cancer via activation of JAK2/STAT3. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:854-862. [PMID: 28544312 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology; Gongli Hospital; MiaoPu Road Shanghai 200135 China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology; Gongli Hospital; MiaoPu Road Shanghai 200135 China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology; Gongli Hospital; MiaoPu Road Shanghai 200135 China
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology; Gongli Hospital; MiaoPu Road Shanghai 200135 China
| | - Hai-Ping Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology; Gongli Hospital; MiaoPu Road Shanghai 200135 China
| | - Xue Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology; Gongli Hospital; MiaoPu Road Shanghai 200135 China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Medical Oncology; Gongli Hospital; MiaoPu Road Shanghai 200135 China
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9
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Xue L, Mao X, Ren L, Chu X. Inhibition of CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as a potential targeted therapy of advanced gastric carcinoma. Cancer Med 2017; 6:1424-1436. [PMID: 28544785 PMCID: PMC5463074 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The whole outcome for patients with gastric carcinoma (GC) is very poor because most of them remain metastatic disease during survival even at diagnosis or after surgery. Despite many improvements in multiple strategies of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, exploration of novel alternative therapeutic targets is still warranted. Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and its chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) have been identified with significantly elevated levels in various malignancies including GC, which correlates with the survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis of tumor cells. Increasing experimental evidence suggests an implication of inhibition of CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as a promising targeted therapy, although there are rare trials focused on the therapeutic efficacy of CXCR4 inhibitors in GC until recently. Therefore, it is reasonable to infer that specific antagonists or antibodies targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 axis alone or combined with chemotherapy will be effective and worthy of further translational studies as a potential treatment strategy in advanced GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Jun Xue
- Department of Medical OncologyJinling HospitalNanjing University Clinical School of MedicineNanjing210002China
| | - Xiao‐Bei Mao
- Department of Medical OncologyJinling HospitalNanjing University Clinical School of MedicineNanjing210002China
| | - Li‐Li Ren
- Department of Medical OncologyJinling HospitalNanjing University Clinical School of MedicineNanjing210002China
| | - Xiao‐Yuan Chu
- Department of Medical OncologyJinling HospitalNanjing University Clinical School of MedicineNanjing210002China
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10
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A meta-analysis of CXCL12 expression for cancer prognosis. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:124-135. [PMID: 28535157 PMCID: PMC5520200 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: CXCL12 (SDF1) is reported to promote cancer progression in several preclinical models and this is corroborated by the analysis of human tissue specimens. However, the relationship between CXCL12 expression and cancer survival has not been systematically assessed. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that evaluated the association between CXCL12 expression and cancer survival. Results: Thirty-eight studies inclusive of 5807 patients were included in the analysis of overall, recurrence-free or cancer-specific survival, the majority of which were retrospective. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) for overall and recurrence-free survival in patients with high CXCL12 expression were 1.39 (95% CI: 1.17–1.65, P=0.0002) and 1.12 (95% CI: 0.82–1.53, P=0.48) respectively, but with significant heterogeneity between studies. On subgroup analysis by cancer type, high CXCL12 expression was associated with reduced overall survival in patients with oesophagogastric (HR 2.08; 95% CI: 1.31–3.33, P=0.002), pancreatic (HR 1.54; 95% CI: 1.21–1.97, P=0.0005) and lung cancer (HR 1.37; 95% CI: 1.08–1.75, P=0.01), whereas in breast cancer patients high CXCL12 expression conferred an overall survival advantage (HR 0.5; 95% CI: 0.38–0.66, P<0.00001). Conclusions: Determination of CXCL12 expression has the potential to be of use as a cancer biomarker and adds prognostic information in various cancer types. Prospective or prospective–retrospective analyses of CXCL12 expression in clearly defined cancer cohorts are now required to advance our understanding of the relationship between CXCL12 expression and cancer outcome.
