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Reza-Zaldívar E, Jacobo-Velázquez DA. Comprehensive Review of Nutraceuticals against Cognitive Decline Associated with Alzheimer's Disease. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:35499-35522. [PMID: 37810693 PMCID: PMC10552500 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, nutraceuticals are being incorporated into functional foods or used as supplements with nonpharmacological approaches in the prevention and management of several illnesses, including age-related conditions and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Nutraceuticals are apt for preventing and treating such disorders because of their nontoxic, non-habit-forming, and efficient bioactivities for promoting neurological well-being due to their ability to influence cellular processes such as neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, synaptic transmission, neuro-inflammation, oxidative stress, cell death modulation, and neuronal survival. The capacity of nutraceuticals to modify all of these processes reveals the potential to develop food-based strategies to aid brain development and enhance brain function, prevent and ameliorate neurodegeneration, and possibly reverse the cognitive impairment observed in Alzheimer's disease, the most predominant form of dementia in the elderly. The current review summarizes the experimental evidence of the neuroprotective capacity of nutraceuticals against Alzheimer's disease, describing their mechanisms of action and the in vitro and in vivo models applied to evaluate their neuroprotective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin
E. Reza-Zaldívar
- Tecnologico
de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C. 64849 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Daniel A. Jacobo-Velázquez
- Tecnologico
de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C. 64849 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
- Tecnologico
de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería
y Ciencias, Campus Guadalajara, Av. General Ramon Corona 2514, C. 45201 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
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2
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Fatima MT, Bhat AA, Nisar S, Fakhro KA, Al-Shabeeb Akil AS. The role of dietary antioxidants in type 2 diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders: An assessment of the benefit profile. Heliyon 2022; 9:e12698. [PMID: 36632095 PMCID: PMC9826852 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy diet is vital to cellular health. The human body succumbs to numerous diseases which afflict severe economic and psychological burdens on the patient and family. Oxidative stress is a possible crucial regulator of various pathologies, including type 2 diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. It generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that trigger the dysregulation of essential cellular functions, ultimately affecting cellular health and homeostasis. However, lower levels of ROS can be advantageous and are implicated in a variety of signaling pathways. Due to this dichotomy, the terms oxidative "eustress," which refers to a good oxidative event, and "distress," which can be hazardous, have developed. ROS affects multiple signaling pathways, leading to compromised insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and β-cell dysfunction in diabetes. ROS is also associated with increased mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation, aggravating neurodegenerative conditions in the body, particularly with age. Treatment includes drugs/therapies often associated with dependence, side effects including non-selectivity, and possible toxicity, particularly in the long run. It is imperative to explore alternative medicines as an adjunct therapy, utilizing natural remedies/resources to avoid all the possible harms. Antioxidants are vital components of our body that fight disease by reducing oxidative stress or nullifying the excess toxic free radicals produced under various pathological conditions. In this review, we focus on the antioxidant effects of components of dietary foods such as tea, coffee, wine, oils, and honey and the role and mechanism of action of these antioxidants in alleviating type 2 diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders. We aim to provide information about possible alternatives to drug treatments used alone or combined to reduce drug intake and encourage the consumption of natural ingredients at doses adequate to promote health and combat pathologies while reducing unwanted risks and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazza Tamkeen Fatima
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes Prevention Program, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ajaz Ahmed Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes Prevention Program, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sabah Nisar
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes Prevention Program, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid Adnan Fakhro
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar,Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory of Genomic Medicine-Precision Medicine Program, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ammira Sarah Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes Prevention Program, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar,Corresponding author.
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3
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The science of matcha: Bioactive compounds, analytical techniques and biological properties. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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4
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The combined effect of green tea and α-glucosyl hesperidin in preventing obesity: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19067. [PMID: 34561541 PMCID: PMC8463579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea, a widely consumed beverage in Asia, contains green tea catechins effective against obesity, especially epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), but must be consumed in an impractically huge amount daily to elicit its biological effect. Meanwhile, citrus polyphenols have various physiological effects that could enhance EGCG functionality. Here we investigated the antiobesity effect of a combination of EGCG and α-glucosyl hesperidin, a citrus polyphenol, at doses that have not been previously reported to exert antiobesity effects by themselves in any clinical trial. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, and parallel-group-designed clinical trial, 60 healthy Japanese males and females aged 30-75 years consumed green tea combined with α-glucosyl hesperidin (GT-gH), which contained 178 mg α-glucosyl hesperidin and 146 mg EGCG, for 12 weeks. Physical, hematological, blood biochemical, and urine examinations showed that GT-gH is safe to use. At week 12, GT-gH prevented weight gain and reduced body mass index (BMI) compared with the placebo. Especially in those aged < 50 years, triglyceride and body fat percentage decreased at week 6, visceral fat level and body fat percentage decreased at week 12; body weight, BMI, and blood LDL/HDL ratio also decreased. In conclusion, taking GT-gH prevents weight gain, and the antiobesity effect of GT-gH was more pronounced in people aged < 50 years.
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5
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Asanuma M, Miyazaki I. Glutathione and Related Molecules in Parkinsonism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168689. [PMID: 34445395 PMCID: PMC8395390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant intrinsic antioxidant in the central nervous system, and its substrate cysteine readily becomes the oxidized dimeric cystine. Since neurons lack a cystine transport system, neuronal GSH synthesis depends on cystine uptake via the cystine/glutamate exchange transporter (xCT), GSH synthesis, and release in/from surrounding astrocytes. Transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a detoxifying master transcription factor, is expressed mainly in astrocytes and activates the gene expression of various phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes or antioxidants including GSH-related molecules and metallothionein by binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE) of these genes. Accumulating evidence has shown the involvement of dysfunction of antioxidative molecules including GSH and its related molecules in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) or parkinsonian models. Furthermore, we found several agents targeting GSH synthesis in the astrocytes that protect nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss in PD models. In this article, the neuroprotective effects of supplementation and enhancement of GSH and its related molecules in PD pathology are reviewed, along with introducing new experimental findings, especially targeting of the xCT-GSH synthetic system and Nrf2–ARE pathway in astrocytes.
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Zhang Y, Cheng L, Zhang X. Interactions of tea polyphenols with intestinal microbiota and their effects on cerebral nerves. J Food Biochem 2020; 45:e13575. [PMID: 33222220 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tea polyphenols (TP) are important functional components in tea. TP can regulate the composition of human intestinal flora, meanwhile, TP can be bio-transformed by the intestinal microbiota, resulting in relative metabolites, which prevent nerve damage, promote neurocognition, and increase resistance to oxidative stress. In recent years, cerebral nerves have become a hot topic of research, and studies have marked the importance of microbial flora and TP in protecting cerebral nerves. This paper reviews the effects of TP on intestinal microflora and the microbial degradation of TP. Furthermore, the potential effects of TP on cerebral nerves have been highlighted. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Neuroscience studies are primarily focused on discerning the functional mechanism of the nervous system. The functional role of intestinal microbiota in host physiology regulation, especially neurological functions, has become a hotspot for neurological research. TP play a vital role in maintaining the steady status of intestinal flora and protecting cerebral nerve damage. An in-depth understanding of the TP and intestinal microbiota interaction, its implication on cerebral nerve protection, and the associated underlying mechanism will allow us to expand the therapeutic applications of TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Lu Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
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Samanta S. Potential Bioactive Components and Health Promotional Benefits of Tea (Camellia sinensis). J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 41:65-93. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1827082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saptadip Samanta
- Department of Physiology, Midnapore College, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
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8
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GABA-enriched teas as neuro-nutraceuticals. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104895. [PMID: 33144101 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Teas enriched in GABA are consumed for their beneficial effects on blood pressure, stress and anxiety. These effects may involve actions of GABA on the central and peripheral nervous systems. The anaerobic procedures for the production of GABA-enriched teas increase GABA levels by 10-20 times. They also significantly alter the levels of other constituents that may interact with the actions of GABA. These include epigallocatechin gallate, caffeine and theanine. The possible interactions of these active constituents make the understanding of the effects of GABA-enriched teas complex. More data is needed to establish where and how GABA is acting following consumption of GABA-enriched teas. While there is considerable evidence that such GABA is acting on GABA receptors in the periphery, there is rather less evidence that is acting directly in the brain. Certainly, there is more to the action of GABA-enriched teas than GABA itself.
