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Suzuki R, Yoshioka Y, Kitano E, Yoshioka T, Oka H, Okamoto T, Okada N, Tsutsumi Y, Nakagawa S, Miyazaki JI, Kitamura H, Mayumi T. Development of a Novel Cytomedical Treatment that can Protect Entrapped Cells from Host Humoral Immunity. Cell Transplant 2017; 11:787-797. [DOI: 10.3727/000000002783985305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is expected to relieve the shortage of donors needed for organ transplantation. When patients are treated with allogeneic or xenogeneic cells, it is necessary to develop a means by which to isolate administered cells from an immune attack by the host. We have developed “cytomedicine, ” which consists of functional cells entrapped in semipermeable polymer, and previously reported that alginate-poly-l-lysine-alginate microcapsules and agarose microbeads could protect the entrapped cells from injury by cellular immunity. However, their ability to isolate from humoral immunity was insufficient. It is well known that the complement system plays an essential role in rejection of transplanted cells by host humoral immunity. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to develop a novel cytomedical device containing a polymer capable of inactivating complement. In the screening of various polymers, polyvinyl sulfate (PVS) exhibited high anticomplement activity and low cytotoxicity. Murine pancreatic β-cell line (MIN6 cell) entrapped in agarose microbeads containing PVS maintained viability and physiological insulin secretion, replying in response to glucose concentration, and resisted rabbit antisera in vitro. PVS inhibited hemolysis of sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EAs) and rabbit erythrocytes by the complement system. This result suggests that PVS inhibits both the classical and alternative complement pathways of the complement system. Next, the manner in which PVS exerts its effects on complement components was examined. PVS was found to inhibit generation of C4a and Ba generation in activation of the classical and alternative pathways, respectively. Moreover, when the EAC1 cells, which were carrying C1 on the EAs, treated with PVS were exposed to C1-deficient serum, hemolysis decreased in a PVS dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that PVS inhibits C1 in the classical pathway and C3 convertase formation in the alternative pathway. Therefore, PVS may be a useful polymer for developing an anticomplement device for cytomedical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Suzuki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Etsuko Kitano
- Department of Medical Technology, Osaka Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Osaka 538-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsunobu Yoshioka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Oka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayuki Okamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Okada
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tsutsumi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Nakagawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Miyazaki
- Department of Nutrition and Physiological Chemistry, Osaka University Medical School, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hajime Kitamura
- Department of Medical Technology, Osaka Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Osaka 538-8555, Japan
| | - Tadanori Mayumi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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de Vos P, Lazarjani HA, Poncelet D, Faas MM. Polymers in cell encapsulation from an enveloped cell perspective. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 67-68:15-34. [PMID: 24270009 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, many polymers have been proposed for producing immunoprotective capsules. Examples include the natural polymers alginate, agarose, chitosan, cellulose, collagen, and xanthan and synthetic polymers poly(ethylene glycol), polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, poly(ether-sulfone), polypropylene, sodium polystyrene sulfate, and polyacrylate poly(acrylonitrile-sodium methallylsulfonate). The biocompatibility of these polymers is discussed in terms of tissue responses in both the host and matrix to accommodate the functional survival of the cells. Cells should grow and function in the polymer network as adequately as in their natural environment. This is critical when therapeutic cells from scarce cadaveric donors are considered, such as pancreatic islets. Additionally, the cell mass in capsules is discussed from the perspective of emerging new insights into the release of so-called danger-associated molecular pattern molecules by clumps of necrotic therapeutic cells. We conclude that despite two decades of intensive research, drawing conclusions about which polymer is most adequate for clinical application is still difficult. This is because of the lack of documentation on critical information, such as the composition of the polymer, the presence or absence of confounding factors that induce immune responses, toxicity to enveloped cells, and the permeability of the polymer network. Only alginate has been studied extensively and currently qualifies for application. This review also discusses critical issues that are not directly related to polymers and are not discussed in the other reviews in this issue, such as the functional performance of encapsulated cells in vivo. Physiological endocrine responses may indeed not be expected because of the many barriers that the metabolites encounter when traveling from the blood stream to the enveloped cells and back to circulation. However, despite these diffusion barriers, many studies have shown optimal regulation, allowing us to conclude that encapsulated grafts do not always follow nature's course but are still a possible solution for many endocrine disorders for which the minute-to-minute regulation of metabolites is mandatory.
