1
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Pan F, Zhang F, Li MD, Liang Y, Wang WS, Sun K. Disturbance of Fetal Growth by Azithromycin Through Induction of ER Stress in the Placenta. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 38877798 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2024.0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Aim: Azithromycin (AZM) is widely used to treat mycoplasma infection in pregnancy. However, there is no adequate evaluation of its side effect on the placenta. In this study, using human placental syncytiotrophoblasts and a mouse model, we investigated whether AZM use in pregnancy might adversely affect placental function and pregnancy outcome. Results: Transcriptomic analysis of AZM-treated human placental syncytiotrophoblasts showed increased expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes and decreased expression of genes for hormone production and growth factor processing. Verification studies showed that AZM increased the abundance of ER stress mediators (phosphorylated eIF2α, activating transcription factor 4 [ATF4], and C/EBP Homologous Protein [CHOP]) and decreased the abundance of enzymes involved in progesterone and estradiol synthesis (STS, CYP11A1, and CYP19A1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) cleavage (PAPPA and ADAM12) in human placental syncytiotrophoblasts. Inhibition of ER stress blocked AZM-induced decreases in the expression of CYP19A1, CYP11A1, PAPPA, and ADAM12, suggesting that the inhibition of AZM on those genes' expression was secondary to AZM-induced ER stress. Further mechanism study showed that increased ATF4 in ER stress might repressively interact with C/EBPα to suppress the expression of those genes, including CEBPA itself. Mouse studies showed that AZM administration decreased fetal weights along with increased ER stress mediators and decreased levels of insulin-like growth factor, estrogen, and progesterone in the maternal blood, which could be alleviated by inhibition of ER stress. Innovation and Conclusion: These findings first support the fact that AZM, often used during pregnancy, may affect fetal growth by inhibiting crucial enzymes for estrogen and progesterone synthesis and disrupting crucial proteases for IGFBP cleavage via inducing ER stress in placental syncytiotrophoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Pan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Die Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - YaKun Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wang-Sheng Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Kang Sun
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, P.R. China
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2
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Rose AJ, Lockie SH. Stress relief of chemo illness. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20240545. [PMID: 38709209 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20240545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
New studies (Tang et al. 2024. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20231395) describe a liver stress pathway that is activated by certain chemotherapeutic drugs, which in turn induces a peptide hormone which partially mediates the lower food intake and body weight loss during chemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Rose
- Nutrient Metabolism and Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah H Lockie
- Appetite and Behavioural Control Group, Department of Physiology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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3
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Hazari Y, Chevet E, Bailly-Maitre B, Hetz C. ER stress signaling at the interphase between MASH and HCC. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00844. [PMID: 38626349 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
HCC is the most frequent primary liver cancer with an extremely poor prognosis and often develops on preset of chronic liver diseases. Major risk factors for HCC include metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, a complex multifactorial condition associated with abnormal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis. To cope with ER stress, the unfolded protein response engages adaptive reactions to restore the secretory capacity of the cell. Recent advances revealed that ER stress signaling plays a critical role in HCC progression. Here, we propose that chronic ER stress is a common transversal factor contributing to the transition from liver disease (risk factor) to HCC. Interventional strategies to target the unfolded protein response in HCC, such as cancer therapy, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younis Hazari
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Eric Chevet
- Inserm U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Béatrice Bailly-Maitre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1065, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Team "Metainflammation and Hematometabolism", Metabolism Department, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
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4
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Hazari Y, Urra H, Garcia Lopez VA, Diaz J, Tamburini G, Milani M, Pihan P, Durand S, Aprahamia F, Baxter R, Huang M, Dong XC, Vihinen H, Batista-Gonzalez A, Godoy P, Criollo A, Ratziu V, Foufelle F, Hengstler JG, Jokitalo E, Bailly-Maitre B, Maiers JL, Plate L, Kroemer G, Hetz C. The endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1 regulates collagen secretion through the enforcement of the proteostasis factor P4HB/PDIA1 contributing to liver damage and fibrosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.02.538835. [PMID: 37205565 PMCID: PMC10187203 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.02.538835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is one the most abundant proteins and the main cargo of the secretory pathway, contributing to hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis due to excessive deposition of extracellular matrix. Here we investigated the possible contribution of the unfolded protein response, the main adaptive pathway that monitors and adjusts the protein production capacity at the endoplasmic reticulum, to collagen biogenesis and liver disease. Genetic ablation of the ER stress sensor IRE1 reduced liver damage and diminished collagen deposition in models of liver fibrosis triggered by carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) administration or by high fat diet. Proteomic and transcriptomic profiling identified the prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4HB, also known as PDIA1), which is known to be critical for collagen maturation, as a major IRE1-induced gene. Cell culture studies demonstrated that IRE1 deficiency results in collagen retention at the ER and altered secretion, a phenotype rescued by P4HB overexpression. Taken together, our results collectively establish a role of the IRE1/P4HB axis in the regulation of collagen production and its significance in the pathogenesis of various disease states.