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Saeed M, Khan MS, Kamboh AA, Alagawany M, Khafaga AF, Noreldin AE, Qumar M, Safdar M, Hussain M, Abd El-Hack ME, Chao S. L-theanine: an astounding sui generis amino acid in poultry nutrition. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5625-5636. [PMID: 33142480 PMCID: PMC7647716 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
L-theanine (γ-Glutamylethylamide) is a nonprotein water soluble amino acid (AA) mostly found in leaves of Camellia sinensis (green tea). This is a key component of green tea and is considered as the most abundant form of total AAs in green tea (i.e., about 50%). L-theanine is an exclusive taste ingredient of tea producing an attractive flavor and aroma in tea. It has biological effects such as antioxidant, growth promoter, immune booster, anti-stresser, hepatoprotective, antitumor, antiaging, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antianxiety activities that are worth noticing. It could reduce the oxidative impairment by reducing the synthesis of reactive oxygen species, oxidative parameters, and lipid damage as well as increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The oral ingestion of L-theanine enhanced γδ T-cell proliferation. Therefore, it is being considered an essential compound of green tea that has the ability to improve immune function. The L-theanine can be used as a potential treatment for hepatic injury and immune-related liver diseases via the downregulation of the inflammatory response through the initiation of nitric oxide synthesis and glutathione production which are likely to be critical for the control of hepatic diseases as well as for the improvement of immune function. In addition, it could be used as a best natural feed additive with a potent antistressor by decreasing the levels of corticosterone, dopamine, and noradrenaline. After systematically reviewing the literature, it is noticed that most studies were carried out on mice, pig, human, and butterfly; while dietary supplementation studies of L-theanine in animal and poultry especially among broilers are very limited because of less awareness of this AA. So, the aim of this review is to encourage the veterinarian and poultry researchers to conduct more research at the molecular level about this AA to expose its more beneficial effects and its mechanism of absorption for potential use of this unique green tea AA in poultry nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saeed
- Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajjad Khan
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Asghar Ali Kamboh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Qumar
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Safdar
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Mubashar Hussain
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Sun Chao
- Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.
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10
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Liu J, Zhong T, Yi P, Fan C, Zhang Z, Liang G, Xu Y, Fan Y. A new epigallocatechin gallate derivative isolated from Anhua dark tea sensitizes the chemosensitivity of gefitinib via the suppression of PI3K/mTOR and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Fitoterapia 2020; 143:104590. [PMID: 32272164 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The acquired resistance to gefitinib limits its clinical application. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been found to enhance the efficacy of gefitinib against resistant. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms have not been completely illuminated in NSCLC. In this study, a new epigallocatechin gallate derivative (2R,3R-6-methoxycarbonylgallocatechin-3-O-gallate, the following referred to as EGCGD) (1) and three known epigallocatechin gallate compounds including epicatechin-3-O-gallate (2), gallocatechin-3-O-gallate (3) and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (4, EGCG) were isolated and identified from Anhua dark tea. The pharmacological studies showed EGCGD was more effective against gefitinib-resistant HCC827-Gef cells compared to that of other three epigallocatechin gallate compounds including EGCG, suggesting that introduction of 6-methoxycarbonyl to EGCG might enhance its antitumor activities. Further study on molecular mechanism showed EGCGD increased the potency of gefitinib against HCC827-Gef cells via suppression of epithelial-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) and dual inhibition of PI3K/mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ting Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Ping Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Chengcheng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Guangyan Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Yongnan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yanhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China.
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11
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Using 4-(Carbazole-9-yl)-benzyl Chloroformate as a Derivatization Reagent for the Measurement of Amino Acids in Tea Samples by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Liu Y, Hao X, Lu Q, Zhang W, Zhang H, Wang L, Yang Y, Xiao B, Wang X. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of flowering-related genes reveal putative floral induction and differentiation mechanisms in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Genomics 2020; 112:2318-2326. [PMID: 31923617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The tea leaf is economically important, while reproductive growth reduce tea output. However, little is known about flowering mechanisms in tea plants. Here, we determined the approximate times of floral induction, floral transition and floral organ differentiation by morphological observation. We identified 401 and 356 flowering-related genes from the genomes of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis and Camellia sinensis var. assamica, respectively. Then, we compared the expression profiles of flowering-related genes in floriferous and oliganthous cultivars, the result showed that PRR7, GI, GID1B and GID1C expression is correlated with the floral induction; LFY, PNF and PNY expression was correlated with floral bud formation. Transcriptome analysis also showed that GI, PRR7 and GID1 were correlated with stress-induced flowering. Thus, we proposed putative mechanisms of flowering in tea plants. This study provides new insights into flowering and a theoretical basis for balancing vegetative and reproductive growth in tea plants and other economical plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy, Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xinyuan Hao
- Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy, Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Qinhua Lu
- Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy, Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Weifu Zhang
- Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy, Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy, Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy, Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy, Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Bin Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xinchao Wang
- Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy, Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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13
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Mao X, Xiao X, Chen D, Yu B, He J. Tea and Its Components Prevent Cancer: A Review of the Redox-Related Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5249. [PMID: 31652732 PMCID: PMC6862630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a worldwide epidemic and represents a major threat to human health and survival. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in cancer cells, which includes both promoting and inhibiting carcinogenesis. Tea remains one of the most prevalent beverages consumed due in part to its anti- or pro-oxidative properties. The active compounds in tea, particularly tea polyphenols, can directly or indirectly scavenge ROS to reduce oncogenesis and cancerometastasis. Interestingly, the excessive levels of ROS induced by consuming tea could induce programmed cell death (PCD) or non-PCD of cancer cells. On the basis of illustrating the relationship between ROS and cancer, the current review discusses the composition and efficacy of tea including the redox-relative (including anti-oxidative and pro-oxidative activity) mechanisms and their role along with other components in preventing and treating cancer. This information will highlight the basis for the clinical utilization of tea extracts in the prevention or treatment of cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbing Mao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Xiangjun Xiao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Bing Yu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Jun He
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China.
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14
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Deb S, Dutta A, Phukan BC, Manivasagam T, Justin Thenmozhi A, Bhattacharya P, Paul R, Borah A. Neuroprotective attributes of L-theanine, a bioactive amino acid of tea, and its potential role in Parkinson's disease therapeutics. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Cai Z, Hu X, Tan R, Feng Y, Sun M, Ma N, Li X, Huang L, An J, Ge Q, Lu H. Neuroprotective effect of green tea extractives against oxidative stress by enhancing the survival and proliferation of PC12 cells. Mol Cell Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-0042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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Katasonov AB. [Neurobiological effects of theanine and its possible use in neurology and psychiatry]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 118:118-124. [PMID: 30585616 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2018118111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Theanine is an analog of glutamate and the major aminoacid in green tea. It has received growing attention in recent years because of its beneficial effects on the central nervous system. Theanine was shown to increase levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and to stimulate neurogenesis. Anti-stress and calming effects of theanine are the most apparent and well-studied. A number of studies showed neuroprotective effects of theanine after an ischemic cerebral injury or the exposure to toxic chemicals. It also improved cognitive function including attention, memory and learning. Recent studies demonstrated a promising role of theanine in augmentation therapy for major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Theoretical grounds for using theanine in treatment of bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder and some neurodegenerative disorders are discussed.