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Xin Q, Zhang N, Yu HB, Zhang Q, Cui YF, Zhang CS, Ma Z, Yang Y, Liu W. CXCR7/CXCL12 axis is involved in lymph node and liver metastasis of gastric carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:3053-3065. [PMID: 28533662 PMCID: PMC5423042 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i17.3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)-7 and CXCL12 in lymph node and liver metastasis of gastric carcinoma. METHODS In 160 cases of gastric cancer, the expression of CXCR7 and CXCL12 in tumor and matched tumor-adjacent non-cancer tissues, in the lymph nodes around the stomach and in the liver was detected using immunohistochemistry to analyze the relationship between CXCR7/CXCL12 expression and clinicopathological features and to determine whether CXCR7 and CXCL12 constitute a biological axis to promote lymph node and liver metastasis of gastric cancer. Furthermore, the CXCR7 gene was silenced and overexpressed in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells, and cell proliferation, migration and invasiveness were measured by the MTT, wound healing and Transwell assays, respectively. RESULTS CXCR7 expression was up-regulated in gastric cancer tissues (P = 0.011). CXCR7/CXCL12 expression was significantly related to high tumor stage and lymph node (r = 0.338, P = 0.000) and liver metastasis (r = 0.629, P = 0.000). The expression of CXCL12 in lymph node and liver metastasis was higher than that in primary gastric cancer tissues (χ2 = 6.669, P = 0.010; χ2 = 25379, P = 0.000), and the expression of CXCL12 in lymph node and liver metastasis of gastric cancer was consistent with the positive expression of CXCR7 in primary gastric cancer (r = 0.338, P = 0.000; r = 0.629, P = 0.000). Overexpression of the CXCR7 gene promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Silencing of the CXCR7 gene suppressed SGC-7901 cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Human gastric cancer cell lines expressed CXCR7 and showed vigorous proliferation and migratory responses to CXCL12. CONCLUSION The CXCR7/CXCL12 axis is involved in lymph node and liver metastasis of gastric cancer. CXCR7 is considered a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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12
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Elevated level of some chemokines in plasma of gastric cancer patients. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 41:358-362. [PMID: 28450798 PMCID: PMC5382881 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.65133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancer-related causes of death. This is mainly due to the lack of good noninvasive method/biomarkers suitable for early-tumour diagnosis and planning of further therapy modalities. Chemokines play an important role in cancer progression and metastasis formation. In gastric cancer patients, clinical relevance of CXCL12 and CCL5 level has been postulated. AIM OF THE STUDY Efforts were undertaken to examine whether expanded chemokine range may be relevant for evaluation of preoperative staging of gastric cancer patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Plasma from 66 gastric cancer patients and 11 healthy controls was obtained, and CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10 levels were determined by flow cytometry FlexSet system. RESULTS In gastric cancer patients' plasma an increased level of CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10 was observed. In the case of CCL2, CXCL9, and CXCL10, the chemokine levels correlated with advanced (III and IV in TNM classification) disease stage. In the case of CCL4, CCL5, and CXCL8, elevated levels were observed in all cancer patients in comparison to healthy donors. CONCLUSIONS The accuracy of preoperative diagnosis in gastric cancer may include the monitoring of a wide range of chemokines in patients' plasma. Increased levels of chemokines may warn that the disease is more advanced than conventional diagnostic procedures suggest.
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Polarized CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages are associated with increased angiogenesis and CXCL12 expression in gastric cancer. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2016; 40:357-365. [PMID: 26508473 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a significant role in tumor progression and angiogenesis. However, the prognostic value of TAMs in different histologic locations of gastric cancer (GC) is still unknown. We evaluated the distribution of TAMs in different histologic locations to investigate its importance in predicting prognosis and the relationship with angiogenesis and CXCL12 expression in GC. METHODS AND MATERIALS The distribution of TAMs and microvessel density (MVD) in 113 GC samples were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining of CD163 and CD105, respectively. The extent of TAM distribution in the tumor was categorized into three groups: infiltrated TAMs in the tumor nest (TN), tumor stroma (TS) and invasive tumor margin (TM). The expression of CXCL12 in GC were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining of tissues from 88 GC samples. RESULTS The increased CD163+ TAMs in TS and TM were closely correlated with tumor size, depth of invasion, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and lymphovascular invasion. TAMs in TN was not related with any clinicopathologic characteristics except histologic differentiation. The high infiltration of CD163+ TAMs in TS and TM were significantly correlated with poor overall survival. Regardless of location, CD163+ TAMs were significantly correlated with increased MVD. CXCL12 expression was significantly associated with increased CD163+ TAMs in TS and TM. CONCLUSIONS TAMs in different histologic locations in GC were related to distinct aspects of tumor progression. CD163+ TAMs in TS and TM are associated with tumor progression and CXCL12 expression in GC. TAMs may be involved in tumor progression through the angiogenesis.
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Sugihara H, Ishimoto T, Yasuda T, Izumi D, Eto K, Sawayama H, Miyake K, Kurashige J, Imamura Y, Hiyoshi Y, Iwatsuki M, Iwagami S, Baba Y, Sakamoto Y, Miyamoto Y, Yoshida N, Watanabe M, Takamori H, Baba H. Cancer-associated fibroblast-derived CXCL12 causes tumor progression in adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. Med Oncol 2015; 32:618. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Jin Z, Jiang W, Wang L. Biomarkers for gastric cancer: Progression in early diagnosis and prognosis (Review). Oncol Lett 2015; 9:1502-1508. [PMID: 25788990 PMCID: PMC4356326 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.2959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide and is a notable disease due to its heterogeneity. Recently, numerous studies have investigated the molecular basis of gastric cancer, involving the alteration of pathogenesis, and invasion and metastasis. With the development of modern technologies, various novel biomarkers had been identified that appear to possess diagnostic and prognostic value; therefore, the present review describes our current knowledge of biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer. Classic biomarkers for gastric cancer diagnosis include carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen 19-9, while microRNA and DNA hypomethylation are proposed as novel biomarkers. Excluding classical biomarkers, biomarkers for determining the progression and prognosis of gastric cancer focus on targeting microRNAs, epigenetic alterations and genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Jin