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5
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Zhao S, Liu X, Li L, Kong X, Sun W, Loomes K, Nie T, Hui X, Wu D. KIRA8 attenuates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis through inhibition of the IRE1α/XBP1 signalling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 632:158-164. [PMID: 36209584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is enhanced in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Among three signalling pathways, the IRE1α/XBP1 signalling pathway is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of NASH but its significance is still largely uncharacterised. In this report, we constructed a hepatocyte-specific XBP1-Luciferase knock-in mouse model that allows in vivo monitoring of the IRE1α/XBP1 activity in hepatocytes. Using this mouse model, we found that IRE1α/XBP1 was activated within hepatocytes during the pathogenesis of NASH. Significantly, a specific IRE1α kinase-inhibiting RNase attenuator, KIRA8, attenuated NASH in mice. In conclusion, our hepatocyte-specific XBP1 splicing reporter mouse represents a valid model for research and drug development of NASH, which showed that the IRE1α-induced XBP splicing is potentiated in hepatocytes during pathogenesis of NASH. Furthermore, we carried out the proof-of-concept study to demonstrate that the allosteric IRE1α RNase inhibitor serves as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Xinyu Kong
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Kerry Loomes
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tao Nie
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Hui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Donghai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
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6
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The "Yin and Yang" of Unfolded Protein Response in Cancer and Immunogenic Cell Death. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182899. [PMID: 36139473 PMCID: PMC9497201 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological and pathological burdens that perturb endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis activate the unfolded protein response (UPR), a conserved cytosol-to-nucleus signaling pathway that aims to reinstate the vital biosynthetic and secretory capacity of the ER. Disrupted ER homeostasis, causing maladaptive UPR signaling, is an emerging trait of cancer cells. Maladaptive UPR sustains oncogene-driven reprogramming of proteostasis and metabolism and fosters proinflammatory pathways promoting tissue repair and protumorigenic immune responses. However, when cancer cells are exposed to conditions causing irreparable ER homeostasis, such as those elicited by anticancer therapies, the UPR switches from a survival to a cell death program. This lethal ER stress response can elicit immunogenic cell death (ICD), a form of cell death with proinflammatory traits favoring antitumor immune responses. How UPR-driven pathways transit from a protective to a killing modality with favorable immunogenic and proinflammatory output remains unresolved. Here, we discuss key aspects of the functional dichotomy of UPR in cancer cells and how this signal can be harnessed for therapeutic benefit in the context of ICD, especially from the aspect of inflammation aroused by the UPR.
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7
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ATP-competitive partial antagonists of the IRE1α RNase segregate outputs of the UPR. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:1148-1156. [PMID: 34556859 PMCID: PMC8551014 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) homeostatically matches endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein-folding capacity to cellular secretory needs. However, under high or chronic ER stress, the UPR triggers apoptosis. This cell fate dichotomy is promoted by differential activation of the ER transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease (RNase) IRE1α. We previously found that the RNase of IRE1α can be either fully activated or inactivated by ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors. Here we developed kinase inhibitors, partial antagonists of IRE1α RNase (PAIRs), that partially antagonize the IRE1α RNase at full occupancy. Biochemical and structural studies show that PAIRs promote partial RNase antagonism by intermediately displacing the helix αC in the IRE1α kinase domain. In insulin-producing β-cells, PAIRs permit adaptive splicing of Xbp1 mRNA while quelling destructive ER mRNA endonucleolytic decay and apoptosis. By preserving Xbp1 mRNA splicing, PAIRs allow B cells to differentiate into immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells. Thus, an intermediate RNase-inhibitory 'sweet spot', achieved by PAIR-bound IRE1α, captures a desirable conformation for drugging this master UPR sensor/effector.