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17
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Oveissi V, Ram M, Bahramsoltani R, Ebrahimi F, Rahimi R, Naseri R, Belwal T, Devkota HP, Abbasabadi Z, Farzaei MH. Medicinal plants and their isolated phytochemicals for the management of chemotherapy-induced neuropathy: therapeutic targets and clinical perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 27:389-406. [PMID: 30852764 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-019-00255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy, as one of the main approaches of cancer treatment, is accompanied with several adverse effects, including chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Since current methods to control the condition are not completely effective, new treatment options should be introduced. Medicinal plants can be suitable candidates to be assessed regarding their effects in CIPN. Current paper reviews the available preclinical and clinical studies on the efficacy of herbal medicines in CIPN. METHODS Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane library were searched with the keywords "neuropathy" in the title/abstract and "plant", "extract", or "herb" in the whole text. Data were collected from inception until April 2018. RESULTS Plants such as chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia (L.) D. Don), and sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) as well as phytochemicals like matrine, curcumin, and thioctic acid have demonstrated beneficial effects in animal models of CIPN via prevention of axonal degeneration, decrease in total calcium level, improvement of endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms such as superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione, and regulation of neural cell apoptosis, nuclear factor-ĸB, cyclooxygenase-2, and nitric oxide signaling. Also, five clinical trials have evaluated the effect of herbal products in patients with CIPN. CONCLUSIONS There are currently limited clinical evidence on medicinal plants for CIPN which shows the necessity of future mechanistic studies, as well as well-designed clinical trial for further confirmation of the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines in CIPN. Graphical abstract Schematic mechanisms of medicinal plants to prevent chemotherapy-induced neuropathy: NO: nitric oxide, TNF: tumor necrosis factor, PG: prostaglandin, NF-ĸB: nuclear factor kappa B, LPO: lipid peroxidation, ROS: reactive oxygen species, COX: cyclooxygenase, IL: interleukin, ERK: extracellular signal-related kinase, X: inhibition, ↓: induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Oveissi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboobe Ram
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Roodabeh Bahramsoltani
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Ebrahimi
- Pharmacy Students' Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rozita Naseri
- Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Tarun Belwal
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand, 263643, India
| | - Hari Prasad Devkota
- School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.,Program for Leading Graduate Schools, Health life science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented (HIGO) Program, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Zahra Abbasabadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. .,Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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18
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Chang CW, Xie XY, Wang WK, Wang GC. Effect of Black Tea and Green Tea on the Radial Pulse Spectrum in Healthy Humans. J Altern Complement Med 2019; 25:559-561. [PMID: 30835136 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2018.0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of black tea and green tea has been shown to be beneficial for cardiovascular health. Because the chemical composition of the two teas varies widely, the purpose of the study was to investigate whether the consumption of green tea and black tea had different effects on the arterial system. Thirty-three healthy subjects received a single dose of green tea (dose = 0.05 g/kg) and black tea (dose = 0.05 g/kg) in different weeks. Radial blood pressure and radial pulse pressure were measured before and after drinking tea. The harmonic analysis was performed on radial pressure waves, and harmonics (Cns) were recorded. The results showed that both black tea and green tea consumption significantly increased the C1, C2, C6, C7, C8, C9, and C10 of the radial pressure wave. Furthermore, the results confirmed that the consumption effect of green tea on C6-C10 increase is greater than that of black tea. This report also found a subtle difference that consumption of green tea increased C4, whereas consumption of black tea increased C3. We concluded that black tea and green tea have similar patterns in higher harmonics, but with varying degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wei Chang
- 1 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xiang-Yu Xie
- 2 Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kung Wang
- 3 Biophysics Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gin-Chung Wang
- 4 Research and Development Department, JinMu Health Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Guo WL, Qu WR, Zeng LN, Qi ZP, Huang C, Zhu Z, Li R. l-Theanine and NEP1-40 promote nerve regeneration and functional recovery after brachial plexus root avulsion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 508:1126-1132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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20
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Magnetic Field Extraction Techniques in Preparing High-Quality Tea Infusions. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8101876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tea is one of the most popular drinks in the world, commonly consumed by consumers from all age groups mainly due to its refreshing taste, attractive aroma, and potentially beneficial impact on health. The composition of a tea drink depends on numerous factors, such as time and brewing temperature, degree of crumbling of tea leaves, and degree of mixing. Diffusion of the polyphenolic compounds, minerals, caffeine or theanine typical of tea infusions have been the subject of studies conducted by numerous authors. Promoting the extraction of amino acids from tea leaves when preparing infusions through the induction of a magnetic field constitutes not only another step towards the optimisation of the extraction process, but is also one of the methods to improve the nutritional value of tea infusions. The purpose of this work was to verify a hypothesis concerning the improvement of the extraction of amino acids from dried tea during the preparation of infusions by applying a permanent or variable magnetic field induced under laboratory conditions. A variable magnetic field applied as a factor assisting extraction resulted in an increased concentration in the total number of amino acids in green and black tea infusions. A statistically significant improvement in the level of free amino acids was observed after application of extraction assisted by a variable magnetic field with induction at 100 mT and a frequency of 50 Hz. Extraction using a variable magnetic field for tea infusions may constitute a good solution to assist traditional water extraction methods for research purposes.