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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Wei LM, Cao S, Yu WD, Liu YL, Wang JT. Overexpression of CX3CR1 is associated with cellular metastasis, proliferation and survival in gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:615-24. [PMID: 25482732 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The CX3CR1/CX3CL1 axis is involved in the metastasis and prognosis of many types of cancer; however, whether CX3CR1 is expressed in gastric cancer cells and whether it participates in gastric cancer metastasis remain unknown. We investigated the expression of CX3CR1 in gastric cancer tissues and non‑neoplastic gastric tissues in vivo and in gastric cancer cell lines and a gastric epithelial cell line in vitro, and then the functional roles of CX3CR1 in cellular metastasis, proliferation and survival were explored. We observed that CX3CR1 was highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues in vivo and was related to lymph node metastasis, higher clinical TNM stage and larger tumor size. In vitro, CX3CR1 overexpression promoted gastric cancer cell migration, invasion, proliferation and survival. Additionally, different from several chemokine receptors, CX3CR1 was also expressed in non-neoplastic gastric tissues and in gastric epithelial cells and played a functional role in vitro. Notably, gastric cancer tissues expressed higher CX3CR1 compared with that in the non-neoplastic gastric tissues in vivo, while in vitro, CX3CR1 expresssion in the gastric cancer cell lines was equivalent or significantly lower than that in the gastric epithelial cell line, which suggests that the high expression of CX3CR1 in gastric cancer in vivo might be induced, not constitutive. Altogether, our findings suggest that on the one hand overexpression of CX3CR1 promoted gastric cancer metastasis, proliferation and survival; on the other hand, appropriate expression of CX3CR1 in normal gastric tissues may play a physiological role in tissue remodeling after injury and/or epithelial renewal. Additionally, the tumor microenvironment may play an important role in the high expression of CX3CR1 in gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Min Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Shan Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Dong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Lan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Tong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
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Wang X, Zhang H, He H, Shen Z, Tang Z, Xu J, Sun Y. Prognostic value of stromal cell-derived factor 1 expression in patients with gastric cancer after surgical resection. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1447-56. [PMID: 25220301 PMCID: PMC4462371 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) expression has been shown to be involved in the development and progression of various malignancies. Our present study aims to investigate the clinical and prognostic value of SDF-1 expression and improve risk stratification in patients with gastric cancer. Peritumoral and intratumoral SDF-1 levels were assessed in 220 retrospectively enrolled gastric cancer patients, and their relations with clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes were evaluated. A predictive nomogram was created to refine risk stratification for overall survival of gastric cancer patients. Compared with peritumor tissues, tumor tissues showed decreased SDF-1 expression levels according to TNM stage progression in gastric cancer specimens. Peritumoral SDF-1 expression correlated positively with tumor invasion depth and lymph node metastasis, whereas intratumoral SDF-1 expression associated negatively with tumor size, tumor differentiation, tumor invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, and clinical TNM stage. Moreover, both low peritumoral SDF-1 expression and high intratumoral SDF-1 expression indicated favorable overall survival, and SDF-1 risk derived from the peritumoral/intratumoral SDF-1 expression signature could stratify prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. After backward elimination, SDF-1 risk was identified as an independent prognostic factor for survival. Finally, a predictive nomogram was generated with identified independent prognosticators to assess patient survival at 3 and 5 years following surgery. Conclusively, SDF-1 risk, an identified independent prognostic factor, could be developed into a nomogram with tumor invasion depth, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis to refine predictive accuracy for survival in patients with gastric cancer after surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Lee HJ, Song IC, Yun HJ, Jo DY, Kim S. CXC chemokines and chemokine receptors in gastric cancer: From basic findings towards therapeutic targeting. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:1681-1693. [PMID: 24587647 PMCID: PMC3930968 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i7.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer, and the second-highest cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite extensive research to identify novel diagnostic and therapeutic agents, patients with advanced gastric cancer suffer from a poor quality of life and poor prognosis, and treatment is dependent mainly on conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. To improve the quality of life and survival of gastric cancer patients, a better understanding of the underlying molecular pathologies, and their application towards the development of novel targeted therapies, is urgently needed. Chemokines are a group of small proteins associated with cytoskeletal rearrangements, the directional migration of several cell types during development and physiology, and the host immune response via interactions with G-protein coupled receptors. There is also growing evidence to suggest that chemokines not only play a role in the immune system, but are also involved in the development and progression of tumors. In gastric cancer, CXC chemokines and chemokine receptors regulate the trafficking of cells in and out of the tumor microenvironment. CXC chemokines and their receptors can also directly influence tumorigenesis by modulating tumor transformation, survival, growth, invasion and metastasis, as well as indirectly by regulating angiogenesis, and tumor-leukocyte interactions. In this review, we will focus on the roles of CXC chemokines and their receptors in the development, progression, and metastasis of gastric tumors, and discuss their therapeutic potential for gastric cancer.
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Chung HW, Lim JB. Role of the tumor microenvironment in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:1667-1680. [PMID: 24587646 PMCID: PMC3930967 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i7.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma (GC) is the 4th most prevalent cancer and has the 2nd highest cancer-related mortality rate worldwide. Despite the incidence of GC has decreased over the past few decades, it is still a serious health problem. Chronic inflammatory status of the stomach, caused by the infection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and through the production of inflammatory mediators within the parenchyma is suspected to play an important role in the initiation and progression of GC. In this review, the correlation between chronic inflammation and H. pylori infection as an important factor for the development of GC will be discussed. Major components, including tumor-associated macrophages, lymphocytes, cancer-associated fibroblasts, angiogenic factors, cytokines, and chemokines of GC microenvironment and their mechanism of action on signaling pathways will also be discussed. Increasing our understanding of how the components of the tumor microenviroment interact with GC cells and the signaling pathways involved could help identify new therapeutic and chemopreventive targets.