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8
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Pharmacological targeting of endoplasmic reticulum stress in disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 21:115-140. [PMID: 34702991 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to ER stress, resulting in activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that aims to restore protein homeostasis. However, the UPR also plays an important pathological role in many diseases, including metabolic disorders, cancer and neurological disorders. Over the last decade, significant effort has been invested in targeting signalling proteins involved in the UPR and an array of drug-like molecules is now available. However, these molecules have limitations, the understanding of which is crucial for their development into therapies. Here, we critically review the existing ER stress and UPR-directed drug-like molecules, highlighting both their value and their limitations.
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9
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Jiang Y, Tao Z, Chen H, Xia S. Endoplasmic Reticulum Quality Control in Immune Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:740653. [PMID: 34660599 PMCID: PMC8511527 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.740653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) system, including endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), the unfolded protein response (UPR), and autophagy, presides over cellular protein secretion and maintains proteostasis in mammalian cells. As part of the immune system, a variety of proteins are synthesized and assembled correctly for the development, activation, and differentiation of immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, myeloid-derived-suppressor cells (MDSCs), B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells. In this review, we emphasize the role of the ERQC in these immune cells, and also discuss how the imbalance of ER homeostasis affects the immune response, thereby suggesting new therapeutic targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Jiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zehua Tao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Sheng Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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10
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Grandjean JMD, Wiseman RL. Small molecule strategies to harness the unfolded protein response: where do we go from here? J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15692-15711. [PMID: 32887796 PMCID: PMC7667976 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) plays a central role in regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and global cellular physiology in response to pathologic ER stress. The UPR is comprised of three signaling pathways activated downstream of the ER membrane proteins IRE1, ATF6, and PERK. Once activated, these proteins initiate transcriptional and translational signaling that functions to alleviate ER stress, adapt cellular physiology, and dictate cell fate. Imbalances in UPR signaling are implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous, etiologically-diverse diseases, including many neurodegenerative diseases, protein misfolding diseases, diabetes, ischemic disorders, and cancer. This has led to significant interest in establishing pharmacologic strategies to selectively modulate IRE1, ATF6, or PERK signaling to both ameliorate pathologic imbalances in UPR signaling implicated in these different diseases and define the importance of the UPR in diverse cellular and organismal contexts. Recently, there has been significant progress in the identification and characterization of UPR modulating compounds, providing new opportunities to probe the pathologic and potentially therapeutic implications of UPR signaling in human disease. Here, we describe currently available UPR modulating compounds, specifically highlighting the strategies used for their discovery and specific advantages and disadvantages in their application for probing UPR function. Furthermore, we discuss lessons learned from the application of these compounds in cellular and in vivo models to identify favorable compound properties that can help drive the further translational development of selective UPR modulators for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M D Grandjean
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
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11
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Liu X, Zhang E, Yin S, Zhao C, Fan L, Hu H. Activation of the IRE1α Arm, but not the PERK Arm, of the Unfolded Protein Response Contributes to Fumonisin B1-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12010055. [PMID: 31963346 PMCID: PMC7020448 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies by us or others have shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was activated by fumonisin 1 (FB1) exposure, which is considered to be a critical event in the FB1-induced toxic effect. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying FB1-induced ER stress-mediated liver toxicity remain elusive. The objectives of the present study were designed to address the following issues: (1) the contribution of each arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR); (2) the downstream targets of ER stress that mediated FB1-induced liver toxicity; and (3) the relationship between ER stress and oxidative stress triggered by FB1. We also investigated whether the inhibition of ER stress by its inhibitor could offer protection against FB1-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo, which has not been critically addressed previously. The results showed that the activation of the IRE1α axis, but not of the PERK axis, of UPR contributed to FB1-induced ER stress-mediated hepatocyte toxicity; the activation of the Bax/Bak-mediated mitochondrial pathway lay downstream of IRE1α to trigger mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in response to FB1; FB1-induced oxidative stress and ER stress augmented each other through a positive feedback mechanism; tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA)-mediated ER stress inactivation is an effective approach to counteract FB1-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo. The data of the present study allow us to better understand the mechanisms of FB1-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.L.); (E.Z.); (S.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Enxiang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.L.); (E.Z.); (S.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Shutao Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.L.); (E.Z.); (S.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chong Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.L.); (E.Z.); (S.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Lihong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yunamingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.L.); (E.Z.); (S.Y.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62738653