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21
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Dramard V, Kern L, Hofmans J, Rème CA, Nicolas CS, Chala V, Navarro C. Effect of l-theanine tablets in reducing stress-related emotional signs in cats: an open-label field study. Ir Vet J 2018; 71:21. [PMID: 30338056 PMCID: PMC6178259 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-018-0130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background L-theanine is an aminoacid found in tea leaves which has relaxing effects in humans and animals. It is a structural analogue of glutamate which can bind glutamate receptors. Although the relaxing action of L-theanine has been shown in humans, laboratory animals and dogs, it has never been published in cats. The goal of this open-label, multicentre and prospective trial was to determine whether an L-theanine based oral supplement (Anxitane®, Virbac, France) could attenuate manifestations of stress in cats under field conditions. Case presentation Thirty-three privately owned cats presenting signs associated with stress or fear (inappropriate urination/defecation, fear-induced aggressiveness, hypervigilance/tenseness or physical/functional manifestations of stress) for at least 1 month, were included in the study. They were given L-theanine (Anxitane®, 25 mg twice a day) for 30 days and 20 stress-related parameters were scored at Days 0, 15 and 30. The evolution of some parameters was also rated relative to Day 0. All median scores of the 20 parameters were significantly reduced at D30, and 30/33 cats (91%) had a reduced global score at the end of the study, including 21/33 with ≥50% score reduction. The median (IQR) global scores went from 18 (13-23) at D0 to 11 (8-13) at D15 and 5 (3-12) at D30 (p < 0.0001; Friedman test; significant reduction starting from D15). All the stress-related signs were significantly improved compared to D0, according to the owners, especially inappropriate elimination. Tablet palatability was judged good or very good in 94% of cases with spontaneous intake by cats when given by hand or in food. Tolerance was satisfactory as well, and no side effects were reported, so that most owners (27/33; 82%) were satisfied with the product. Conclusions Despite the lack of a placebo group, it can be concluded that L-theanine (Anxitane®) helped to improve the undesirable manifestations of stress in cats in as soon as 15 days, though better results could be seen after 30 days of administration. These encouraging results show that L-theanine can help manage stress-related behaviour, but additional trials with a placebo group should be run to confirm this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dramard
- Referral Behaviour Veterinary Clinic, 16 rue Jeanne d'Arc, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - L Kern
- Referral Behaviour Veterinary Clinic, 6 place Léon Deubel, 75016 Paris, France
| | - J Hofmans
- Veterinary Clinic, Avenue des Martyrs 173, 4620 Fléron, Belgium
| | - C A Rème
- 4Medical Department, Virbac, 13ème rue, LID, 06511 Carros, France
| | - C S Nicolas
- 4Medical Department, Virbac, 13ème rue, LID, 06511 Carros, France
| | - V Chala
- 4Medical Department, Virbac, 13ème rue, LID, 06511 Carros, France
| | - C Navarro
- 4Medical Department, Virbac, 13ème rue, LID, 06511 Carros, France
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22
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Goodus MT, Sauerbeck AD, Popovich PG, Bruno RS, McTigue DM. Dietary Green Tea Extract Prior to Spinal Cord Injury Prevents Hepatic Iron Overload but Does Not Improve Chronic Hepatic and Spinal Cord Pathology in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2872-2882. [PMID: 30084733 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts autonomic regulation of visceral organs. As a result, a leading cause of mortality in the SCI population is metabolic dysfunction, and an organ central to metabolic control is the liver. Our recent work showed that rodent SCI promotes Kupffer cell (hepatic macrophage) activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and liver steatosis. These are symptoms of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, and these pre-clinical data replicate aspects of post-SCI human metabolic dysfunction. Because metabolic profile is highly dependent on lifestyle, including diet, it is likely that lifestyle choices prior to injury influence metabolic and hepatic outcomes after SCI. Therefore, in this study we tested if a diet rich in green tea extract (GTE), a known hepatoprotective agent, that began 3 weeks before SCI and was maintained after injury, reduced indices of liver pathology or metabolic dysfunction. GTE treatment significantly reduced post-SCI hepatic iron accumulation and blunted circulating glucose elevation compared with control-diet rats. However, GTE pre-treatment did not prevent Kupffer cell activation, hepatic lipid accumulation, increased serum alanine transaminase, or circulating non-esterified fatty acids, which were all significantly increased 6 weeks post-injury. Spinal cord pathology also was unchanged by GTE. Thus, dietary GTE prior to and after SCI had only a minor hepatoprotective effect. In general, for optimal health of SCI individuals, it will be important for future studies to evaluate how other lifestyle choices made before or after SCI positively or negatively impact systemic and intraspinal outcomes and the overall metabolic health of SCI individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Goodus
- 1 The Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,2 Department of Neuroscience, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,3 Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Wexner Medical Center, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Andrew D Sauerbeck
- 1 The Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,2 Department of Neuroscience, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- 1 The Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,2 Department of Neuroscience, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,3 Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Wexner Medical Center, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Richard S Bruno
- 4 Human Nutrition Program, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dana M McTigue
- 1 The Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,2 Department of Neuroscience, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,3 Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Wexner Medical Center, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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23
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Meng XH, Zhu HT, Yan H, Wang D, Yang CR, Zhang YJ. C-8 N-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-Substituted Flavan-3-ols from the Leaves of Camellia sinensis var. pubilimba. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7150-7155. [PMID: 29889511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Camellia sinensis var. pubilimba, one variety of the genus Camellia sect. Thea (Theaceae), has been used for producing green tea mainly by the local people of its growing areas of Guangxi province, China. Forty compounds, including eight C-8 N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-substituted flavan-3-ols (1-8) and their substituted unit N-ethyl-5-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinone (9), four flavan-3-ol monomers (10-13) and one dimer (14), nine flavonoids (15-23), three hydrolyzable tannins (24-26), two lignans (27-28), 11 simple phenolics (29-39), and caffeine (40), were first isolated and identified from the leaves. Their structures were determined by detailed spectroscopic analysis and comparison with the literature data and authentic samples. Both 1 and 4 were obtained as a mixture of the N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone C-5 enantiomers (1a and 1b and 4a and 4b), respectively, while the resolution of another three pairs of enantiomers (2 and 3, 5 and 6, and 7 and 8) was achieved. Among them, 1b is a new compound whose NMR data together with its enantiomer (1a) were reported for the first time, while 2 and 3 are two new natural products. Most of the isolates exhibited significant antioxidant activities, stronger than ascorbic acid and trolox, while parts of the isolates, particularly C-8 N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-substituted flavan-3-ols, showed obvious inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The results indicated that C. sinensis var. pubilimba is a valuable plant resource for tea production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Hua Meng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
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24
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Dietz C, Dekker M. Effect of Green Tea Phytochemicals on Mood and Cognition. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 23:2876-2905. [PMID: 28056735 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170105151800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Green tea is traditionally known to induce mental clarity, cognitive function, physical activation and relaxation. Recently, a special green tea, matcha tea, is rapidly gaining popularity throughout the world and is frequently referred to as a mood- and brain food. Matcha tea consumption leads to much higher intake of green tea phytochemicals compared to regular green tea. Previous research on tea constituents caffeine, L-theanine, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) repeatedly demonstrated benefits on mood and cognitive performance. These effects were observed when these phytochemicals were consumed separately and in combination. METHODS A review was conducted on 49 human intervention studies to summarize the research on acute psychoactive effects of caffeine, L-theanine, and EGCG on different dimensions of mood and cognitive performance. CONCLUSION Caffeine was found to mainly improve performance on demanding long-duration cognitive tasks and self-reported alertness, arousal, and vigor. Significant effects already occurred at low doses of 40 mg. L-theanine alone improved self-reported relaxation, tension, and calmness starting at 200 mg. L-theanine and caffeine combined were found to particularly improve performance in attention-switching tasks and alertness, but to a lesser extent than caffeine alone. No conclusive evidence relating to effects induced by EGCG could be given since the amount of intervention studies was limited. These studies provided reliable evidence showing that L-theanine and caffeine have clear beneficial effects on sustained attention, memory, and suppression of distraction. Moreover, L-theanine was found to lead to relaxation by reducing caffeine induced arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dietz
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Dekker
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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25