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He H, Wang C, Shen Z, Fang Y, Wang X, Chen W, Liu F, Qin X, Sun Y. Upregulated expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 is an independent prognostic predictor for patients with gastric cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71864. [PMID: 23936528 PMCID: PMC3735563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor CXCR4 expressions in malignant tissues have been reported, but its role in gastric cancer prognosis remains unknown. Our studies were designed to investigate the expression and prognostic significance of CXCR4 in patients with gastric cancer. CXCR4 expression was retrospectively analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 97 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma from China. Results were assessed for association with clinical features and overall survival by using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Prognostic values of CXCR4 expression and clinical outcomes were evaluated by Cox regression analysis. A molecular prognostic stratification scheme incorporating CXCR4 expression was determined by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The results show that CXCR4 predominantly localized in the cell membranes and cytoplasm. The protein level of CXCR4 was upregulation in gastric cancer tissues and upregulated expression of CXCR4 was only significantly associated with Lauren classification (P<0.001). Increased CXCR4 expression in gastric cancer tissues was positively correlated with poor overall survival of gastric cancer patients (P<0.001). Further multivariate Cox regression analysis suggested that intratumoral CXCR4 expression was an independent prognostic indicator for the disease. Applying the prognostic value of intratumoral CXCR4 density to TNM stage system showed a better prognostic value in patients with gastric cancer. In conclusion, intratumoral CXCR4 expression was recognized as an independent prognostic marker for the overall survival of patients with gastric cancer. On the basis of TNM stage, detection of CXCR4 expression will be helpful for predicting prognosis for patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyong He
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenbin Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenglin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yihong Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Liarmakopoulos E, Theodoropoulos G, Vaiopoulou A, Rizos S, Aravantinos G, Kouraklis G, Nikiteas N, Gazouli M. Effects of stromal cell-derived factor-1 and survivin gene polymorphisms on gastric cancer risk. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:887-92. [PMID: 23258739 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal-cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1), a CXC chemokine, is important for growth, angiogenesis and metastasis of tumor cells. The SDF1-3'A polymorphism has been investigated in various types of cancer; however, no information is currently available on its role in gastric cancer. Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family of proteins and has a genetic polymorphism (-31G/C) located in the CDE/CHR repressor element of its promoter. In this study, 88 gastric cancer patients and 480 normal healthy control subjects were investigated for the genotype and allelic SDF1-3'A and survivin -31G/C frequencies using polymerase chain reaction‑restriction fragment length polymorphism. The SDF1-3'A genotype frequencies for GG, GA and AA were 44.32, 48.86 and 6.92% in patients and 42.71, 47.71 and 9.58% in healthy subjects, respectively. GA+AA genotype frequency and A allele distribution were not identified as significantly different between gastric cancer cases and controls. The survivin frequencies for GG, GC and CC were 20.45, 50 and 29.54% in patients and 33.96, 45 and 21.04% in healthy subjects, respectively. The C carriers (GC+CC genotype) and the C allele were over-represented among the gastric cancer cases (P=0.013 and P=0.0083, respectively). Overall, no statistically significant association was identified for SDF-1 and survivin gene examined alleles and genotypes and any parameter investigated, (e.g., stage, differentiation status and survival). The survivin promoter -31G/C polymorphism may confer an increased susceptibility to gastric cancer, while the SDF1-3'A polymorphism may not be a candidate genetic variant to select individuals at higher risk of developing gastric cancer.