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Paredes-Juarez GA, de Haan BJ, Faas MM, de Vos P. A Technology Platform to Test the Efficacy of Purification of Alginate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 7:2087-2103. [PMID: 28788557 PMCID: PMC5453257 DOI: 10.3390/ma7032087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alginates are widely used in tissue engineering technologies, e.g., in cell encapsulation, in drug delivery and various immobilization procedures. The success rates of these studies are highly variable due to different degrees of tissue response. A cause for this variation in success is, among other factors, its content of inflammatory components. There is an urgent need for a technology to test the inflammatory capacity of alginates. Recently, it has been shown that pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in alginate are potent immunostimulatories. In this article, we present the design and evaluation of a technology platform to assess (i) the immunostimulatory capacity of alginate or its contaminants, (ii) where in the purification process PAMPs are removed, and (iii) which Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and ligands are involved. A THP1 cell-line expressing pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and the co-signaling molecules CD14 and MD2 was used to assess immune activation of alginates during the different steps of purification of alginate. To determine if this activation was mediated by TLRs, a THP1-defMyD88 cell-line was applied. This cell-line possesses a non-functional MyD88 coupling protein, necessary for activating NF-κB via TLRs. To identify the specific TLRs being activated by the PAMPs, we use different human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell-line that expresses only one specific TLR. Finally, specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were applied to identify the specific PAMP. By applying this three-step procedure, we can screen alginate in a manner, which is both labor and cost efficient. The efficacy of the platform was evaluated with an alginate that did not pass our quality control. We demonstrate that this alginate was immunostimulatory, even after purification due to reintroduction of the TLR5 activating flagellin. In addition, we tested two commercially available purified alginates. Our experiments show that these commercial alginates contained peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, flagellin, and even lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The platform presented here can be used to evaluate the efficacy of purification procedures in removing PAMPs from alginates in a cost-efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro A Paredes-Juarez
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Section of Immunoendocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, EA11, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart J de Haan
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Section of Immunoendocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, EA11, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Section of Immunoendocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, EA11, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul de Vos
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Section of Immunoendocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, EA11, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Cells, which are the basic unit of life, are the most intelligent particles on earth. Recent advances in life science research encourage the development of cell therapy utilizing specialized functions of highly differentiated cells, the self-renewal and differentiation abilities of stem cells, and signal networks among various types of cells. Although cell therapy including ex vivo gene therapy, cellular immunotherapy, and regenerative therapy is expected to become the next generation of medical care for intractable disorders, the establishment of technology to prepare cells as medical supplies, namely, cytomedicine, is essential for the assurance of efficacy and safety in cell therapy. This review introduces our approach to the design and creation of cytomedicine for application to cell therapy against diabetes mellitus and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Okada
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Abstract
With the success of the human genome project, the focus of life science research has shifted to the functional and structural analyses of proteins, such as proteomics and structural genomics. These analyses of proteins including newly identified proteins are expected to contribute to the identification of therapeutically applicable proteins for various diseases. Thus, pharmaco-proteomic-based drug discovery and development for protein therapies, including gene therapy, cell therapy, and vaccine therapy, is attracting current attention. However, there is clinical difficulty in using almost all bioactive proteins, because of their very low stability and pleiotropic actions in vivo. To promote pharmaco-proteomic-based drug discovery and development, we have attempted to develop drug delivery systems (DDSs), such as the protein-drug innovation system and the optimal cell therapeutic system. In this review, we introduce our original DDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Mayumi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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Yoshioka Y, Suzuki R, Oka H, Okada N, Okamoto T, Yoshioka T, Mukai Y, Shibata H, Tsutsumi Y, Nakagawa S, Miyazaki JI, Mayumi T. A novel cytomedical vehicle capable of protecting cells against complement. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 305:353-8. [PMID: 12745082 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have developed "Cytomedicine," which consists of functional cells entrapped in semipermeable polymer, and previously reported that APA microcapsules could protect the entrapped cells from injury by cellular immune system. However, microencapsulated cells were not protected from humoral immune system. Here, we developed a novel APA microcapsule, in which APA microbeads (APA(Ba) microbeads) were modified to contain a barium alginate hydrogel within their centers in an attempt to make it more difficult for antibody and complement to permeate the microcapsules. The permeability of APA(Ba) microbeads was clearly less than that of APA microcapsules, presumably due to the presence of barium alginate hydrogel. Cells encapsulated within APA(Ba) microbeads were protected against treatment with xenogeneic anti-serum. Furthermore, murine pancreatic beta-cells encapsulated in APA(Ba) microbeads remained viable and continued to secrete insulin in response to glucose. Therefore, APA(Ba) microbeads may be a useful carrier for developing anti-complement device for cytomedical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Yoshioka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Suzuki R, Okada N, Miyamoto H, Yoshioka T, Sakamoto K, Oka H, Tsutsumi Y, Nakagawa S, Miyazaki JI, Mayumi T. Cyotomedical therapy for insulinopenic diabetes using microencapsulated pancreatic beta cell lines. Life Sci 2002; 71:1717-29. [PMID: 12151050 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01724-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Current therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus involves a daily regimen of multiple subcutaneous or intramuscular injections of recombinant human insulin. To achieve long-term insulin delivery in vivo, we investigated the applicability of cytomedical therapy using beta TC6 cells or MIN6 cells, both of which are murine pancreatic beta cell lines that secrete insulin in a subphysiologically or physiologically regulated manner, respectively. We examined this therapy in the insulinopenic diabetic mice intraperitoneally injected with beta TC6 cells or MIN6 cells microencapsulated within alginate-poly(L)lysine-alginate membranes (APA-beta TC6 cells or APA-MIN6 cells). The diabetic mice treated with APA-beta TC6 cells fell into hypoglycemia, whereas those injected with APA-MIN6 cells maintained normal blood glucose concentrations for over 2 months without developing hypoglycemia. In addition, we also conducted an oral glucose tolerance test using these mice. The blood glucose concentrations of normal and of diabetic mice injected with APA-MIN6 cells similarly changed over time, although the blood insulin concentration increased later in the injected diabetic mice than in the former. These results suggest that cytomedicine utilizing microencapsulated pancreatic beta cell lines with a physiological glucose sensor may be a beneficial and safe therapy with which to treat diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Suzuki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Literature alerts. J Microencapsul 2000; 17:253-62. [PMID: 10738700 DOI: 10.1080/026520400288481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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