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Fernando WMADB, Somaratne G, Goozee KG, Williams S, Singh H, Martins RN. Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease: Can Tea Phytochemicals Play a Role in Prevention? J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:481-501. [PMID: 28582855 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dementia and diabetes mellitus are prevalent disorders in the elderly population. While recognized as two distinct diseases, diabetes has more recently recognized as a significant contributor to risk for developing dementia, and some studies make reference to type 3 diabetes, a condition resulting from insulin resistance in the brain. Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia, and diabetes, interestingly, share underlying pathological processes, commonality in risk factors, and, importantly, pathways for intervention. Tea has been suggested to possess potent antioxidant properties. It is rich in phytochemicals including, flavonoids, tannins, caffeine, polyphenols, boheic acid, theophylline, theobromine, anthocyanins, gallic acid, and finally epigallocatechin-3-gallate, which is considered to be the most potent active ingredient. Flavonoid phytochemicals, known as catechins, within tea offer potential benefits for reducing the risk of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease by targeting common risk factors, including obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. Studies also show that catechins may prevent the formation of amyloid-β plaques and enhance cognitive functions, and thus may be useful in treating patients who have Alzheimer's disease or dementia. Furthermore, other phytochemicals found within tea offer important antioxidant properties along with innate properties capable of modulating intracellular neuronal signal transduction pathways and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warnakulasuriya M A D B Fernando
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Geeshani Somaratne
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn G Goozee
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,KARVIAH Research Centre, Anglicare, Castle Hill, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shehan Williams
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Harjinder Singh
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,KARVIAH Research Centre, Anglicare, Castle Hill, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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26
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Carrageta DF, Dias TR, Alves MG, Oliveira PF, Monteiro MP, Silva BM. Anti-obesity potential of natural methylxanthines. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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27
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Ji HG, Lee YR, Lee MS, Hwang KH, Park CY, Kim EH, Park JS, Hong YS. Diverse Metabolite Variations in Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Leaves Grown Under Various Shade Conditions Revisited: A Metabolomics Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1889-1897. [PMID: 29409322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
With the increase of tea (Camellia sinensis) consumption, its chemical or metabolite compositions play a crucial role in the determination of tea quality. In general, metabolite compositions of fresh tea leaves including shoots depend on plucking seasons and tea cultivators. Therefore, choosing a specific plucking time of tea leaves can provide use-specified tea products. Artificial control of tea growing, typically shade treatments, can lead to significant changes of the tea metabolite compositions. However, metabolic characteristics of tea grown under various shade treatment conditions remain unclear. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to explore effects of various shade conditions on metabolite compositions of tea through a 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach. It was noteworthy that the levels of catechins and their derivatives were only influenced at the initial time of shade treatments while most amino acids were upregulated as amounts of shade and periods were increased: that is, the levels of alanine, asparagine, aspartate, isoleucine, threonine, leucine, and valine in fresh tea leaves were conspicuously elevated when shade levels were raised from 90% to 100% and when period of shade treatments was increased by 20 days. Such increased synthesis of amino acids along with large reductions of glucose level reflected carbon starvation under the dark conditions, indicating remarkable proteolysis in the chloroplast of tea leaves. This study provides important information about making amino acid-enhanced tea products based on global characteristics of diverse tea leaf metabolites induced by various shade treatment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang-Gi Ji
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Ran Lee
- Applied Technology & Research Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation , Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seuk Lee
- Osulloc Tea R&D Center, Osulloc Farm Corporation , Jeju 699-820, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Hwan Hwang
- Applied Technology & Research Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation , Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Clara Yongjoo Park
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Protein Structure Group, Korea Basic Science Institute , Cheongwon-Gu, Cheongju-Si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Seong Park
- Applied Technology & Research Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation , Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Shick Hong
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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28
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Saeed M, Naveed M, Arif M, Kakar MU, Manzoor R, Abd El-Hack ME, Alagawany M, Tiwari R, Khandia R, Munjal A, Karthik K, Dhama K, Iqbal HMN, Dadar M, Sun C. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) and l-theanine: Medicinal values and beneficial applications in humans-A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1260-1275. [PMID: 28938517 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is a famous herb, and its extract has been extensively used in traditional Chinese medicinal system. In this context, several studies have revealed its health benefits and medicinal potentialities for several ailments. With ever increasing scientific knowledge, search for safer, potential and novel type of health-related supplements quest, scientists are re-directing their research interests to explore natural resources i.e. medicinal herbs/plant derived compounds. Green tea consumption has gained a special attention and popularity in the modern era of changing lifestyle. The present review is aimed to extend the current knowledge by highlighting the importance and beneficial applications of green tea in humans for safeguarding various health issues. Herein, we have extensively reviewed, analyzed, and compiled salient information on green tea from the authentic published literature available in PubMed and other scientific databases. Scientific literature evidenced that owing to the bioactive constituents including caffeine, l-theanine, polyphenols/flavonoids and other potent molecules, green tea has many pharmacological and physiological functions. It possesses multi-beneficial applications in treating various disorders of humans. This review also provides in-depth insights on the medicinal values of green tea which will be useful for researchers, medical professionals, veterinarians, nutritionists, pharmacists and pharmaceutical industry. Future research emphasis and promotional avenues are needed to explore its potential therapeutic applications for designing appropriate pharmaceuticals, complementary medicines, and effective drugs as well as popularize and propagate its multidimensional health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saeed
- College of Animal Science and Technology, NW A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Institute of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, China; Department of Urology Surgery, Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Animal Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Mohib Ullah Kakar
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, 3800, Pakistan
| | - Robina Manzoor
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, 3800, Pakistan
| | | | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281 001, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, 462 026 M.P., India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, 462 026 M.P., India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600051, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., CP 64849, Mexico
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, NW A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Adhikary R, Mandal V. l -theanine: A potential multifaceted natural bioactive amide as health supplement. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Sebih F, Rousset M, Bellahouel S, Rolland M, de Jesus Ferreira MC, Guiramand J, Cohen-Solal C, Barbanel G, Cens T, Abouazza M, Tassou A, Gratuze M, Meusnier C, Charnet P, Vignes M, Rolland V. Characterization of l-Theanine Excitatory Actions on Hippocampal Neurons: Toward the Generation of Novel N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptor Modulators Based on Its Backbone. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1724-1734. [PMID: 28511005 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
l-Theanine (or l-γ-N-ethyl-glutamine) is the major amino acid found in Camellia sinensis. It has received much attention because of its pleiotropic physiological and pharmacological activities leading to health benefits in humans, especially. We describe here a new, easy, efficient, and environmentally friendly chemical synthesis of l-theanine and l-γ-N-propyl-Gln and their corresponding d-isomers. l-Theanine, and its derivatives obtained so far, exhibited partial coagonistic action at N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, with no detectable agonist effect at other glutamate receptors, on cultured hippocampal neurons. This activity was retained on NMDA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. In addition, both GluN2A and GluN2B containing NMDA receptors were equally modulated by l-theanine. The stereochemical change from l-theanine to d-theanine along with the substitution of the ethyl for a propyl moiety in the γ-N position of l- and d-theanine significantly enhanced the biological efficacy, as measured on cultured hippocampal neurons. l-Theanine structure thus represents an interesting backbone to develop novel NMDA receptor modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Sebih
- *IBMM-UMR5247, UM-CNRS-ENSCM, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Appliquée LSOA, Département
de Chimie, Université d’Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP 1524 El M’Naouer, Oran 31000, Algeria
| | - Matthieu Rousset
- *IBMM-UMR5247, UM-CNRS-ENSCM, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Salima Bellahouel
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Appliquée LSOA, Département
de Chimie, Université d’Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP 1524 El M’Naouer, Oran 31000, Algeria
| | - Marc Rolland
- IEM-UMR5635, CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Janique Guiramand