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Lee HJ, Lee K, Lee DG, Bae KH, Kim JS, Liang ZL, Huang SM, Suk Oh Y, Kim HY, Jo DY, Min JK, Kim JM, Lee HJ. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 is associated with gallbladder carcinoma progression and is a novel independent poor prognostic factor. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:3270-80. [PMID: 22553346 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although recent studies have suggested that chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) is important in the progression of various malignancies, its role in gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) remains unknown. We investigated CXCL12 expression in GBC and its biologic and prognostic role in GBC tumorigenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined CXCL12 expression in tumor specimens from 72 patients with GBC by immunohistochemistry and analyzed the correlation between CXCL12 expression and clinicopathologic factors or survival. The functional significance of CXCL12 expression was investigated by CXCL12 treatment and suppression of CXCR4, a major receptor of CXCL12, as well as by CXCL12 overexpression in in vitro and in vivo studies. RESULTS CXCL12 was differentially expressed in GBC tissues. CXCL12 expression was significantly associated with a high histologic grade (P = 0.042) and nodal metastasis (P = 0.015). Multivariate analyses showed that CXCL12 expression (HR, 8.675; P = 0.014) was an independent risk factor for patient survival. CXCL12 significantly increased anchorage-dependent and -independent growth, migration, invasion, adhesiveness, and survival of GBC cells in vitro, and these effects were dependent on CXCR4. Consistent with these results, overexpression of CXCL12 significantly promoted GBC tumorigenicity in a xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that GBC cells express both CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4, and CXCL12 may have a role in GBC progression through an autocrine mechanism. In addition, CXCL12 is a novel independent poor prognostic factor in patients with GBCs. Thus, targeting CXCL12 and CXCR4 may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for GBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, and Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Zhi Y, Chen J, Zhang S, Chang X, Ma J, Dai D. Down-regulation of CXCL12 by DNA hypermethylation and its involvement in gastric cancer metastatic progression. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:650-9. [PMID: 21960286 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1922-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine receptors are now known to play an important role in cancer growth and metastasis. However, there is little information regarding chemokine expression in gastric cancer. In this study, we examined CXCL12 expression in gastric cancer and also evaluated whether the down-regulation of CXCL12 is due to aberrant methylation of the gene. METHODS CXCL12 expression was examined using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry, and the methylation status of the gene was evaluated by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) in normal gastric and gastric cancer cell lines and 35 primary gastric carcinomas and corresponding nonmalignant gastric tissues. RESULTS The down-regulation of CXCL12 was observed in gastric cancer cell lines and primary gastric carcinomas, while decreased expression of CXCL12 protein was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and histological grade. And this down-regulation was found to be in accordance with aberrant methylation of the gene. Hypermethylation of the gene was observed in 65.7% (23 of 35) of the primary gastric carcinomas, while it was found in only 11.4% (4/35) of the corresponding nonmalignant tissues. Furthermore, CXCL12 expression was restored in gastric cancer cell lines after treatment with the demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC), and demethylation of the highly metastatic cells SGC-7901 induced invasion suppression of the cells. For two CXCL12 receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR7, the mRNA levels remained almost unchanged with the 5-Aza-dC treatment. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results suggest that the aberrant methylation of CXCL12 frequently occurs in the down-regulation of CXCL12 in gastric cancers and that it may play a role in the metastasis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, 110001 Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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Park SJ, Ahn TS, Cho SW, Kim CJ, Jung DJ, Son MW, Bae SH, Shin EJ, Lee MS, Kim CH, Baek MJ. Stromal-cell-derived Factor 1-α Promotes Tumor Progression in Colorectal Cancer. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF COLOPROCTOLOGY 2012; 28:27-34. [PMID: 22413079 PMCID: PMC3296938 DOI: 10.3393/jksc.2012.28.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although stromal-cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α is suggested to be involved in tumorigenicity and tumor angiogenesis, the clinicopathological significance of its expression in colorectal cancers is not fully understood. We examined SDF-1α expression in colorectal cancers and investigated its relationship to clinicopathological features such as tumor staging, lymph-node metastasis, vascular invasion (VI), lymphatic invasion (LI) and neural invasion (NI). METHODS Specimens of 83 primary colorectal cancers were examined immunohistochemically, and the relationships between clinicopathological features and SDF-1α expression were analyzed. To compare the expressions between the normal colon tissue and colorectal cancer tissues, we performed Western blot analyses. RESULTS According to the Western blot analyses, SDF-1α was more highly expressed in colorectal carcinoma tissues than in normal colonic mucosa (20/21). According to the immunohistochemical stain, SDF-1α was associated with nodal status, distant metastasis, tumor staging, VI and LI. SDF-1α expression had a significant prognostic value for overall survival. Kaplan-Meier plots of survival in patients with high SDF-1α showed that high SDF-1α expression was associated with a shorter overall survival. However, no association was found between SDF-1α expression and other pathologic or clinical variables, including age, gender, degree of differentiation, and presence of perineural invasion. CONCLUSION The expression of SDF-1α might be associated with tumor progression in colorectal cancer. Inhibition of SDF-1α could be a therapeutic option in colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jun Park