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12
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Hetz C, Axten JM, Patterson JB. Pharmacological targeting of the unfolded protein response for disease intervention. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:764-775. [PMID: 31320759 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of unfolded proteins at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a salient attribute of many human diseases including obesity, liver disorders, cancer, diabetes and neurodegeneration. To restore ER proteostasis, cells activate the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signaling pathway that imposes adaptive programs or triggers apoptosis of damaged cells. The UPR is critical to sustain the normal function of specialized secretory cells (i.e., pancreatic β cells and B lymphocytes) and to control the production of lipids and cholesterol in the liver. In the context of disease, adaptive UPR responses have been linked to the growth of solid tumors, whereas chronic ER stress contributes to cell dysfunction in brain diseases, metabolic syndromes, among other conditions. Here we discuss recent developments in the design and optimization of novel compounds to manipulate UPR signaling and their efficacy in various disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile. .,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Infectious diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Axten
- Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a major contributor to liver disease and hepatic fibrosis, but the role it plays varies depending on the cause and progression of the disease. Furthermore, ER stress plays a distinct role in hepatocytes versus hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which adds to the complexity of understanding ER stress and its downstream signaling through the unfolded protein response (UPR) in liver disease. Here, the authors focus on the current literature of ER stress in nonalcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver diseases, how ER stress impacts hepatocyte injury, and the role of ER stress in HSC activation and hepatic fibrosis. This review provides insight into the complex signaling and regulation of the UPR, parallels and distinctions between different liver diseases, and how ER stress may be targeted as an antisteatotic or antifibrotic therapy to limit the progression of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Maiers
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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14
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The inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α) RNAse inhibitor, 4µ8C, is also a potent cellular antioxidant. Biochem J 2018; 475:923-929. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-transmembrane endonuclease that is activated in response to ER stress as part of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Chronic activation of the UPR has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many common diseases including diabetes, cancer, and neurological pathologies such as Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease. 7-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromene-8-carbaldehyde (4µ8C) is widely used as a specific inhibitor of IRE1α ribonuclease activity (IC50 of 6.89 µM in cultured cells). However, in this paper, we demonstrate that 4µ8C acts as a potent reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, both in a cell-free assay and in cultured cells, at concentrations lower than that widely used to inhibit IRE1α activity. In vitro we show that, 4µ8C effectively decreases xanthine/xanthine oxidase catalysed superoxide production with an IC50 of 0.2 µM whereas in cultured endothelial and clonal pancreatic β-cells, 4µ8C inhibits angiotensin II-induced ROS production with IC50 values of 1.92 and 0.29 µM, respectively. In light of this discovery, conclusions reached using 4µ8C as an inhibitor of IRE1α should be carefully evaluated. However, this unexpected off-target effect of 4µ8C may prove therapeutically advantageous for the treatment of pathologies that are thought to be caused by, or exacerbated by, both oxidative and ER stress such as endothelial dysfunction and/or diabetes.
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15
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Tsuchiya Y, Saito M, Kadokura H, Miyazaki JI, Tashiro F, Imagawa Y, Iwawaki T, Kohno K. IRE1-XBP1 pathway regulates oxidative proinsulin folding in pancreatic β cells. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1287-1301. [PMID: 29507125 PMCID: PMC5881499 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201707143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian pancreatic β cells, the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway is constitutively and highly activated under physiological conditions. To elucidate the precise role of this pathway, we constructed β cell-specific Ire1α conditional knockout (CKO) mice and established insulinoma cell lines in which Ire1α was deleted using the Cre-loxP system. Ire1α CKO mice showed the typical diabetic phenotype including impaired glycemic control and defects in insulin biosynthesis postnatally at 4-20 weeks. Ire1α deletion in pancreatic β cells in mice and insulinoma cells resulted in decreased insulin secretion, decreased insulin and proinsulin contents in cells, and decreased oxidative folding of proinsulin along with decreased expression of five protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs): PDI, PDIR, P5, ERp44, and ERp46. Reconstitution of the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway restored the proinsulin and insulin contents, insulin secretion, and expression of the five PDIs, indicating that IRE1α functions as a key regulator of the induction of catalysts for the oxidative folding of proinsulin in pancreatic β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Research Initiatives, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Michiko Saito
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Research Initiatives, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan.,Bio-science Research Center, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kadokura
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Research Initiatives, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan.,Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Miyazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Fumi Tashiro
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yusuke Imagawa
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Research Initiatives, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Kenji Kohno
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Research Initiatives, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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