- *IBMM-UMR5247, UM-CNRS-ENSCM, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Gérard Barbanel
- *IBMM-UMR5247, UM-CNRS-ENSCM, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Cens
- *IBMM-UMR5247, UM-CNRS-ENSCM, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Mohammed Abouazza
- *IBMM-UMR5247, UM-CNRS-ENSCM, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Adrien Tassou
- *IBMM-UMR5247, UM-CNRS-ENSCM, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Maud Gratuze
- *IBMM-UMR5247, UM-CNRS-ENSCM, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Meusnier
- *IBMM-UMR5247, UM-CNRS-ENSCM, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Charnet
- *IBMM-UMR5247, UM-CNRS-ENSCM, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Vignes
- *IBMM-UMR5247, UM-CNRS-ENSCM, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Rolland
- *IBMM-UMR5247, UM-CNRS-ENSCM, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
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Dietz C, Dekker M, Piqueras-Fiszman B. An intervention study on the effect of matcha tea, in drink and snack bar formats, on mood and cognitive performance. Food Res Int 2017; 99:72-83. [PMID: 28784536 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Matcha tea is gaining popularity throughout the world in recent years and is frequently referred to as a mood-and-brain food. Previous research has demonstrated that three constituents present in matcha tea, l-theanine, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and caffeine, affect mood and cognitive performance. However, to date there are no studies assessing the effect of matcha tea itself. The present study investigates these effects by means of a human intervention study administering matcha tea and a matcha containing product. Using a randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind study, 23 consumers participated in four test sessions. In each session, participants consumed one of the four test products: matcha tea, matcha tea bar (each containing 4g matcha tea powder), placebo tea, or placebo bar. The assessment was performed at baseline and 60min post-treatment. The participants performed a set of cognitive tests assessing attention, information processing, working memory, and episodic memory. The mood state was measured by means of a Profile of Mood States (POMS). After consuming the matcha products compared to placebo versions, there were mainly significant improvements in tasks measuring basic attention abilities and psychomotor speed in response to stimuli over a defined period of time. In contrast to expectations, the effect was barely present in the other cognitive tasks. The POMS results revealed no significant changes in mood. The influence of the food matrix was demonstrated by the fact that on most cognitive performance measures the drink format outperformed the bar format, particularly in tasks measuring speed of spatial working memory and delayed picture recognition. This study suggests that matcha tea consumed in a realistic dose can induce slight effects on speed of attention and episodic secondary memory to a low degree. Further studies are required to elucidate the influences of the food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dietz
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Dekker
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
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Hobbs JG, Young JS, Bailes JE. Sports-related concussions: diagnosis, complications, and current management strategies. Neurosurg Focus 2017; 40:E5. [PMID: 27032922 DOI: 10.3171/2016.1.focus15617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sports-related concussions (SRCs) are traumatic events that affect up to 3.8 million athletes per year. The initial diagnosis and management is often instituted on the field of play by coaches, athletic trainers, and team physicians. SRCs are usually transient episodes of neurological dysfunction following a traumatic impact, with most symptoms resolving in 7-10 days; however, a small percentage of patients will suffer protracted symptoms for years after the event and may develop chronic neurodegenerative disease. Rarely, SRCs are associated with complications, such as skull fractures, epidural or subdural hematomas, and edema requiring neurosurgical evaluation. Current standards of care are based on a paradigm of rest and gradual return to play, with decisions driven by subjective and objective information gleaned from a detailed history and physical examination. Advanced imaging techniques such as functional MRI, and detailed understanding of the complex pathophysiological process underlying SRCs and how they affect the athletes acutely and long-term, may change the way physicians treat athletes who suffer a concussion. It is hoped that these advances will allow a more accurate assessment of when an athlete is truly safe to return to play, decreasing the risk of secondary impact injuries, and provide avenues for therapeutic strategies targeting the complex biochemical cascade that results from a traumatic injury to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Hobbs
- Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago; and
| | - Jacob S Young
- Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago; and
| | - Julian E Bailes
- Department of Neurosurgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois
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Pahrudin Arrozi A, Wan Ngah WZ, Mohd Yusof YA, Ahmad Damanhuri MH, Makpol S. Antioxidant modulation in restoring mitochondrial function in neurodegeneration. Int J Neurosci 2016; 127:218-235. [PMID: 27074540 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2016.1178261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the leading causes of disability associated with neurodegeneration worldwide. These diseases are influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors and share similar mechanisms as both are characterized by accumulation and aggregation of misfolded proteins - amyloid-beta (Aβ) in AD and α-synuclein in PD. Over the past decade, increasing evidence has shown that mitochondrial dysfunction and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the pathology of these diseases, and the contributions of these defects to the cellular and molecular changes that eventually cause neuronal death have been explored. Using mitochondrial protective agents, such as antioxidants, to combat ROS provides a new strategy for neurodegenerative treatment. In this review, we highlight the potential of multiple types of antioxidants, including vitamins, phytochemicals, fatty acids and minerals, as well as synthetic antioxidants specifically targeting the mitochondria, which can restore mitochondrial function, in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders at both the pre-clinical and clinical stages by focusing on AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslina Pahrudin Arrozi
- a Department of Biochemistry , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah
- a Department of Biochemistry , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Yasmin Anum Mohd Yusof
- a Department of Biochemistry , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | | | - Suzana Makpol
- a Department of Biochemistry , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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Azam F, Mohamed N, Alhussen F. Molecular interaction studies of green tea catechins as multitarget drug candidates for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: computational and structural insights. NETWORK (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2016; 26:97-115. [PMID: 27030558 DOI: 10.3109/0954898x.2016.1146416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Green tea catechins have extensively been studied for their imminent role in reducing the risk of various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Understanding the molecular interaction of these compounds with various anti-Parkinsonian drug targets is of interest. The present study is intended to explore binding modes of catechins with molecular targets having potential role in PD. Lamarckian genetic algorithm methodology was adopted for molecular docking simulations employing AutoDock 4.2 program. Toxicity potential and molecular properties responsible for good pharmacokinetic profile were calculated by Osiris property explorer and Molinspiration online toolkit, respectively. A strong correlation coefficient (r(2) = 0.893) was obtained between experimentally reported and docking predicted activities of native co-crystallized ligands of the 18 target receptors used in current study. Analysis of docked conformations revealed monoamine oxidase-B as most promising, while N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor was recognized as the least favorable target for catechins. Benzopyran skeleton with a phenyl group substituted at the 2-position and a hydroxyl (or ester) function at the 3-position has been identified as common structural requirements at majority of the targets. The present findings suggest that epigallocatechin gallate is the most promising lead to be developed as multitarget drug for the design and development of novel anti-Parkinsonian agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizul Azam
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Misurata University , Misurata , Libya
| | - Najah Mohamed
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Misurata University , Misurata , Libya
| | - Fatma Alhussen
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Misurata University , Misurata , Libya
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Sumathi T, Asha D, Nagarajan G, Sreenivas A, Nivedha R. L-Theanine alleviates the neuropathological changes induced by PCB (Aroclor 1254) via inhibiting upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in rat brain. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 42:99-117. [PMID: 26826962 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study is aimed at evaluating the protective role of L-theanine on aroclor 1254-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. Intraperitoneal administration of Aroclor 1254 (2 mg/kg b.wt. for 30 days) caused oxidative stress in rat brain and also caused neurobehavioral changes. Oxidative stress was assessed by determining the levels of lipid peroxide (LPO), protein carbonyl content, and changes in activities of creatine kinase (CK), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), and ATPases in the hippocampus, cerebellum and cerebral cortex of control and experimental rats. Histopathological results showed that PCB caused neuronal loss in all three regions. PCB upregulated the mRNA expressions of inflammatory cytokines. Oral administration of L-theanine (200 mg/kg b.wt.) increased the status of antioxidants, decreased the levels of LPO, nitric oxide (NO) and increased the activities of CK, AchE and ATPases. L-Theanine restored normal architecture of brain regions and downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, L-theanine shows a protective role against PCBs-induced oxidative damage in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangarajan Sumathi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113, India.