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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Chen G, Chen SM, Wang X, Ding XF, Ding J, Meng LH. Inhibition of chemokine (CXC motif) ligand 12/chemokine (CXC motif) receptor 4 axis (CXCL12/CXCR4)-mediated cell migration by targeting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in human gastric carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:12132-41. [PMID: 22337890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.302299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL12/CXCR4 plays an important role in metastasis of gastric carcinoma. Rapamycin has been reported to inhibit migration of gastric cancer cells. However, the role of mTOR pathway in CXCL12/CXCR4-mediated cell migration and the potential of drugs targeting PI3K/mTOR pathway remains unelucidated. We found that CXCL12 activated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in MKN-45 cells. Stimulating CHO-K1 cells expressing pEGFP-C1-Grp1-PH fusion protein with CXCL12 resulted in generation of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate, which provided direct evidence of activating PI3K by CXCL12. Down-regulation of p110β by siRNA but not p110α blocked phosphorylation of Akt and S6K1 induced by CXCL12. Consistently, p110β-specific inhibitor blocked the CXCL12-activated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Moreover, CXCR4 immunoprecipitated by anti-p110β antibody increased after CXCL12 stimulation and G(i) protein inhibitor pertussis toxin abrogated CXCL12-induced activation of PI3K. Further studies demonstrated that inhibitors targeting the PI3K/mTOR pathway significantly blocked the chemotactic responses of MKN-45 cells triggered by CXCL12, which might be attributed primarily to inhibition of mTORC1 and related to prevention of F-actin reorganization as well as down-regulation of active RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. Furthermore, rapamycin inhibited the secretion of CXCL12 and the expression of CXCR4, which might form a positive feedback loop to further abolish upstream signaling leading to cell migration. Finally, we found cells expressing high levels of cxcl12 were sensitive to rapamycin in its activity inhibiting migration as well as proliferation. In summary, we found that the mTOR pathway played an important role in CXCL12/CXCR4-mediated cell migration and proposed that drugs targeting the mTOR pathway may be used for the therapy of metastatic gastric cancer expressing high levels of cxcl12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Verbeke H, Geboes K, Van Damme J, Struyf S. The role of CXC chemokines in the transition of chronic inflammation to esophageal and gastric cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1825:117-29. [PMID: 22079531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation may increase the risk to develop cancer, for instance esophagitis or gastritis may lead to development of esophageal or gastric cancer, respectively. The key molecules attracting leukocytes to local inflammatory sites are chemokines. We here provide a systematic review on the impact of CXC chemokines (binding the receptors CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3 and CXCR4) on the transition of chronic inflammation in the upper gastrointestinal tract to neoplasia. CXCR2 ligands, including GRO-α,β,γ/CXCL1,2,3, ENA-78/CXCL5 and IL-8/CXCL8 chemoattract pro-tumoral neutrophils. In addition, angiogenic CXCR2 ligands stimulate the formation of new blood vessels, facilitating tumor progression. The CXCR4 ligand SDF-1/CXCL12 also promotes tumor development by stimulating angiogenesis and by favoring metastasis of CXCR4-positive tumor cells to distant organs producing SDF-1/CXCL12. Furthermore, these angiogenic chemokines also directly enhance tumor cell survival and proliferation. In contrast, the CXCR3 ligands Mig/CXCL9, IP-10/CXCL10 and I-TAC/CXCL11 are angiostatic and attract anti-tumoral T lymphocytes and may therefore mediate tumor growth retardation and regression. Thus, chemokines exert diverging, sometimes dual roles in tumor biology as described for esophageal and gastric cancer. Therefore extensive research is needed to completely unravel the complex chemokine code in specific cancers. Possibly, chemokine-targeted cancer therapy will have to be adapted to the individual's chemokine profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelien Verbeke
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (K.U.Leuven), Belgium
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Expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1α is an independent risk factor for lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2011; 2:1197-1202. [PMID: 22848288 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis is considered to be a significant prognostic factor for early gastric cancer (EGC). However, no real consensus exists on which patient and/or tumor characteristics are associated with lymph node metastasis. We investigated whether stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α expression correlates with lymph node metastasis in patients with EGC by immunohistochemically examining the expression of SDF-1α in 138 archival tissue specimens of EGC. Of these specimens, 59 (42.8%) and 79 (57.2%) were grouped into SDF-1α-positive and SDF-1α-negative groups, respectively. No significant differences existed with respect to age, gender, tumor location, proportion of tumors >20 mm in size, macroscopic type, depth of invasion or histology between the SDF-1α-positive and -negative groups. However, the SDF-1α-positive group was significantly correlated with lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis. Results of the univariate analyses indicated that lymphovascular invasion, undifferentiated histology and SDF-1α positivity were statistically significant risk factors affecting lymph node metastasis in patients with EGC. Multivariate analyses showed that lymphovascular invasion [hazard ratio (HR), 8.595; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.694-43.595; P=0.009], undifferentiated histology (HR, 2.965; 95% CI, 1.037-8.471; P=0.043) and SDF-1α positivity (HR, 2.108; 95% CI, 1.316-10.135; P=0.013) were independent risk factors predicting lymph node metastasis in EGC. In conclusion, these results suggest that SDF-1α expression in tumor cells is a predictive marker of lymph node metastasis in EGC.
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Ying J, Xu Q, Zhang G, Liu B, Zhu L. The expression of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in gastric cancer and their correlation to lymph node metastasis. Med Oncol 2011; 29:1716-22. [PMID: 21630055 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-9990-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 in gastric cancer and to determine their relationship with lymph node metastasis. Fifty patients with pathologically confirmed gastric cancer were analyzed from September 2004 to December 2004. The expression levels of CXCL12 and CXCR4 were examined by immunohistochemical staining in the primary gastric tumor tissues, adjacent normal mucosa tissues, and metastatic lymph nodes and were analyzed along with clinicopathological risk factors, to determine their correlation with the prognosis. Positive staining for CXCL12 and CXCR4 was identified in 90.0 and 80.0% of the primary gastric tumor tissues, respectively, with significantly higher expression intensities observed in the primary gastric tumor tissues than in the adjacent normal mucosa tissues (P < 0.01 and P = 0.01, respectively). Positive staining for CXCL12 and CXCR4 was identified in 94.4 and 91.7% of metastatic lymph nodes, respectively, with significantly higher expression intensities in the metastatic lymph nodes than in the adjacent normal mucosa tissues (P < 0.01 and P = 0.01, respectively). Expression of CXCL12 in the primary gastric tumor tissues was not significantly associated with the clinicopathological characteristics of the tumor or the disease prognosis. However, the intensity of CXCR4 staining in primary tumor tissues was positively related with lymph node metastasis, TNM staging, and disease prognosis (P = 0.04, 0.03, 0.03, respectively). CXCL12 and CXCR4 are related to formation of gastric tumors and lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, the expression of CXCR4 could be used as a biomarker to predict malignant features of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieer Ying
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 301122 Zhejiang, China.
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Lee HJ, Huang SM, Kim HY, Oh YS, Hwang JY, Liang ZL, Ki Min J, Yun HJ, Sul JY, Kim S, Jo DY, Kim JM. Evaluation of the combined expression of chemokine SDF-1α and its receptor CXCR4 as a prognostic marker for gastric cancer. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:499-504. [PMID: 22977531 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α and its receptor CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) have been shown to impact cancer progression. Accumulating evidence suggests that CXCR4 and SDF-1α expression is useful for evaluating the risk of gastric cancer progression. Thus, combined analysis of SDF-1α and CXCR4 should have high prognostic potential as a molecular marker for gastric cancer. We investigated the expression of SDF-1α and CXCR4 using immunohistochemistry in relation to prognosis, clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes in 221 cases of primary gastric cancer. Patients were categorized into three groups according to CXCR4 and SDF-1α expression: high CXCR4/high SDF-1α, low CXCR4/low SDF-1α, and high CXCR4/low SDF-1α - low CXCR4/high SDF-1α. No significant differences were noted in age, gender, histology, tumor location, lymphovascular invasion or proportion of tumor size >5 cm among the three groups. However, high CXCR4/high SDF-1α expression in tumor cells was significantly associated with depth of invasion of the tumor, lymph node involvement, and higher tumor stage compared to tumors with low CXCR4/low SDF-1α expression or high CXCR4/low SDF-1α - low CXCR4/high SDF-1α expression. Furthermore, patients with high CXCR4/high SDF-1α expression had the worst patient prognosis, whereas patients who had low CXCR4/low SDF-1α expression showed the most favorable prognosis. In conclusion, CXCR4 and SDF-1α are useful prognostic factors in gastric cancer, and the combination of high CXCR4 protein expression with high SDF-1α expression suggests a dismal prognosis.
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Gawron AJ, Fought AJ, Lissowska J, Ye W, Zhang X, Chow WH, Freeman LEB, Hou L. Polymorphisms in chemokine and receptor genes and gastric cancer risk and survival in a high risk Polish population. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:333-40. [PMID: 21091093 PMCID: PMC3035749 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2010.537679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine if genetic variations in chemokine receptor and ligand genes are associated with gastric cancer risk and survival. METHODS The study included 298 cases and 417 controls from a population-based study of gastric cancer conducted in Warsaw, Poland in 1994-1996. We investigated seven single nucleotide polymorphisms in a chemokine ligand (CXCL12) and chemokine receptor (CCR2, CCR5, CX3CR1) genes and one frameshift deletion (CCR5) in blood leukocyte DNA in relation to gastric cancer risk and survival. Genotyping was conducted at the NCI Core Genotyping Facility. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were computed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Survival analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Gastric cancer risk was not associated with single chemokine polymorphisms. A CCR5 haplotype that contained the common alleles of IVS1+151 G>T (rs2734648), IVS2+80 C>T (rs1800024) and minor allele of IVS1+246 A>G (rs1799987) was associated with a borderline significantly increased risk (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0?2.2). For gastric cancer cases, there was a greater risk of death for carriers of the minor alleles of CCR2 Ex2+241 G>A (rs1799864) (HR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-2.1) and CCR5 IVS2+80 C>T (rs1800024) (HR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-2.1). Carriers of the CCR5 minor allele of IVS1+151 G>T (rs2734648) had a decreased risk of death compared to homozygote carriers of the common allele (HR = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.6-1.0). CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support an association between gastric cancer risk and single chemokine genetic variation. The observed associations between cancer risk and a CCR5 haplotype and between survival and polymorphisms in CCR2 and CCR5 need replication in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Gawron
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angela J. Fought
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, The M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wong-Ho Chow
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Laura E. Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Kobayashi T, Tsuda H, Moriya T, Yamasaki T, Kikuchi R, Ueda S, Omata J, Yamamoto J, Matsubara O. Expression pattern of stromal cell-derived factor-1 chemokine in invasive breast cancer is correlated with estrogen receptor status and patient prognosis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 123:733-45. [PMID: 20020198 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor CXCR4 is known to be crucially involved in tumor progression, but the role of its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), remains unclear. The present study was conducted to clarify the clinicopathological and prognostic impact of SDF-1 expression in invasive breast cancers. Expression of SDF-1 mRNA and protein was examined in five breast cancer cell lines with or without estradiol treatment. In 52 surgically resected breast cancers, the level of SDF-1 mRNA in frozen samples and the pattern of SDF-1 protein immunoreactivity in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections were compared. In another cohort of 223 breast cancers, the correlation between SDF-1 immunoreactivity and clinicopathological parameters was examined using a tissue microarray. Estradiol treatment markedly increased the expression of SDF-1 mRNA and protein in the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive cell lines, MCF-7 and T47D. Among the 52 resected breast cancers, those with a cytoplasmic-dominant pattern of SDF-1 expression showed higher SDF-1 mRNA levels (median 27.4) than those with a membrane-dominant or negative pattern (median 13.6, P = 0.0017). Accordingly, the cytoplasmic-dominant pattern was defined as "high SDF-1 expression," and other patterns were defined as "low SDF-1 expression." Among the cohort of 223 tumors, "high SDF-1 expression" was detected in 158 (70.9%) and was significantly correlated with ER positivity (P < 0.0001), HER2 negativity (P = 0.021), and lower grade (P < 0.0001). Univariate analysis demonstrated that "high SDF-1 expression" was a significant indicator of better clinical outcome in both the entire patient cohort (P = 0.017) and the 133 patients with ER-positive tumors (P = 0.036), but not in the 90 patients with ER-negative tumors. Multivariate analysis showed that SDF-1 status was an independent factor related to overall survival in patients with ER-positive tumors (P = 0.046). SDF-1 status is a significant prognostic factor and may be clinically useful for assigning adjuvant therapy to patients with ER-positive invasive breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kobayashi