| | - Deivasigamani Asha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113, India
| | - Ganesan Nagarajan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113, India
| | - Arivazhagan Sreenivas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113, India
| | - Rajendran Nivedha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113, India
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Determination of Theanine and Catechin in Camellia sinensis (Kangra Tea) Leaves by HPTLC and NMR Techniques. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Murakami A, Nesumi A, Maeda-Yamamoto M, Yamaguchi H, Yashima K, Miura M, Nakano T, Nekoshima K. Anthocyanin-rich tea Sunrouge upregulates expressions of heat shock proteins in the gastrointestinal tract of ICR mice: A comparison with the conventional tea cultivar Yabukita. J Food Drug Anal 2015; 23:407-416. [PMID: 28911697 PMCID: PMC9351784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunrouge is an anthocyanin-rich, new tea cultivar that contains similar levels of catechins as Yabukita, the most popular tea cultivar consumed in Japan. Interestingly, Sunrouge preparations have previously been shown to have more pronounced acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and anticolitis activities than those of Yabukita. In this study, we examined their effects on expressions of self-defensive molecules, including heat shock proteins (HSPs), which are molecular chaperones involved in homeostasis and longevity. Hot water extract from freeze-dried Sunrouge significantly upregulated messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of HSP40, HSP70, and HSP32 (heme oxygenase-1), with grades greater than those shown by Yabukita. Oral administration of freeze-dried preparation of Sunrouge to male ICR mice at a dose of 1% in the basal diet for 1 month resulted in marked upregulations of several HSP mRNA expressions in mucosa from the gastrointestinal tract, especially the upper small intestine. Again, its efficacy was remarkably higher than that of Yabukita. Moreover, exposure of Caenorhabditis elegans to Sunrouge conferred thermoresistant phenotype, and also resulted in a significant life-span elongation. Taken together, our results suggest that Sunrouge is a unique and promising tea cultivar for regulating self-defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Murakami
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Nesumi
- National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Setocho, Makurazaki, Kagoshima 898-0087, Japan
| | - Mari Maeda-Yamamoto
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | | | - Koji Yashima
- Nepuree Corporation, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo 104-0031, Japan
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Li CF, Zhu Y, Yu Y, Zhao QY, Wang SJ, Wang XC, Yao MZ, Luo D, Li X, Chen L, Yang YJ. Global transcriptome and gene regulation network for secondary metabolite biosynthesis of tea plant (Camellia sinensis). BMC Genomics 2015. [PMID: 26220550 PMCID: PMC4518527 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Major secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, caffeine, and theanine, are important components of tea products and are closely related to the taste, flavor, and health benefits of tea. Secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis is differentially regulated in different tissues during growth and development. Until now, little was known about the expression patterns of genes involved in secondary metabolic pathways or their regulatory mechanisms. This study aimed to generate expression profiles for C. sinensis tissues and to build a gene regulation model of the secondary metabolic pathways. Results RNA sequencing was performed on 13 different tissue samples from various organs and developmental stages of tea plants, including buds and leaves of different ages, stems, flowers, seeds, and roots. A total of 43.7 Gbp of raw sequencing data were generated, from which 347,827 unigenes were assembled and annotated. There were 46,693, 8446, 3814, 10,206, and 4948 unigenes specifically expressed in the buds and leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, and roots, respectively. In total, 1719 unigenes were identified as being involved in the secondary metabolic pathways in C. sinensis, and the expression patterns of the genes involved in flavonoid, caffeine, and theanine biosynthesis were characterized, revealing the dynamic nature of their regulation during plant growth and development. The possible transcription factor regulation network for the biosynthesis of flavonoid, caffeine, and theanine was built, encompassing 339 transcription factors from 35 families, namely bHLH, MYB, and NAC, among others. Remarkably, not only did the data reveal the possible critical check points in the flavonoid, caffeine, and theanine biosynthesis pathways, but also implicated the key transcription factors and related mechanisms in the regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Conclusions Our study generated gene expression profiles for different tissues at different developmental stages in tea plants. The gene network responsible for the regulation of the secondary metabolic pathways was analyzed. Our work elucidated the possible cross talk in gene regulation between the secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways in C. sinensis. The results increase our understanding of how secondary metabolic pathways are regulated during plant development and growth cycles, and help pave the way for genetic selection and engineering for germplasm improvement. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1773-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Yan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Qiong-Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Present address: The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Sheng-Jun Wang
- Suzhou Genezym Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Suzhou, 215011, China.
| | - Xin-Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Da Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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Kardashev A, Ratner Y, Ritsner MS. Add-On Pregnenolone with L-Theanine to Antipsychotic Therapy Relieves Negative and Anxiety Symptoms of Schizophrenia: An 8-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [PMID: 26218236 DOI: 10.3371/csrp.kara.070415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pregnenolone (PREG) and L-theanine (LT) have shown ameliorative effects on various schizophrenia symptoms. This is the first study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of augmentation of antipsychotic treatment among patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder with PREG-LT. METHODS Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of PREG-LT or placebo augmentation was conducted for eight weeks with 40 chronic DSM-IV schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder patients with suboptimal response to antipsychotics. Oral PREG (50 mg/day) with LT (400 mg/day) or placebo were added to a stable regimen of antipsychotic medication from March 2011 to October 2013. The participants were rated using the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), the Hamilton Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A), and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scales bi-weekly. The decrease of SANS and HAM-A scores were the co-primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes included assessments of general functioning and side effects. RESULTS Negative symptoms such as blunted affect, alogia, and anhedonia (SANS) were found to be significantly improved with moderate effect sizes among patients who received PREG-LT, in comparison with the placebo group. Add-on PREG-LT also significantly associated with a reduction of anxiety scores such as anxious mood, tension, and cardiovascular symptoms (HAM-A), and elevation of general functioning (GAF). Positive symptoms, antipsychotic agents, concomitant drugs, and illness duration did not associate significantly with effect of PREG-LT augmentation. PREG-LT was well-tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Pregnenolone with L-theanine augmentation may offer a new therapeutic strategy for treatment of negative and anxiety symptoms in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Further studies are warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01831986.
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Inoue K, Miyazaki Y, Unno K, Min JZ, Todoroki K, Toyo'oka T. Stable isotope dilution HILIC-MS/MS method for accurate quantification of glutamic acid, glutamine, pyroglutamic acid, GABA and theanine in mouse brain tissues. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:55-61. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Inoue
- Laboratory of Clinical and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Yasuto Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Keiko Unno
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Jun Zhe Min
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Kenichiro Todoroki
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
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Abstract
Sleep deprivation is associated with an elevated risk of various diseases and leads to a poor quality of life and negative socioeconomic consequences. Sleep inducers such as drugs and herbal medicines may often lead to dependence and other side effects. L-Theanine (γ-glutamylethylamide), an amino acid naturally found abundant in tea leaves, has anxiolytic effects via the induction of α brain waves without additive and other side effects associated with conventional sleep inducers. Anxiolysis is required for the initiation of high-quality sleep. In this study, we review the mechanism(s), safety, and efficacy of L-theanine. Collectively, sleep studies based on an actigraph, the obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) sleep inventory questionnaire, wakeup after sleep onset (WASO) and automatic nervous system (ANS) assessment, sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activities, and a pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ) suggest that the administration of 200 mg of L-theanine before bed may support improved sleep quality not by sedation but through anxiolysis. Because L-theanine does not induce daytime drowsiness, it may be useful at any time of the day. The no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for the oral administration of L-theanine was determined to be above 2000 mg/kg bw/day. KEY TEACHING POINTS: Sleep deprivation-associated morbidity is an increasing public health concern posing a substantial socioeconomic burden. Chronic sleep disorders may seriously affect quality of life and may be etiological factors in a number of chronic diseases such as depression, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Most sleep inducers are sedatives and are often associated with addiction and other side effects. L-Theanine promotes relaxation without drowsiness. Unlike conventional sleep inducers, L-theanine is not a sedative but promotes good quality of sleep through anxiolysis. This review suggests that L-theanine is a safe natural sleep aid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Motoko Ozeki
- a Taiyo Kagaku Co. Ltd. , Yokkaichi , Mie , JAPAN