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
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Akishima-Fukasawa Y, Nakanishi Y, Ino Y, Moriya Y, Kanai Y, Hirohashi S. Prognostic significance of CXCL12 expression in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2009; 132:202-10; quiz 307. [PMID: 19605814 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpk35vzjewcutl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the protein expression level of CXCL12 in colorectal cancer and aimed to elucidate its association with prognosis. CXCL12 positivity in 50% or more of tumor cells was defined as high expression and that in less than 50% of the tumor cells as low expression. CXCL12+ tumor budding at the invasive front was divided into 2 grades: high with 10 or more budding foci per x200 field of view and low grade with fewer than 10 budding foci. Patients with high expression (72.7%) and high grade CXCL12+ tumor budding (43.0%) had significantly shorter survival than patients with low expression (P = .014) and low grade (P = .003), respectively. Patients with a combination of high expression and high grade had the worst outcome (P < .001). Our study demonstrated that CXCL12 expression in colorectal cancer cells and at sites of budding were significant prognostic factors. Furthermore, together with lymph node metastasis, a combination of both expression patterns was a more powerful independent prognostic factor.
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Favre N, Camps M, Arod C, Chabert C, Rommel C, Pasquali C. Chemokine receptor CCR2 undergoes transportin1-dependent nuclear translocation. Proteomics 2008; 8:4560-76. [PMID: 18846510 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines (CCs) are small chemoattractant cytokines involved in a wide variety of biological and pathological processes. Released by cells in the milieu, and extracellular matrix and activating signalling cascades upon binding to specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), they trigger many cellular events. In various pathologies, CCs are directly responsible for excessive recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory sites and recent studies using chemokine receptor (CCR) antagonists permitted these molecules to reach the market for medical use. While interaction of CCs with their receptors has been extensively documented, downstream GPCR signalling cascades triggered by CC are less well understood. Given the pivotal role of chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) in monocyte recruitment, activation and differentiation and its implication in several autoimmune-inflammatory pathologies, we searched for potential new CCR2-interacting proteins by engineering a modified CCR2 that we used as bait. Herein, we show the direct interaction of CCR2 with transportin1 (TRN1), which we demonstrate is followed by CCR2 receptor internalization. Further characterization of this novel interaction revealed that TRN1-binding to CCR2 increased upon time in agonist treated cells and promotes its nuclear translocation in a TRN1-dependent manner. Finally, we provide evidence that following translocation, the receptor localizes at the outer edge of the nuclear envelope where it is finally released from TRN1.
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Sasaki K, Natsugoe S, Ishigami S, Matsumoto M, Okumura H, Setoyama T, Uchikado Y, Kita Y, Tamotsu K, Sakurai T, Owaki T, Aikou T. Expression of CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 correlates with lymph node metastasis in submucosal esophageal cancer. J Surg Oncol 2008; 97:433-8. [PMID: 18176915 DOI: 10.1002/jso.20976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are involved in cell migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis, and promote organ-specific localization of distant metastases in various carcinomas. We examined their expression and microvessel density (MVD) in submucosal esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and analyzed their connection to clinicopathological findings including lymph node micrometastasis (LMM). METHODS Eighty-six patients with submucosal ESCC underwent curative resection from 1985 to 2002. Immunohistochemical staining of CXCL12, CXCR4, and CD34 was performed with primary tumors, and staining of cytokeratin was performed with dissected lymph nodes. MVD was calculated from CD34 expression, and LMM detected by cytokeratin staining. RESULTS Expression of CXCL12, but not CXCR4, correlated with lymph node metastasis. There was no significant correlation between the expression of CXCL12 and/or CXCR4 and MVD. LMM was detected in 8 cases and 14 lymph nodes. CXCL12 expression and high MVD were found in tumors with lymph node metastasis including LMM. Furthermore, in the CXCR4-positive tumors, positive CXCL12 expression was more significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and/or LMM than negative CXCL12 expression. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of CXCL12 and CXCR4 expression should assist detection of lymph node metastasis including LMM in submucosal ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sasaki
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Digestive Surgery, Field of Oncology, Course of Advanced Therapeutics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
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