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Wang L, Yue C, Cao H, Zhou Y, Zeng J, Yang Y, Wang X. Biochemical and transcriptome analyses of a novel chlorophyll-deficient chlorina tea plant cultivar. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:352. [PMID: 25491435 PMCID: PMC4276261 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is one of the most economically important woody crops. Recently, many leaf color genotypes have been developed during tea plant breeding and have become valuable materials in the processing of green tea. Although the physiological characteristics of some leaf color mutants of tea plants have been partially revealed, little is known about the molecular mechanisms leading to the chlorina phenotype in tea plants. RESULTS The yellow-leaf tea cultivar Zhonghuang 2 (ZH2) was selected during tea plant breeding. In comparison with Longjing 43 (LJ43), a widely planted green tea cultivar, ZH2 exhibited the chlorina phenotype and displayed significantly decreased chlorophyll contents. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that the ultrastructure of the chloroplasts was disrupted, and the grana were poorly stacked in ZH2. Moreover, the contents of theanine and free amino acids were significantly higher, whereas the contents of carotenoids, catechins and anthocyanin were lower in ZH2 than in LJ43. Microarray analysis showed that the expression of 259 genes related to amino acid metabolism, photosynthesis and pigment metabolism was significantly altered in ZH2 shoots compared with those of LJ43 plants. Pathway analysis of 4,902 differentially expressed genes identified 24 pathways as being significantly regulated, including 'cysteine and methionine metabolism', 'glycine, serine and threonine metabolism', 'flavonoid biosynthesis', 'porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism' and 'carotenoid biosynthesis'. Furthermore, a number of differentially expressed genes could be mapped to the 'theanine biosynthesis', 'chlorophyll biosynthesis' and 'flavonoid biosynthesis' pathways. Changes in the expression of genes involved in these pathways might be responsible for the different phenotype of ZH2. CONCLUSION A novel chlorophyll-deficient chlorina tea plant cultivar was identified. Biochemical characteristics were analyzed and gene expression profiling was performed using a custom oligonucleotide-based microarray. This study provides further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotype of the chlorina cultivar of Camellia sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- />Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
- />National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Hangzhou, 310008 China
- />Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008 China
| | - Chuan Yue
- />Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
- />Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008 China
| | - Hongli Cao
- />Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
- />Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008 China
| | - Yanhua Zhou
- />Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
- />Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008 China
| | - Jianming Zeng
- />Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
- />National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Hangzhou, 310008 China
- />Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008 China
| | - Yajun Yang
- />Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
- />National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Hangzhou, 310008 China
- />Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008 China
| | - Xinchao Wang
- />Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
- />National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Hangzhou, 310008 China
- />Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008 China
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The neuroprotective effect of L-Theanine and its inhibition on nicotine dependence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Neurological effects of honey: current and future prospects. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:958721. [PMID: 24876885 PMCID: PMC4020454 DOI: 10.1155/2014/958721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Honey is the only insect-derived natural product with therapeutic, traditional, spiritual, nutritional, cosmetic, and industrial value. In addition to having excellent nutritional value, honey is a good source of physiologically active natural compounds, such as polyphenols. Unfortunately, there are very few current research projects investigating the nootropic and neuropharmacological effects of honey, and these are still in their early stages. Raw honey possesses nootropic effects, such as memory-enhancing effects, as well as neuropharmacological activities, such as anxiolytic, antinociceptive, anticonvulsant, and antidepressant activities. Research suggests that the polyphenol constituents of honey can quench biological reactive oxygen species and counter oxidative stress while restoring the cellular antioxidant defense system. Honey polyphenols are also directly involved in apoptotic activities while attenuating microglia-induced neuroinflammation. Honey polyphenols are useful in improving memory deficits and can act at the molecular level. Therefore, the ultimate biochemical impact of honey on specific neurodegenerative diseases, apoptosis, necrosis, neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity, and behavior-modulating neural circuitry should be evaluated with appropriate mechanistic approaches using biochemical and molecular tools.
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Thangarajan S, Deivasigamani A, Natarajan SS, Krishnan P, Mohanan SK. Neuroprotective activity ofL-theanine on 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rat striatum. Int J Neurosci 2014; 124:673-84. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.872642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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46
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Menegazzi M, Mariotto S, Dal Bosco M, Darra E, Vaiana N, Shoji K, Safwat AA, Marechal JD, Perahia D, Suzuki H, Romeo S. Direct interaction of natural and synthetic catechins with signal transducer activator of transcription 1 affects both its phosphorylation and activity. FEBS J 2013; 281:724-38. [PMID: 24255956 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibits signal transducer activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) activation. Since EGCG may be a promising lead compound for new anti-STAT1 drug design, 15 synthetic catechins, characterized by the (-)-gallocatechin-3-gallate stereochemistry, were studied in the human mammary MDA-MB-231 cell line to identify the minimal structural features that preserve the anti-STAT1 activity. We demonstrate that the presence of three hydroxyl groups of B ring and one hydroxyl group in D ring is essential to preserve their inhibitory action. Moreover, a possible molecular target of these compounds in the STAT1 pathway was investigated. Our results demonstrate a direct interaction between STAT1 protein and catechins displaying anti-STAT1 activity. In particular, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis and molecular modeling indicate the presence of two putative binding sites (a and b) with different affinity. Based on docking data, site-directed mutagenesis was performed, and interaction of the most active catechins with STAT1 was studied with SPR to test whether Gln518 on site a and His568 on site b could be important for the catechin-STAT1 interaction. Data indicate that site b has higher affinity for catechins than site a as the highest affinity constant disappears in the H568A-STAT1 mutant. Furthermore, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) kinase assay data suggest that the contemporary presence in vitro of STAT1 and catechins inhibits JAK2-elicited STAT1 phosphorylation. The very tight catechin-STAT1 interaction prevents STAT1 phosphorylation and represents a novel, specific and efficient molecular mechanism for the inhibition of STAT1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Menegazzi
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Italy
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Lardner AL. Neurobiological effects of the green tea constituent theanine and its potential role in the treatment of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 17:145-55. [PMID: 23883567 DOI: 10.1179/1476830513y.0000000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Theanine (n-ethylglutamic acid), a non-proteinaceous amino acid component of green and black teas, has received growing attention in recent years due to its reported effects on the central nervous system. It readily crosses the blood-brain barrier where it exerts a variety of neurophysiological and pharmacological effects. Its most well-documented effect has been its apparent anxiolytic and calming effect due to its up-regulation of inhibitory neurotransmitters and possible modulation of serotonin and dopamine in selected areas. It has also recently been shown to increase levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. An increasing number of studies demonstrate a neuroprotective effects following cerebral infarct and injury, although the exact molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Theanine also elicits improvements in cognitive function including learning and memory, in human and animal studies, possibly via a decrease in NMDA-dependent CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) and increase in NMDA-independent CA1-LTP. Furthermore, theanine administration elicits selective changes in alpha brain wave activity with concomitant increases in selective attention during the execution of mental tasks. Emerging studies also demonstrate a promising role for theanine in augmentation therapy for schizophrenia, while animal models of depression report positive improvements following theanine administration. A handful of studies are beginning to examine a putative role in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and theoretical extrapolations to a therapeutic role for theanine in other psychiatric disorders such as anxiety disorders, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and bipolar disorder are discussed.
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Chen XJ, Pang D, Li LP, Chen YQ, Tan XR. A hypothesis on the relationship between tea drinking and sexual activity. World J Hypertens 2013; 3:32-36. [DOI: 10.5494/wjh.v3.i4.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a major beverage in the world, the health benefits of drinking tea have been reported in numerous studies. The effects of green tea are mainly attributed to its polyphenol content, although caffeine, accounting for 2%-4%, appears to be related to the adaptation of mental energy by increasing alertness, attention and cognitive function, as well as elevating mood. L-Theanine, a unique amino acid in tea, has neuroprotective and mood effects. In addition, some studies on functional neuroanatomy and cerebral control of sexual function have demonstrated that the thalamus and hypothalamus play a role in emotional changes, memory and sexual behavior patterns. Our recent epidemiology research has unexpectedly found that tea drinking was positively related with sexual orgasm and sexual satisfaction in female hypertensive patients. We therefore hypothesize that long-term regular consumption of tea may play a role in sexual activity.
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Effects of infusion conditions and decaffeination on free amino acid profiles of green and black tea. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Xing H, Lu X, Zhao L, Qu K, Bi K. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of ten compounds in different tea samples by means of an on-line HPLC–DPPH assay. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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